Final Draft DPR DTD 29.06.2022

DPR - NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited 15 MWp, Bhilai
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

CONSULTANT
NTPC CONSULTANCY
NTPC Limited, EOC Annex
SECTOR-24 NOIDA-201301
JUNE 2022
(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD)

DPR - NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited 15 MWp, Bhilai
DISCLAIMER
 This Report has been prepared on the basis set out in our contract for ‘Preparation of
DPR for NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited. A JVC of NTPC Ltd., SAIL Limited.
 Nothing in this report constitutes a valuation or legal advice.
 We have not verified the reliability or accuracy of any information obtained in the
course of our work, other than in the limited circumstances set out in the Services
Contract.
 This Report is for the benefit of the Client only.
 This Report has not been designed to be of benefit to anyone except the Client. In
preparing this Report, we have not considered the interests, needs or circumstances
of anyone apart from the Client, even though we may have been aware that others
might read this Report.
 This Report in whole or in part may not be used by any person for any purpose other
than that specified, without the express written permission of NTPC limited.
 Any liability arising out of use by a third party of this document for purposes not
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(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD)

DPR - NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited 15 MWp FSPV, Bhilai
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NTPC Ltd formed a joint venture with SAIL on 50:50 basis in March, 2001 in the name NTPC-
SAIL Power Company Limited (NSPCL). NSPCL took over captive power plant-II located at
Durgapur Steel Plant (2X60 MW) and Rourkela Steel Plant (2X60 MW) from SAIL.
NTPC Ltd formed another joint venture company with SAIL on 50:50 basis in March, 2002
in the name of Bhilai Electric Supply Company (P) Ltd. (BESCL). BESCL took over captive
power plant-II located at Bhilai Steel Plant (2X30 MW + 1X14 MW BPTG) from SAIL. With
effect from 11th September, 2006, BESCL was amalgamated with NSPCL and all properties,
licenses, permissions, debt, liabilities etc. with respect to BESCL now rests in NSPCL.
To supply power to Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela Steel Plants of Steel Authority of India
Ltd. (SAIL) on captive basis from its coal based captive power plants –II at Bhilai
(Chhattisgarh) 2X30 MW + 1X14 MW, Durgapur (West Bengal) 2X60 MW and Rourkela
(Orissa) 2X60 MW. To meet additional captive power requirement of Bhilai Steel Plant and
other units of SAIL, NSPCL commissioned Bhilai CPP-II Expansion Power Project
(2X250MW) during 2008-09 and commercialized the units during 2009-10. From the
expansion plant, NSPCL is supplying power to the beneficiaries viz. Union Territory of Dadra
& Nagar Haveli , Union Territory of Daman & Diu, Chhattisgarh and Bhilai Steel Plant / SAIL
in the western region.
NSPCL intends to implement 15 MW Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) project at their
water reservoir at Bhilai. Power generated from the FSPV plant can be sold to intending
customer on long term power purchase agreement (PPA) or utilized for captive use by
themselves.
The project is located at NSPCL, Bhilai of Chhattisgarh. The geographical location of the site
is Latitude: 21.1740 N, Longitude: 81.3650 E. The project site is about 50 kms approx. from
Raipur airport.
The proposed Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) power plant would set up in available 400
acres approx. of reservoir area. DC capacity in MWp, Indicative MW Capacity, and Point of
common coupling for grid interface has been tabulated in Table-1 based on the assumptions
as specified in Table - 2. DC capacity shown in the Table -1 is the Minimum DC (peak)
capacity which can be enhanced to optimize the cost of generation at the time of project
implementation, thus lowering the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Capacity and
Generation indicated in Table - 1 above is for Capital budgeting and not for project appraisal
purpose. Salient project feature is provided in Table - 3.
(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 1

The Report presents feasible capacity possible with its technical and commercial feature for
setting up FSPV plant at NSPCL, Bhilai. It also compares various solar energy technologies
that are commercially available. Suitability of each technology is analyzed and it is found
that Crystalline (Mono or Poly) Solar PV technology is most widely used till date, hence it is
technology of choice. Estimated generation is derived with fixed tilt Floating structure,
losses and uncertainty as per Industry practice using PVSyst Software.
Project Implementation is suggested in Single EPC package with Online Reverse Auction for
project cost bidding. EPC contractor shall quote the generation above threshold value and
the price. Offers shall be evaluated on the basis of Price per MU (Million Unit) of generation
and bidder quoting lowest Price per MU shall be awarded the work of Solar Project
Development. Sites for Solar Project development is encumbrance free and is available for
Solar project activity. All the data is provided on best effort basis and remain valid at the
time of preparation of this report only. This document is prepared for feasibility study for
Floating Solar PV Project at NSPCL, Bhilai. Project Design specification need to be separately
prepared for Implementation of the project.
Table 1: Solar PV Project
DC Capacity AC Capacity Minimum Point of Measurement
Generation / year
21.75 MWp (min.) 15 MW 32.112 MU 132 kV
Table 2: Capacity Estimation - Assumptions

Solar PV Module 540 Wp
Module Mounting Structure Floating Solar platform arrangement
SCB 16 x 1 (5 channel - spare)
Inverter Central – 2.5 MW capacity
Table 3: Salient Features

A. PROJECT AT A GLANCE
Project Authority NSPCL (NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited)
21.75 MWp DC (min.) & 15 MW AC Floating Solar,Grid
Project Installed Capacity Connected Project
Coordinate 21.1740 N , 81.3650 E
Location NSPCL District- Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)
Nearest Town Durg (12 kms)
Nearest Highway Project is located near NH 53
Nearest Railways Station Durg (12 kms)
Nearest Airport Raipur (50 km)
Water Availability Service water from NSPCL
Climatic Conditions Refer chapter 4

B. SALIENT TECHNICAL FEATURES

Solar PV Module Mono Crystalline (Min rating: 545 Wp)
DC Side Voltage 1500 V
PV System Mounting Structure type Floating Solar platform arrangement
Inverter Type Central
Nos. and rating of Module, To be offered by EPC Contractor based on ProjectDesign
Inverter, InverterTransformer, Criteria.
Switchgear etc.
SCADA PLC at Main control room, RTU at Field location
Power Evacuation a) 132 kV Transformer bay Solar Incomer at NSPCL
Switchyard for 15 MW.
CUF (1st Year) - AC Capacity 24.44 %
Climatic Conditions Design Ambient Temp: 50 0C
Design Wind speed: 47 m/s
Seismic Zone: IV
C. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation Strategy EPC
O&M Period under EPC 3 Years
Debt Equity Ratio 80:20
Tariff Rs 3.90 /kWh
Annual CO2 reduction 26,653 Tons CO2 per year

DPR - NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited 15 MWp FSP, Bhilai
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER NO. CLAUSE NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGES
1 INTRODUCTION & FSPV OVERVIEW 16
1.1 Current Indian Energy Scenario
1.2 World Energy Scenario
1.3 Future Indian Energy Scenario
1.4 Climate Changes
1.5 CO2 Emissions
1.6 Carbon Credits
1.7 REC/RPO Mechanisms
1.8 Renewable Energy In India
1.9 Chhattisgarh Power Synopsis
1.10 Introduction To Floating PV
1.11 FPV Background
1.12 What is floating solar PV?
1.13 Comparison of FPV With On-Shore PV
1.14 Floating Solar: Market Trend
2 GENERAL TECHNICAL OVERVIEW 38
2.1 Introduction to Solar Energy
2.2 Assessment of Solar PV Technologies
2.3 Floating PV System
2.4 PV Modules
2.5 Recent Trends In Solar PV Cells
2.6 PV Technology Selection For The Reference Project
2.7 Floaters
2.8 Mooring
2.9 Anchoring
2.10 String Combiner Box
2.11 Inverters
3 SITE IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT 17
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods Of Assessment
3.3 Solar Resource Assessment
3.4 Climate Conditions
3.5 Soil Investigation And Water Analysis
3.6 Evacuation System
4 ENERGY YIELD 15
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solar And Meteorology Data
4.3 Solar Energy Resource
4.4 PV Module
4.5 Inverter
4.6 Tilt Optimization
4.7 Inter-Row Spacing
4.8 Losses In The Solar PV System

4.9 Transformer Losses

4.10 Energy Estimation
4.11 Capacity Utilization Factor
4.12 Annual Degradation
4.13 Probabilistic Estimates
5 PLANT LAYOUT AND POWER EVACUATION PLAN 4
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Layouts
5.3 Power Evacuation Plan
6 ENGINEERING DESIGN 25
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Layout and Shading Considerations
6.3 Technology Selection
6.4 Electrical Design
6.5 Cables
6.6 AC System
6.7 Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition System
6.8 Meteorological Equipment
6.9 Central Monitoring and Control Station (CMCS)
6.10 Module Cleaning Arrangement
6.11 Batteries
6.12 DC Distribution Board (DCDB)
6.13 Lightning and Over Voltage Protection
6.14 Earthing
6.15 Tariff Metering
7 PROJECT SCHEDULE & IMPLEMENTATION 7
7.1 Project Implementation
7.2 Project Management
7.3 Engineering
7.4 Metering of Energy
7.5 Performance Guarantee (PG) Test
7.6 Mandatory Spares
7.7 Scope of Work
8 COST ESTIMATE & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 5
8.1 Energy Output
8.2 Tariff Mechanism
8.3 Project Cost
8.4 Financial Assumptions
8.5 Results from Financial Analysis
8.6 Conclusion
9 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE 4
9.1 Operation & Maintenance (O&M) of Solar Plant
10 RISK & MITIGATION 6
10.1 Risk Factors
11 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) 3
11.1 Introduction to CDM

12 STATUTORY CLEARANCES 2
12.1 Clearances
13 SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENT IMPACT 2
13.1 Social Aspect
13.2 Generation of Employment Opportunities
13.3 Environmental Impact
14 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 3
14.1 Introduction
LIST OF DRAWINGS
SL NO. DRAWING NO. DRAWING TITLE
1 CW-EN-11175-FPV-FR-001 Bhilai Solar Site Plan-Model

2 CW-EN-11175-FPV-FR-002 Bhilai Building Plan-Model
3 CW-EN-11175-FPV-FR-003 Bhilai Solar SLD-1-Model
4 CW-EN-11175-FPV-FR-004 Bhilai Solar SLD-2-Model
5 CW-EN-11175-FPV-FR-001 Bhilai Solar Site Plan-Model
6 ---------------------------- 2.5 MW Floating drawing for Bhilai

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION FSPV OVERVIEW

1. INTRODUCTON FSPV OVERVIEW

1.1 CURRENT INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO
India has made rapid economic progress in the last decade. With electricity demand in
India expected to more than double in the next decade, the power sector faces two main
challenges: adequately powering the projected economic growth and bringing electricity
to the 300 million citizens who currently lack access. As of 31st May 2022, India had a total
installed power generation capacity of 402 GW. Conventional sources of power, largely
coal, account for around 59% of this and in comparison, Renewable Energy contributing
28% out of which 50% contribution by Solar ie., 14% of Installed capacity contribution is
by Solar. The installed capacity mix of various sources and installed capacity mixes of
various RE sources are represented below.
Figure-1 Source: MOP- Ministry of Power Website
1.2 WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO
The world energy mix and World energy mix of renewables are presented below as per IEA
upto the year 2019 for reference.
Figure-2 Source: International Energy Agency

The above indicates Solar and wind energy forms are the major contributors world over
and the energy has mix has been chosen based on various factors related to various
technologies
1.3 FUTURE INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO
IEA (International Energy Agency) has predicted the growth under various scenarios and
stated policy scenario has been shown below where IEA predicts that Solar Energy shall
form 31.4% of Total Energy Mix in 2040 from 0% in 2000 with coal growing in absolute
terms but diminishing in relative terms
and accounting for close to 34.3% of the
total Energy generation in 2040 from
76% in 2015. The main reason in this
scenario is the scarcity of conventional
fuels, which could limit significantly the
possibilities of growth for India without
additional renewable energy. India has
adequate reserves of coal and availability
of coal, but the challenge lies in building
the infrastructure required for extraction
and transportation of coal, as well as the
steep environmental and social impact.
There is also the need for a major
transition in the energy sector due to the
decline in fossil fuel availability, their predicted gradual extinction, and the resultant price
volatility. The energy demand projection under various scenarios and the market potential
of india projection from 2019 to 2040 in Solar, Wind and Batteries is presented below
which shows Solar and Wind shall form the most important energy form by year 2040.
Figure-3 Energy demand projection

1.4 CLIMATE CHANGES

Fossil fuel-based energy production has resulted in release of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere, CO2 being the main culprit. The concentration of CO2 in atmosphere is
causing global warming resulting substantial change in structure and functioning of
terrestrial and marine ecosystem limiting the greenhouse gas concentration in the
atmosphere is seen as a global effort that extends to all countries. Since energy production
using fossil fuels and especially electricity production is the single biggest contributor to
global warming, real mitigation would occur only through a gradual transition to a low-
carbon energy economy.
1.5 CO2 EMISSIONS
Co2 Emissions of various countries and their comparison is presented below from IEA.
Figure-4 CO2 Emissions
India’s CO2 emissions till 2022 is about 2.41 metric gigatones (GT), making it the 3rd
largest CO2 emitting country, following the European Union, and well ahead of the Russian
Federation, which is the fourth largest emitting country . This high ranking is partly caused
by the size of its population and economy. China is the largest emitter of CO2 in the world,
with about 11.68 GT of carbon dioxide emissions in 2022. The per capita emission of india
is 1.91 which is much lower than USA for which per capita emission is around 15.52.
1.6 CARBON CREDITS
A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the
right to emit one ton of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon
dioxide equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide (tCO2e).
Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts
to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). One carbon credit is
equal to one ton of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases.

Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach. Greenhouse gas

emissions are capped and then markets are used to allocate the emissions among the group
of regulated sources. The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and
commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive
approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other
GHGs into the atmosphere. Since GHG mitigation projects generate credits, this approach
is being used to finance carbon reduction schemes between trading partners and around
the world.
At present, CDM is facing one of most severe crisis since it was set up a decade ago. A
flagging demand with ad hoc restrictions from the buyer side coupled with a continuously
increasing supply has led to a significant decline in CER prices.
India is also addressing emission reduction in the energy generation in a pragmatic way by
introducing renewable energies like wind, hydro, solar and biomass. In 2010- 2011 Solar
Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs) and the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
mechanism were introduced as a pair of policy-based drivers aimed at promoting solar
development in India
1.7 REC/RPO MECHANISMS
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission introduced REC mechanism to ease the

purchase of renewable energy by the state utilities and obligated entities, including the
states which are not well endowed with RE sources. REC framework seeks to create a
national level market for renewable generators to recover their cost. One REC (Renewable
Energy Certificate) represents 1 MWh of energy generated from renewable sources.
Under the REC mechanism, a generator can generate electricity through the renewable
resources in any part of the country. For the electricity part, the generator receives the cost
equivalent to that from any conventional source while the environment attribute is sold
through the exchanges at the market determined price. The obligated entity from any part
of the country can purchase these RECs to meet its RPO compliance. RECs are tradable,
intangible energy commodities which represent the attributes of electricity generated
from renewable resources and is traded on energy exchanges
The main statutory framework for Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) is the Electricity
Act 2003, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and National Tariff Policy
(NTP). In January 2011, MoP amended the NTP to require the SERC s to fix a percentage of
energy purchase from solar power under the RPO regime. For the year 2021-22, RPO target
for Chhattisgarh state for Solar is 10.5%. These RPO targets are provided to encourage the
purchase of Renewable power.
1.8 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

India receives solar energy equivalent to nearly 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is
equivalent to 600 GW. India receives solar radiation between 5 to 7 kWh/m2, 300 to 330
days in a year. The single biggest barrier for accelerated development of solar energy has
been the cost. Initially, the
initial cost of solar energy
system is higher than the
cost of conventional
energy system and also
that of some other
renewable energies, as
wind. Renewable energy
sector in India is emerging
as a significant player in
power generation
capacity. India has done a
remarkable job in terms of
deployment of renewable
energy-based installations, growing almost 3.5 folds in the last 5–6 years, with most of the
capacity coming from onshore wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) based installations. At
present India’s grid-connected solar PV sector is majorly dominated by the ground-based
installations (93%) while the balance is contributed by rooftop the based solar PV
installations. Solar addition progress as per IEA is shown for reference.
1.9 CHHATTISGARH POWER SYNOPSIS:
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board has been reorganized into following five companies
for Generation, Transmission & Distribution along with Trading
1. The Chhattisgarh State Power Holding Company Limited

2. The Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited
3. The Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited
4. The Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Limited
5. The Chhattisgarh State Power Trading Company Limited
The total installed capacity as on December 31, 2021 is 24660.58 MW as shown in Figure
5.1. The technology wise break up of total installations is displayed in Figure 5.2

SECTOR WISE POWER CHART FOR

CHHATTISGARH STATE
STATE SECTOR
CENTRAL SECTOR
PVT SECTOR
Figure-5.1 Chhattisgarh Sector wise power chart and Technology wise Power Structure

TECHNOLOGY WISE POWER STRUCTURE OF

CHHATTISGARH STATE
Hydro RES
Coal
Figure-5.2 Chhattisgarh Sector wise power chart and Technology wise Power Structure
Resource: - "Western region installed capacity" (PDF). National Power Portal. Retrieved 28
January 2022.
NSPCL Bhilai Present Power Scenario:
Inputs to be shared by NSPCL Bhilai
1.10 INTRODUCTION TO FLOATING PV

It is well known that solar PV deployment is land intensive and scaling up the project sizes
requires large chunk of contiguous land parcels, which becomes challenging in many
situations. Floating solar PV (FSPV) is one such alternative, which has started getting
traction worldwide. As per TERI report, the overall potential is a strong indication of the
extent of the surface area than can be made available for setting up these projects, and even
a capacity of about 280 GW is possible. India potential along with Chhattisgarh and other
neighboring state summary of FSPV potential is presented in Chart 1.
Figure-6 Floating Solar Potential in Chhattisgarh and Neighbor States
1.11 FPV BACKGROUND
This section provides an introductory overview of the FPV market and the involved

technology. Furthermore, the section also incorporates the prospects and potential of
Floating Solar PV systems.
1.12 WHAT IS FLOATING SOLAR PV?
FSPV is a solar PV application in which PV panels are designed and installed to float on
waterbodies such as reservoirs, hydroelectric dams, industrial ponds, water treatment
ponds, mining ponds, lakes, and lagoons. In this, solar panels are usually mounted upon a
pontoon-based floating structure and to keep its location fixed, floating structure is
anchored and moored, (refer to Figure 1 for more details). Recently there has been an
interest in FSPV globally as well as in India. Further, it is also seen that if the capacity of
FSPV deployment is scaled up, the tariff may also come down closer to the tariff discovered
for ground-mounted solar PV.
Floats/
Pontoo
ns
Figure-7 Schematic representation of a typical large-scale FPV system with its key
components
1.13 COMPARISON OF FPV WITH ON-SHORE PV
In electrical terms, FPV systems are identical to traditional onshore photovoltaic (PV)

systems. DC electricity is generated by PV modules and fed into inverters which convert
the energy generated into useable AC electricity. This is then either directly consumed or
fed into a distribution or transmission network to be consumed remotely. Therefore, PV
systems typically comprise as a minimum:
 PV modules
 Floating Platform
 Inverter/s
 Associated cabling and connectors
 PV Modules
The basic integral part of the FSPV plant is solar PV modules and like conventional solar
projects generally, poly or monocrystalline or thin film solar panels are used for the
installation of the project. Selection of PV modules technology also defers because of space,
cost, relative humidity, type of waterbodies, etc. The criteria for selection of PV modules
are as follows: » Solar panel performance – power tolerance, efficiency, temperature
coefficient especially in high moisture, and high humidity conditions
 Floating Platform
This is the most crucial component of FSPV, it supports all necessary components like solar
PV during the project time. Hence selection of appropriate materials for the floating
platform becomes imperative. HDPE is the most popular material being used in a majority
of the FSPV power plants across the globe. Other materials like FRP, medium density
polyethylene (MDPE), and ferro-cement has also been utilized as materials for the floating
platform.
 Inverters
Like a conventional solar plant, DC power generated from solar PV modules is taken to the
inverter through a series of combiner boxes and finally converted into AC power. A
developer may select multiple string inverters or central inverters. Depending upon scale
and distance from shore, inverters can be placed either on a separate floating platform or
on land. Generally, for smaller capacity FSPV inverter may be located on land near to PV
arrays, otherwise for large capacity plants it is advisable to place inverter on a floating
platform to avoid excessive resistive losses.
 Associated Cabling & Connectors
In FSPV plants, cable routing and its management requires cautious planning. Unlike
ground-based solar PV installations, movement of floating platform on a water

surface causes cable length to vary in FSPV plants. The movement of floating platform
is due to wind load and variations in water level. This requires extra length in form of
slack to be provided for accommodating the movement of the floating platform.
Neglecting this, insufficient cable length may result in cables to snap and rupture due
to the tension. Apart from the cable length the other parameters upon which cable
size depends are voltage and current of the cable and losses from the cable. The cables
can be routed in two ways – either via float on water surfaces or via submarine cables,
later one being costlier. Cable trays, cable conduits, and cable clip holders are used to
keep cables on the water surface.
The single greatest difference to on-shore PV lies in how the PV modules are mounted
or placed. In the case of onshore systems, the mounting of panels is based on a rigid
structure with a firm foundation. Static and dynamic loads are readily calculated
according to established engineering methods and the geometry of the module
arrangements is relatively easy to control.
By contrast, in FPV systems the dynamic nature of the water surface, along with the
various forces (wind drag, tethering cables, wave motion etc.) acting on the modules,
require more novel structural designs that can withstand significant movement, and
wear and tear. In addition, control of the module geometry and implementation of
tracking is particularly challenging to achieve.

Table 1: Comparison of on-shore PV and FPV systems characteristics
Characteristic FPV On-shore PV
 Does not compete for land  Suitable/affordable land

with agricultural, industrial, may be far away from load
or residential projects centres, thus requiring
 Often easier to find sites costly transmission
near densely populated infrastructure
areas  Requires change in land
 Since water bodies often have use, which can be time
Land/water a single owner, the permitting consuming
s urface use process is often less  Competes for land with city
complicated dwellings, industrial
 Expected lower leasing cost development, and agriculture
 Potential integration
with aquaculture
 Save water resources
by reducing water
evaporation.
 Modular design on flat surface  Design must accommodate
 Limited tilt due to wind terrain and area constraints
load considerations imply  Easier to implement tracking
Plant design a lower energy yield in Yield prediction is better
high-latitude regions established
Anchoring cables require
periodic inspection and
maintenance
 Lower module temperatures  Can benefit from tracking,
(effect is dependent on bifacial, and optimum tilt
climate) angle
 Nearly no shading  More temperature losses in hot
 Lower soiling from dust climates
Performance/  Potentially 5–10% higher
energy yield initial performance ratio
(climate specific, yet to be
scientifically proven)
 Long-term degradation (e.g.,
potential induced degradation) is
still uncertain

 In general, easy assembly, but  Efficiency varies depending

highly variable depending on on location and workforce
location and workforce availability
availability  Needs heavy equipment and
Installation and  Transportation of floats to land preparation
deployment site is difficult; favours local Depends on soil quality
production
Needs suitable launching
area
 Synergy with existing  Costs of grid interconnection
electrical infrastructure are often borne by project
Power system when co-located with hydro developer and can be
benefits plant prohibitively high
 Possible hybrid operation with
hydropower
 Long-term effects on water  Some adverse impacts
quality are not well established during construction
 Potential to reduce algae growth  Potential habitat loss or
 Potential to reduce fragmentation
Environmental
water evaporation
 Potential impact on aquatic
ecosystems, not yet well
established
 Slightly higher costs on  Huge installed capacity and
average due to floats, hence very established
anchoring, mooring, and plant investment and financing
design sector
Investment  Cost of floats may drop as scale  Costs continue to drop
of deployment increases
 Higher perceived risk due to
lower level of maturity leading
to higher risk surcharges on
 loan
Harderinterest andand
to access less  Easy to access
availability
replace partsof project finance  More affected by
and IPP
 Biofoulingprojects vegetation growth
Operation and  Bird droppings  Animal presence
maintenance  Harder to maintain anchoring  Easier to deploy cleaning
 Easy access to water for cleaning routines
 Lower risk of theft/vandalism

 Long-term track-record on  Utility-scale system experience

system level not yet of
achieved, HDPE pontoons  >30 years
Maturity
however used long-term in
other applications
 Close to water, tend to have  Higher risk of vandalism & theft
lower insulation resistance to
ground
 Constant movement poses
Safety challenge for equipment
grounding
 Risk of personnel falling
into water
 More difficult for natural lakes  More established
Regulation and and easier for artificial ponds permitting process
Permits  Lack of specific regulations  Clearer regulations
 Cumulative capacity as of end  Cumulative capacity as of
of 2018: >1.3 GWp end of 2018: >500 GWp
Experience/lev  4 years of experience with  Thousands of projects built
el of maturity large- scale projects  10–30 years of
experience
1.14 FLOATING SOLAR: MARKET TREND
FPV installations reached 1.3 gigawatt-peak (GWp) of total installed global capacity
at the end of 2018 (figure 1.1), and deployment appears likely to accelerate as the
technologies mature, opening up a new frontier in the global expansion of renewable
energy (World Bank Group, ESMAP, and SERIS 2019). When combined with other
demonstrated benefits—such as higher energy yield, reduced parameters in real
time, ranging from electrical to meteorological and module-related factor.
With a global potential of 400 GWp under conservative assumptions, FPV could
become a significant market segment for solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment, without
the challenges of acquiring the land required for ground-mounted installations
(World Bank Group, ESMAP, and SERIS 2019).

Figure-8 Global installed FPV capacity and annual additions

CHAPTER-2
GENERAL TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

2. GENERAL TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENERGY
The amount of sunlight that strikes the earth's surface in an hour and a half is
enough to handle the entire world's energy consumption for a full year. Solar
technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic
(PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can
be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage. Figure
below shows the Solar resource map.
Figure-1 World Solar Atlas Depicting PV Potential
Solar radiation is light – also known as electromagnetic radiation – that is emitted

by the sun. While every location on Earth receives some sunlight over a year, the
amount of solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the Earth’s surface varies.
Solar technologies capture this radiation and turn it into useful forms of energy.
Solar Radiation
Solar radiation, often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term
for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be
captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using
a variety of technologies. However, the technical feasibility and economical
operation of these technologies at a specific location depends on the available
solar resource.

Every location on Earth receives sunlight at least part of the year. The amount of
solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the Earth's surface varies according
to:
 Geographic location
 Time of day
 Season
 Local landscape
 Local weather.
Because the Earth is round, the sun strikes the surface at different angles, ranging
from 0° (just above the horizon) to 90° (directly overhead). When the sun's rays
are vertical, the Earth's surface gets all the energy possible. The more slanted the
sun's rays are, the longer they travel through the atmosphere, becoming more
scattered and diffuse.
The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit and is closer to the sun
during part of the year. When the sun is nearer the Earth, the Earth's surface
receives a little more solar energy. The Earth is nearer the sun when it is summer
in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere.
The 23.5° tilt in the Earth's axis of rotation is a more significant factor in
determining the amount of sunlight striking the Earth at a particular location.
Tilting results in longer days in the northern hemisphere from the spring (vernal)
equinox to the fall (autumnal) equinox and longer days in the southern
hemisphere during the other 6 months. Days and nights are both exactly 12 hours
long on the equinoxes, which occur each year on or around March 23 and
September 22.
The sun's rays are far more slanted during the shorter days of the winter months.
The rotation of the Earth is also responsible for hourly variations in sunlight. In
the early morning and late afternoon, the sun is low in the sky. Its rays travel
further through the atmosphere than at noon, when the sun is at its highest point.
On a clear day, the greatest amount of solar energy reaches a solar collector
around solar noon.
Diffuse And Direct Solar Radiation
As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed, scattered, and

reflected by Air molecules, Water vapor, Clouds, Dust, Pollutants, Forest fires,
Volcanoes etc. This is called diffuse solar radiation. The solar radiation that
reaches the Earth's surface without being diffused is called direct beam solar
radiation. The sum of the diffuse and direct solar radiation is called global solar
radiation. Atmospheric conditions can reduce direct beam radiation by 10% on
clear, dry days and by 100% during thick, cloudy days.

Measurement
Scientists measure the amount of sunlight falling on specific locations at different

times of the year. They then estimate the amount of sunlight falling on regions at
the same latitude with similar climates. Measurements of solar energy are
typically expressed as total radiation on a horizontal surface or as total radiation
on a surface tracking the sun.
Diffused Normal Irradiance (DNI):
It represents the amount of light that is coming perpendicular to surface. The

surface here represents ground or something parallel to ground.
Diffused Horizontal Irradiance (DHI):
It represents solar radiation that does not arrive on a direct path from the sun but
has been scattered by clouds and particles in the atmosphere and comes equally
from all directions.
Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI):
It represents the total amount of shortwave radiation received from above by a

surface which is horizontal (parallel) to the ground. GHI is the most important
parameter for calculation of PV electricity yield. Both DHI & DNI are components
of GHI and mathematically,
Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) = Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)* cos
(solar zenith angle) + Diffused Horizontal Irradiance (DHI)
zenith angle — the angle between the direction of interest (of the sun, for
example) and the zenith (directly overhead).
Global Tilted Irradiance (GTI):
It represents irradiation that falls on a tilted surface. Unlike a horizontal surface

which is parallel to ground, a tilted surface also receives small amount of ground-
reflected radiation (REF). GTI is an approximate value for the energy yield
calculation of fixed installed tilted PV panels.
The graphs of the GHI/DNI/PV OUT for INDIA from Solar GIS website are
presented in the next pages for reference.
There are two main types of solar energy technologies—photovoltaics (PV) and
concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP). As the subject Design report is dealing
with PV technology this report restricts to PV Technology basics only.

DNI from Solar GIS of INDIA
Figure-2 GHI from Solar GIS of INDIA

Figure-3 PV out Data of INDIA

Figure-4 PV out Data of INDIA

Photovoltaics Technology Basics
Figure shows the solar spectrum of which the yellow area shows the amount of
sunlight hitting the top of the atmosphere, and the red area is how much reaches
the ground.
Figure-5 Spectrum of Solar Radiation (Earth)
As depicted above, silicon solar panels can convert some of the ultraviolet portion
of sunlight on the far left. The amount increases as it becomes visible light and
panels go on to produce most of their electricity from visible light. Unlike with
ultraviolet, in the infrared there is a very sharp cut-off in the sunlight energy used
by the panel at 1,100 nanometers. This is because wavelengths longer than this
cannot be converted by Silicon. The range of energy that can be converted by PV
Cells was shown in the below figure.

Figure-6 Spectrum of Solar Radiation (Earth)
2.2 ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGIES:
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) technology is primarily a solid-state semiconductor-

based technology, which converts a fraction of the incident solar radiation
(photons) into direct electricity. Solar PV system can deliver electric energy to a
specific appliance and/or to the electric grid. Photovoltaic systems are flexible and
modular; hence the technology can be implemented on virtually any scale size,
connected to the electricity network, or used as stand-alone or off grid systems,
easily complementing other energy sources. SPV offers several advantages viz.
Depending on the location, resource availability, meteorological parameters,
manufacturing, proven history, technology track record, availability, and other
factors; the appropriate solar PV technology is required to be selected for any
location.
Solar PV System:
A generic solar PV system consists of PV Cells, grouped together to form PV

Modules, and auxiliary components (i.e., balance of system - BOS) including the
Inverters, Protections & Controls etc. A typical schematic of a Grid Connected Solar
PV system is given below.


Figure-7 A typical schematic of a Grid Connected Solar PV system
Solar PV Plant Equipment & Systems
Main objectives of grid connected / grid - interactive SPV systems are to provide
demand side management, tail end voltage support, peak sharing requirements
and sustain essential power requirements in the event of grid outages if
demanded.
The Grid Interactive Solar PV Plant system consists of followings: -
 Solar Panels
 Lightning protection system
 Power conditioning units
 Control room
 Meteorological Equipment
 Data Acquisition System
 Cleaning devices, tools & tackles.
 Electrical systems with power evacuation
 Plant security and monitoring system
The electrical power generated by the PV array is fed into the grid. The output of
PV systems varies due to weather conditions / seasonal changes. In the event of
total grid – outage a limited load depending on user’s essential requirements can
be catered to by the PV array.
System Feature & Specification
The photo voltaic arrays are divided in many units depending on inverter size.
Each string in the array shall have its own string monitoring unit which shall be
one of the major diagnostic tools for the system operator. The respective digital
outputs are taken to a supervisory controller located in the control room. The

inverter unit employs state of the art Digital Signal Processing based technology
to have conversion efficiency over 97%. Electronic surge arrestors provided at the
DC input & the AC output of each inverter. Necessary HT switch gears are provided
for HT isolation & protection.
Each inverter system will have an independent Data Acquisition system (DAS)
which would produce the real time Data as well as event logs indicating all the
supervisory faults also. These Data via bus is taken to a master Supervisory control
& Data Acquisition (SCADA System). Service interface on the operator panel is also
provided.
Inverters are connected in parallel on AC side. The system gets into Standby mode
when DC voltage falls below threshold value. In this mode only monitoring logic
will be active. The system is not switched ON until the solar array generates
sufficient power, which is a set point control as per inverter.
In the Automatic mode, all the PV sub arrays are connected after the system has
been switched ON. Then the Maximum Power Point Tracking controller
continuously searches for the Max. Power point thus operating at the proper MPP
voltage.
2.3 FLOATING PV SYSTEM

The Floating Solar PV system shall be of mono/poly crystalline silicon cell type. In
both cases, the PV module will be floating platform mounted arrays, sufficiently
supported on floaters.
Figure-8 Typical layout of Floating PV System

The Floating system comprises of the Floating unit, Module support structure and
anchoring/ mooring mechanism for the Floating Solar PV system (FSPV).
Figure above shows the typical floating PV Plant. The components of Floating Solar
PV System and Ground Mounted PV System are similar in nature except the way
of mounting the modules. The main components of the Solar PV Project are briefly
explained along with the recent advancements in the industry in the following
sections.
The main components of grid-connected solar PV power system include:
Solar PV modules- PV cells, made from semi-conducting material, converts
sunlight into useful Direct Current (DC) electrical energy. PV cells are small in size
and generates few Watts (W) of energy. To get higher quantum of power, they are
arranged in series – parallel combination in a module. Modules are again
connected in series to make strings having higher voltages. Strings are further
connected together in parallel to boost the current making complete system able
to deliver power in the range of Megawatts (MW). In this way solar radiation in
converted into electricity in a silent & clean process.
Module Mounting Systems allow PV modules to securely attach to the
ground/float on the water body at a fixed tilt angle, or on sun-tracking frames
(orient along with the incoming sunrays). Mounting systems are made robust to
support PV modules up to their working life.
Inverters convert the DC electricity to alternating current (AC) for connection to
the utility grid. Many modules in series and parallel strings are connected to the
inverters.
Step-up transformers - The output from inverters generally requires a further
step-up in voltage to reach the AC grid voltage level. The step-up transformer
takes the output from the inverters to the required grid voltage (for example 11
kV, 22 kV, 33 kV, 66 kV, 110 kV etc. depending on the level of power evacuation).
The grid connection interface - This is where the electricity is exported into the
grid network. A switchyard with required switchgear, control and protection of
the PV plant may be required for grid interfacing besides energy meters. The
substation and metering points are often external to the PV power plant boundary
and are typically located on the grid operator’s property.
Due to continuous Research & Development and growth of the global solar PV
sector, PV plant components have undergone through considerable enhancement
in technology in past few years. Selection of PV module is a very important activity
for any solar power plant, which drives the cost of the plant and enables better
utilization of the available area for higher production of electricity and better
returns to the investor.

2.4 PV MODULES
PV materials and devices convert sunlight into electrical energy. A single PV device
is known as a cell. An individual PV cell is usually small, typically producing about
1 or 2 watts of power. These cells are made of different semiconductor materials
and are often less than the thickness of four human hairs. In order to withstand
the outdoors for many years, cells are sandwiched between protective materials
in a combination of glass and/or plastics. To boost the power output of PV cells,
they are connected in chains to form larger units known as modules or panels.
Modules can be used individually, or several can be connected to form arrays. One
or more arrays is then connected to the electrical grid as part of a complete PV
system. Because of this modular structure, PV systems can be built to meet almost
any electric power need, small or large.
PV modules and arrays are just one part of a PV system. Systems also include mounting
structures that point panels toward the sun, along with the components that take the
direct-current (DC) electricity produced by modules and convert it to the alternating-
current (AC) electricity used to power all the appliances in your home.
Figure-9 Typical representation from Solar Cell to Module- Ref from Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Basics of Solar Photo Voltaic Cell
When light shines on a photovoltaic (PV) cell – also called a solar cell – that light
may be reflected, absorbed, or pass right through the cell. The PV cell is composed
of semiconductor material. There are several different semiconductor materials
used in PV cells.

When the semiconductor is exposed to light, it absorbs the light’s energy and
transfers it to negatively charged particles in the material called electrons. This
extra energy allows the electrons to flow through the material as an electrical
current. This current is extracted through conductive metal contacts – the grid-
like lines on a solar cell – and can then be used to power your home and the rest
of the electric grid.
The efficiency of a PV cell is simply the amount of electrical power coming out of
the cell compared to the energy from the light shining on it, which indicates how
effective the cell is at converting energy from one form to the other. The amount
of electricity produced from PV cells depends on the characteristics (such as
intensity and wavelengths) of the light available and multiple performance
attributes of the cell.
An important property of PV semiconductors is the bandgap, which indicates what
wavelengths of light the material can absorb and convert to electrical energy. If
the semiconductor’s bandgap matches the wavelengths of light shining on the PV
cell, then that cell can efficiently make use of all the available energy.
Evaluation of Solar PV Technology
Solar cells represent the fundamental power conversion unit of a Photovoltaic

System. Solar PV technologies are usually classified into three generations
depending on the basis material used and the level of commercial maturity.
Figure-10 Evaluation of Solar Technology- Ref from NREL
 First generation PV System: Use of wafer based crystalline silicon (c-Si)

either single crystalline or multi-crystalline

 Second Generation PV Systems: Based on the thin-film technology and

generally includes:
 Amorphous and micro morph silicon
 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and
 Copper Indium – Selenide (CIS) & Copper Indium Gallium Di-
Selenide (CIGS)
 Third Generation PV Systems: Concentrating Solar PV (CPV), Desensitize PV,
Polymer cells etc. are still in demonstration or have not yet been commercialized
widely.
Wafer-based Crystalline Silicon Solar cell technology:
The main semiconductor used in solar cells, not to mention most electronics, is
silicon, an abundant element. In fact, it’s found in sand, so it’s inexpensive, but it
needs to be refined in a chemical process before it can be turned into crystalline
silicon and conduct electricity. To make a silicon solar cell, blocks of crystalline
silicon are cut into very thin wafers. The wafer is processed on both sides to
separate the electrical charges and form a diode, a device that allows current to
flow in only one direction. The diode is sandwiched between metal contacts to let
the electrical current easily flow out of the cell.
The technology used to make most of the solar cells, fabricated so far, borrows heavily
from the microelectronics industry, which is further classified into two categories as:
 Single / Mono-Crystalline silicon solar cell and

 Multi-Crystalline silicon solar cell
Single/mono Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell:
This is the most established and efficient solar cell technology till date, having a
higher Module efficiency up to around 22%. The Cell and Module fabrication
technology is well developed and reliable. These cells are manufactured from
single silicon crystal. During manufacturing, C-Si crystals are cut from cylindrical
ingots and therefore the cells do not completely cover a square solar cell module.
Multi Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell (Poly-SI or MC-SI):
The production of multi-crystalline cells is more cost-efficient. These are

manufactured by cooling a graphite mould filled with molten silicon. In this
process, liquid silicon is poured into blocks that are subsequently sawed into
plates. During solidification of the material, crystal structures of varying sizes are
formed. These cells have Module efficiency of around 15-17%.

Figure-11 Structure of Multi crystalline Solar cell
Multi Junction Cells
High efficiency multijunction devices use multiple bandgaps, or junctions, that are
tuned to absorb a specific region of the solar spectrum to create solar cells having
record efficiencies over 45%. The maximum theoretical efficiency that a single-
bandgap solar cell can achieve with non-concentrated sunlight is about 33.5%,
primarily because of the broad distribution of solar emitted photons. This limiting
efficiency, known as the Shockley-Queisser limit, arises from the fact that the
open-circuit voltage (Voc) of a solar cell is limited by the bandgap of the absorbing
material and that photons with energies below the bandgap are not absorbed.
Photons that have energies greater than the bandgap are absorbed, but the energy
greater than the bandgap is lost as heat.
Multijunction devices use a high-bandgap top cell to absorb high-energy photons
while allowing the lower-energy photons to pass through. A material with a
slightly lower bandgap is then placed below the high- bandgap junction to absorb
photons with slightly less energy (longer wavelengths). Typical multijunction cells
use two or more absorbing junctions, and the theoretical maximum efficiency
increases with the number of junctions.
PERC Cells

Figure-12 PERC Cells
PERC stands for “passivated emitter and rear contact” or “rear cell”. PERC solar
panels are built with PERC cells, which have an additional layer on the back of the
traditional solar cells. This additional layer allows more sunlight to be captured
and turned into electricity, making PERC cells more efficient than traditional cells.
PERC modules are also able to mitigate rear recombination and prevent longer
wavelengths from becoming heat that would impair the cell’s performance.
Figure-13 PERC Silicon module
Given that a standard module typically has an efficiency of 20%, a system using
PERC modules will generate about 5% more energy than a system using standard
modules, all else being equal.
The major advantages of PERC Cell are:

 It reflects light back into the cell, increasing the amount of solar radiation
that gets absorbed.
 It reduces the natural tendency of electrons to recombine and inhibit the flow
of electrons in the system. It allows greater wavelengths of light to be
reflected. Light waves over 1,180nm can’t be absorbed by silicon wafers and
simply pass through, so they end up heating the cell’s metal back sheet and

reduce its efficiency. The passivation layer reflects these higher wavelengths
and stops them from heating up the back sheet.
Thin Film Cells
Silicon may be the most common type of solar cell, but thin-film solar cells
generally cost less and can be easier to fabricate. Thin films make up 3% to 5% of
the global market but are usually less efficient than silicon. Thin-film solar cells
are made by coating a thin layer of a highly absorptive semiconductor material on
a sheet of glass, plastic, or metal foil called a substrate rather than creating a
crystal wafer. This material can be deposited on flexible surfaces, which keeps
costs down and the solar cells versatile. Thin films are typically dark or partially
transparent, so the modules look more uniform than the speckled, blue or black
crystalline-silicon modules. The record high thin-film cell efficiency is 22.1%,
while monocrystalline-silicon cells have reached 25%, and polycrystalline, over
20%.
Figure-14 Thin Film solar cells
Three types of thin-film solar cells are on the market:
 Cadmium telluride (CdTe)

 Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)
 Amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si)
A brief comparison of different solar PV Technologies with respect to efficiency,

Stability, status etc. is presented in table below:
Material Thickness Efficiency Colour Features

(%)
Mono- 0.3 mm 16- Dark Blue, black Lengthy production
crystalline Si 22(Module) with AR coating, procedure, water
Solar Cells grey without AR sawing necessary
coating solar cell material -
highest power/area
ratio.

Multi- 0.3 mm 15- Blue with AR Wafer sawing

crystalline Si 17(Module) coating, Silver- necessary. Most
Solar Cells grey without AR important
coating production
procedure at least
for the next ten
years.
Amorphous 0.0001 5-8(Module) Red-blue, Black Lower efficiency,
Silicon mm shorter life span. No
sawing necessary,
possible production
in the form of band.
Cadmium 0.008 mm 14- Dark green, Poisonous raw
Telluride 17(Module) Black materials,
significant decrease
in production costs
expected in the
future.
Copper- 0.003 mm 11-14 Black Limited Indium
Indium- (Module) supply in nature.
Selenide (CIS) Significant decrease
in production costs
possible in the
future.
Source: www.pvresources.com
Table-1 Comparison of different solar PV Technologies with respect to efficiency, Stability,
status etc
2.5 RECENT TRENDS IN SOLAR PV CELLS
Major recent advances and research in solar PV Cells are given below:
• Perovskite solar cells
• Quantum Dots
• Orgonic Photo Voltaics
• Earth-Abundant Materials
Perovskite solar cells:
Perovskite solar cells have shown remarkable progress in recent years with rapid
increases in conversion efficiency, from reports of about 3% in 2006 to over 25%
today. While perovskite solar cells have become highly efficient in a very short
time, a number of challenges remain before they can become a competitive
commercial technology.

Figure-15 Typical Perovskites Module.
Perovskites can be tuned to respond to different colours in the solar spectrum by

changing the material composition, and a variety of formulations have
demonstrated high performance. This bandgap flexibility opens up another useful
application for perovskite solar cells in high-performance tandem device
architectures, with potential power conversion efficiencies over 30%.
Despite significant progress in understanding the stability and degradation of
perovskite solar cells, current operational lifetimes are not commercially viable.
Mobile markets may tolerate a shorter operational life, but stability during storage
(prior to use) is still a key performance criterion for this sector. For mainstream
solar power generation, technologies that cannot operate for more than two
decades are unlikely to be viable regardless of other benefits.

Figure-16 Typical Perovskites Module solar cell thin film
Organic Photovoltaics
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells aim to provide an Earth-abundant and low-
energy-production photovoltaic (PV) solution. This technology also has the
theoretical potential to provide electricity at a lower cost than first- and second-
generation solar technologies. Because various absorbers can be used to create
colored or transparent OPV devices, this technology is particularly appealing to
the building- integrated PV market. Organic photovoltaics have achieved
efficiencies near 11%, but efficiency limitations as well as long-term reliability
remain significant barriers.
Figure-17 Organic photovoltaics cell
Unlike most inorganic solar cells, OPV cells use molecular or polymeric absorbers,
which results in a localized exciton. The absorber is used in conjunction with an

electron acceptor, such as a fullerene, which has molecular orbital energy states
that facilitate electron transfer. Upon absorbing a photon, the resulting exciton
migrates to the interface between the absorber material and the electron acceptor
material. At the interface, the energetic mismatch of the molecular orbitals
provides sufficient driving force to split the exciton and create free charge carriers
(an electron and a hole).
Earth-Abundant Materials:
Currently, the most promising alternative to thin film photovoltaic technologies

that use rare elements such as CIGS and CdTe is copper zinc tin sulfoselenide
(Cu2ZnSnSexS4-x, or simply CZTS). Other alternatives, such as lead sulfide (PbS)
and pyrite (FeS2)-based materials, have also garnered attention.
CZTS is very similar to CIGS in optoelectronic and crystallographic properties, as
well as in methods of fabrication. However, CZTS has a laboratory efficiency of just
above 10%, which is about half that of CIGS cells. Kesterite CZTS is very similar to
the chalcopyrite crystal structure, but with the Group-III indium (In) and gallium
(Ga) ions replaced in an ordered manner with an equal number of Group-II zinc
ions and Group-IV tin ions. This maintains many of the optoelectronic properties
of CIGS but eliminates the need for the expensive In and Ga metals.
Figure-18 Typical CZTS PV Cell

2.6 PV TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FOR THE REFERENCE PROJECT:
The nameplate capacity of solar PV Modules is defined at Standard Test Conditions

(Solar Irradiance=1000 W/m2, Cell Temperature 25ºC and Air Mass=1.5).
Depending on their installed locations, higher ambient temperature and
consequently Module temperature can reduce output efficiency by 10- 25%. As
the temperature of the solar panel increases, its output current increases
exponentially, while the voltage output is reduced linearly. In fact, the voltage
reduction is so predictable, that it can be used to accurately measure temperature.
As a result, higher temperature severely reduces the production of power of solar
PV Module. In the technical data sheet of the solar PV Module, the ‘temperature
coefficient’ is defined, which provides the rate of change (derivative) with respect
to temperature of different PV Module performance parameters. The temperature
coefficient explains how much power the panel will lose when the temperature
rises say by 1°C above 25°C. From the technical performance (energy yield) point
of view, Thin Film solar PV Modules may perform better; but their maturity, lone
term proven record and availability and efficiency is not comparable with the
Crystalline technology. CPV technology is at a very initial stage across the globe.
Table mentioned below presents the qualitative comparison between Crystalline
and Thin Film Technologies. Multi-crystalline Solar Technology is the most mature
technology worldwide and comprises around 50 percent international market.
Mono-crystalline Solar Cells currently offer maximum efficiency albeit with
slightly higher cost. Thin Film Solar PV Technology is an emerging technology and
is being commercialized rapidly in all parts of the world.
A comparative chart of available SPV Technologies (Mono Crystalline, Multi
Crystalline and Thin Film Technologies) along with relative rankings as applicable
for the utility scale project from the web is presented in Table below for reference
and basis for selection:
Parameter Crystalline Silicon (Mono and Multi) Thin Film

Type of Materials Mono-Crystalline Amorphous silicon(a-Si)
Multi-Crystalline/Poly-crystalline Cadmium Telluride
(CdTe)
Copper indium
(Gallium) Di-Selenide
(CIS/CIGS)
Material Required more material. Required less material.
Requirement
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) has been used as the The selected materials
light-absorbing semiconductor in most solar are all strong light
cells. To absorb sufficient amount of light it absorbs and only need
to be about 1 micron

requires a considerate thickness (several thick, so materials costs

hundred microns) of material. are significantly
reduced.
Manufacturing Mono-crystalline is produced by slicing Each of the three

Process wafers (up to 150 mm diameter and 350 materials is amenable
microns thick) from a high-purity single to large area deposition
crystal Module. Mono-crystalline silicon, (on to substrates of
made by sawing a cast block of silicon first about 1 meter
into bars and then wafers. dimensions) and hence
high volume
manufacturing. The
Thin Film
semiconductor layers
are deposited on either
coated glass or stainless
steel sheet.
Power High power per given area Low power per given
area
Efficiency 11-22% 5-17%
Effect of Effect is more on output power to (Higher Effect is less compared
Temperature temperature coefficient compared to Thin to crystalline silicon
Films) cells (Low Temperature
coefficient )
Shade Tolerance Less Shade tolerant More Shade tolerant
Logistics Fewer Modules – lower shipping cost More Modulea – More
shipping cost
Mounting Fewer Modules-Less mounting structures KW More Modules-More
Structures mounting structures
Required KW
Accessories and Requires Less cables, junction boxes etc. Requires More cables,
additional junction boxes etc.
materials
Cost Higher cost per watt Lower cost per watt
Output Output depends of numbers of solar cells in Directly proportion on
the module the dimension after
module
Table-2 Qualitative comparison between Crystalline and Thin Film Technologies.

Sr. Priority Parameters Weightage Scale Scale Scale

No. Mono- Multi- Thin
Crystalline Crystalline Film
1 6 Efficiency 12% 10 7 7
2 2 Temperature 11% 9 5 10
Tolerance
3 4 Shade Tolerance 10% 5 5 10
4 8 Power Output 7% 10 7 7
5 10 Market share 5% 8 10 3
6 9 Environmental 6% 10 10 3
Issues
7 11 Balance of System 4% 10 7 4
(mounting
Structure, Cabling
etc.)
8 12 Accessories & 3% 10 7 3
additional
materials
9 13 Inverter flexibility 2% 10 10 3
10 1 Cost 13% 5 8 8
11 14 Stabilization 1% 10 8 3
12 7 Status of 8% 10 10 9
commercialization
13 5 Proven at MW 10% 8 7 10
scale in Hot
climates
14 3 Special gain 9% 3 3 10
Total 100% 7.8 7.0 7.7

Selection choice 1 2 3
Table-3 A comparative chart of available SPV Technologies along with relative rankings
From the assessment of current technical and commercial aspects of various

commercially available Solar PV Technologies as well as study of the
Meteorological Parameters including the annual behaviour of solar radiation and
climatic conditions over the location in NSPCL Maroda Reservoir, Si Mono
Crystalline perc solar PV technology has been identified as the most suitable
technology for implementation the 15 MW scale solar PV power Project at the
location. There are several manufacturers available for Mono Crystalline Solar PV
Modules across the globe. However, the optimum manufacturer shall be decided

through the historical performance of the Modules in the different Projects

complying the required IEC codes and standards applicable in India etc. in the
implementation stage.
2.7 FLOATERS
A pontoon is floating structure. Pontoon has buoyancy enough to float on water

and support a heavy load. The structure is designed such as it can hold number of
panels. Floating structure allows installation of PV module. An FSPV subsection,
or island, is commonly a rectangular or square platform. For large central-inverter
configurations, the inverters sit on floating platforms at the centre of the plant to
minimize cable runs and electrical losses.
Figure-19 Central Inverter System for FPV System
For string-inverter configurations, they are usually placed alongside each

platform (figure 4.2) on secondary or multifunction floats designed to hold
electrical equipment or serve as maintenance walkways. For small systems near
the bank, inverters can be placed onshore; these better protected and less humid
settings also provide easier access for maintenance crews.

Figure-20 Layout of FPV with string inverter placed on floater assembly
Single materials or combination of materials may be used for floats. The materials
to be used for fabrication of floats must fulfil the material requirements.
Synthetic polymer (heavy duty plastics)
Synthetic polymers (heavy duty plastics) have regularly been used in floats. Heavy
duty plastics offer floating solution that is lightweight and easy to assemble
(particularly in modular designs).
Some examples of heavy-duty plastics used in floats include:

a) HDPE (high density polyethylene)
b) PE (polyethylene).
c) Metals
d) Metals have regularly been used in floats. Metals offer more rigid
floating solutions (particularly in modular
e) raft FSPV array design)
Some examples of metals used in floats include:

• Aluminium
• stainless steel
• carbon steel (with corrosion resistant coating).
Others
Use of other materials may be considered providing that the material

requirements are fulfilled as per, and the finished float shall fulfil its functional
requirements and performance criteria.
Some materials which have been used either in prototyping or testing include:

• PU (polyurethane foam)
• fibreglass with epoxy or polyester resin
• ferrocement.
The most common FSPV arrays are structurally defined into three main categories.
These are:
• Pure Floats
• Modular Rafts
• Membranes
Pure Floats
This category of FSPV array is characterised by direct mounting of PV modules

onto the floats. The means for fastening PV generating equipment (e.g.,
clamps/fixings) are incorporated into the floating structure. The pure floats FSPV
array may be designed to carry multiple PV modules per float.
Figure-21 Schematic of Pure Floaters
Modular Rafts
This category of FSPV array is typified by structural frameworks supported by

floats. The means of fastening PV generating equipment (e.g., clamps/fixings) are
attached to the structural frameworks. The structural frameworks may carry
several PV modules and also support combiner boxes, inverters and/or
transformers.

Figure-22 Schematic of Modular Rafts
Membranes
This category of FSPV array is typified by PV generating technology attached to

some form of reinforced membrane which is supported by additional structures,
such as tubular rings to provide buoyancy support. The amalgamation of the
reinforced membrane and tubular ring is the float and the floating structure in
such an FSPV array. The tubular ring may also support combiner boxes.
Figure-23 Schematic of Membrane Float

2.8 MOORING
The station keeping system refers to the mooring system, consisting of mooring
lines which are attached to the floating structure at one end and anchored to the
waterbed or the bank at the other end, and the anchors. In principle, station
keeping could also be provided by dynamic positioning or fixed structures (e.g.,
piles and rollers) restraining horizontal motions of the structure.
The station keeping system shall keep the horizontal excursions of the FSPV array
within acceptable levels. This shall allow for the intended operation, keeping a safe
distance to shore, any obstacles or other infrastructure, and to maintain the
integrity of any connected structures or components. The station keeping system
is vital for keeping the floating structure in position such that the FSPV array can
maintain generation and transfer of electricity. It can also be vital for avoiding
dislocation of floats and to limit stress concentration in float connections.
The following site condition factors shall be taken into consideration when
designing the mooring system arrangement:
• topography — submerged mooring

• catenary mooring
• taut leg mooring
• shore mooring
• hybrid of submerged and shore mooring.
The main configurations of mooring lines applicable for FSPV systems include:
• soil conditions
• bathymetry
• water depth
• water level variation
• environmental conditions
• marine growth.
The mooring system shall be designed and installed to ensure redundancy, i.e., the
failure of one mooring line shall not lead to progressive failures of several mooring
lines
Mooring Lines
Mooring lines are often composed of several segments or components with

different properties. All components in the mooring system shall function as
intended throughout the service life of the FSPV system. The following
components may be part of the mooring line assembly:

• mooring line material such as fibre rope, chain or steel wire cable
• connecting elements such as shackles, links, connecting plates,
fittings, etc.
• mooring line segments, inserts and accessories such as elastic
elements, buoyancy elements, clump weights, etc.
2.9 ANCHORING
Anchors may be installed at the bank for shore mooring lines and/or at the
waterbed for submerged mooring lines. In specific locations, depending on the
nature of the water body and on local and national regulations, only waterbed
anchors or only shore anchoring may be allowed. Various types of Anchoring
systems, their advantages and challenges have been presented below for
reference.1

Anchor Type Advantages Challenges

Simple and cheap to fabricate, Inefficient design with respect
install and decommission to holding capacity versus
anchor weight
Established design
procedures
Require detailed knowledge of
Maintained holding capacity bathymetry at anchor position
Gravity-based anchors after dislocation (however
Holding capacity this may change the load Sensitive to sliding, most
derived from the pattern in the mooring efficient when the entire
weight of the anchor. configuration) deadweight of the anchor can
Ex: Concrete or Steel be relied upon, i.e. high degree
blocks Require least extensive of vertical loading. However,
ground investigations sliding from an isolated event
Usually accessible for visual will not lead to a complete loss
inspection of anchor holding capacity
Can be used as shared

anchoring point
High loads can be taken Possibly challenging
Can be used as shared Decommissioning

anchoring point
Embedded anchors I
Require ground investigations
(screw/helical-, earth-
Able to take up vertical, as
and rock anchors)
well as May have long construction
Holding capacity
horizontal loads time
dependent on the
anchor type,
Flexible with respect to soil (For rock anchors)
dimensions,
type
installation method
and load angles Multi-staged process during
and the properties of
installation (for rock anchors)
the surrounding soil or
Generally low initial cost
rock
possibly limited accessibility
Environmentally friendly for visual inspection (if
necessary)

Very high loads can be taken Generally higher costs
Can be used as shared Possibly challenging

anchoring decommissioning
Embedded anchors II
point
(driven-, drilled-,
Require ground investigations
suction piles) Holding
Environmentally friendly
capacity dependent on
Multi-staged process during
the anchor type,
Noiseless installation for installation (depending on
dimensions,
suction anchor technology)
installation method
and the properties of
Proven technology Possibly limited accessibility
the surrounding soil or
for visual inspection (if
rock
Able to take up vertical, as necessary)
well as
horizontal loads
Simple to install, especially in Mostly capable of taking

case of soft clay horizontal loads, to limited
extent vertical loads
Extensive industry
experience Not suitable for shared
mooring
May not require installing to
Drag anchors ultimate load Not applicable for all soil types
Holding capacity and risk of damage due to
derived from the Easy retrieval/ anchor dragging
frictional resistance of decommissioning
the surrounding soil as Possibly limited accessibility
a function of the for visual inspection
embedment depth
Anchor handling vessel
required
Ground investigation required
Possibly challenging
installation procedures
Table-4 Advantages and Challenges of Anchor Types

2.10 STRING COMBINER BOX
The output of the Solar module is connected to another module forming series
connection. No of such series connection shall be decided based on the rating of
inverter to be selected. Such series connections shall be terminated in a box called
String Combiner Box. Combiner box is used to pool the strings to form single
circuit to be fed to inverter The combiner box is made up of polycarbonate or glass
fiber and should be halogen free. Figure depicts the few illustrations of String
Combiner Boxes.
String Combiner Box (SCB) is used in multi-string photovoltaic systems to
combine the individual strings electrically and connect them to the Inverters. It
shall have protection devices to protect the PV modules from current/voltage
surges. Nos. of input to each SCB shall be decided during detail engineering based
on the approved Single Line Diagram (SLD) submitted by EPC agency.
Monitoring the current of each input string and system voltage enables the system
operator to identify areas of concern and to take appropriate maintenance action.
Combiner Box also come with string monitoring which indicate operational status
of each array strings. The measure data of each string can be made available to
SCADA using use of industry standard Modbus communication protocols. There
are two method of current measurement i.e. Hall effect method and Shunt Current
method. It should be noted that current monitoring mechanism requires external
power source which is in range of few Watts.
The wiring systems include Field disconnects for the Modules side and Isolator on
inverter side, Surge (over voltage) protection, and over current protection with
fuse for the solar modules. Most systems include a combiner board of some kind
since most modules require fusing for each module source circuit. Some inverters
include this fusing and combining function within the inverter enclosure.
With recent trend of solar project cost optimization, Individual string monitoring
in string combiner box is getting replaced by zone monitoring in inverter. String
monitoring tracks data on individual strings while Zone monitoring aggregates
module strings into string combiners. The output current of each string combiner
is measured and monitored on the DC input side of the central inverter. Thus, it
saves the cost of monitoring device in combiner box

Figure-24 String Combiner Box
2.11 INVERTERS
Inverters are solid state electronic devices. They convert DC electricity generated
by the PV modules into AC electricity, ideally conforming to the local grid
requirements. Inverters can also perform a variety of functions to maximise the
output of the plant. These range from optimising the voltage across the strings and
monitoring string performance to logging data and providing protection and
isolation in case of irregularities in the grid or with the PV modules.
An Inverter system shall have the following technical specifications
 Emergency off switch

 Power switch AC side & DC side
 Monitored surge voltage arresters – AC & DC
 Display
 Ground fault monitoring
 Heating system
 Standards for the following:
 Grid monitoring
 CE conformity
 Enclosure rating and ambient temperature
 Humidity (Non condensing)
 Maximum elevation above sea level
 Air quality (minimal) according to EN 60529
Inverter connection concepts

There are two broad classes of inverters: central inverters and string inverters.
The central inverter configuration remains the first choice for many medium- and
large-scale solar PV plants. A large number of modules are connected in a series
to form a high voltage (HV) string. Strings are then connected in parallel to the
inverter.
Central inverters offer high reliability and simplicity of installation. However, they
have disadvantages: increased mismatch losses and absence of maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) for each string. This may cause problems for arrays that
have multiple tilt and orientation angles, or suffer from shading, or use different
module types. Typical Central Inverter of ABB is shown only as reference purpose.
Central inverters are usually three-phase and can include grid frequency
transformers. These transformers increase the weight and volume of the
inverters, although they provide galvanic isolation from the grid. In other words,
there is no electrical connection between the input and output voltages—a
condition that is sometimes required by national electrical safety regulations.
Central inverters are sometimes used in a “master-slave” configuration. This
means that some inverters shut down when the irradiance is low, allowing the
other inverters to run more closely to optimal loading. When the irradiance is high,
the load is shared by all inverters. In effect, only the required number of inverters
is in operation at any one time. As the operating time is distributed uniformly
among the inverters, design life can be extended.
In contrast, the string inverter concept uses multiple inverters for multiple strings
of modules. String inverters provide MPPT on a string level with all strings being
independent of each other. This is useful in cases where modules cannot be
installed with the same orientation or where modules of different specifications
are being used or when there are shading issues.
Figure-25 ABB Central Inverter – For reference only

Advantages Disadvantages
More Popular in MW Range More system loss due to common MPPT function,
blocking diode and mismatch
Centralized Monitoring Reliability of the large part of system depends on
one inverter
Lesser Spares Need for higher voltage DC cable
Voltage can be immediately stepped Effect of localized shading is
up, which increases Power increased
evacuation efficiency
String inverters, which are usually in single phase, also have other advantages.
First of all, they can be serviced and replaced by non-specialist personnel.
Secondly, it is practical to keep spare string inverters on site. This makes it easy to
handle unforeseen circumstances, as in the case of an inverter failure. In
comparison, the failure of a large central inverter, with a long lead time for repair,
can lead to significant yield loss before it can be replaced.
Inverters may be transformer less or include a transformer to step up the voltage.

Transformer less inverters generally have a higher efficiency, as they do not have
transformer losses. In the case of transformer less string inverters, the PV
generator voltage must either be significantly higher than the voltage on the AC
side, or DC-DC step-up converters must be used. The absence of a transformer
leads to higher efficiency, reduced weight, reduced size (50-75 percent lighter
than transformer-based models) and lower cost due to the smaller number of
components. On the downside, additional protective equipment must be used,
such as DC sensitive earth leakage circuit breakers (CB), and live parts must be
protected. IEC Protection Class II24 must be implemented across the installation.
Transformer less inverters also cause increased electromagnetic interference
(EMI).
Inverters with transformers provide galvanic isolation. Central inverters are

generally equipped with transformers. The presence of a transformer also leads
to a reduction of leakage currents, which in turn reduces EMI. Central Inverter has
been considered for this Project.

Figure-26 ABB String Inverter – For reference only
 Transformer
Step up transformer shall be used to match inverter voltage to the nearest

available interconnection point. Transformer also serves for galvanic isolation of
switching transients of inverter. Inverter transformer having two, three or five
windings transformers can be used. Transformer shall be inverter grade.
Transformer should have shield winding between LV and HV windings. Each LV
windings must be capable of handling non-sinusoidal voltage with voltage
gradient as per relevant applicable standards.

CHAPTER-3
SITE IDENTIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT

3. SITE IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Till now, there is no standard code developed by IEC/IEEE/IS for design
guidelines of Floating PV installation and the area is evolving continuously.
Therefore, reference is drawn to the available publications at present. They are:
 Where Sun meets Water Floating Solar Handbook for practitioners- A
publication by World Bank Group IFC (International Finance Corporation),
ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program), SERIS
 DNVGL-RP-0584- Design, development, and operation of floating solar
photovoltaic systems
 Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants - A Project Developer’s Guide
by IFC
 PV Resource.org
The main considerations for assessing site suitability for FSPV installations are as
follows:
 Solar resource
 Local climate conditions
 Available water surface area and shape
 Bathymetry
 Water level, wave amplitudes, and wind speeds
 Subsurface soil conditions
 Shading, soiling, and other site conditions
 Environmental considerations
 Grid access, substation location, and power availability
 Access rights, permits, and regulations.
Following sections describes each of the above consideration in detail with

reference to the subject FSPV Installation.
3.2 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

Site selection is the utmost important part for developing a viable floating solar
PV project. There are no specific rules for site selection. The ideal site should have
adequate solar irradiance, a favourable local climate, shallow reservoir depths, a
water surface not used for competing purposes, an accessible grid-connection
point, and a stable legal and regulatory framework for FPV development.
However, the initial site assessments of the proposed waterbody should be carried
out to understand the feasibility of the site for the FSPV project development.
The following studies shall be carried out for initial site assessment:

 GIS based assessment

 Filed assessment
 Bathymetry/Hydrography and Soil Testing
GIS-based assessment – Assessments through the GIS tool really help in finding
out the site feasibility for an FSPV plant establishment. The GIS tool provides
information on water surface variations due to seasonal changes in the past years.
The outcome of the analysis gives an approximate surface area of the waterbody
which remains permanent irrespective of seasonal water-level deviations.
Figure-1 Water Level
Field assessment – An initial site visit is essential to understand the ground

reality of the site conditions. The visit mainly covers the assessment of type of
waterbody and its purpose, accessibility to the site, location of nearest
substations, and information on restricted area. In case the waterbody is used for
some industrial purposes or in power plants or water treatment plants, etc.,
details like fire hazard buffer zone, nearby building infrastructure for calculating
the shadow-free area, availability of space while installation, space available near
shore while placing the floating platform into waterbody, etc., are some of the
important points that need to be looked into. The initial site assessments assist in
estimating a suitable area for FSPV installation and water quality of
reservoir/pond/lagoon.
Bathymetry/Hydrography and Soil Testing
A bathymetric survey is a method to estimate the depth of a waterbody, and it also

helps in understanding the underwater geography of a particular waterbody.
There are several methods available for carrying out bathymetric surveys such as
 Multi beam, single beam,

 Sub-bottom profilers,
 Eco Mapper Autonomous Under Vehicle (EAUV),

 Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP).
A hydrography survey deals with providing physical features such as

understanding of underwater navigations, accurate positions, depictions of hills,
etc., of waterbodies. Both bathymetric and/or hydrographic surveys are useful in
understanding the topography of water-bed such as locating any bed-rock
outcrops, obstacles at bed level if any, and optimum locations for placing anchors
and mooring for the floating platform. The bathymetric and hydrographic surveys
that roughly take between 7 and 15 days to conduct, involve the use of precise
instruments and methods. The survey gives information on the waterbed in the
form of a contour map comprising details related to the depth of the waterbed
with reference to datum level. The contour map, as shown in Figure, is a decisive
factor in identifying the best places of anchoring and mooring, desilting
requirements, etc.
Figure-2 Water Level
For this project, Bathymetry study has been done by NSPCL separately. Therefore,
Details regarding depth of the reservoir and for ground profile in the reservoir,
bathymetry report may be referred.
3.3 SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT:

The intermittence and non-uniform distribution of solar irradiance across the
globe makes solar radiation resource assessment one of the most important tasks
for techno-commercial viability of Solar PV Power Projects. As there is non-
availability of on-site long term measured solar radiation data; it is essential to
explore the available solar radiation database to be used for the assessment. The
energy yield estimation should thereafter be carried out using the appropriate
solar radiation databases for the location.
This section addresses review of the solar radiation resource assessment of the
site at NSPCL Bhilai Maroda Reservoir.

Solar Resource
As with other PV projects, data on solar irradiance at the proposed water surface
is of primary importance. Because solar irradiance determines the energy yield
and project economics, it should therefore be assessed at the site-identification
stage. Such information can be readily retrieved from various resources such as
the Global Solar Atlas Figure-3.
With reference to the subject FPV installation, the solar resource data from
Solargis is presented below.
Figure-3 Solar Resource Map-GHI, Ref: Published by the World bank group, funded
by ESMAP and prepared by Solargis.

Figure-4 Solar Resource Map-GHI, Ref: Published by the World bank group, funded
by ESMAP and prepared by Solargis.
Figure-5 GLOBAL PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER POTENTIAL | Country Factsheet
Data sources for solar radiation in India are of varying quality. Comparison and
judicious selection of data sources by specialists in solar resource assessment is
recommended while developing a project. Some of the more accessible data
sources include:
 India Meteorological Department data from 23 field stations of the radiation

network, measured from 1986 to 2000.
 NASA’s Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy data set. This holds satellite –
derived monthly data for a grid of 1°x1° covering the globe for a 22 year
period (1984-2005). The data are considered accurate for preliminary
feasibility studies of solar energy projects in India. They are also particularly
useful for estimating the inter-annual variability of the Solar resource.
 The METEONORM global climatological database and synthetic weather

generator. This contains a database of ground station measurements of
irradiation and temperature. In cases where a site is over 20 km from the
nearest measurement station, METEONORM generates climatological
averages estimated by using interpolation algorithms and satellite data.
For solar irradiance, the first Source is the solar resource Map prepared by
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy.

Second source of information for solar irradiance considered for feasibility studies
was NASA Website (http://eosweb.larc.NASA.gov/sse/) where data tables for a
certain location and plots for a whole region are available for everyone free of
charge.
Various resources are used for estimation of global horizontal insolation of the
site.
1. METEONORM
The Meteonorm software provides basically monthly meteorological data for any
location on the earth. It also generates synthetic hourly values from these monthly
values, using stochastic models which have been improved in the latest versions.
It is a popular tool used by every solar power developer.
The data are based on 1325 measured meteo "stations", all over the world. Data
are monthly values, averaged over 20 years within the period 1961-1990. A
second period (1991-2010 for irradiations, 2000-2009 for temperatures) may be
chosen for some places since the version 6.0. There are about 10 to 20 "stations"
for each big central Europe country.
As per the meteonorm 8.1.1, the yearly global Horizontal Insolation of NSPCL,
Bhilai is 1811 kWhr/m2.
2. SOLARGIS
Solargis provide access to all solar resource and meteorological data parameters
required for evaluation of the energy potential of solar power system.
The PV Syst simulation has been carried out as per the latest available data from
SOLARGIS, which is 1869.9 kWhr/m2.
3. NASA-SSE
NASA-SSE (Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy programme) are monthly data,
average of 1983-2005 satellite measurements, provided for any cell in a grid of
1°x1° over the world (1° latitude is 111 km). See the NASA SSE site for further
information.
As per the NASA-SSE,, the yearly global Horizontal Insolation of NSPCL, Bhilai is
1851.5 kWhr/m2.
PVGIM TMY – Data from SARAH, COSMO or NSRDB
a) SARAH- "The Surface Solar Radiation Data Set - Heliosat (SARAH) is a

satellite-based climatology of the solar surface irradiance (SIS), the surface
direct normalized irradiance (DNI) and the effective cloud albedo (CAL)
derived from satellite observations of the visible channels of the MVIRI and
SEVIRI instruments onboard the geostationary Meteosat satellites. The data

are available from 1983 to 2013 and cover the region ±65° longitude and
±65° latitude. The products are available as monthly, daily, and hourly
averages on a regular latitude/longitude grid with a spatial resolution of
0.05° x 0.05°.
b) COSMO - The Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO) is a ground-

based facility designed to address current shortfalls in our capability to
measure magnetic fields in the solar corona.
As per the NASA-SSE,, the yearly global Horizontal Insolation of NSPCL, Bhilai is
2033.7 kWhr/m2.
Solar activity, including solar eruptions known as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs),
derive the bulk of their energy from the coronal magnetic field. This activity drives
space weather that impacts Earth, including damaging satellites, adversely
effecting communications, and posing hazards to astronauts. COSMO tracks the
energy build-up in the Sun's magnetic field and changes in plasma conditions in
the corona and in the atmospheric layer below the corona known as the
chromosphere.
Table- 1 GHI DATA
GHI Data in kWh/Sq.m from various sources

Month Meteonorm8.0 NASA-SSE PV GIS TMY Solar GIS
January 138.4 142.0 158.4 143.7
February 145.6 152.3 170.2 152.0
March 182.9 191.9 207.8 193.1
April 192.8 201.3 218.1 204.7
May 202.1 204.0 211.5 207.2
June 150.1 146.7 153.5 152.6
July 127.2 122.8 124.3 123.9
August 124.1 117.5 143.9 121.2
September 141.1 133.8 158.4 138.3
October 146.5 157.2 181.6 155.3
November 130.2 142.8 156.3 140.9
December 130.1 139.2 149.7 136.1
Year 1811.1 1851.5 2033.7 1869.0
All Solar Database Resources indicate that the annual average daily GHI at the
selected Project location is nearer to 5.0 kWh/m2 which suggests that the current
location is suitable for solar power Project.
Several independent comparisons of solar radiation databases have been

performed in recent years and SolarGIS has been repeatedly identified as the best
performing database and is considerably more accepted and widely used in
industry.

NTPC practice is to consider the Solar GIS data for Detailed Project
Reports/Feasibility Reports, however Actual data shall be obtained with the
pyranometer at site. Hence SolarGIS data base has been used for the energy yield
assessment of the PV project.
Therefore, Solar GIS data at the subject location is presented in a graphical manner
in the next few pages for easy reference.
Figure-6 Screen shot from global solar Atlas


Figure-9 Screen shot from Global Solar Atlas - Average hourly profiles of total
photovoltaic power output
Figure-10 Screen shot from Global Solar Atlas - Monthly averages on Direct Normal
Irradiation

3.4 CLIMATE CONDITIONS
The climate on site is warm, with temperatures never going below 0°C. The rainy
season is between June to August and construction times should be scheduled
outside of these months. Details about the meteorological conditions for the site
has been discussed in the subsequent sections. Climate details have been obtained
from meteoblue modelled parameters.
The climatologically details at NSPCL , Bhilai is placed at Table-2
Table-2 Climate Parameters
Parameter Value
Mean Maximum Ambient Temperature Summer 43 oC
Mean Minimum Ambient Temperature Winter 13oC deg.
Max Relative Humidity 85 %
Min Relative Humidity 35 %
Maximum Annual Rainfall (2021) 226 mm
Basic Wind Speed for design as per IS 875 part 3. 47m/s
Temperature
Maximum temperature has been recorded during May (mean maximum 43°C)
while minimum temperature observed during January (mean minimum (13 oC).
Figure-11 Source – Meteoblue – Maximum Temperature

Humidity
Humidity was high during the monsoon months as expected, particularly from July
to September and ranged from 80% to 85%. Humidity was lowest during the dry
summer months of March to May when it ranged between 35% to 40%. The
average Humidity its ranged 61.4%. Humidity Table from PVSyst is presented
below for reference.
Figure-12 Humidity Table
Rainfall
To show variation within the months and just the monthly totals, we show the
rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the
year. the rainy period of the last year for 9.6 months, from January 15 to
November1,with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches, the most rain falls
during the 31days centered around July 31,with an average total accumulation of
9.8 inches.

Figure-13 Source – Meteoblue – Cloudy, sunny and precipitation day
Wind Speed
Basic Wind Speed for Design as per IS 875 Part-3 is 47 m/s.
Figure-14 Source – Meteoblue –Wind Speed pan year

Figure-15 Source – Meteoblue – Wind Rose Diagram
Accessibility
New Delhi is connected to site by road and rail, is well connected to the rest of
India through Road, Rail and air transportation services. The site NSPCL, Bhilai is
located at NH-53. Bhilai is well connected by State Roads to New Delhi which is
approx. 100 KM away. Nearest railway station is Durg which is 12 km away from
site. Nearest Airport is Raipur which is approx. 50 km away from site. Site is well
connected from port too. Nearest Sea port is Vishakhapatnam, it is approx. 550
kms away from site.
Google Map Screenshot
Available Area

The total area of reservoir is approx. 400 acers. The water bodies are owned by
NSPCL, Bhilai and has confirmed that they will hand over encumbrance free area
for Project activities. Shape of the area is not too narrow and found suitable for the
FPV.
Bathymetry and Water body Characteristics
Bathymetric surveys are a type of hydrographic survey which map out the details
of underwater terrain, illustrating the depth and land that lies beneath a body of
water. NSPCL has informed that they will conduct the bathymetry study
separately.
NSPCL to provide the inputs related to Bathymetry
3.5 SOIL INVESTIGATION AND WATER ANALYSIS

NSPCL has informed that they will conduct the Soil investigation and Water
analysis study separately.
NSPCL to provide the inputs related to Soil investigation and Water analysis
The geotechnical investigations in this case will be limited the inverter room,
Pooling switchgear and Control room, 132kV substation are and, cable routing.
Shading Losses
FPV projects generally benefit from openness and flat water bodies that have
minimal shade; To avoid the shadow cast by Inverter, Transformer on the
performance of PV System, provision of Inverters and Transformer location on the

land nearer to FPV has been considered as the design has sufficient space both on
land and above the water (Voltage losses due to longer lengths of cable have been
taken in to consideration also). attention needs to be paid to central inverters at
the center of FPV arrays.
Some times, water bodies may be located in mountainous areas where horizontal
shading from afar may become a concern. This aspect has also been reviewed in
the PV Syst software which has been detailed in Energy Yield analysis.
From the points of Shading losses also, the location of FPV at NSPCL, Bhilai is
Justified.
Soling Losses
FPV systems also tend to suffer less soiling from dust than installations on land.
Bio soiling (particularly from bird droppings) can adversely impact performance.
This may lead to hotspots and accelerated degradation and higher O&M costs.
It may be noted that the subject location is inside the compound of SAIL which has
a very low dust concentration. Therefore, Water washing system shall be provided
in the FPV system inline with the provision employed for the FPVs on reservoirs
of thermal plants to maintain the soiling losses at minimum.
From the above, in view of the proven water washing provision to reduce the
effect of soling losses, the project location is justified.
3.6 EVACUATION SYSTEM

The project was envisaged to meet the captive requirements of NSPCL. NSPCL has
informed that the evacuation system shall be connected to their nearest 132KV
substation at 132KV level only. The substation is approximately 4.5Km. NTPC
along with SAIL and NSPCL Team visited the site and found space can be provided
for the augmentation of another 132KV bay with 33/132KV transformer of
suitable rating. During the site visit, it was found that a boundary wall is to be
dismantled and to enable this work. A new boundary wall shall be constructed
after the completion of the augmentation of 132KV bay at the existing substation.
NSPCL shall obtain the requisite permissions from the state
transmission/distribution utilities.
From the above, the project is feasible as per the availability of evacuation system.
Other Environmental Considerations

Details have been provided in Social and Environmental impact assessment
section.

CHAPTER-4
ENERGY YIELD

4. ENERGY YIELD
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Energy yield estimation is an important step in assessing project feasibility and

attracting financing for the PV power plant. The aim is to predict the average
annual energy output for the lifetime of the proposed power plant, typically 25 to
30 years. The efficiency of PV systems under time-varying operating conditions
depends not only on system design and components but also on various
environmental factors.
For estimation of energy-yield analysis irradiance data from various sources shall
be used to predict how much electricity that the PV system might generate. Poor-
quality solar irradiance data will yield inaccurate results even if good simulation
programs are used. As mentioned in the previous sections of this report, for this
project The energy yield estimation has been carried out by the Consultant using
PVSyst software (V7.2.11) with irradiance data from being obtained from PV Solar
GIS. The complete Project has been planned using Mono crystalline Solar PV
Modules mounted on floaters with a tilt angle of 5° towards North.
4.2 SOLAR AND METEOROLOGY DATA
Figure-1 Energy Yield Analysis: Typical Flow Chart

For the detailed Solar Radiation Resource Assessment exercise, Global Solar Radiation,
Diffuse Solar Radiation and Mean monthly Temperature data from SolarGIS have been
used for estimation of the energy yield calculation for the proposed Power Plant.
Additionally, solar radiation data from all available sources, relevant to the site have been
collected and compared for the proposed site. The optimum and most relevant value of
the global horizontal irradiance have been considered for the energy yield calculation.
4.3 SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCE
Site selection and planning of PV power plants requires reliable solar resource
data. Power production depends linearly on the plane of array irradiance, at least
to a first approximation. The solar resource of a location is usually defined by the
values of the global horizontal irradiation, direct normal irradiation and diffuse
horizontal irradiation as defined below.
 Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) – GHI is the total solar energy received
on a unit area of horizontal surface. It includes energy from the sun that is
received in a direct beam and from all directions of the sky when radiation is
scattered off the atmosphere (diffuse irradiation). The yearly sum of the GHI
is of particular relevance for PV power plants, which are able to make use of
both the diffuse and beam components of solar irradiance.
 Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) – DNI is the total solar energy received on
a unit area of surface directly facing the sun at all times. The DNI is of
particular interest for solar installations that track the sun and for
concentrating solar technologies (as concentrating technologies can only
make use of the direct component of irradiation).
 Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation (DHI) – DHI is the energy received on a unit

area of horizontal surface from all directions when radiation is scattered off
the atmosphere or surrounding area.
Irradiation is measured in kWh/m2, and values are often given for a period of a
day, a month or a year. A high long term average annual GHI is typically of most
interest to PV project developers. Average monthly values are important when
assessing the proportion of energy generated in each month.
4.4 PV MODULE
Solar PV Modules are one of the most important parts of the solar PV plant. It
accounts for almost 50-70% of the total power plant cost. In the proposed project,
540Wp PV Module of Mono Crystalline technology from Longi solar has been
considered for analysis purpose only. Technical Parameters of the selected PV
module is shown in the table below.

S.No PV module Technical Parameters

1. Model LR5-72 HPH 540 M
2. Technology Si-Mono
3. Standard Test Module Peak power 541.1W
conditions, STC
4. Open circuit voltage 49.5V
5. Short circuit current Isc, A 13.85A
6. Maximum Voltage, Vmp, V 41.65V
7. Maximum Current, Imp, A 13.18A
8. Efficiency 21.17%
9. Module Dimensions (LXW) in mm² 2256 x 1133
10. Temperature coefficient of Pmax -0.34%/˚C
11. Plant Capacity (MWp) 21.75
Table-1 Technical Parameters of the selected PV Module
4.5 INVERTER
Sungrow make central solar inverters (Model – SG 250-HV-20) have been selected
for the proposed 15 MW AC solar PV Project. Technical parameters of the inverter
are shown in the table below.
S.No Inverter Technical Parameters

1. Maximum Input current, A 3508
2. Maximum Input voltage, V 1500
3. MPPT Range, V 800-1300
4. Maximum MPPT Voltage 1300
5. Output Main voltage, V 550
6. Output Main frequency, Hz 50/60
7. Output nominal Power, KW 2500
8. Maximum Efficiency, % 99.00
9. European Efficiency, % 98.70
10. No of inverters in plant 6
Table-2 Technical parameters of the inverter

4.6 TILT OPTIMIZATION
Photovoltaic (PV) system's performance is significantly affected by its orientation

and tilt angle. Every location will have an optimal tilt angle that maximises the
total annual irradiation (averaged over the whole year) on the plane of the
collector. Theoretical optimum tilt angle shall be almost equal to the latitude of
the site. However, adjustments may need to be made to account for soiling,
Shading losses and optimisation of mounting structures. Higher tilt angles have
lower soiling losses. The natural flow of rainwater cleans modules more
effectively and snow slides off more easily at higher tilt angles. Highly tilted
modules provide more shading on modules behind them. As shading impacts
energy yield much more than maybe expected simply by calculating the
proportion of the module shaded, a good option (other than spacing the rows
more widely apart) is to reduce the tilt angle. It is usually better to use a lower tilt
angle as a trade-off for loss in energy yield due to inter-row shading.
The tilt optimization study for the subject Project has been done using PVSyst and
Solar GIS database for a typical fixed tilt configuration table with a fixed pitch of
1.28m. A summary of the tilt optimization study along with the graph has been
presented below:
Loss with Global on

Transposition E_Grid
Tilt respect to collector Plane (
Factor FT (GWH)
Optimum KWh/m2 )
1 1.01 -6.9% 1881 32.1
5 1.03 -4.8% 1922 32.6
11 1.05 -2.4% 1972 32.65
21 1.08 -0.2% 2016 31.7
Table-3 Summary of tilt optimization study
As per the tilt optimisation study at a fixed pitch, tilt angle of 11 Deg will have
highest energy supply to grid, 32.7 GWh. But Higher tilt angles need more
supporting structures to cater the wind speed and more inter row spacing is also
required to minimize the shading losses. Correspondingly floaters size also
increases. So, a trade-off is to be made between cost of the generation and energy
production.

Figure-2 Variation in Tilt Angle vs Energy production
Considering the above, Tilt angle of 50 has been followed for this project as the
same has been accepted by most of the developers across the world for FSPV
installations. Further, it is relevant to mention that due to very high design wind
velocity requirement, the increase in tilt angle may considerably increase the cost
of mooring and anchoring.
Furthermore, lower tilt angles have a good ground coverage ratio and for the
selected tilt of 5 degree, ground coverage ratio is near about 80% and shading
losses are very minimum. Tilt angle of 5 degree will have a good ground coverage
ratio which is depicted in the following diagram.

Figure-3 Shed tilt optimization
4.7 INTER-ROW SPACING
Inter row spacing of the plant has been decided in such a way that direct shading
effect is minimized and a minimum effective clear distance between rows is
maintained to effectively carry out cleaning during O&M phase.
Figure-4 Shed tilt optimization

Figure-5 Representation of tilt angle
Accordingly, Height difference has been calculated from the back of the module to
the surface for tilt angle of 5˚considering the module width as 1133 mm which has
been taken from the solar PV module manufacturer data sheet.
So, Height difference = sin (5) * 1133 = 98.74 mm.

Optimum Module row spacing for the worst-case scenario = Height difference /
Tan (Solar elevation angle) = 98.74/Tan (37) = 140mm.
That means for the inter row spacing of 140mm between the sheds, shading loss
will be minimum for tilt angle of 5 deg.
One more limiting factor for the inter row spacing is the size of the floater. Market
survey has been carried out and Floater width of 0.15 m is techno commercially
viable for the wind speed of 280kmph, hence Floater width of 0.15 meter has been
considered for this project. Accordingly Shading analysis has been carried out for
the same and near shading losses are well within the limit. (Ref: Loss diagram)
4.8 LOSSES IN THE SOLAR PV SYSTEM
The technical losses considered for the estimation of Energy yield have been
summarised as below:
Optical Losses:
Optical losses are defined as energy losses resulting from reduced irradiance in
the plane of array for the FSPV system. Optical losses may be sub divided into
incidence angle modifier losses, near shading losses, far shading losses, soiling
losses.

Incidence angle modifier losses:
Incidence angle modifier (IAM) losses are losses due the fraction of the incident
light that is lost due to reflection. IAM corresponds to the decrease of the
irradiance really reaching the PV cells’ surface, with respect to irradiance under
normal incidence. This decrease is mainly due to reflexions on the glass cover,
which increases with the incidence angle.
The transmission loss is a general phenomenon, due to the reflexion and

transmission of the sun's ray at each material interface (air-glass, glass-EVA, EVA-
cell), as well as some absorption in the glass. This arises for any incidence ray. For
normal incidence, the reflexion is of the order of 5%, and is included in the
measured STC performance. The IAM only concerns the angular dependency of
this effect, i.e., it is normalized to the transmission at perpendicular incidence (0°
incidence angle).
PVsyst (Software used to predict the Energy Yield) uses an IAM function, which
describes the deficit of transmission as a function of the incidence angle. This
function is applied either to the beam component, and to the diffuse and albedo,
using an integral over all "seen" directions, supposing an isotropic distribution of
the diffuse irradiance.
As per the module data sheet, Fresnel Calculation with AR Coating has been
considered for IAM losses.
Near Shading and Far Shading Losses:
Near shading denotes objects which cause smaller localised shadows that will
affect the FSPV system performance. The shading losses shall take into
consideration shading objects in and around the FSPV system in a 3D modelling
tool. These shading items may be transformer stations, maintenance buildings,
inverters, trees and over-head transmission lines. The near shading model shall
account for the PV module characteristics (e.g. number of bypass diodes),
electrical configuration and orientation of the PV modules and the system.
For the subject project, no objects were envisaged affecting near shading losses.
Soiling Losses
Soiling loss is when dust and grime accumulate on solar panels and other PV
surfaces over time, lowering the sunlight that reaches the solar panels. Since a PV
system's performance is directly tied to how much sunlight can be transformed
into electric energy, soil loss is a large aspect of calculating PV system losses.
Soling losses shall be considered based on presence of dust and/or air pollution in
the area, seasonal pollen, humidity, effect of water spray, Planned yearly PV

module washes, the historical records of presence and migrations of birds at the
proposed site, Bio fouling, Snow. Etc.
For the subject project, it is observed during visit to NSPCL Bhilai Site that the area
is free from dust, dirt, biofuel, bird dropping etc. However, Considering the location
is nearer to the premises of industrial locations Soling losses of 3% has been
considered as per the default soiling loss factor in PV Syst on yearly basis.
Cabling Losses
Accurate cable-loss estimates must consider the length of individual cables along
with the cable materials and cross-sections. The typical solar PV plant consists of
2 types of cables i.e.., AC Cables and DC Cables. PV Syst describes the cable losses
separately for DC and AC which have been described briefly as follows. The DC as
well as AC Cable losses shall be calculated based on the total wire length for the
project. For FSPV systems, consideration of cable losses should be taken when
determining inverter installation location.
DC Cable Losses
DC Cable losses refers to losses in the cable of series connected cable, Y Connector
to String Combiner Box (SCB) and From SCB to Inverter input.
Length of DC cable from String module to Connectors is considered as 100m/

circuit of Cable size 6 sq.mm. Length of DC Cable from SCB to Inverter has been
considered as 450m/Circuit and a Dia of 2500 sq.mm
For the subject project, based on the length mentioned above, the losses have been
obtained in the PV Syst and the same have been presented in the Energy Loss
Diagram.
AC Cable Losses
AC Cable losses refers to losses in the cable from Inverter to Transformer,

Transformer to HT switchgear and From HT switchgear to Point of connection to
Grid.
Length of AC Cable from Inverter to Transformer is considered as 100m of cable

size 4000 sq.mm.
Length of AC Cable from Inverter Transformer to MV Switchgear and MV
Switchgear to Transformer is considered as 4500m of cable size 240 sq.mm.
For the subject project, based on the length mentioned above, the losses have been
obtained in the PV Syst and the same have been presented in the Energy Loss
Diagram.

4.9 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
Transformer losses are fixed, and variable losses associated with the operation of
the transformer. Transformer loss considerations for medium and high voltage
(MV, HV) shall follow standard industry practices for transformer losses.
MV Transformer losses of 0.1% Iron losses, 1% Copper losses have been

considered as per the default value available in PV System. 132 KV Transformer
losses have been considered on Energy output of the PV Syst report separately.
Considering the above, analysis has been carried out in PV Syst and report is
presented in attached in subsequent pages.
NSPCL-Bhilai-Marod
a Reservoir-01_Revised.VC5-Report.pdf

Page Intently Left to Enclose PV syst Report

4.10 ENERGY ESTIMATION
PERFORMANCE RATIO
Performance ratio (PR) is the ratio of measured output to expected output for a
given reporting period based on the system name-plate rating. The below table
depicts the PR on monthly wise.
Figure-4 Month wise PR ratio for the project
Energy estimation – 15 MW Solar PV project

Total Generation from PV System for 15 MW proportionally 32672 MWh/Year
Generation at 132kV level considering Transformer losses 32.112 MU

(1%) and other Misc. Losses
Theoretical Capacity Utilization Factor for the First year 24.44%
DC Nominal Rating 21.75 MWp

AC Nominal Rating 15 MW
DC/AC Ratio 1.45
Minimum Generation deliverable by 15MW NSPCL shall be 32.112 MU for

GHI of 1869 kWh/m2/year.
4.11 CAPACITY UTILIZATION FACTOR
The energy yield estimation for the proposed Plant at site has been carried out
using the above technical losses. The month wise pattern of energy generation
from the Project has been presented in Table below:

DC Generation DC Capacity CUF- DC AC Generation AC Capacity CUF- AC

Month
MWh MWh % MWh MWh %
January 2856 16182 17.65% 2550 11160 22.85%
February 2938 13104 22.42% 2542 10080 25.22%
March 3546 14508 24.44% 3427 11160 30.71%
April 3599 14040 25.63% 3480 10800 32.22%
May 3579 14508 24.67% 3463 11160 31.03%
June 2707 14040 19.28% 2621 10800 24.27%
July 2231 14508 15.38% 2158 11160 19.34%
August 2210 14508 15.23% 2139 11160 19.17%
September 2542 14040 18.11% 2460 10800 22.78%
October 2941 14508 20.27% 2536 11160 22.72%
November 2750 14040 19.59% 2661 10800 24.64%
December 2721 14508 18.76% 2636 11160 23.62%
Total 34620 172494 20.07% 32673 131400 24.87%
Table-5 Monthly CUF/Yearly CUF of the solar PV Project
4.12 ANNUAL DEGRADATION
Over the estimated life of Solar PV Modules, generally considered as 25 years, the
performance of the Modules gradually degrades. Normally, PV Module
Manufacturers provide a Performance Guarantee and indicate the rate of
degradation over the Module lifetime.
The degradation of Mono/ Poly crystalline Modules is usually lower as compared

to the Thin Film Technology. For this project, the Consultant has considered a
degradation of 0.7% from the 1st year till the end of the Project life of 25 years.
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6

Total Generation 32.11 32.11 32.11 32.11 32.11 32.11
Degradation% 98.00% 97.30% 96.60% 95.90% 95.20% 94.50%
After Degradation 31.47 31.24 31.02 30.79 30.57 30.34

Degradation% 93.80% 93.10% 92.40% 91.70% 91.00% 90.30%

Degradation% 89.60% 88.90% 88.20% 87.50% 86.80% 86.10%

Degradation% 85.40% 84.70% 84.00% 83.30% 82.60% 81.90%
Year-25
Total Generation 32.11
Degradation% 81.20%
After Degradation 26.07
Table-6 Solar PV Project life

4.13 PROBABILISTIC ESTIMATES:
In the present case, the Solar Radiation data has been derived from the monthly
Solargis data. Generally, GHI Uncertainty of Solar GIS data for the Project location
is 2-3%. Apart from the Uncertainty in Solar Irradiation data, there are other
factors like Ambient, Conversion to inclined surface, soiling which contribute to
the overall uncertainty in the energy yield estimation from the proposed Project.
The combined overall Project Uncertainty of the Project has been analysed and
computed to be around 4 %.
Figure-6 Probabilistic estimates

Version 7.2.5
PVsyst - Simulation report

Grid-Connected System
Project: NSPCL-Bhilai-Solar GIS-Final

Variant: DC-AC-Ratio-1.45
Sheds on ground
System power: 21.77 MWp
NSPCL-Solar GIS-Maroda - India
Author
PVsyst V7.2.5
VC5, Simulation date:
24/06/22 16:35
with v7.2.5
Project summary
Geographical Site Situation Project settings
NSPCL-Solar GIS-Maroda Latitude 21.18 °N Albedo 0.20
India Longitude 81.36 °E
Altitude 297 m
Time zone UTC+5.5
Meteo data
NSPCL
SolarGIS Monthly aver. , period not spec. - Synthetic
System summary
Grid-Connected System Sheds on ground
PV Field Orientation Near Shadings User's needs
Fixed plane Linear shadings Unlimited load (grid)
Tilt/Azimuth 5/0 °
System information
PV Array Inverters
Nb. of modules 40320 units Nb. of units 6 units
Pnom total 21.77 MWp Pnom total 15.00 MWac
Pnom ratio 1.452
Results summary
Produced Energy 32672 MWh/year Specific production 1501 kWh/kWp/year Perf. Ratio PR 78.19 %
Table of contents
Project and results summary 2
General parameters, PV Array Characteristics, System losses 3
Near shading definition - Iso-shadings diagram 5
Main results 6
Loss diagram 7
Special graphs 8
24/06/22 PVsyst Licensed to Page 2/8

PVsyst V7.2.5
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General parameters
Grid-Connected System Sheds on ground
PV Field Orientation
Orientation Sheds configuration Models used
Fixed plane Nb. of sheds 1440 units Transposition Perez
Tilt/Azimuth 5/0 ° Sizes Diffuse Perez, Meteonorm
Sheds spacing 1.28 m Circumsolar separate
Collector width 1.13 m
Ground Cov. Ratio (GCR) 88.2 %
Shading limit angle
Limit profile angle 32.6 °
Horizon Near Shadings User's needs

Free Horizon Linear shadings Unlimited load (grid)
PV Array Characteristics
PV module Inverter
Manufacturer Longi Solar Manufacturer Sungrow
Model LR5-72 HPH 540 M Model SG2500-HV-20
(Custom parameters definition) (Original PVsyst database)
Unit Nom. Power 540 Wp Unit Nom. Power 2500 kWac
Number of PV modules 40320 units Number of inverters 6 units
Nominal (STC) 21.77 MWp Total power 15000 kWac
Modules 1440 Strings x 28 In series Operating voltage 800-1300 V
At operating cond. (50°C) Max. power (=>25°C) 2750 kWac
Pmpp 19.90 MWp Pnom ratio (DC:AC) 1.45
U mpp 1046 V
I mpp 19020 A
Total PV power Total inverter power

Nominal (STC) 21773 kWp Total power 15000 kWac
Total 40320 modules Nb. of inverters 6 units
Module area 103060 m² Pnom ratio 1.45
Cell area 93478 m²
Array losses
Array Soiling Losses Thermal Loss factor DC wiring losses
Loss Fraction 3.0 % Module temperature according to irradiance Global array res. 0.78 m
Uc (const) 29.0 W/m²K Loss Fraction 1.3 % at STC
Uv (wind) 0.0 W/m²K/m/s
LID - Light Induced Degradation Module Quality Loss Module mismatch losses
Loss Fraction 2.0 % Loss Fraction -0.4 % Loss Fraction 2.0 % at MPP
Strings Mismatch loss

Loss Fraction 0.1 %
IAM loss factor

Incidence effect (IAM): User defined profile
0° 25° 45° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 90°

1.000 1.000 0.995 0.962 0.936 0.903 0.851 0.754 0.000

PVsyst V7.2.5
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with v7.2.5
System losses
Unavailability of the system Auxiliaries loss
Time fraction 2.0 % Proportionnal to Power 6.0 W/kW
7.3 days, 0.0 kW from Power thresh.
3 periods
AC wiring losses
Inv. output line up to MV transfo
Inverter voltage 550 Vac tri
Loss Fraction 0.94 % at STC
Inverter: SG2500-HV-20
Wire section (6 Inv.) Alu 6 x 3 x 4000 mm²
Average wires length 100 m
MV line up to Injection
MV Voltage 33 kV
Average each inverter
Wires Alu 3 x 240 mm²
Length 4500 m
AC losses in transformers
MV transfo
Grid voltage 33 kV
Operating losses at STC
Nominal power at STC 21555 kVA
Iron loss (night disconnect) 10.78 kW/Inv.
Coils equivalent resistance 3 x 0.28 m /inv.

PVsyst V7.2.5
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Near shadings parameter

Perspective of the PV-field and surrounding shading scene
Iso-shadings diagram

PVsyst V7.2.5
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with v7.2.5
Main results
System Production
Produced Energy 32672 MWh/year Specific production 1501 kWh/kWp/year
Performance Ratio PR 78.19 %
Normalized productions (per installed kWp) Performance Ratio PR
Balances and main results
GlobHor DiffHor T_Amb GlobInc GlobEff EArray E_Grid PR

kWh/m² kWh/m² °C kWh/m² kWh/m² MWh MWh ratio
January 143.7 52.60 20.00 154.0 144.9 2856 2550 0.760
February 152.0 54.30 23.30 160.2 151.9 2938 2542 0.729
March 193.1 72.10 27.90 199.0 189.2 3546 3427 0.791
April 204.7 79.80 32.40 206.8 196.7 3599 3480 0.773
May 207.2 94.00 34.90 205.9 195.7 3579 3463 0.772
June 152.6 91.60 31.30 150.9 142.7 2707 2621 0.797
July 123.9 88.40 27.40 122.8 115.4 2231 2158 0.807
August 121.2 85.30 26.90 121.2 114.0 2210 2139 0.810
September 138.3 80.10 27.30 140.3 132.2 2542 2460 0.805
October 155.3 72.80 26.10 161.3 152.8 2941 2536 0.722
November 140.9 59.30 22.80 149.6 140.9 2750 2661 0.817
December 136.1 53.50 19.79 146.8 137.6 2721 2636 0.825
Year 1869.0 883.80 26.68 1919.0 1813.9 34620 32672 0.782
Legends
GlobHor Global horizontal irradiation EArray Effective energy at the output of the array
DiffHor Horizontal diffuse irradiation E_Grid Energy injected into grid
T_Amb Ambient Temperature PR Performance Ratio
GlobInc Global incident in coll. plane
GlobEff Effective Global, corr. for IAM and shadings

PVsyst V7.2.5
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with v7.2.5
Loss diagram
1869 kWh/m² Global horizontal irradiation
+2.7% Global incident in coll. plane
-0.55% Near Shadings: irradiance loss

-2.01% IAM factor on global
-3.00% Soiling loss factor
1814 kWh/m² * 103060 m² coll. Effective irradiation on collectors
efficiency at STC = 21.16% PV conversion
39565 MWh Array nominal energy (at STC effic.)

-0.59% PV loss due to irradiance level
-7.37% PV loss due to temperature
+0.37% Module quality loss
-2.00% LID - Light induced degradation
-2.10% Mismatch loss, modules and strings

-0.84% Ohmic wiring loss
34788 MWh Array virtual energy at MPP
-1.10% Inverter Loss during operation (efficiency)
-0.49% Inverter Loss over nominal inv. power
0.00% Inverter Loss due to max. input current
0.00% Inverter Loss over nominal inv. voltage
0.00% Inverter Loss due to power threshold
0.00% Inverter Loss due to voltage threshold
34237 MWh Available Energy at Inverter Output
-0.59% Auxiliaries (fans, other)

-0.47% AC ohmic loss
-0.77% Medium voltage transfo loss
-0.30% MV line ohmic loss
-2.51% System unavailability
32672 MWh Energy injected into grid

PVsyst V7.2.5
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with v7.2.5
Special graphs
Daily Input/Output diagram
System Output Power Distribution

CHAPTER-5
PLANT LAYOUT AND POWER
EVACUATION PLAN

5. PLANT LAYOUT AND POWER EVACUATION PLAN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The major considerations which have been taken into account while planning layout of
various facilities in the plant are site coordinates, size and topography of land, approach
to the site, row to row distance, row to row shading of Modules, predominant wind
directions, water supply, tracking arrangement, selection of Modules, Inverters, Inverter
Transformers and other electrical equipment’s, optimization of cables, power evacuation
corridor, etc. The layout of the array structures shall be so designed that it shall occupy
minimum space without sacrificing the output of solar PV Modules.
5.2 LAYOUTS
Plant Layout
The Proposed Plant shall be based on Modules with Mono-crystalline Silicon solar PV
technology. The DC Power generated from the DC Field shall be converted into 550V,
50Hz AC (550V shall be indicative only. However, Voltage value shall be as per the
inverter manufacturer/EPC Designer), three phase using Solar Inverters and further
stepped up to 33kV through Inverter Transformers. This 33 kV voltage is further stepped
up to 132 kV for ultimate evacuation to the Grid. An Indicative Layout for the Complete
Plant has been presented in this document.
DC Field Layout
The proposed 15 MW Solar PV Power plant will be a combination of 06 Blocks of 2.5 MW

each, and every 3 blocks connecting to one No. 2.5 MVA Solar Inverters, one (01) Nos.
four winding Inverter Transformers and associated solar PV Arrays. Hence, there will be
6 independent solar PV arrays of equal capacity and each array will be connected to a 3 x
2.5 MVA Solar Inverter. Each array will be a series parallel combination of Modules to be
arranged based on the capacity and output voltage of the selected Module.
Module and String
Mono-crystalline Solar PV Modules type LR72HPH of Longi solar has been used for
analysis of this Project. Twenty-eight (28) Modules will be clubbed together to form a
string. There shall be around 240 Nos. of strings clubbed together with each Solar
Inverter to generate the nominal power of 21773 kWp at STC. A total of 1440 strings
(40320 Nos. of Solar PV Modules) are planned for this solar PV Project which shall be
distributed throughout the plant. The Modules shall be mounted on fixed tilt at angle of 5
deg inclined towards the Equator (Towards south Direction).
String Monitoring Boxes /Combiner Box

Since the total output current of all the strings combined shall be very high, these strings
will be divided into several subgroups and connected to String Monitoring Boxes (SMB)/
Combiner Boxes and the String Monitoring Boxes / Combiner Boxes will be connected to
the Inverter inputs. A summary of the DC Field layout is furnished in Table indicated
below:
S.No Priority Parameters

1. Total Rated capacity of Solar PV Plant at STC 21773 KWp
2. Type of Module Si Mono Crystalline
3. Rated capacity of module 540 Wp
4. Module Dimension 2.29m X 1.15m
5. No of modules 40320
6. No of modules in series in a string 28
7. Total no of Strings 1440
8. Total no of inverter units 6
Table-1 Details of DC field layout for the system
AC Field Layout
There shall be a total of two (02) Nos. Inverter Stations with one Main Control Building
in this Plant. The Main Control Building shall house the 33kV Switchgear for power
evacuation.
Inverter Stations
Each Inverter Station shall consist of other (3) No. of 2.5 MW Inverters, 63KVA, 550/
415V Auxiliary Transformers, LV Distribution Boards, Inverter Transformer Protection
Panels, UPS and Battery etc.
There shall be one no. of four winding 7.5 MVA, 33kV/550V/550V/550V Inverter
Transformers outside each Inverter Station. LT cables shall be provided to interconnect
LV winding of Inverter Transformers with the Solar Inverters. Ventilation system with air
ducts for the Inverters along with fire protection and detection system shall be provided
at the Inverter Stations.
As informed in the FR, The Inverter Station along with Transformer shall be housed in a
separate building of permanent structure or shall be made of Pre-Engineered Building
with proper thermal insulation as per the NSPCL Bhilai requirement.
Main Control Building
The Main Control Building shall consist of the 33 kV Switchgear Room, SCADA/ Control
Room, Battery/ Auxiliary Room apart from One owner Room, one Pantry along with
Toilets, Stores etc. Air conditioning shall be provided in the SCADA/ Control Room and
Heat Ventilation System shall be provided in the 33 kV Switchgear Room, Auxiliary Room,
Battery Room and Toilets. The entire Building shall be provided with fire protection and
detection system. The Control Building shall have RCC Plinth with RCC columns, brick
walls and RCC Roof. There shall also be an overhead water tank of 2000 Litres (mounted
on separate structures adjacent to the Building or on the roof of the Building), adequately

sized septic tank and required wash basins. The MV Switchgear Room shall be provided
with mechanical ventilation system having a minimum of 8 air changes during normal
condition and 30 air changes in the event of fire. The Exhaust Fans shall be hooked to the
Fire Detection System. Energy efficient Split ACs will be provided in Control Room, SCADA
Room, and owner Room with a nominal operating temperature of 23 deg C and shall
comply with all applicable international standards. Internal electrification with minimum
illumination of 300 Lux shall be maintained in all Control Rooms.
5.3 POWER EVACUATION PLAN

DC Power will be fed from the Solar FPV plant through inverters which converts DC
Power to AC power will be connected to the inverter duty step up Transformer to raise
the voltage level 33kV which shall again be raised to the voltage level available at 132 KV
switchyard for interconnection to the existing grid as informed by owner.
Therefore, after step-up of the voltage to 33 KV from the inverter transformer, the AC
power from both the inverter duty transformers will be pooled at 33 KV in a separate HT
Switchgear Panel. The HT Switchgear panel shall be housed in CMCS building. HT
Switchgear panel shall consist of 2 incomers from both the inverter duty transformers,
one bus PT and 2 outgoing feeder panels (of which 1 feeder is used to connect to the
nearest 132 KV line and another will be kept for standby). The cable from the HT
Switchgear panel to the existing 132 KV switchyard shall be laid underground. The
proposed 132KV bay SLD at the existing switchyard is attached as Annexure to this
report.
The augmentation of another bay may require dismantling of the compound wall and
rebuilt which shall be kept in the scope of EPC bidder as requested by NSPCL.
Presently, two ABT meters (main and check) for the outgoing feeder in MV Switchgear.
Additional meters may be installed in 132KV bay metering panels also as per the
requirement of owner based on their recommendation.

CHAPTER-6
ENGINEERING DESIGN

6. ENGINEERING DESIGN
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Large-scale FPV installations to-date have almost exclusively employed pontoon-

mounted crystalline silicon wafer-based modules with associated inverters and
wiring.
Floating PV systems can in fact have different applications with unique qualities:
 Above water (mounted on pontoons or stilts)— moderate humidity, some

cooling benefit from evaporation
 • On water (for example, using membranes)—high humidity, increased
cooling benefit from rear-side cooling, depending on design
 • Submerged—saturated humidity, potentially high convective cooling from
front and rear of panel; potential for self-cleaning but also for marine-habitat
formation.
The “above water” application is, however, the most common and proven, and
therefore it was only considered for the project of FPV on Maroda Reservoir which
will be explained in subsequent sections.
The engineering design of “above water” FPV plants resembles that of ground-
mounted in many respects; of course, the floating structures and the anchoring
and mooring systems are different. Relevant site conditions, required
functionality, O&M, environmental impact and quality aspects of the floating
structures, the mooring and anchoring systems have been taken into
consideration. In addition, Cable routing and management are also considered as
they are comparatively more critical than for ground-mounted systems.
Technology Recommendation
Since the Solar PV modules shall be installed on the Maroda reservoir (a water
body), the recommended technology for mounting the Solar modules would be
floating platform. World is preferring Solar Crystalline PV technology and as
informed in Chapter-3, Solar PV crystalline based technology is recommended for
Maroda reservoir in Bhilai.
DC: AC Ratio
The DC to AC ratio (also known as the Inverter Load Ratio, or “ILR”) is an

important parameter when designing a solar project. As the PV array rarely
produces power to its STC capacity, it is a common practice and often
economically advantageous to size the inverter to be less than the PV array.
Economical design will typically have a DC/AC Ratio of 1.45 as less than 1% of
energy produced by the PV array throughout its life will be at a power above 80%
of its capacity.

This DC/AC ratio shall not be too high also because the likelihood of the PV array
producing more power than the inverter can handle will increase. In such cases,
the inverter will reduce its output voltage and thus the drop in power output and
this loss is known as clipping losses. These clipping losses will create a major
impact on the energy yield as well.
To get the optimum DC/AC Ratio for this project different scenarios has been
verified as mentioned below. This analysis has been carried out only for the
selection of DC/AC Ratio without considering the losses and other factors which
are explained in Energy Yield analysis. Therefore, the results can not be compared
with the results of Energy Yield analysis.
Scenario Case-I Case-II Case-III Case-IV

PV Array Size 19.5 MWp 21 MWp 21.75 MWp 22.50 MWp
Inverter Size 6X2500 KW 6X2500 KW 6X2500 KW 6X2500 KW
DC:AC Ratio 1.30 1.4 1.45 1.5
Overload
0.2% 0.9% 1.5% 2.2%
loss/Clipping Loss
Energy output
28742 30918 31952 32955
MWh/Year
Specific Energy
Output in KWh / 1474 1472 1469 1464
KWp / Year
Table-1
Based on the above scenarios and considering the Clipping losses, DC: AC
ratio as 1.45 is considered for this Project
6.2 LAYOUT AND SHADING CONSIDERATIONS
From the input provide by owner, the vicinity of the reservoir seems that the
floating PV island will not having shading affects with respect to topography,
therefore, it is envisaged that the floating PV island is unlikely to be affected by
nearby tree lines or structures.
General Layout
Figure shows the project site for the proposed floating solar plant located on the
reservoir. The complete solar plant consists of 6 nos of Panel Arrays of size
141mx170m each. 6720 modules to be installed in each panel. Block AC capacity
will be 2.5 MW with module of 540 Wp.

Tilt angle
Every location will have an optimal tilt angle that maximises the total annual
irradiation (averaged over the whole year) on the plane of the collector. For fixed
tilt grid connected power plants, the theoretical optimum tilt angle may be
calculated from the latitude of the site. However, adjustments may need to be
made to account for Soiling and Shadings.
Higher tilt angles have lower soiling losses. The natural flow of rainwater cleans
modules more effectively and snow slides off more easily at higher tilt angles.
More highly tilted modules provide more shading on modules behind them. As
shading impacts energy yield much more than maybe expected simply by
calculating the proportion of the module shaded, a good option (other than
spacing the rows more widely apart) is to reduce the tilt angle. It is usually better
to use a lower tilt angle as a trade-off for loss in energy yield due to inter-row
shading.
More tilt angle requires more spacing between the module support structures ie.,
floaters. To provide the O&M of the floating plant access to each module by O&M
staff is important. Due to this cost of floaters will increase subsequent to increase
of floaters for walkway. A trade-off is to be made between cost of the generation
and energy production.
Considering the above and as explained in Chapter-5 (Energy Yield Analysis),

Tilt angle of 50 has been kept in layout for this project as the same has been
followed by all the developers across the world for FPV installations. Further,
it is relevant to mention that the increase in tilt angle may increase the cost of
mooring and anchoring.
PV Module Configuration
The effect of partial shading of the PV modules on electrical production of the PV

plant is non-linear due to the way that diodes are interconnected within a PV
module and how modules are connected together in a string. Different types of
technology will react differently to the electrical shading effect caused by near-
shading obstacles and inter-row shading. For example, some thin-film modules
are less affected by partial shading than crystalline technologies. For the subject
project, PV Module configuration is represented in the block layout which is
attached as Annexure to this report.
Inter Row Spacings
Inter row spacing between the modules have been shown in the layout which is
attached as Annexure to this report.
Orientation

PV plants in the portion above the equator (North Side) shall have more exposure
to Sun when installed in south side and similarly PV plants in the portion below
the equator (South Side) shall have more exposure to Sun when installed in North
Side.
The subject location is located in North side (above the equator) and therefore
orientation of South side for the module has been considered to optimise the solar
potential.
6.3 TECHNOLOGY SELECTION
PV Modules
Considering the layout requirement, availability of module sizes to attract

competitive prices, 540Wp module has been chosen. Since it is the conceptual
design, no specific manufacturer has been considered. EPC agency would be able
to choose the manufacturer considering the guidelines which shall be mentioned
in the technical specifications of the NIT document. However, from PVSyst, it was
found that various manufacturers are providing the modules in this range. The list
of the various manufacturers, model name and rating is given below. These lists
are only indicative and selected from PV Syst only in establishing various
manufacturers are available to attract competitive price.
Sl. No Manufacturers Name Model Name/No Wattage

1 Longi Solar LR-540-72HPH 540
2 Axitec Energy AXIPremium XXL HC AC 540MI 540
3 Luxor LX-540M/182-144+ 540
4 Neosun NS-540M-144-M8 540
Table-2 Details of manufacturer and PV modules
For a 540Wp module, to achieve 15MW AC capacity with DC ratio of 1.45, No of

Modules required would be calculated as follows:
No. of Modules= AC Capacity X DC Ratio / Wattage of Module

The final selected module details are as follows:
Module Type Si-Crystalline-Mono-PERC

Module Wattage 540 Wp at STC
No. of Modules 40320 Nos (Rounded off to nearest
possible configuration)
Table-3 Details of the selected modules
Other details including specifications shall be described in the Bid documents.
Inverters
The grid tie inverter in a solar PV power plant converts the DC power generated
by the PV module into suitable AC power for feeding to the grid. This inverter

automates the start-up and shut down functions. By incorporating advanced

maximum power point tracking technology, it maximizes the energy harvested
from PV modules. To minimize the power losses during the conversion process,
the inverter switching technology uses insulated gate bipolar transistors. Multiple
inverters are paralleled for large power installations. High efficiency of conversion
under partial load conditions is essential for economic viability of the entire solar
power station.
The inverters with their own weatherproof enclosure installed in close proximity
to PV modules are considered for this project. The inverters will be housed in a
structure to protect them from the weather and from tampering.
An Inverter system shall have the following technical specifications

 Emergency off switch
 Power switch AC side & DC side
 Monitored surge voltage arresters – AC & DC
 Display
 Ground fault monitoring
 Heating system
Standards for the following:

 Grid monitoring
 CE conformity
 Enclosure rating and ambient temperature
 Humidity (Non condensing)
 Maximum elevation above sea level
 Air quality (minimal) according to EN 60529
Inverters are available from few kW to 3.125 MW rating. The efficiency of

inverters should be more than 98%. Inverter must conform below mentioned
codes and standard or equivalent standard for grid connectivity. Inverter should
have enclosure protection of IP 20 for indoor application and IP 54 for outdoor
application.
 IEC-61683: Energy efficiency requirements.

 IEC 61000: Emission/ Immunity requirement.
 IEEE 519: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control
in Electrical Power Systems.
 IEC 60068: Environmental Testing.
 IEC 62116: Testing procedure—Islanding prevention measures for power
conditioners used in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power generation
systems.
 IEC 62109-1 & 2: Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power
systems.
 BDEW 2008: Technical Guidelines for Generating plant Connected to
Medium voltage network.

 IEEE 1547: Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with

electrical power systems.
 Grid Connectivity: CEA Regulations and Grid Code as amended and revised
from time to time.
Control and Protection of Inverter
In order to have a smooth functioning of inverter, control and automation forms

an integral part of PV system. Different types of controllers are available. A typical
controller will have following control and automated functions.
 Inverter start up, shut off and disconnection sequence

 Over/under voltage & frequency protection
 Anti-islanding protection
 Power tracking to match inverter to the arrays
 Adjustment of delay periods to customize system shutdown sequence
 Graphical user interface for real time communications, monitoring and
control
 Faults notification via modem
 Data acquisition and logging
 DC monitoring
The solar PV module and inverter system form the heart of the solar power plant
and all efforts needs to be addressed to install the latest state of the art plant with
fail safe design and technology at same time.
It is not possible to formulate an optimal inverter sizing strategy that applies in all
cases. Both Central and String Inverters can be chosen. However, Central inverter
has been chosen as per the industry practice. For the subject project, 6 nos of
Central inverters have been considered.
Total Capacity of the plant of 15 MW AC is divided between 6 nos of inverters

which makes inverter size to 2500 KW AC. From the PVSyst, it is evident that many
manufacturers are available to procure the above rated inverter. For reference,
list of few manufacturers have been provided below in the tabular form.
Sl. No Manufacturers Name Model Name/No Capacity in

Kilo Watts
1 Sungrow SG2500-HV-20 2500
2 SMA Sunny Central 2500
3 Siemens PV2500 2500
4 K Star GSM 2500C 2500
Table-4 Details of different Inverters present in the market
The final selected Inverter Details for the analysis of this project are as Follows:
Inverter Type Central
Inverter Model Sungrow SG 2500 HV 20
Inverter Rating 2500KW
No. of Inverters 6 Nos

Input MPPT Voltage Range 800-1300V DC

Output Voltage 550 V AC
Table-5 Technical Specification of the selected Inverter
Other details of the inverter including specifications shall be detailed in NIT/Bid

Documents.
From the above configuration of PV Modules and Inverters, Maximum string
voltage would be limited to the Maximum MPPT voltage offered by inverters
ie.,1300V DC (approx.- It differs for different models)
Floating Structures and Platforms (Floaters)
Floaters are considered as one of the most important components of the floating
solar plant. Each system of the FSPV should be design considering the functional
parameters, environmental parameters and geotechnical parameters. The
following shall be generally considered while envisaging conceptual design of
floater:
For the reliability of the design, floater had to comply with the essential conditions
which are described below:
Energy Requirement: The aim is to design the FSPV of 15 Mega Watt (MW) of
power which can be used for scaling up power for the project by using multiple
blocks of 2.5 MW. This division is done to match the power of inverters and
transformers as well as to avoid the crashing of the full plant if a module blacks
out, it will only affect that plant and the rest of the plants will still able to run.
Articulation: Articulation should be provided between the floater to ensure that

they can easily follow the wave. It will be a flexible joint or a knuckle joint. Their
limitation should be studied thoroughly to avoid the collision between the floater
as well as provide enough flexibility to follow the wave slope.
Wave Slope: The floater should follow the wave slope to reduce wave slamming
as well as to reduce wave forces on the structure.
Space requirement: Space requirement for modules will depend on the capacity
of module, in this case 540 Wp module size has been envisaged. Apart from the
space requirement of module, walk way of 600mm after every 4th row of floaters
has been kept in the layout for maintenance purpose. The utility corridor is
envisaged on the top and bottom of the floater for the cable route and inverter as
well as It is also acted for the movement and the maintenance purpose.
Air Gap: The minimum air gap should be required as per relevant codes to avoid
slamming from the maximum individual wave height (1 m envisaged) which is
expected to break on the floater.
Standardization of floater: The design of the floater should be standardised to

optimize the cost required for the production and installation.

Anchoring and Mooring System
Good mooring design for the FSPV should comply with the following conditions:
 The excursion of the plant should be limited in all environment condition

even in the case of accidental limit state also. This requirement is
necessary to ensure that plant does not enter in the area designated for
the maintenance vessel.
 To comply with a basic principle of the floater design, mooring lines

provided for the plant should be flexible enough to allow the floater to
follow the slope of the wave and still maintains the limited excursion of
the plant.
 Design of the mooring system should be carefully done to avoid having

the resonance with the response of the floater (RAO) in all 6 degrees of
freedom.
The general requirement that mooring should comply with unless or until it is
practical and feasible are summarized below:
 The maximum tension/load generated at any length of the mooring line

should be below the breaking load of the respective line taking the
account of factor of safety in it.
 The slackness of the mooring line should be optimized to avoid the snap
loads and compression in the lines as well the vertical loads generating at
the anchors.
 Mooring lines should not clash with anything including the power cables
going from the plant to the shore.
 The design of the mooring line should be done in a way to allow the future
adjustment in the cables for elongation, creep, settlement.

 Mooring system should have adequate life that exceeds the field life
including the fatigue safety factor since it is one of the prominent failure
modes.
Additional requirement for the mooring system which can be implied to optimize
the mooring system are summarized below:
 Design of the mooring system should be optimized to reduce the cost of

the system (including the lines, anchors and other equipment) and
making it more effective.

 The planning of mooring lines should be done in the way to reduce the
impact and hazard of the lines on the marine ecosystem as well as a
reduction in the installation of the mooring lines.
 For the given location, the FPV plant must be able to withstand a 3s gust
of 50 m/s.
FPV Anchoring Design Consideration
Wind Speed
 For the given location, the FPV plant must be able to withstand a 3s gust
of 50 m/s.
Wave and Current
Given the size of the reservoir and that it is well protected from all the sides with
areas of higher elevation, the effect of waves and current shall be negligible. Hence,
the same has not been considered for the anchoring analysis.
Elevation maps of Maroda Reservior if available to be added here.
Water level & Water level variation (To be provide by owner)
Anchoring System Design Basis
The anchoring system shall be designed with the objective to maintain the station
keeping of the FPV array under the influence of the external environmental
factors. Further, during the influence of the extreme weather conditions, the FPV
array shall have sufficient safety factor to avoid any permanent
deformation/damage.
This is done with the help of mooring lines which are attached to the floating
structure at one end and anchored to the waterbed or the bank at the other end.
The anchoring system shall keep the horizontal excursions of the FPV array within
acceptable levels. For the subject plant, we shall limit the horizontal excursions
below 2m in any direction along with a twist limitation of 1.5 deg. This shall allow

for the intended operation, keeping a safe distance to shore, any obstacles or other
infrastructure, and to maintain the integrity of any connected structures or
components.
The station keeping system is vital for keeping the floating structure in position
such that the FPV array can maintain generation and transfer of electricity. It can
also be vital for avoiding dislocation of floats and to limit stress concentration in
float connections.
Mooring Line Configuration
The mooring lines proposed for the subject FPV array shall be Taut Leg mooring.
Each connection point on the FPV array will be connected to the anchoring point
via a single composite mooring line. Further, the mooring lines shall be configured
and installed to ensure redundancy, i.e., the failure of one mooring line shall not
lead to progressive failures of several mooring lines. The mooring arrangement
shall be designed to maintain station keeping capabilities throughout the range of
water levels as stated above.
Ground Anchor
The anchoring system proposed for the subject FPV array shall be underwater
anchoring. For the given site conditions, we shall be using concrete sinker blocks
as ground anchor points on all four sides of the FPV array. This configuration will
also be effective in providing resistance to prevent FPV array uplift under severe
wind speed conditions. The concrete blocks shall be designed with sufficient
safety factor for uplift, overturning and sliding resistance. Also with time, these
blocks will have subsidence effect into the bed of the reservoir which may add
additional holding capacity to them. The blocks shall be deployed under water
with the help of specialized equipment at GPS guided coordinates. The blocks size
shall be determined during detail engineering stage and also after considering site
and machinery restrictions.
6.4 ELECTRICAL DESIGN

The electrical design of each plant should be considered on a case-by-case basis,
as each site poses unique challenges and constraints. While general guidelines and
best practices can be formulated, there are no “one-size-fits all” solutions.
Following sections shall describe the concept of Design in detail.
DC System
The DC system comprises the following constituents:

 Arrays of PV modules.
 DC cabling (module, string and main cable).
 DC connectors (plugs and sockets).
 Junction boxes/combiner boxes.
 Disconnects/switches.

 Protection devices.
 Earthing.
During sizing the DC component of the plant, the maximum voltage and current of
the individual strings and PV arrays has been calculated using the maximum
output of the individual modules. PVSyst simulation program has been used for
the design. DC components should be rated to allow for thermal and voltage limits.
PV Array Design
The design of a PV array will depend on the inverter specifications and the chosen
system architecture. Using many modules in series in high voltage (HV) arrays
minimises ohmic losses.
Maximum number of modules in a string: The maximum number of modules in

a string is defined by the maximum DC input voltage of the inverter to which the
string will be connected. Under no circumstances should this voltage be exceeded.
Crossing the limit can decrease the inverter’s operational lifetime or render the
device inoperable.
The highest module voltage that can occur in operation is the open-circuit voltage
in the coldest daytime temperatures at the site location. The maximum number of
modules in a string (n_max) may therefore be calculated using the formula:
Open Circuit Voltage of Module @coldest module operating temperature ×

n_max < Maximum Inverter Input Voltage
Minimum number of modules in a string: The minimum number of modules is

governed by the requirement to keep the system voltage within the maximum
power point (MPP) range of the inverter. If the string voltage drops below the
minimum MPP inverter voltage, then the system will underperform. In the worst
case, the inverter may shut down. The lowest expected module voltage occurs
during the highest operating module temperature conditions. Design rules of
thumb for Europe use 70ºC as the design benchmark, but this will vary according
to site conditions.
The minimum number of modules in a string (n_min) may therefore be calculated
using the formula:
Voltage Corresponding to Maximum Peak Power of Module @highest

module operating temperature × n_min > Inverter Minimum Voltage
Corresponding to Maximum Peak Power
Depending upon the selection of the module and inverter and based on the
philosophy described above, PVSyst calculates both maximum and minimum no
of modules that can be connected in the string. For easy reference, typical screen
shot of PVSyst is attached below.
For the subject project, 28 nos of modules are connected in series to form a string.

Figure-2 Typical interface of PV Syst software
Strings and String Combiner Box

The maximum number of strings permitted in a PV array is a function of the
maximum allowable PV array current and the maximum inverter current. In
general, this limit should not be exceeded as it leads to premature inverter ageing
and yield loss.
Combiner box is used to pool the strings to form single circuit to be fed to inverter.
The combiner box is made up of polycarbonate or glass fiber and should be
halogen free. Combiner boxes area available in varying sizes depending on nos. of
channels i.e., 8, 16 and 24. String Combiner box is also provided with isolation
switch to isolate it from inverter.
Monitoring the current of each input string and system voltage enables the system
operator to identify areas of concern and to take appropriate maintenance action.
Combiner Box also come with string monitoring which indicate operational status
of each array strings. The measure data of each string can be made available to
SCADA using use of industry standard Modbus communication protocols. There
are two methods of current measurement i.e., Hall effect method and Shunt
Current method. It should be noted that current monitoring mechanism requires
external power source which is in range of few Watts.
The wiring systems include Field disconnects for the Modules side and Isolator on
inverter side, Surge (over voltage) protection, and over current protection with
fuse for the solar modules. Most systems include a combiner board of some kind
since most modules require fusing for each module source circuit. Some inverters
include this fusing and combining function within the inverter enclosure.
With recent trend of solar project cost optimisation, Individual string monitoring
in string combiner box is getting replaced by zone monitoring in inverter. String
monitoring tracks data on individual strings while Zone monitoring aggregates
module strings into string combiners. The output current of each string combiner
is measured and monitored on the DC input side of the central inverter. Thus, it
saves the cost of monitoring device in combiner box.
Applicable codes for string combiner box are as follows:

UL 94V -Fire Resistant/ flammability for Enclosure.
UL 746C -UV Resistant for Enclosure.
IEC 62262/EN 50102 -Mechanical Impact Resistance for Enclosure.

IS 2147/IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

IEC 61643-12 Surge Protection.
IEC 62208 Enclosure for low voltage Switchgear and control gear
assemblies.
For the subject project 16 in and 1 out SCB has been considered.
6.5 CABLES
Cable from Module to String Combiner Box (Solar Cables)
Cables used for inter-connecting SPV modules as well as Modules to String

Combiner Box conforms to the requirements of EN 50618:2014 and has the below
properties.
 Halogen Free
 UV Resistant
 Flame Retardant
 Tinned Copper
 Electron beam curing
Standard cable size of 6 sq,mm has been considered for each polarity.
DC Cable from SCB to Inverter
Cables used between SCBs and Inverters shall be of 3.3 kV (E) grade. These Power
cables shall have compacted Aluminium/copper conductor, XLPE insulated, PVC
inner-sheathed (as applicable), Armoured/ Unarmoured, FRLS PVC outer
sheathed conforming to IS: 7098 (Part-II).
Cable size shall be selected on 3 criteria:
1. Capability to withstand short circuit current

2. Ability to carry full load current continuously
3. Voltage drop within limits
Other details of the cables shall be specified in detail in NIT/Bid Documents.
For the subject project Cable of 1C x 400 Sq.mm of 2 runs( One for positive and
another for Negative) have been considered.
6.6 AC SYSTEM
The AC system comprises the following constituents:
• Inverter Duty Transformer.

• AC Cables
• HT Switchgear

Inverter Duty Transformers
Transformers are required to modify the voltage by either stepping-up the

medium AC voltage generated by inverters to feed into high voltage networks like
a grid connection point, which require voltage ranges from 11 kV upwards, or
stepping-down by reversing the process to produce lower voltage ranges. Three-
phase oil type transformers are most utilised on utility scale PV projects. In utility
scale PV installations, single multi-purpose units containing inverter/s,
transformer (for example that step-up from medium voltage to 11 kV or 33 kV)
and switchgear are commonly specified.
For the Subject project, the inverter output voltage would be 550V AC. The point
of coupling as informed by NSPCL is 132KV Switchyard. Therefore, as per the
availability of the step-up inverter duty transformer, initially output voltage of
inverter will be stepped up to 33KV voltage level and pooled in 33KV Switchgear
near Reservoir. Therefore, output voltage of the inverter duty transformer would
be 33 KV. The project capacity is 15MW AC as informed by NSPCL, To ensure the
availability of 50% solar power in case of any failure of single component like
transformer here, 2 nos of transformers are to be provided. Therefore, 7.5 MVA
Transformer of each is has been proposed with 2X50% capacity. To attain 7.5 MVA
capacity, 3 nos 2.5 MVA blocks are pooled in to one incomer of 33 KV Switchgear
through a 7.5MVA, 4 winding transformer of capacity 2.5MVA / 2.5MVA / 2.5MVA
/ 7.5MVA where each LV winding shall be of 2.5 MVA capacity and HV winding
shall be of 7.5MVA Capacity.
The final selected Transformer Details are as follows:
Transformer Type - Inverter Duty

Input Voltage (Primary Voltage) - As per the Output Voltage of
Inverter
Output Voltage (Secondary Voltage) - 33KV (as per the available Grid
Voltage)
Power Rating - 7500 KVA
Winding - Four Winding only
Step up transformer shall be used to match inverter voltage to the nearest

available interconnection point. Transformer also serves for galvanic isolation of
switching transients of inverter. Inverter transformer having two, three or five
winding transformers can be used. Transformer shall be inverter grade.
Transformer should have shield winding between LV and HV windings. Each LV
windings must be capable of handling non-sinusoidal voltage with voltage
gradient as per relevant applicable standards.
If Inverter transformer is provided indoor, it shall be necessarily dry type.

Harmonic Factor as per Inverter manufacturer recommendation must be taken
into account while designing the transformer. The extra no load loss due to voltage
harmonics and load and stray load loss due to current harmonics (as applicable)
and must be taken into consideration in transformer design. In addition, the dc

bias component of 0.5% of rated Inverter output current is to be accounted for its
effect on the transformer design.
The adverse effect on life of transformer due to cloud intermittency and solar
generation loading cycle must be compensated through suitable design (as
applicable). The thermal design of Inverter Transformer needs to consider the
temperature dependent performance of the Inverter. It is to in accordance with
Inverter output and under worst condition it should not limit Inverter output.
Applicable Codes and Standards are as follows:
Transformers - IS:2026, IS:6600, IEC:60076

Bushings - IS:2099, IEC:60137,IS 3347 ,IS 12676
Insulating oil - IEC 60296 ,IEC 61099/IS16081
Bushing CTs - IS:2705, IEC 60185
Other details of the transformer including specifications shall be detailed in

NIT/Bid Documents.
Further, as NSPCL envisages the PoD (Point of Delivery) as 132 KV, 33KV outgoing
line shall be laid underground to the 132KV existing NSPCL Switchyard, where
132KV bay will be augmented to the existing switchyard with 15MVA 132/33KV
Transformer and other bay equipment. However, NSPCL informed to provide a
20MVA 132/33KV Transformer to accommodate any future load.
For complete Details of AC and DC System of Floating Solar plant, SLD may be
referred which is attached as annexure to this report.
HT Switchgear Panels
Circuit breakers of Vacuum or SF6 type shall be used to control and protection of
power evacuation circuit. It should be free standing, Floor mounted, metal clad,
fully compartmentalized, re-strike free, trip free, stored energy operated and with
electrical anti- pumping features. They shall comprise of three separate, identical
single pole interrupting units, operated through a common shaft by a sturdy
operating mechanism.
The closing coil and spring charging motor should be able to operate satisfactorily
at all values of control supply voltage between 187V-242V DC / 93.5V-121V DC.
The shunt trip coil shall operate satisfactorily under all operating conditions of the
circuit breaker up to its rated short circuit breaking current at all values of control
supply voltage between 154V-242V DC / 77V-121V DC.
For the subject project, HT Switchgear panel considered shall have the following:
 2 Incomers
 2 Outgoing (1 Outgoing and another Spare)
 1 BPT
 ABT meters (1 Nos Main and 1 Nos Check) for outgoing feeders to
HT Panel and Numerical relay in all the feeders

Table-6 The brief technical details of the HT Switchgear considered in the

project are presented below:
Nominal System Voltage 33KV

Highest System Voltage 36 KV
Number of Phases 3
Short Circuit Current 25 KA for 1 sec
Short Circuit Current for IAC 25 KA for 1 sec
Rated Control Voltage 110V DC
Codes and Standards, Detailed technical specifications shall be mentioned in the

NIT/Bid Documents
AC Cables
The cables shall be suitable for laying on racks, in ducts, trenches, conduits and
underground (buried) installation with chances of flooding by water. Cables shall
be flame retardant, low smoke (FRLS) type designed to withstand all mechanical,
electrical and thermal stresses develop under steady state and transient operating
conditions. Copper/aluminium conductor used in power cables shall have tensile
strength as per relevant standards. Conductors shall be multi stranded.
XLPE insulation shall be suitable for continuous conductor temperature of 90 deg.

C and short circuit conductor temperature of 250 0C. For single-core armoured
cables, the armouring may constitute the metallic part of insulation screening.
HT cables shall be sized based on the following considerations:

a) Rated current of the equipment
b) Maximum Fault duration current
De rating factors for various conditions of installations including the following

shall be considered while selecting the cable sizes:
a) Variation in ambient temperature for cables laid in air

b) Grouping of cables
c) Variation in ground temperature and soil resistivity for buried cables.
For the subject project, ,6 runs of 1C x 400 Sq.mm 3.3 KV (E) Grade AL FRLS
XLPE Armoured Cable has been considered from Inverter to Inverter Duty
Transformer (IDT) assuming 100 mtr length for each phase.
33kV (UE) ,1C x 240 Sq.mm AL FRLS XLPE Armoured Cable has been considered
from IDT to 33KV HT Switchgear for each phase.
33kV (UE) ,1C x 400 Sq.mm AL FRLS XLPE Armoured Cable has been considered
from 33KV HT Switchgear to 132KV existing switchyard of NSPCL to connect to
132/33KV, 20 MVA Transformer for each phase.

DC Cables for PV Modules to SCB shall be taken through supports on Floaters,

From SCB to inverter, part of the cable shall be laid on floaters and the portion on
the land shall be laid underground /directly buried. From the 33KV pooling
Switchgear to Feeder, cable shall be laid underground.
Typical drawings for underground cable laying, on cable tray, on floaters shall be
provided in the NIT/Bid Documents.
Others System Feature & Specification

The photo voltaic arrays are divided in many units depending on inverter size.
Each string in the array shall have its own string monitoring unit which shall be
one of the major diagnostic tools for the system operator. The respective digital
outputs are taken to a supervisory controller located in the control room. The
inverter unit employs state of the art Digital Signal Processing based technology
to have conversion efficiency over 97%.
Electronic surge arrestors provided at the DC input & the AC output of each
inverter. Necessary HT switch gears are provided for HT isolation & protection.
Each inverter system will have an independent Data Acquisition system (DAS)
which would produce the real time Data as well as event logs indicating all the
supervisory faults also. These Data via bus is taken to a master Supervisory control
& Data Acquisition (SCADA System). Service interface on the operator panel is also
provided.
PCUs are configured in Master /Slave mode. Inverters are connected in parallel on
AC & DC sides. Depending on the magnitude of solar power generated, which
depends on solar radiation, one more inverter is switched ON automatically. This
ensures better conversion efficiency as the solar power generation increases. The
system gets into Standby mode when DC voltage falls below threshold value. In
this mode only monitoring logic will be active. The system is not switched ON until
the solar array generates sufficient power, which is a set point control as per
inverter.
In the Automatic mode, all the PV sub arrays are connected after the system has
been switched ON. Then the Maximum Power Point Tracking controller
continuously searches for the Max. Power point thus operating at the proper MPP
voltage.
6.7 SUPERVISORY CONTROL & DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM.

The power plant will have a PLC based SCADA system to monitor the output of the
rows of panels. In this way, any system faults can be detected to a particular array
and rectified. Electrical protection equipment will be required for the connection
of the PV plant to the electrical network.
The plant shall be automatically operated and shall be controlled by SCADA. There
shall be data logging and display system for continuous monitoring of data. The
complete Solar PV plant shall be integrated with SCADA which should

communicate with all the inverters and combiner box and displaying parameters
as mentioned below. SCADA shall also have provision to control turning ON and
OFF of any inverter of the grid connected Solar PV plant.
SCADA shall provide instantaneous trend of following parameters:
 Power at all HT feeders

 Ambient temperature
 Wind Speed
 AC and DC side Power of each inverter
 Solar irradiation/isolation
 Voltage of the HT Side
 Current and/or power of each sub-array/string.
 Any other parameter considered necessary by supplier based on current
prudent
 practice
 Data from Inverter, Energy Meter, numerical relay.
 Performance Ratio
 Automatic Alarm and report on email and as Mobile Text message.
SCADA System shall have the provision to perform the following functions:
 Real-time acquisition and display of data, status, alarms and trends

 Display of status of major equipment in Single Line Diagram(SLD) format
 Control of switchgears and Inverters
 Display and storage of measured values
 Display and storage of derived/calculated/integrated values
 Display and Storage of Alarm, Event and Trends
 Generate, store and retrieve user configurable Sequence of Event (SOE)
Reports
 Generate, store and retrieve user configurable periodic reports.
 SCADA shall have facility to generate report in MS Excel file type.
 Remote monitoring of essential parameters on the web authorised with
user id and password using standard modem (Internet connection for
transferring data to web shall be taken by Contractor in the name of CEB
Site for O & M period).
 System self-supervision
Detailed Architecture to be followed shall be provided in Bid/NIT document.
SCADA shall be provided with a reliable power supply along with a backup
supply for at least one hour to cater to outage of grid.
6.8 METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT

Several meteorological equipment is required in Solar PV plant for assessing the
performance of plant. The main meteorological equipment is pyranometer which

are used for measuring the irradiance on a plane surface, normally from solar
radiation.
Pyranometer is essentially just a thermopile
mounted on a black carbon disc, which
generates electricity according to how hot it
gets (how much solar radiation falls on it).
It consist of dome made from one or two
layers of ground and polished optical glass or
acrylic plastic covering the thermopile, which
eliminates air movements and dirt that might
affect the measurements (the curved outer
surface also ensures any raindrops fall away
quickly).
A small, replaceable cartridge of silica gel (or other desiccant) inside the dome
absorbs any dew. Since a thermopile typically sits outside in an exposed position,
it's case has to be made from something like toughened, rustproof, anodized
aluminium. Typically, there's a built-in spirit level so one can be sure that
pyranometer is flat (though some are designed to be used on inclined surfaces as
well).
Other meteorological equipment are anemometer and thermometer.

Thermometer should be of RTD type / semiconductor type ambient temperature
measuring instrument at suitable place in PV arrays. Instrument shall have a range
of 0 DegC to 80Deg C.
6.9 CENTRAL MONITORING AND CONTROL STATION (CMCS)
The CMCS building shall be main control centre of the Solar Plant. It will house all
the electronic equipment to aggregate data from field equipment to SCADA.
Operator Work station (OWS) will be located in SCADA room pf the CMCS building.
Operator can monitor the Plant data and control, if required the Switchgear from
Graphical user interface of the OWS. CMCS can house the Pooling switchgear and
some Indoor Inverter. CMCS will have store room, Toilet, Pantry room equipment
inverters (in case indoor), Low Voltage Panels, High Voltage Panels, etc. The
approximate area required would be 100- 150 sq.m.
CMCS shall consists of:

 Air conditioned SCADA room: Air Conditioner shall be of non-ozone
depleting type.
 33 KV Pooling Switchgear
 Store Room
 Lobby
 Pantry
 Toilet and Urinal
 Battery and UPS
 ACDB/LDB/MLDB..etc

6.10 MODULE CLEANING ARRANGEMENT
Module can be dry cleaned or water washed. Dry cleaning is suggested in the area
where there is acute shortage of water. Dry Cleaning can be manual (with blower
or Vacuum cleaner) or Automated. There are many supplier of automated dry
cleaning system.
In water washing system, Module is cleaned with water. Washing frequency may
be adjusted depending upon the power generation output & weather condition.
Washing of the modules/panels of the array shall only be done before Sun rise or
sufficiently after Sun set to prevent thermo shock to the top glass cover of the
modules. Approximately 3 Litre water per module will be required for washing of
module. Water for the cleaning shall be sourced from reservoir itself.
Design of solar PV module cleaning system shall be such that complete solar plant
shall be cleaned with fresh water once in a fortnight. Module cleaning system
piping network shall be closed looped pipe network configuration consists of Main
pipe, sub-main and branches. Module cleaning system piping network may be
design for dead end/tree pipe network configuration. Minimum 3
tapping/washing point shall be functional at same time. Cut-off valves shall be
provided at suitable junction point so that the repair works may be conducted at
a particular area without disturbing the whole area. The water used for cleaning
should be of appropriate quality fit for cleaning purpose as per the
recommendations of module manufacturer.
Water shall be supplied by the owner (CEB) at one location as per the requirement.
HDPE pipes shall run along separate floaters with suitable tapping points at
appropriate locations. The floaters used for cable routing arrangement may be
utilized for HDPE pipes.
Module water washing is recommended for floating solar plant at NSPCL

Maroda Reservoir. Washing or cleaning of each Solar PV panel after every
fortnight has been envisaged
6.11BATTERIES
In case of a power outage during daytime (system black out), inverters for utility-
scale solar power plants, can automatically restart operation when the DC input
voltage from the PV modules reaches their minimum operating voltage threshold
(i.e. the PV start Voltage is configurable from 300 to 600 VDC). Thus, Grid-
connected Solar Power Plant does not require a backup power supply for its
operation. However, battery is required for its meeting power requirement of
Emergency lighting, SCADA and breaker operation.
Battery Charger
Battery Charger will be Float & Float cum Boost Charger of suitable capacity for
quick boost and trickle charging as well as supplying the DC loads. The Battery
Chargers will have silicon-controlled rectifier or any other rectifier device,

completely automatic and of self-regulating type. The Float Charger will be

capable of floating the Battery and at the same time supply the continuous DC load.
The Boost Charger will be capable of charging the fully discharged Battery to full
charged condition.
Two no of Battery chargers have been considered for this project.
6.12 DC DISTRIBUTION BOARD (DCDB)

DC Distribution Board (DCDB) Each DCDB will receive power from its respective
DC Battery/ Battery Charger. DCDB Incomers will be provided with positive
mechanical interlocking facility to ensure that different power supply sources will
not operate in parallel to avoid fault level exceeding their designated capability.
Each DCDB will be of indoor, single front and non-draw-out type. These will be
sheet metal enclosed, assembled to form a rigid, free-standing floor mounted
structure. Vertical units will be assembled to form a continuous line up of panels.
Compartmentalized multi-tier configuration will be provided. The degree of
protection will be IP4X. The DCDB will have short circuit ratings consistent with
the available short circuit current.
6.13 Lightning and Over Voltage Protection:

The PV Power plant shall be provided with Lightning and Over Voltage protection
connected to proper earth mats. The main aim of the protection is to reduce the
over voltage to a tolerable level before it reaches the PV or other sub-system
components. The source of over voltage can be lightning or other atmospheric
disturbances. The Lightning Conductors shall be made as per applicable
International Standards in order to protect the entire Plant from Lightning
strokes. Necessary concrete foundation for holding the lightning conductor in
position will be made. The lightning conductor shall be earthed through flats and
connected to the Earth mats as per applicable International Standards with earth
pits. Each Lightning Conductor shall be fitted with individual earth pit as per
required Standards including accessories and providing masonry enclosure with
cast iron cover plate.
6.14 EARTHING:
Each Array Structure of the Solar PV area as well as the 33 kV AC System shall be
grounded properly. The Array Structures are to be connected to earth pits as per
international standards. Necessary provision shall be made for bolted isolating
joints of each earthing pit for periodic checking of earth resistance. The earth
conductor shall run through appropriate pipes partly buried and partly on the
surface of the Control Buildings/ Inverter Stations. The complete earthing system
shall be mechanically & electrically connected to provide independent conforming
to IEEE:80
Plant Single Line Diagram:
The complete Power Plant shall comprise of Six Blocks, each Block consisting of
one (01) Nos. of 2500kW Solar Inverters, out of which 3 blocks of FPV shall be
pooled through one (01) Nos. Four winding Inverter Transformers to 33KV

Switchgear, another 3 blocks of FPV shall be pooled through another four winding
inverter transformer to 33KV Switchgear. The total pooled power shall be fed
through 33KV underground cable to the existing 132KV Switchyrad of NSPCL
Bhilai where this 33KV shall be stepped up through 132/33KV MVA Transformer
and other bay equipment. An Indicative Electrical Single Line Diagram for the
Complete Plant has been attached as Annexure of this chapter.
DC Single Line Diagram:
Mono-crystalline Solar PV Modules LR5-72 HPH 540 M of longi solar has been
envisaged for this Project. Twenty eight (28) Modules will be clubbed together in
series to form a string. Several strings shall be connected to each String Monitoring
Box (SMB)/ Combiner Box in parallel. At the SMB end, each string shall be
provided with DC fuse. Monitoring shall be done at string level. The basic function
of the String Monitoring Boxes (SMB)/ Combiner Box shall be to combine group of
parallel connected Module strings and connect the same to the Inverter Individual
input terminal. All the individual input terminals of Inverter shall have
disconnection facility. Solar grade DC cables shall be provided for interconnection
between Modules and the SMB/ Combiner Boxes.
DC Side Protection:
The Solar Modules are made of Semiconductor material which will in turn act as a
Diode. These are connected in series to make the desired system voltage. The
following protection equipment’s shall be provided for the Solar PV Module
Strings at the String Monitoring Boxes (SMB)/ Combiner Box end.
· Fuses for Short Circuit Protection.
· Surge Protection Device – To protect from Transfer Surges at the DC side.
AC Single Line Diagram:
The Solar Inverter is the link between the PV Array DC system and the grid
connected AC system. Its basic task is to convert the DC electricity generated by
the PV Modules into AC by synchronizing itself to the frequency and voltage level
of the Utility Grid. The Inverter receives varying DC input power from the Module
due to varying nature of solar radiation and motion of Sun throughout the day &
year, which is converted into AC power by its highly efficient Power Electronics
Circuit working based on Multi MPPT mode and synchronizing to the Grid
Frequency and Voltage. The output of the Solar Inverter shall be 2500kW, 550V,
50 Hz AC with ± 10 % voltage variation.
Two (02) Nos. four (4) winding outdoor Inverter Transformers, each of rating 7.5
MVA, 33kV/0.55 kV (Inverter output voltage as per the design) are envisaged for
the Plant. Three Nos. of 2500 kW Solar Inverter shall be connected with one Four
Winding Inverter Transformer i.e. Three Inverters per Transformer. The Inverter
Transformers will step up the Inverter output voltage, 50Hz AC to 33kV, 50Hz AC.
The power output of Two Nos. Inverter Transformers i.e. total 15 MW approx.
shall be connected to the Main 33 kV Switchgear through the Cables. From the 33
kV Switchgear, the generated power shall be evacuated to the nearest 132 KV

existing Grid Substation of NSPCL by augmenting another bay complete with all
the necessary equipment like CT, Isolator, CB, PT, BPT..etc along with one
132/33KV 20 MVA Transformer.
Auxiliary Power Supply:
For Auxiliary System Power Supply, each inverter station shall consists of 100
kVA, 550/415V Auxiliary Transformers, each fed from the LV winding of the
Inverter Transformer to meet the common auxiliary load requirements, have been
envisaged. The capacities of the Auxiliary Transformer shall be finalized during
detailed engineering based on proper sizing calculation. In order to ensure
reliability in the Auxiliary Power Supply, a Ring Main Scheme shall be considered.
AC Side Protection:
 Inverter Protection: The followings monitoring/ protection features shall be
provided for each Solar Inverter.
 Over Voltage protection
 Grid Monitoring – Adjustable Voltage and Frequency range
 PV Generator connection – Insulation monitoring, polarity reversal
protection.
 DC Filter.
 DC disconnect switch.
 AC side Insulation monitoring device
 Earth-fault protection.
AC Side Protection: Inverter Transformer Protection:
Each Inverter Transformer shall be protected through the VCB at the 33KV Local
Switchgear and Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) on the LV side. The following electrical
and mechanical protections for Inverter Transformers shall be provided:
 50 – Instantaneous Over Current Relay
 50N – Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay
 51 – IDMT over current relay
 51N – IDMT Earth Fault Relay
 49WT – Winding Temperature protection - Alarm / Trip
 49OT – Oil Temperature Protection - Alarm
 OL – Magnetic Oil Gauge (MOG) - Alarm
 63 – Buchholz Relay protection - Alarm / Trip
 PRV – Pressure Release Valve - Alarm / Trip
The above protections will trip the 33 kV VCB through the Master Trip Relay (86).
In addition, the VCB shall be provided with the following protections.
 95 - Trip Circuit supervision protection
 94 - Anti Pumping Relay
AC Side Protection: 33KV Switchgear Protection
The following electrical protections shall be provided at the 33 kV Switchgear end.

 50 – Instantaneous Over Current Relay

 50N – Instantaneous Erath Fault Relay

 51 – IDMT Over current relay
 51N – IDMT Earth Fault Relay
 59N – Residual Voltage Protection for Earth Fault using the Open Delta PT.
The above protections will trip the 33 kV VCB through the Master Trip Relay (86).
In addition, the VCB shall be provided with the following protections.

 Trip Circuit supervision protection
 Anti-Pumping Relay
Auxiliary Power Supply Protection:
Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) will be provided for the Incomers/ Bus
Ties of the LV Auxiliary Switchboards for short circuit and over current
protections. Outgoing feeders shall be provided with Miniature Circuit Breaker
(MCB). The design concept of the electrical system as a whole shall be based on
the requirements for safe and reliable operation of the Plant with provision for
easy maintenance. The design and performance requirements of equipment will
be generally as per the latest Mauritius Standards and the Codes of Practice,
International standards like IEC. wherever applicable will also apply.
6.15 TARIFF METERING

Tariff Metering is done generally at point of common coupling (Either 33KV
outgoing feeder/ 132KV yard at NSPCL existing Substation) where power is finally
injected into the grid. However, location of tariff meter must have the concurrence
of the power purchaser/customer. ABT type 4-Quadrant Trivector Energy meter
of accuracy class 0.2S will be installed at point of common coupling or any such
location. In the present case the same has been considered in the outgoing feeder
panel of MV Switchgear only. As per the requirement of NSPCL, additional meters
shall be provided in the 132KV Control and relay panel if required by NSPCL.

CHAPTER-7
PROJECT SCHEDULE &
IMPLEMENTATION

7. PROJECT SCHEDULE & IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
It is proposed that project shall be set up on EPC basis using open category modules
(without restriction of sourcing cell and/or module domestically) with three years of
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contract of solar plant.
Bid shall be evaluated on the basis of price quoted per Million Unit (MU) of generation.
The bidding process shall be under Domestic Competitive Bidding (DCB). The Bids shall
be evaluated and tendered on generation-based bidding as to keep minimum cost of
generation i.e. Crore/MU. The generation and other related figures for bid evaluation are
listed below.
 Minimum Generation limit in MU (G1)

 Quoted Annual Generation in MU (G)
 Quoted Price in INR (X)
 Applicable Tariff (Rs/ kWh) in INR (R)
 DC/AC ratio = Cumulative DC capacity of the solar project at STC /cumulative
rated AC capacity of inverters at reference ambient temperature as per
specification.
The minimum generation (G1) and their point of power measurement is shown below:
Table 7.1 Project Capacity & Minimum Generation
DC Capacity AC Capacity Minimum Generation Point of Measurement

21.75 MWp (min.) 15 MW 32.112 MU 132 kV level
The Evaluation criteria for the unit size shall be based on L (Price per MU) as per the
following formula:
L (Price per MU) = X/G (INR per MU)
Where Generation G remains fixed during Reverse Auction for the respective bidder as
quoted in the Techno-commercial bid.
Bidder with lowest L is successful bidder shall be awarded the work of development and
O&M of the solar plant
Project Schedule
The date of Award has been reckoned as the zero date of the project.

This 15 MW Solar PV Project is to be awarded to a single bidder based on the philosophy

explained above. The time schedule for 15 MW Floating Solar PV project at NSPCL, Bhilai
shall be 18 months from the date of award. The detailed Project Schedule with Milestones
and their timelines are represented in the Table below.
Table 7.2 Project Schedule
Period from
Sl.No Activities/Milestone LOA(Months)
Start Finish
1 Site Mobilization, Opening of Site office and preparatory 0.5 1.5
2 Topography & Geo technical investigations 1 2
3 Approval of Details Required (DR) category Vendors 0.5 1.5
4 Basic Engineering & approvals (Approval of Layout, SLD and floaters, 0.5 3
anchoring and control/inverter rooms and datasheet of Module and
Inverters)
5 Ordering of BOIs 2 5
6 Detailed Engineering and Approvals 3 7
7 Control Room works – Civil and Electrical works 6 9
8 Inverter Room works – Civil and Electrical works 6 9
9 Supply of Float Structure 6 11
10 Installation, anchoring, fixing of floaters for SPV panels, pathways 7 12
11 Supply of SPV Modules 7 13
12 Installation of SPV Modules 8 15
13 Supply of cables, inverter transformer, inverters, 33 KV Switchgear & 7 10
other electrical equipment
14 Installation of cables, inverter transformer, inverters, 33 KV Switchgear 8 15
& other electrical equipment
15 Supply of 33/220 KV, 125 MVA Tie Transformer, 1 no. of 220KV bay 7 15
structure with bus extension including firefighting and civil works.
16 Installation of 33/220 KV, 125 MVA Tie Transformer, 1 no. of 220KV 8 17
bay structure with bus extension including firefighting and civil works.
17 Testing of Equipment & Readiness of SCADA - 17
18 Commissioning - 17
19 Stabilization & Trial Run 17 18
20 Completion of facilities - 18
7.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The scope of the proposal for the Design, Engineering, Supply, Construction, Erection,
Testing, Commissioning including Three year Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
works for 15 MW Solar PV plant shall be on turnkey basis.
All equipment, materials and services whether explicitly stated or otherwise and that are
necessary for the satisfactory operation of the Solar PV system and its integration with
the APCPL Central Switching Station is included in the scope of work of the Turn Key
contract, the salient features of this contract is delineated below and elaborated in the
next section.

 Basic Engineering of the plant and systems.

 Detailed design of all the equipment and equipment system (s) including civil
works;
 Providing, Review and approval of engineering drawings, data, process
calculations, test procedures, structural design calculations, Equipment layout,
Drawings/Data sheets of bought out items, Civil structural/architectural
Drawings, Performance & Guarantee Test procedure etc
 Providing Operation & Maintenance/ instruction manuals, as built drawings and
other information
 Providing training of Employer’s personnel.
 Compliance with statutory requirements and obtaining clearances from Statutory
authorities, wherever required
 Finalization of sub-vendors, manufacturing quality plans and Field quality plans.
 Complete manufacturing including conducting all type, routine and acceptance
tests; Civil, Structural and Architectural works to the extent applicable, including
construction facilities and construction power distribution.
 Packing and transportation from the manufacturer’s works to the site including
customs clearance & port clearance, port charges, (if any).
 Receipt, storage, preservation and conservation of equipment at the site;
Fabrication, pre-assembly, (if any), erection, testing, pre- commissioning and
commissioning and putting into satisfactory operation all the equipment including
successful completion of initial operation
 Reliability and Functional guarantee tests after successful completion of trial
operation;
 Furnishing of spares on FOR basis
 Satisfactory completion of the contract.
 Special tools and tackles if any required for maintenance of the plant
7.3 ENGINEERING
Detailed design of Grid Interactive Solar PV Plant system and its associated civil, electrical
& mechanical auxiliary systems includes preparation of foundation drawings, single line
diagrams, installation drawings, electrical layouts, design calculations etc. Design
memorandum and other relevant drawings and documents required for engineering of
all facilities within the scope to be provided under this contract, are covered under
contractor’s scope of work.
7.4 METERING OF ENERGY

Metering of energy shall be carry out measurement of active energy (both import and
export) and reactive energy (both import and export) by 3-phase, 4 wire principle
suitable for balanced/ unbalanced 3 phase load at following points.

a) Outgoing feeder of the pooling switchgear located in CMCS. Provision shall

be provided for metering in 132 KV Transformer bay Solar Incomers at
NSPCL switchyard for 15 MW/ building if required by NSPCL.
Shall have an accuracy of energy measurement of at least Class 0.2S for active energy and
at least Class 0.5 for reactive energy.
Meters s shall be microprocessor-based conforming to IEC 60687/IEC 62052-11/IEC

62053- 22/IEC 62056/IS 15959 for category B.
Meter shall be suitable for interfacing for synchronizing the built in clock of the meter by
GPS time synchronization equipment.
7.5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE (PG) TEST

To ascertain the plant design in line with specification, performance guarantee (PG) test
shall be required to be conducted on solar plant.
Contractor shall be asked to demonstrate the quoted generation for a certain period. The
variation in radiation shall be taken in consideration.
7.6 MANDATORY SPARES

To reduce the system outage time arise due to component failure, Mandatory spares are
proposed to be taken by NSPCL along with the supply of components. Some of the
mandatory spares are floaters along with accessories, mooring ropes, Solar PV module,
transformer, Inverter, cables, conductors etc.
7.7 SCOPE OF WORK

Electrical
The broad electrical scope of work under this package shall include supply and
installation of the following equipment iterated below for complete functioning of 15 MW
Solar PV project All equipment, materials and services whether explicitly stated or
otherwise and that are necessary for the satisfactory operation of the Solar PV system
and its integration as shall be deemed to be included.
Table 7.3 Scope of Work - Electrical
DC SIDE
1 Solar PV Modules
2 DC Cables including field connectors and DWC pipes
3 String Combiner Box(if applicable)
4 Central Inverter / String Inverter
AC SIDE
5 LT Switchgear
6 HT Switchgear
7 Inverter Transformer& Auxiliary Transformer

8 LT Cables
9 HT Cables
10 SCADA & Time Synchronization Equipment
11 Instrumentation and Communication cable
12 Earthing System
13 Lightning Protection System
14 Plant Illumination system
15 Auxiliary Power Supply System
16 Battery and Battery Charger
17 UPS
18 132 kV Transformer bay Solar Incomers at NSPCL switchyard for 20 MVA
19 33/132 kV Tie Transformer 20 MVA at NSPCL
20 Inter Connection upto GCP
21 Grid interfacing so as to meet statutory requirements and state regulations if
applicable
GENERAL SYSTEMS
22 Weather Monitoring Station
23 Fire Detection and protection system
24 Module Washing system
Civil
The broad civil scope of work under this package shall include Civil, Structural and
Architectural Works related to but not limited to the following areas, System, Structures
/ Substructures, Buildings and Facilities:
A. Design & Construction of Permanent Facilities

Table 7.4 Scope of Work - Civil
Sl. No. Facility / Building Quantity

1 Floating Solar Block Platform (Floating As required.
Arrangement, Anchoring along with
accessories).
2 Central Monitoring and Control Station 1 no
(CMCS) building with parking shed (for 15 MW) *near to NSPCL 132 kV SWITCHYARD
3 33 kV Switchgear building for 15 MW (Housed in 1 no
CMCS)
*near to NSPCL 132 kV SWITCHYARD
4 Inverter Room(s) - Pre- As per bidder’s proposal.
Engineered Building (PEB) / Containerised
System
5 Store Room (Pre-Engineered Building) 1 no.

6 Cable Trenches / Trestle including any As required.

Cable Tray supporting facility
7 Toilet As required.
8 All Equipment Supporting, mooring As per Detailed Engineering & Geotech
arrangement , Foundation and Structures Investigation.
9 Sewage disposal system such as Septic As per actual.
Tank & soak pit for all toilets
10 Internal Roads To be provided for each Inverter
Station
11 Drainage system. As per site condition
12 Boundary Wall with Gate(s) To be constructed, if required as per
site condition.
13 Fencing of Yards (Transformer, To be provided for each Transformer
metering, switchyard, etc.)
Any other misc. requirement necessary for completion of commissioning & operation in
line with Bidder’s technical proposal / detailed Engineering.
B. Site Preparation (as required for installation of panels / equipment etc. during
construction, erection and commissioning activities).
1. Cutting, Clearing, transporting and disposal of plants, bushes, other vegetation,

roots, stubs etc.
2. Site grading including slope protection, ground preparation/ filling/ levelling (if
required) of the identified area for solar plant
3. Temporary drainage including any dewatering, site approach & service roads.
C. O&M Related Facilities
1. Rainwater Harvesting for CMCS Building.

2. Design, Supply & Installation of a Module cleaning system including any requisite
Construction works.
3. Design & Construction of Permanent water Supply / Network system for cleaning
/ washing.
D. Site Investigations
1. Geo-Technical investigation
2. Bathometry studies

CHAPTER - 8
COST ESTIMATE
& FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

8. COST ESTIMATE & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
8.1 ENERGY OUTPUT
Table-1 Energy Output from SPV plant

Power output for fixed system
Units Generated (kWh/year) Minimum 32.112 MU at metering panel
from Solar Plant. located at 132 kV Transformer bay Solar
Incomers at NSCPL switchyard for 15 MW
8.2 TARIFF MECHANISM

Energy generation is recorded at Outgoing feeder of the pooling switchgear
located in CMCS. Provision shall be provided for metering in 132 KV Transformer
bay Solar Incomers at NSPCL switchyard for 15 MW/ building if required by
NSPCL. However for tariff mechanism, Energy available at 132KV bay is
considered after 132/33KV, 20MVA Transformer.
8.3 PROJECT COST

This section indicates the project capital cost for the proposed Floating Solar PV
project with 15 MW AC and 21.75 MWp DC Solar. Based on our experience and
understanding of prevailing market conditions and prices, we expect that the
estimated cost would be ± 10 % accurate.
Table-2 Project Cost Breakup

Cost Component INR in Lakhs
EPC Cost 9554
Preliminary and Pre-operative cost 15
IDC 15.52 Lakh per MW
Project Management + Contingency 381.9
Total Cost INR in Lakhs 10184
Tariff 3.90
ROE 14
Further, the O&M costs vs tariff, ROE Vs Tariff are represented below:
Table-3 O&M Cost, Tariff and ROE Vs tariff

O&M Cost Tariff at 3 lakh /MW
Tariff ROE
(Lakh/MW) O&M
3 3.90 12% 3.69
4 3.97 13% 3.79
5 4.04 14% 3.90

O&M Cost (Lakh/MW) Vs Tariff

4.06
4.04
4.02
4
3.98
3.96
3.94
3.92
3.9
3.88
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Figure-1 O&M Cost Vs Tariff
ROE Vs Tariff
3.95
3.90
3.85
3.80
3.75
3.70
3.65
11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5
Figure-2 ROE Vs Tariff

Note: GST on module considered 12% with BCD & floater 13.8 %.
8.4 FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS

Since 2017, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) does not issue
tariff determination norms for wind and Solar PV projects, and prescribes
competitive actual estimates be used for tariff determination. These assumptions
for financial analysis were developed by taking guidance from the norms
prescribed by CERC in 2016, and the prevalent practices of developers competing
in Solar competitive bidding rounds.
Useful life
Useful life was assumed as 25 years from Commissioning Date.

Tariff Structure
To arrive at a Levelized cost of energy for Hybrid projects the following cost
components were assessed.
1) Return on Equity
2) Interest on Loan capital
3) Depreciation
4) Interest on Working capital
5) Operation and Maintenance Expenses
Since no additional “fuel” is needed for power generation from this system a
single part tariff was discovered.
Methodology
A generic tariff based on estimated costs of running Floating Solar PV plant was
determined on levelized basis for the tariff period of 25 years.
Capital Cost
Floating Solar is fairly developed technology and quotations are easily available
for each technology independently. Capital cost should be taken for a solar
project at based on actual design quotations, obtained after bidding. For our
analysis, we have considered present cost trends.
Land costs were taken as zero as land is already in possession of NSPCL.
Operation and maintenance Expenses
These shall be estimated based on bidding and the price quoted for O&M contract.
For our analysis, we have considered present cost trends. Insurance costs were
included in the Operation and maintenance expense estimate.
Debt – Equity Ratio and Interest rates

Equity considered for the project was 80:20% as communicated by NSPCL.
Depreciation
CUF/PLF
This was determined for based on solar resource availability based on technical
assessments by us.
Auxiliary power consumption was accounted for as losses in the CUF/PLF

calculation, however, normative assumption of 0.5% may be used.
Main Assumptions

NSPCL stipulated that 80:20 % Equity for the 15MW Floating Solar project. As per
CERC guidelines, the Debt to Equity ratio to be utilized for Tariff/ LCOE
calculation is 80:20. The financial parameters to be considered for financial
analysis were obtained from NSPCL. Based on the received inputs, financial
analysis was carried out for 15 MW Solar NSPCL Bhilai project. The table below
shows the various assumptions that have been considered.
Further, financial analysis was also carried out as per CERC guidelines. The
assumptions and computed tariff for 15 MW Solar project is enclosed at Annexure
-C
Table-4 Financial Analysis - Assumptions
Solar Plant Details

Capacity (AC) 15 MW
Capacity (DC) 21.75 MWp
Life of the Project 25 Years
CUF 24.206 %
Debt Equity Ratio 80:20 %
ROE 12.75%
Interest rate on Loan 6.75%
O&M Expenses after EPC 3 Lakhs/ MW
Interest Rate on Working Capital 7.15%
Tax rate for tariff calculation 17.47 %
8.5 RESULTS FROM FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Levelized cost of Energy (LCOE) worked out be Rs 3.90 /kWh
8.6 CONCLUSION
NSPCL current power cost is INR ________ per unit. Levelized Cost from solar
floating plant is INR 3.90 per unit which is very much less than the cost of power
being bought by NSPCL. Thus, project may be considered as feasible.
NSPCL to share above details.

CHAPTER -9
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

9. OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

9.1 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (O&M) OF SOLAR PLANT
Comprehensive O&M of the Floating Solar PV plant (s) for a period of three years
from the date of successful completion of trial run is in the scope of the bidder.
The contractor shall be responsible for the Operation and Maintenance of the
entire Floating Solar PV plant during the O&M period. The brief scope of works is
listed below.
(a) Ensuring successful operation of FLSPV Plant for optimum energy
generation.
(b) Ensuring Breakdown maintenance, Preventive maintenance overhauls,
Arranging visit of O&M experts (when required) to maximize the availability
of the solar plant.
(c) Daily work of the operators involves logging the voltage, current, power
factor, power and energy output of the FLSPV plant, temperature, logging
down individual array output data once a day
(d) The operator shall record monthly energy output of each array and
transformer and reports shall be prepared on performance of FLSPV plant
(e) Submission of periodical reports to the owner on the energy generation &
operating conditions of the FLSPV plant.
(f) Ensuring Safety and protection of the plant by deputing sufficient security
personals
(g) Monitoring, controlling, troubleshooting, maintaining of records, registers.
(h) Supply of all type of maintenance spares, consumables and fixing /
application of the same. In order to meet the emergent requirements,
contractor, with the permission of Employer can utilize the mandatory
spares being supplied under the contract. However, the used spares shall be
replenished by the contractor within reasonable time.
(i) Cleaning of the plant including array yard on regular basis and as and when
required.
(j) Cleaning of drains, cable trenches, box culverts etc.
(k) Module washing as per as per approved schedule.
(l) Herbicide spray and grass cutting on a periodic basis
(m) The contractor shall at his own expense provide all amenities to his
workmen as per applicable laws and rules.

(n) The Contractor shall ensure that all safety measures are taken at the site to
avoid accidents to his employees or his Co-contractor’s employees
(o) The Contractor shall immediately report the accidents, if any, to the Engineer
In charge & to all the concerned authorities as per prevailing laws of the
state.
(p) The Contractor shall comply with the provision of all relevant Acts of Central
or State Governments including payment of Wages Act 1936, Minimum
Wages Act 1948, Employer's Liability Act 1938, Workmen's Compensation
Act 1923, Industrial Dispute Act 1947, Maturity Benefit Act 1961, Employees
State Insurance Act 1948, Contract Labor (Regulations & Abolishment) Act
1970 or any modification thereof or any other law relating whereto and rules
made there under from time to time.
(q) In order to ensure longevity, safety of the core equipment and optimum
performance of the system the contractor should use only genuine spares of
high quality standards.
(r) Deployment of Plant in Charge, adequate number of technical support staff
and other supporting personnel during the O&M period
(s) Bidder is required to maintain adequate O&M spare during the O&M contract
period of the Floating Solar PV plant with the view to maximize availability
and generation of the plant. In case, Contractor uses mandatory spares,
provided by NSPCL, the contractor shall have to return/replenish the
spare(s) of the matching quality, quantity and rating within shortest possible
time.
(t) At the time handing over of the plant by the contractor to NSPCL, the
contractor shall handover equipment and spares in healthy condition.
(u) Bidder has to take Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) from
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) or OEM authorized service
provider for a period of 10 years for the following components:
 PCU System - Replacement of spares like inductors, capacitors, electronic
cards as per OEM recommendations
 SCADA
 Dry cleaning/Robotic Cleaning if offered.
(v) Replacement of equipment/spare parts/ updating of software being phased
out or not being supported by OEM’s is also included in bidder’s scope.
(w) Contractor shall be responsible to carry out all test and work as required
by statutory regulation in effect as on date of Techno-commercial bid
opening during O&M period.
Comprehensive AMC shall include all preventive maintenance and breakdown
maintenance including replacement of any component to ensure that equipment

is working satisfactorily as per design/system requirement. During AMC period,

the OEM or its representative are required to visit at least once a year or as per
OEM recommendation cycle for periodic maintenance. During AMC period, the
OEM is required to respond within one working day through telecom or any
electronic mean. In case of breakdown of the system, OEM has to send their
representative within 72 hours. For the minor faults not hampering the generation
e.g. communication, display etc., the OEM has to get the fault rectified within 7
working days.

CHAPTER -10
RISK & MITIGATION

10. RISK & MITIGATION

10.1 RISK FACTORS
This section identifies and presents the various risks to the project. The impacts
of the major risks on the financial returns from the project are quantified and
mitigation measures suggested. Two types of risks are analyzed,
(i) the first set of risks is applicable to the factors used to analyze financial
feasibility of the project,
(ii) the second set of risks may arise at planning stage, implementation stage
and operational stage, thereby affecting the performance of the project.
The input parameters related risks having impacts on the financial feasibility of
the project are described in Table 1. The degree of confidence for each of the
parameters is logically derived (logic provided in the remarks column).
Table-1 Parameters and associated risk affecting financial feasibility of the project
Parameter Unit Value Degree of Remarks Impact Mitigation

s Confidence on measure
LCOE
Project MW 15 Medium Optimized High MOU signing with
Evacuation based on DISCOM before
Capacity transmission project
savings and implementation to
generation ensure entire
losses capacity is utilized
Capital Cr 101.84 High Based on High Performance based
Investment Crs current costs deferred payments
for solar in EPC contract
Years of years 25 High Based on Mediu Strict monitoring
operation established m and proper O&M
technologies to avoid
degradation of
plant components
PLF % 24.44 Medium solar High Bidding process
generation should select an
values for the EPC party with
project Maximum
guaranteed
generation and PLF,
based on data
stream provided by
developer

Parameter Unit Value Degree of Remarks Impact Mitigation

s Confidence on measure
LCOE
Strict O&M to
maintain the PLF
and prevent
generation
degradation
Energy MU 32.112 Medium Solar High Bidding process
Generation generation should select an
values for the EPC party with
project maximum
guaranteed
generation and PLF,
based on data
stream provided by
developer Strict
O&M to maintain
the PLF and
prevent generation
degradation.
The second set of risks is associated with different stages of the project. They are
defined as under:
Table-2 Project Risks associated with different project stages
PROJECT STAGE RISK TYPE DESCRIPTION MITIGATION
A fixed rate loan that

Interest Rates Variability in Interest carries a predetermined
rates interest rate with tenure
usually for long term.
To appoint a single high
quality EPC contractor,
with strong Owner’s
New Project Lack of experience in Engineer appointed for
under BOO model Construction and construction phase.
Operation of Solar and Stringent performance
Wind plants linked payments.
Stringent Quality
Assurance and
traceability records for
Critical Components
Planning Stage such Modules (e.g. EL
tests) to ensure that

warranties can be
enforced.
Selection of Plant Components:

Parameters like (Module
degradation, module
Solar Modules Choosing right manufacturers
technology, procuring warranties) should be
quality product considered to avoid
unexpected loss of
performance
Long term warranty and
Inverters & Risk of Inverter failure, performance tests.
Cabling reduce losses. Correct choice of
inverters based on cost-
performance trade-offs.
Key parameters in Parameters assessment
determining energy & long term averaging
Solar Irradiation yield at site. Changes in shows inter-annual
Risk patterns of parameters variation over the
could reduce the lifetime of PV plant
energy output. which is generally quite
low.
For further correction
and operational loss
analysis, a high quality
radiation measurement
station should be set up
at the site.
Change in critical
Cost Over Run component prices can
account for cost over Through performance
Run linked contract with a
Delay can occur in single EPC
Implementation Delay in project completion case Contractor, firm prices &
Stage completion of dependency on 3rd frozen timeline would be
party for finalized, thus
Installation eliminating these risks

Any delay in getting Approval process should

Permits and approvals by the be started and need to be
Clearances competent authority secured well in time to
may have an adverse avoid any delay
effect on the income Discuss with local
from project DISCOM and get
Agreement on issues
linked to evacuation
connectivity including
capacity permissions,
metering system
proposal. Get (Long
Term Access) LTA
approval from Central
Utility if the sale is
outside the state.
PPA will need to be MOU with a DISCOM (to
established on a firm get a tariff based on EPC
Setting PPA and basis with a DISCOM or costs discovered through
PPA risks consumers under Open bidding and capital costs
Access. Else the asset for NSPCL) before
may have an organizing EPC Bids or a
uncertainty regarding firm PPA with a large
sale. consumer at a price
higher than expected
LCOE.
PPAs are expected to be
Market Risk and PPA tariff renegotiation legally enforceable;
change of however, as a matter of
legislation precaution, if the PPA is
with a DISCOM, an
opinion may also be
sought by SERC.

Can be reduced by
adding performance
linked O&M Payout
clauses within the O&M
Operational contract, based on the
Stage availability of the plant
and targets for energy
Inefficiencies in the yield or performance
O&M operation and ratio
consideration management of the Also establish a right to
project could reduce seek SCADA data from
the energy output. the plant for
independent analysis by
NSPCL’s own engineers
and third party
engineers to ensure that
independent check on
losses is there
System of regular
Performance Audits by
independent engineers
to ensure long term
health and good
maintenance practices.
Using QA data during
construction,
strict enforcement of
Warranties.

CHAPTER -11
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM (CDM)

11. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
11.1 INTRODUCTION TO CDM
Kyoto Protocol of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) has come into force from February 2005. Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) contained in Article 12 of the protocol allows governments or
private entities in the industrialized countries (Countries identified as Annex-I of
Kyoto Protocol) to implement and / or purchase emission reduction from projects
in developing countries (Non Annex-I countries) and receive credit in the form of
“Certified Emission Reductions” (CERs).The first commitment period during
which Annex I countries had to show the compliance with the targets to reduce
the GHG emissions was 2008-12.
In the meanwhile, second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, starting
on 1 January 2013 and ending on 31 December 2017 or 31 December 2020 had
already been adopted. India has tremendous potential for CDM projects. Power
generation based on higher efficiency technologies such as super critical / ultra-
super critical technology, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass,
hydro are some of potential candidates for CDM in the power sector. Energy
efficiency and conservation projects also present themselves as eligible CDM
projects, as these would also result in energy savings and displace associated CO2
emissions which otherwise would be produced by grid connected power stations.
In order to facilitate adoption of authentic baseline emissions data and also to
ensure uniformity in the calculations of CO2 emission reductions by CDM project
developers, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has compiled a database
containing the necessary data on CO2 emissions for all grid-connected power
stations in India. The database is an official publication of the Government of India
for the purpose of CDM baselines. The Baseline would benefit all prospective CDM
project developers to estimate the amount of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs)
from any CDM project activity. Project developers wishing to benefit from the CDM
must use an approved methodology to quantify their emission reductions.
Reduction of Carbon Emission by FSPV project
The annual reduction in CO2 emission in case of Solar Energy Project can be
calculated as tabulated at Table-1.
Table-1 CO2 reductions
Installed Capacity 15 MW
First Year Generation 32.112 MU
ACM0002 (Latest Version): Large-scale
CDM Methodology adopted Consolidated Methodology- Grid- connected
electricity generation from renewable
sources

Calculation method
0.83 (Calculated as per CEA CO2 Baseline
Database for the Indian Power Sector
Grid Emission Factor in tCO2/MWh Version 13.0 Dec 2019 and Tool to calculate
the emission factor for an electricity system
published by the CDM Executive Board)
= Emission factor (tCO2/MWh) x net Energy
Projected CO2 reduction generation (MWh)
emission = 0.83 x 32112
= 26,653 Tonnes CO2 per year
= 26,653 CERs
The NSPCL Floating Solar power plant to be established by NSPCL is aimed at

achieving the objective of harnessing the solar energy and would generate 15 MW
floating solar power to be supplied to the grid.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides an opportunity for the renewable
energy project to earn revenue through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
(GHG), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). With the CDM revenue the proposed
project activity will be economically attractive.
In order to make the project more financially attractive and also in overcoming
risks more comfortably in project implementation and operation stage, CDM
revenue will play an important role as it will further ameliorate the project IRR.
Accordingly, CDM benefits are proposed to be availed to improve the Project IRR
in the sensitive situations such as less generation, delay in execution and higher
project cost.
Estimated annual average CERs from the project will be approx. 26,653
during first renewable crediting period of seven years of generation. (1 CER
= 1 tCO2e)

CHAPTER -12
STATUTORY CLEARANCES

12. STATUTORY CLEARANCES

12.1 CLEARANCES
The following statutory clearances shall be required for the proposed solar energy
project:
Environmental Clearances: As per Ministry of Environment & Forest Office
memorandum dated 13.05.2011, Floating Solar PV Power Project are not covered
under the ambit of EIA Notification, 2006 and no environment clearance is
required for such project. However, consent for establishment is required from
Haryana State Pollution Control Board for the floating solar PV project
Forest Clearance: Tree cutting for area clearance in the identified project area is
required, for which clearance must be obtained from the concerned department.
Power Evacuation up to nearest Interconnection Point: Power produced from
the Floating Solar Photovoltaic Projects shall be evacuated through
a) 132 kV Transformer bay Solar Incomers at NSPCL switchyard for 15
MW.
Grid interfacing shall meet statutory requirements and comply to grid code.
Power purchase Agreement: As per PPA Agreement
Long Term Access for transmission: The internal transmission system from the
solar plant shall be developed and operated by the NSPCL.

CHAPTER -13
SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

13. SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

13.1 SOCIAL ASPECT
The reservoirs are under NSPCL & it does not have any inhabitation. So, there is
no problem related to the R & R, use of water under agricultural and compensation
etc. Solar power plant has positive effect on the neighborhood due to its zero-
carbon emission. So, this plant will decrease the CO2 emission/ MWh for the grid.
13.2 GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

15 MW Floating Solar PV Project at NSPCL, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh in addition to
supplementing the power deficient shall also generate employment opportunities
for the local.
13.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The FSPV power plant will have no environmental impact on the site due to its
operation. There will be no waste products, no requirements for cooling, no
moving parts, no noise and no impact on flora and fauna. The largest impact will
be visual. There will also be a control building to house the inverters and electrical
protection equipment. The reflective sunlight may cause problems if the system is
close to a road and is facing in a direction which the reflected light may cause
problems. As there is no road in the vicinity, this problem shall not be anticipated.
During construction there will be the initial site preparation which can be
expected to require machinery, deliveries of concrete and deliveries of the solar
plant equipment.

CHAPTER -14
CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION

14. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

14.1 INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy resources are considered important in improving the security of

energy supplies by decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels and in reducing the
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Message of Kyoto Protocol (1997) and
Copenhagen summit (2009) is loud and clear that for the survival of our planet,
renewable energy and energy efficiency must be in center stage and technology
development to exploit such resources should get priority. Setting up of 15 MW grid
connected Floating Solar PV plant by NSPCL at Bhilai will be a noble step toward
fulfilling NSPCL’s commitment to promote green energy.
The major recommendations of this project report are listed below:
A solar PV project is proposed with 15 MW AC solar, with a total 21.75 MWp DC
Capacity. The project is expected to generate about 32.112 MU of energy per year.
The site boasts of optimum PLF values for solar about 24.206% AC Capacity. Hence, it
is a suitable site for a Floating Solar PV Plant.
The major goal of the project shall be to ensure maximum generation from the given
area in a cost effective manner.
The project life cycle is estimated to be 25 years. LCOE for the project is INR 3.90/
kWh calculated over the project life of 25 years. The tariff of the proposed project
competes strongly with ongoing solar tariffs, proving the financial feasibility of the
project.
NSPCL should capitalize on savings from common infrastructure and services for
floating solar which is one of the biggest advantages of this project.
The project is proposed to be carried out in the EPC mode, with NSPCL being the
project authority and owner of the project.
We recommend that a third party consultant (Forecasting agency) for forecasting and
scheduling for this project in accordance with the CERC notification of August, 2015
on forecasting and scheduling, should be hired.
The project is found to be techno-commercially feasible and is suitable to be
immediately undertaken for development. The techno-commercial feasibility has
been established by carefully estimating the solar potential, climatic conditions and
other relevant site characteristics elaborated in the report.
This Project report establishes the Technical Feasibility of proposed plant at present
specific cost. It is important to note that due to advances in solar cell technology and
due to economies of large-scale production cost may push cost in lower side.

Annexure A – 15 MW SLD

Location-Control Monitoring
and Control Station
Indoor H.T Panel

630Amps 25kA for 1 Sec Al.Bus Bar
VCB VCB VCB VCB

33KV, 33KV, 33KV, 33KV,
630A, M CC TC 630A, M CC TC 630A, M CC TC 630A, M CC TC
40KA 40KA
40KA for 1sec 40KA for 1sec
for 1sec for 1sec
Fuse
33KV 110V H7 H8 H9 33KV 110V H7 H8 H9
Line PT 1-3 Fuse Fuse Fuse Fuse
Line PT 1-3
3 3 3 3
33KV 110V H7H8 33KV 110V H7H8
3 3 FUSE FUSE
H9 Core 1:CL.3P ,50VA Core 1:CL.3P ,50VA 3 3 FUSE FUSE
H9 BUS PT 1-3
33KV 110V 110V
Core 2:CL-3P ,50VA VSS + V VSS + V Core 2:CL-3P ,50VA 3 3 3
Core 1:CL-0.2 ,50VA
VSS + V VSS + V Core 2:CL.-3P ,50VA
86, 95, 50, 51 86, 95, 50, 51
50N, 27, 59, MFM 50N, 27, 59, MFM
GE-650
GE-650
P2 86, 95, 50, 51 P2 86, 95, 50, 51
C.T 1-3 H1 H2 H3 C.T 1-3 H1 H2 H3 Fuse Fuse
50N, 27, 59, MFM 50N, 27, 59, MFM
C.T 1-3 Core 1: Core 1: C.T 1-3
GE-650
Core 1: 150 /1A H6 H5 H4 150 /1A H6 H5 H4 Core 1: H7 H8 H9
H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3
150 /1A 150 /1A
Spare
CL-5P20 CL-5P20
CL-5P20 , H6 H5 H4 5VA 5VA CL-5P20 , H6 H5 H4
5VA P1 5VA P1
VSS+V
74 63 49 26 74 63 49 26
SURGE
ARRESTER)
Trafo. Faults Relay Trafo. Faults Relay
BCS L/R
BCS BCS
CBCT L/R CBCT 75 / 1A L/R CBCT 75 / 1A CBCT L/R
BCS
75/ 1A BZ
BZ BZ BZ 75/ 1A BZ
GS 50x6mmFlat For Spare

GS 50x6mmFlat
Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser
3R:1Cx400 Sq.mm 3R:1Cx240 Sq.mm

XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable
Grade 33KV (UE) Grade 33KV (UE)
Out going Feeder 4KM APPROX

33KV/132KV,20MVA TRAFO.
REFER DRAWING:-
3R:1Cx240 Sq.mm 1R:3Cx240 Sq.mm

XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable
Grade 33KV (UE) Grade 33KV (UE)
Trafo.-1 Trafo.-2
7.5mVA, 7.5mVA,
I.V/33KV I.V/33KV
(**) SEE NOTE (**) SEE NOTE
GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mmFlat

Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser
(##) (##)
(6R:1Cx400 Sq.mm (6R:1Cx400 Sq.mm (6R:1Cx400 Sq.mm (6R:1Cx400 Sq.mm (6R:1Cx400 Sq.mm (6R:1Cx400 Sq.mm
XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable XLPE Al.Ar.Cable
Grade 3.3KV (E) )/phase Grade 3.3KV (E) )/phase Grade 3.3KV (E) )/phase Grade 3.3KV (E) )/phase Grade 3.3KV (E) )/phase Grade 3.3KV (E) )/phase
ISO -1 ISO -1 ISO -1 ISO -1 ISO -1 ISO -1

R G R G R G R G R G R G
Air Circuit M
Air Circuit M
Air Circuit M
Air Circuit M
Air Circuit M
Air Circuit M
AUX. ACDB Breaker TP Breaker TP Breaker TP AUX. ACDB Breaker TP Breaker TP Breaker TP
EDO P2
BCS L/R
EDO P2
BCS L/R
EDO P2
BCS L/R
EDO P2
BCS L/R
EDO P2
BCS L/R
EDO P2
BCS L/R
3200A, C.T-1, 1-3

/5A 50,51,51N
3200A, C.T-1, 1-3
/5A 50,51,51N
3200A, C.T-1, 1-3
/5A 50,51,51N
3200A, C.T-1, 1-3
/5A 50,51,51N
3200A, C.T-1, 1-3
/5A 50,51,51N
3200A, C.T-1, 1-3
/5A 50,51,51N
CL-5P10 CL-5P10 CL-5P10 CL-5P10 CL-5P10 CL-5P10
P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
UPS MISC. LT GS 50x6mm Flat GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mm Flat GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mm Flat GS 50x6mmFlat
UPS MISC. LT GS 50x6mm Flat GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mm Flat GS 50x6mmFlat GS 50x6mm Flat GS 50x6mmFlat
LOADS Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser
LOADS Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser Earthing Strip Riser
lighting lighting
UPS DB washing UPS DB washing
etc. etc.
PCU CONTROL SUPPLY Inverter-1 27 59 50 51

Inverter-1 27 59 50 51
Inverter-1 27 59 50 51 PCU CONTROL SUPPLY 27 59 50 51
Inverter-1 27 59 50 51
Inverter-1 59 50 51
27 Inverter-1
& OTHER EMERGENCY LOADS 2.5MW, 2.5MW, 2.5MW, & OTHER EMERGENCY LOADS 2.5MW, 2.5MW, 2.5MW,
AC DC AC DC AC DC AC DC AC DC AC DC
50sq.mm flx. 50sq.mm flx. 50sq.mm flx. 50sq.mm flx. 50sq.mm flx. 50sq.mm flx.
cu.cable cu.cable cu.cable cu.cable cu.cable cu.cable
PV ARRAY PV ARRAY PV ARRAY PV ARRAY PV ARRAY PV ARRAY
(**)The No. of feeders and configuration

Vector grp. of Transformers shown
is only indicative in nature and bidder
NOTES: can adopt any other configurations
based on manufacturer's standard.
1. THE LT TRANSFORMER FOR AUX SUPPLY SHOULD BE DESIGNED AND SIZED IN ORDER TO TAKE CARE OF ALL EMERGENCY LOADS AND
MISCELLANEOUS LOADS RELATED TO MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY. THE 415 V AUXILIARY ACDB FOR CMCS ROOM SHALL HAVE TWO ACDB SECTION
FED FROM TWO DIFFERENT SOURCES.
2. SUITABLE UPS AND/OR DC SYSTEM IS TO BE PROVIDED FOR AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY FOR PCS (IF REQUIRED) AND OTHER PROTECTION,
CONTROL AND ANY EMERGENCY LOADS. UPS /SUITABLE DC SYSTEM IS TO BE DESIGNED WITH BACKUP TIME OF 60 MINUTES
3. THE INVERTER TRANSFORMER ARRANGEMENT SHOWN IS TYPICAL,THE TRANSFORMER CONFIGURATION,VECTOR GROUP, IMPEDANCE ,
INSULATION CLASS ETC. AS PER INVERTER MANUFACTURER RECOMMEND DESIGN PARAMETER /ARRANGEMENT
4. BIDDER MAY USE LOCAL POOLING SWITCHGEAR AS SHOWN ABOVE OR DIRECTLY CONNECT INVERTER TRANSFORMER TO 33 KV POOLING
SWITCHGEAR THROUGH ICOG TYPE BREAKER AT INVERTER TRANSFORMER END.
5. BIDDER TO PROVIDE REDUNDANT POWER PLANT CONTROLLER AND SUBMIT GRID CONNECTIVITY COMPLIANCE STUDY/REPORT AS PER LATEST
CEA TECHNICAL STANDARD FOR CONNECTIVITY TO GRID AND FURNISH INFORMATION FOR MODELING SOLAR PV GENERATING STATION IN
CEA GRID AND VALID STEADY STATE & DYNAMICS MODEL IN PSS/E SOFTWARE AS PER CONNECTIVITY REQUIREMENT (IF APPLICABLE).
6. THE METALLIC SCREEN/ARMOUR OF CORE AND CONDUCTOR OF HT CABLE SHALL BE CAPABLE OF CARRYING ACTUAL CABLE EARTH FAULT CURRENT.
7. SOLAR PV GENERATING STATION IN INDIAN GRID AND VALID STEADY STATE & DYNAMICS MODEL IN PSS/E SOFTWARE AS PER REQUIREMENT
(IF APPLICABLE).
8. BIDDER TO INTEGRATE REAL TIME DATA OF ABOVE TARIFF METERS TO 'METER DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM/AMI SYSTEM AT LDC'
THROUGH NECESSARY COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE (DCU, DATA CARRIER etc.) /SOFTWARE ( AS REQUIRED AT BOTH ENDS) AS PER
RELEVANT METERING REGULATION AND LDC REQUIREMENT.
132KV LINE-I 132KV LINE-II
EXISTING
PROPOSED
BUS CVT
132KV MAIN BUS-I

132KV MAIN BUS-II
CURRENT TRANSFORMER DETAILS:-

BUS CVT
132kV CT PARAMETERS (PROTECTION)
MAIN, CHECK METER (*)
CORE PURPOSE 132kV CT
TEM TEM
1200-600-300/1A, PS
CORE-1 BUS DIFFRENTIAL CHECK Vk > 1200V/600V/300V
BUS COUPLER
imax < 40-80-160mA @Vk RCT <
10/5/2.5 Ohm
1200-600-300/1A, PS
CORE-2 BUS DIFFRENTIAL MAIN Vk > 1200V/600V/300V
imax < 40-80-160mA @Vk RCT <
10/5/2.5 Ohm
CORE-3 METERING & SYNCHRONIZING 1200-600-300/1A, 0.5, 20VA
CORE-4 TRANSF. BACK UP/ LINE 1200-600-300/1A, 5P20 20VA

PROTECTION
1200-600-300/1A, PS
33KV/132KV 33KV/132KV 33KV/132KV 33KV/132KV 33KV/132KV
20Mva, 20Mva, 20Mva, 20Mva, 20Mva,
Trafo Trafo Trafo Trafo Trafo
Vk > 1200V/600V/300V
CORE-5 TRANSF. DIFFRENTIAL / LINE imax < 40-80-160mA @Vk RCT <
PROTECTION 10/5/2.5 Ohm
TRANS. BAY TRANS. BAY TRANS. BAY TRANS. BAY
(4T) (3T) (2T) (1T)
a b c d e f g h
86 95 94 80DC
CL-0.2S,20VA LINE PT
BILL OF QUANTITY-132KV EQUIPMENTS, 31.5KA FOR 1 SEC.
CORE-2 600/300/1A
CL-5P20,20VA
SYMBOL LEGEND DESCRIPTION Quantity (Nos.)
CORE-1 600/300/1A 50N 51N
CT SYSTEM DESIGN PARAMETERS
89 H.C.B ISOLATOR WITH ONE E/S 1250A (3 PHASE) 01 50 51
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE : 145KV (rms)
LIGHTING IMPULSE VOLTAGE : ± 650KA KVP
POWER FREQVENCY WITH STAND FOR 1 min. (rms) : 275KV (rms)
25KA/1SEC
89 H.C.B ISOLATOR WITH TWO E/S 1250A (3 PHASE) 01 MAX FAULT LEVEL (sec.) : 31.5 KA
33KV, 630A M
VCB MINIMUM CREEPAGE DISTANCE : 3625mm
89 TANDEM ISOLATOR WITHOUT E/S 1250A (3 PHASE) 01
CL-0.2 ,20VA
52 CIRCUIT BREAKER 1250A (3 PHASE) 01 600/300/1A
CT
CURRENT TRANSFORMER, 1200,
CT 03
120% EXTENDED CURRENT RATING, (1 PHASE) CL-0.2 ,50VA
LA 120KV, 10KA SURGE ARRESTOR (1 PHASE), CLASS-III 03 3 3

33KV 110V
LINE PT
LA 30KV, 10KA SURGE ARRESTOR (1 PHASE), CLASS-II 03
33KV VCB IC-OG PANEL
CSE 33KV, CABLE SEALING END 03
CVT BUS CVT -

14.0000
4.0000 4.0000 2.0000

2.0000 2.0000
LEGEND:
SCADA ROOM (AC) DOOR

STORE ROOM PANTRY TOILET TOILET
4.0000
WINDOW
ROLLING SHUTTER
PORTICO
(Vehicle Stoppage)
LOBBY
10.0000 AREA 2.0000 4.0000
ACDB
BATTERY HT/LT SWITCHGEAR ROOM 4.0000
DCDB
NOTE: ALL DIMENSION ARE TENTATIVE.
2.5000
4.0000 10.0000
2.5000
CMCS LAYOUT PLAN
EXISTING 132KVA SWITCHYARD
354.6
130.0
SEE
ENLARGED 183.0
VIEW Enlarged view
336.0 2.5 MW Floating drawing for Bhilai
IR REFER
DETAIL 'A'
0.6000
0.6000
Inverter
1.6609
0.5242
2.2900
0.0500
1.1500
5.0045
BLOCK DETAILS:-
0.1500
SCB-1
1.Block AC capacity : 2.5 MW

2.Block DC capacity : 3.625 MWp
SCB-2
3.Module Wattage : 540 Wp
4.Installed modules : 6720 No's
5.Installed SCB's : 12 No's
CMCS
SCB-3
6.Aslie float : 1914

7.Block Dimension : 183 x 130 mtr.
BUILDING SCB-4
DETAIL 'A'
860.0 SCB-5
0.5242
1.6609
0.0500
SCB-6
183.4500
0.6000
1.1500
SCB-7 2.2900
0.6000
SCB-8
SCB-9 0.1500
SCB-10
SCB-11
SCB-12
130.0370
2.5 MW Floating drawing for Bhilai
Inverter
REFER 0.5242 5.0045
DETAIL 'A'
1.6609
0.0500
0.6000
1.1500
2.2900
0.6000
BLOCK DETAILS:-
0.1500
SCB-1
1.Block AC capacity : 2.5 MW

2.Block DC capacity : 3.625 MWp
SCB-2
3.Module Wattage : 540 Wp
4.Installed modules : 6720 No's
SCB-3
5.Installed SCB's : 12 No's
6.Aslie float : 1914
7.Block Dimension : 183 x 130 mtr.
SCB-4
DETAIL 'A'
0.5242
SCB-5
1.6609
0.0500
SCB-6
183.4500
0.6000
1.1500
SCB-7 2.2900
0.6000
SCB-8
SCB-9 0.1500
SCB-10
SCB-11
SCB-12
130.0370

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Final Draft DPR DTD 29.06.2022

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DPR - NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited 15 MWp, Bhilai

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD)

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD)

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 1

Table 2: Capacity Estimation - Assumptions

Table 3: Salient Features

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 2

B. SALIENT TECHNICAL FEATURES

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 3

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 1

4.9 Transformer Losses

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 2

1 CW-EN-11175-FPV-FR-001 Bhilai Solar Site Plan-Model

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 3

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 1

1. INTRODUCTON FSPV OVERVIEW

Figure-1 Source: MOP- Ministry of Power Website

1.2 WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO

Figure-2 Source: International Energy Agency

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 2

1.3 FUTURE INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO

Figure-3 Energy demand projection

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 3

1.5 CO2 EMISSIONS

Figure-4 CO2 Emissions

1.6 CARBON CREDITS

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 4

Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach. Greenhouse gas

1.7 REC/RPO MECHANISMS

Central Electricity Regulatory Commission introduced REC mechanism to ease the

1.8 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 5

1.9 CHHATTISGARH POWER SYNOPSIS:

1. The Chhattisgarh State Power Holding Company Limited

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 6

SECTOR WISE POWER CHART FOR

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 7

TECHNOLOGY WISE POWER STRUCTURE OF

NSPCL Bhilai Present Power Scenario:

Inputs to be shared by NSPCL Bhilai

1.10 INTRODUCTION TO FLOATING PV

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 8

Figure-6 Floating Solar Potential in Chhattisgarh and Neighbor States

1.11 FPV BACKGROUND

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 9

1.12 WHAT IS FLOATING SOLAR PV?

1.13 COMPARISON OF FPV WITH ON-SHORE PV

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 10

 Associated Cabling & Connectors

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 11

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 12

Table 1: Comparison of on-shore PV and FPV systems characteristics

Characteristic FPV On-shore PV

 Does not compete for land  Suitable/affordable land

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 13

Characteristic FPV On-shore PV

 In general, easy assembly, but  Efficiency varies depending

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 14

Characteristic FPV On-shore PV

 Long-term track-record on  Utility-scale system experience

1.14 FLOATING SOLAR: MARKET TREND

(DPR PREPARED BY NTPC LTD) 15