CE 12.2.1.

1
Bearings, Azimuths
and Angles
2nd Semester (2102)

EnP./Engr. Jefferson R. Vallente Jr.

Asst. Instructor, Civil Engineering Dept.
Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan
 Kinds of Horizontal Angles

Basic requirements in Closed polygon. (a) Clockwise interior angles (angles to the right).
determining an angle (b) Counterclockwise interior angles (angles to the left).
CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
Kinds of Horizontal Angles

The direction of a line is defined by the

horizontal angle between the line and an
arbitrarily chosen reference line called a
meridian.

Deflection angles

CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory

SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
Azimuths and Bearings

Bearings are another system for designating

directions of lines. The bearing of a line is
Azimuths are horizontal angles observed
defined as the acute horizontal angle
clockwise from any reference meridian.
between a reference meridian and the line
CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
Azimuths and Bearings
Because bearings and azimuths are
encountered in so many surveying
operations, the comparative summary of
their properties given in Table 7.1 should be
helpful.

Example: The azimuth of a boundary line is

Convert this to a bearing.

Solution: The azimuth places the line in the

southeast quadrant. Thus, the bearing angle is

CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory

and the equivalent bearing is S51°46’14”E
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
Computing Azimuths
A traverse, as described in Chapter 9, is a series of connected lines whose lengths and
angles at the junction points have been observed. Figures 7.2 and 7.3 illustrate examples.

CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory

SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics
CE 12.2 Fundamentals of Surveying Laboratory
SECOND SEMESTER 2021 (2102)
Reference: Elementary Surveying and Introduction to Geomatics