Main Report - Tara Khola

Detailed Feasibility Study and Design
of
Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower
Project Tara VDC, Baglung
(394 kW)
Developer:
Users Committee of
Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower
Project Tara VDC, Baglung
Submitted To:
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC)
Nepal Rural Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP)
Dhaulagiri Community Resource Development Centre (DCRDC)
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
Prepared By:
Green Tech Nepal P. Ltd.
Satungal-7, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel-015011213, Email: gtechnepal@gmail.com
November 2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge the Users Committee of Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower
Project for entrusting us to conduct Detailed Feasibility Study of Tara Khola Samudayik Mini
Hydropower Project located at Tara VDC of Baglung.
We would also like to thank the technical team of DCRDC Baglung for supporting us during the
field survey and report preparation. And also thanks to the technical team of our company for
putting their best efforts for completion of this report in time.
Finally, we would also like to thank the social worker and people of Tara, Hila and Argal VDC of
Baglung District for their valuable time and social supports during our field Survey.
Green Tech Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Kupandole, Lalitpur.
Tel: 01-5011213
Email: gtechnepal@gmail.com
I
SALIENT
General
Name of the Project: Tara Khola Samudayik
Mini Hydropower Project
Name of the River: Tara Khola and Mophesh Khola
Type of scheme Run of River
Project location Tara VDC, Baglung
Number of Households 2200
Zone Dhaulagiri
Development Region Western
Latitude 83º22' 15” E to 83º23' 02” E
Longitude 28º19'48" N to 28º20'17" N
Access
Baglung Bazaar-Tara Khola 40 km
Baglung-Bihun (Rijal Chowk) 20 km (Graveled Road)
Rijal Chowk-Tara Khola 20 km (Earthen Road)
Hydrology
2
Catchment Area 24 km
Long term average flow 1.954 m3/s
Minimum monthly flow 0.229 m3/s
Design discharge 0.422 m3/s
Headworks
Weir
Type Concrete gravity type
Length 12 m
I
Crest Elevation of weir 2055 m
Intake
Type Orifice Type (Both intakes)
No. of Opening 1 (Both Intakes)
Design discharge (Tara Khola) 0.331 m3/s
Design discharge (Mophesh Khola) 0.091 m3/s
Desander
Type Single Chambered
No of units One (Tara Khola)
One (Mophes Khola)
Length 10.0 m
Size (Width and Depth) 3.0 m x 3.0 m
Design discharge 0.349 m3/s for both streams
Particle size to be settled > 0.20 mm
Headrace Canal
Type Rectangular lined stone masonry
Length 920 m from Tara Khola to Forebay and
172 m of head race pipe from Mophesh

Khola to Forebay
Size (Width x Depth) 800 mm x 750 mm
Design discharge 0.422 m3/s ( For both Tara Khola
and Mophesh Khola)
Special Feature 25 m RCC Crossing
Forebay
Size 13 m x 3.0 m x 3.0 m
FSL at forebay 2051.55 m
I
Road
First and Second Road Crossing
Type Trapezoidal Lined Stone Masonry
Length 13.43 m (First Road Crossing)
10 m (Second Road Crossing)
Size 600 mm dia. MS pipe, 5 mm thickness buried
Penstock
Type Buried, Steel
Length 1165 m
Internal diameter 600 mm
Thickness 5 to 8 mm
Design discharge 0.422 m3/s
Penstock bifurcation diameter 425 mm (2-10 m long pipes)
Powerhouse
Type Surface
Size 18.40 m x 10.22 m
Power house floor level 1933.94 m
FSL in tailrace at powerhouse 1932.40 m
Turbine
Type FrancisTurbine
Number of units 2 nos
Turbine axis level 1935.90 m
Turbine rated capacity 2 x 214 kW
Gross Head 119.16 m
Rated turbine efficiency 91.5 %
I
Generat
No. of units Two (2)
Type 3-phase, synchronous, vertical shaft
Rated Power 300 kVA
Rated Voltage 0.4 kV
Rated Frequency 50 Hz
Rated Power factor 0.8 (lagging)
Rated Speed 1500 rpm
Rated Efficiency 93.5 %
Stator and Rotor insulation class F
Stator connection star with neutral earthed
Direction of Rotation clock wise as viewed from the top

at the unit
Short Circuit Ratio not less than 1.1
Excitation system brushless
Tailrace Canal
Type Rectangular
Size 1.5 m x 1.0 m
Length 15 m
Invert level of tailrace at powerhouse 1932.40 m
Main Transformer
Number of unit 1
Rating 600 kVA
Type 3-phase, oil immersed
Type of cooling ONAN
Number of phase 3
V
Frequency 50 Hz
Rated voltage
Primary (l.V. side) 0.4 kV
Secondary (H.V. side) 11 kV
Vector group symbol as per IEC 60076 YNd11
Tap changer off load at high voltage winding,
±2 
2.5%
Percentage impedance at rated MVA base 5%
Transmission Line (Local Supply)
Transmission Voltage 11 kV
Distribution Voltage 0.4/0.23
No. of Transformers 12 (6-50 kVA, 1-35 kVA and 5-25 kVA)
Households to electrified 2200
Power and Energy
Installed Capacity 394 kW
Dry Season Energy 0.571 GWh/year
Wet Season Energy 1.331 GWh/year
Total Energy 1.902 GWh/year
Construction Period 18 months
Economic and Financial Indicators
Project cost (Considering subsidy as Investment) NRs. 169.48 Million

Cost per kW NRs. 4,30,159.26
Net present value (at 14% discount rate w/o

considering subsidy as Investment) NRs. 12.66 Million
Internal rate of return (IRR w/o considering

subsidy as investment) 11.61%
Debt equity ratio 55:45

V
Interest rate on loan 10 %
Loan repayment period considered 10 Years
Regular Subsidy Rs. 170,000*394 kW
Total Estimated Subsidy Rs. 66.98 Million
Note: Subsidy not considered as investment in Financial Analysis.
V
ABBERVIATIONS
ACB Air Circuit Breaker

ACSR Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Centre
AVR Automatic Voltage Rugulator
B/C ratio Benefit Cost Ratio
DoED Department of Electricity Development
EDS Energy Development Services (P) Ltd.
ELC Electronic Load Controller
ESAP Energy Sector Assistance Programmee
FDC Flow Duration Curve
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
GWh Giga Watt hour
HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
HH Households
INPS Integrated Nepal Power System
Km Kilometer
KVA Kilo Volt Ampere
KW Kilo Watt
Lps Liter per second
M Meter
MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker
MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker
MCT Main Central Thrust
MGSP Mini Grid Support Programmee
MHP Micro Hydro Project
MIP Medium Irrigation Project
MIP Medium Irrigation Project
Mm Milli Meter
MoEST Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
MVA Mega Volt Ampere
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NPV Net Present Value
O&M Operation and Maintenace
V
PCC Plain Cement Concrete
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RPM Revolution Per Minute
SRR Simple Run off River
VDC Village Development Committee
WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
I
Detailed Feasibility Study of Upper Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project,Tara VDC, Baglung
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Acknowledgement I
Salient Features of the Project II
Abbreviations VIII
Table of Content X
List of Figures
XV
List of Table and Charts
XVI
Executive Summary XVII
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Power Market 1
1.3 Previous Studies 2
1.4 Project / Current Study 2
1.5 Location and Accessibility 2
1.6 Objectives and Scope of works 3
1.6.1 Objectives 3
1.6.2 Scope of Works 4
Design Aspects 4
Estimating and Financial Analysis 4
CHAPTER TWO 6
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND MAPPING 6
2.1 Existing maps 6
2.2 Topographic Surveying 6
2.3 Topographic Mapping 6
2.4 Transmission and Distribution Line 7
CHAPTER THREE 8
HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT STUDY 8
3.1 Catchment Characteristics 8
3.2 DRY FLOW MEASURMENT 9
3.3 Reference Hydrology and Stream Flow Data 10
Stream Gauging 10
Mean Monthly Flow 11
MIP Method 11
WECS/DHM Method 12
Adoption of Design Discharge 12
3.4 Flow Duration Curve 14
3.5 Flood Hydrology 15
Design High Floods 15
3.6 Low Flow Analysis 16
3.7 Compensation Flow 17
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3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 17

Conclusions 17
Recommendations 17
CHAPTER FOUR 18
GEOLOGICAL STUDY 18
4.1 Regional Geology 18
4.2 Geology of Project Area 19
4.2.1 Lithology 19
4.2.2.1 Headworks Area 20
4.2.2.2 Desanding Basin Area 20
4.2.2.4 Penstock Alignment 21
4.2.2.5 Powerhouse Site 21
4.3 Seismicity 21
Conclusions and Recommendations 22
CHAPTER FIVE 23
ALTERNATIVE STUDY 23
5.1 HYDROPOWER PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 23
CHAPTER SIX 25
PROJECT CONFIGURATION 25
6.1 Headworks / Weir / Intake 25
6.2 Headrace Canal/ Pipe 25
6.3 Gravel Trap cum Desilting Basin 26
6.4 Forebay cum Desanding Basin 26
6.5 RCC Crossing with Inverted Siphon 26
6.6 Penstock Alignment 27
6.7 Powerhouse Building 27
6.8 Tailrace Canal 27
6.9 Access Road 28
CHAPTER SEVEN 29
POWER AND ENERGY OUTPUT 29
7.1 General 29
7.4 Energy generation 29
7.4.1 Installed Capacity 29
7.4.2 Plant Efficiency 29
7.4.3 Operating Efficiency 29
7.5 Power and energy benefits 30
7.6 Demand Analysis 30
CHAPTER EIGHT 32
HYDROMECHANICAL AND ELECTROMECHANICAL WORKS 32
8.1 Hydro mechanical Works 32
8.1.1 Trashrack 32
8.1.2 Flushing Arrangement 32
8.1.3 Penstock Pipe and accessories 32
8.1.4 Valves 33
8.1.5 Turbine 34
8.1.6 Governor 34
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8.1.7 Drive System 35

8.1.8 Flywheel 36
8.1.9 Cooling water supply system 36
8.1.10 Drainage water and dewatering system 37
8.1.11 Compressed Air System 37
8.1.12 Ventilation and Air Conditioning System 38
8.1.13 Powerhouse crane 38
8.1.14 Unit Braking System 39
8.1.15 Fire protection system 39
8.2 Electromechanical Works 40
8.2.1 Generator 40
8.2.2 Excitation System 41
8.2.3 Control, Protection and Monitoring System 42
8.2.4 Power Cable 47
8.2.5 Auxiliary 48
8.2.5 Station service transformer 48
8.2.6 Isolator 49
8.2.7 Circuit Breaker 50
8.2.8 Control and Protection System 50
8.3.3 Distribution Transformers 53
CHAPTER NINE 55
STUDY ON POWER TRANSMISSION 55
9.1 Transmission and Distribution Network 55
9.1.1 Poles and Stay Sets 57
9.1.2 Earthing and Lightening Arrestors 59
9.1.4 Insulators (Schackle, Pin and Disc) 60
9.3 Load centers 61
9.4 End Uses 61
CHAPTER TEN 65
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 65
10.1 General 65
10.2 Impact Assessment 65
10.3 Mitigation Measures 66
CHAPTER ELEVEN 70
ENERGY AND PROJECT REVENUE 70
11.1 General 70
11.2 Power Generation 70
11.3 Energy Generation 71
11.4 Revenue 71
CHAPTER TWELVE 73
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE 73
12.1 General 73
12.2 Unit Rate of Civil Works 74
12.3 Hydraulic Steel Works 74
12.4 Electro-Mechanical Equipment 74
12.5 Transmission and Distribution Line 75
xii
12.6 Preparatory Works 75
12.7 Contingencies 75
12.8 Engineering and Administration Cost 75
12.9 Construction Cost Estimate 75
CHAPTER THIRTEEN 77
PROJECT EVALUATION 77
13.1 General 77
13.2 Evaluation of the project 77
13.3 Assumptions 78
13.4 Financial analysis 78
Project Financial Benefits 79
Discount Rate 79
Cost Datum 79
Planning Horizon 79
Currency Exchange Rate 79
Operation and Maintenance Cost 80
Insurance Premium 80
Taxes, Duties and VAT 80
Royalties 80
Debt Equity 80
Interest Rate 81
Loan repayment Period 82
Financing Structure 82
13.5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 83
13.6 Risk Analysis 85
13.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 86
CHAPTER FOURTEEN 87
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING 87
14.1 Infrastructure 87
14.2 Construction power 87
14.3 Transportation of materials and equipment 87
14.4 Construction schedule of project works 88
14.5 Construction planning 89
14.6 Organization Structure 90
CHAPTER FIFTEEN 91
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 91
15.1 Conclusions 91
15.2 Recommendations 92
15.2.1 General 92
15.2.2 Detailed Design 92
15.2.3 Topographic Survey 92
15.2.4 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations 92
15.2.6 Hydrological Investigations 93
15.2.7 Hydraulic, Structural and Hydro and Electro-mechanical Designs 93
15.2.8 Transmission and Distribution Line 93
15.2.9 Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement Plan 93
15.2.10 Tender Document Preparation 93

LIST OF REFERENCE 94
ANNEXES
ANNEX A : COST ESTIMATE
ANNEX B : CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
ANNEX C : ENERGY CALCULATION
ANNEX D : FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
ANNEX E : VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION
ANNEX F : HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS SHEETS
ANNEX F : BILL OF QUANTITIES
ANNEX G : SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Catchment area of Tara Khola at proposed headworks site..................................8
Figure 3.2: Flow duration curve at headworks sites of Tara & Mophesh Khola Combined
…………........................................................................................................................................15
Figure 4.1: Geological Map of Nepal Himalaya (After Dahal, R.K., Hasegawa, S., 2008).....18
Figure 4.2: Simplified seismic risk map of Nepal after Bajracharya 1994..............................22
Figure 11.1 Monthly variation of power generated................................................................69
Figure 11.2: Monthly and average revenue generation...........................................................71
Figure 14.1 : Variation of Net Present Value for different alternatives..................................82
Figure 14.2 : Variation of Internal Rate of Return for different alternatives.........................82
Figure 14.3 : Variation of B/C Ratio for different alternatives..............................................83
Figure 14.4: Organizational Structure...................................................................................88
X
List of Tables and Charts
Table 3.1: Flow measurement of Tara Khola.....................................................................9

Table 3.2: Flow measurement of Mophesh Khola.............................................................10
3
Table 3.3: Mean monthly discharge (m /s) by MIP method for Tara Khola......................11
3
Table 3.4: Mean monthly discharge (m /s) by MIP method for Mophesh Khola...............11
3
Table 3.5: Mean monthly discharge (m /s) by MIP method for Tara & Mophesh Khola
Combined.........................................................................................................................12
Table 3.6: Mean monthly discharge by WECS/DHM method...........................................12
Table 3.7: Comparison of long-term mean monthly discharges.......................................13
Chart 3.1: Long-term annual hydrograph of Tara Khola by various methods.................14
Table 3.8: Probability of exceedance and discharges.......................................................14
Table 3.9: Estimated high floods for Tara Khola...................................................................16
Table 3.10: Low flow frequency analysis..........................................................................17
Table 7.1: Greenhouse gases / Energy / Cost.........................................................................30
Table 8.1 : Penstock Details..............................................................................................33
Table 8.2 : Summary of Distribution Transformers...........................................................53
Table 9.1: Summary of single and three phase line..........................................................55
Table 9.2: Summary of conductors.........................................................................................56
Table 9.3: Summary of conductors in high tension line (11 kV)............................................57
Table 9.4: Summary of poles and stay sets......................................................................59
Table 9.5: Summary of Earthings and Lightening Arrestors...........................................60
Table 9.6: Summary of Shackle insulators......................................................................60
Table 9.7: Load Demand Forecast on Wet seasons.......................................................61
Table 9.8 Load Demand Forecast on Dry Seasons.........................................................62
Table 10.1 : Matrix of Impact - Mitigation Measures.............................................................66
Table 11.1 : Revenue generation.....................................................................................70
Table 12.1 : Summary of Cost Estimates............................................................................75
Table 13.1 Financial Indicators for different investment alternatives.......................76
Table 13.2 Loan Repayment Schedule…...............................................................................81
Table 13.3 : Source of Financing.........................................................................................81
Table 13.4 Financial Parameters for different scenarios.....................................................83

Table 13.5 : Risk evaluation.................................................................................................84
Table: 14.1: Construction Schedule...............................................................................87
X
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Project
The proposed Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project is located in Tara VDC of
Baglung in Western Development Region of Nepal. The headworks of the Project shall be located
in Tara VDC above Karimila Bazar in Tara Khola. The Project is a simple run-of-river (SRR)
scheme, which will divert a design flow of 422 l/sec through approximately 2.2 km headrace/
penstock pipe to a powerhouse with two generating units utilizing a rated gross head of 119.16m,
the project shall develop 394 kW of power and shall produce 1.902 GWh of energy each yeaer.
The electricity generated by the Project will be distributed partially to 2200 households of Tara
Hila and Argal VDC and other commercial end users.
The Promoters
The Project is being promoted by the Users Committee of Tara Khola Samudayik Mini
Hydropower Project. For this project, subsidy will be received on behalf of the community as per
the subsidy delivery mechanism of the Government of Nepal for mini hydropower. The financing
will be the portfolio of subsidy, share collection from private developers including local people
and the bank loan.
The Feasibility Study
Reconnaissance study of this Project was carried out by Users Committee of Tara Khola
Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project in the year 2010 under the scope of hydropower
development in Nepal.
In view of the positive conclusions arrived at the reconnaissance study and to further assess the
technical, economic and financial feasibility of the Project, the Users Committee has engaged
Green Tech Nepal (P) Ltd. to carry out a Feasibility Study of the Project.
The current Feasibility Study entailed the following activities:
1. Study and review of the available data and information on the Project;
2. Geological, topographical and environmental field investigations of the Project site as well as
hydrological study and investigation of the stream;
3. Assessment of the power potential of the Project site and optimisation of the envisaged plant
with respect to the size of the plant, i.e. the installed capacity;
4. Layout, design and dimensioning of the Project components;
5. Layout and cost estimate of the transmission and distribution line.
6. Preparation of the bill of quantities and estimation of the Project costs;
X
7. Assessment of environmental impacts and measures for their mitigation;
8. Financial evaluation of the Project;
9. Preparation of report including all drawings and details necessary for the feasibility
study; The principle outcomes of this study are:
1. Establishment of the main technical parameters of the Project;

2. Determination of the most optimum Project layout;
3. Fairly accurate estimation of the Project cost;
4. Determination of the financial indicators of the Project;
5. Establishment of a necessary base for further studies and detailed design of the Project.
Project Features
At the Project site, the Tara Khola runs in a generally west to east direction at the proposed
project site. The general plan and profile of the Project are shown in drawing section. The main
features of the Project include:
 The headworks comprise a permanent 12m long weir, sluice gate and intake and protection
wall;
 The hydraulic conveyance system consists of rectangular shaped open canal along the mild
hill contour.;
 There is a 36.23 m long River and RoadCrossing which is one of the complex structure in this
project; This project will also receive discharge from Mophesh Khola and additional structures
like temporary weir, intake, gravel trap cum desilting basin and open canal is used to divert
flow from this stream to forebay.
 There is 600 mm dia. MS Pipe of thickness varying form 5-8 mm and its total length is 1165
m. Apart from this, there is 2-10 m long 425 mm dia. Bifurcation pipe of 8 mm thickness neare
powerhouse.
 A forebay to accommodate the fluctuations in water pressure during load acceptance and
rejection phenomena;
 A surface powerhouse containing single generating units and a tailrace structure;
 A well defined transmission and distribution line.
Construction Schedule
Construction of the Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project is expected to take 1.5
years. Prior to the commencement of construction, preparation of tender documents, power
purchase agreement between the concerned authorities and financial closing must be completed.
Construction Cost
X
A detailed analysis of construction cost of the Project is shown in the annex of this report. The
construction cost of the Project is estimated at NRs. 169.48 million this cost includes physical and
price contingencies.
The cost estimate includes all direct and indirect costs for material, equipment supply,
transportation, labor, contractor’s overhead and profit, and engineering design and management.
Land acquisition costs is also included. The cost includes details of 11/0.4 kV transmission and
distribution line.
Financial Considerations
Sustainability of the project and return on investment is a great challenge to the User Committee
to make the project successful. The Present study made without considering subsidy as investment
shows the following financial indicators.
Project cost (Considering subsidy as Investment) NRs. 169.48 Million
Cost per kW NRs. 4,30,159.26
Net present value (at 14% discount rate w/o

considering subsidy as Investment) NRs. 12.66 Million
Internal rate of return (IRR w/o

considering subsidy as Investment) 11.61%
Debt equity ratio 55:45
Interest rate on loan 10 %
Loan repayment period considered 10 Years
These days the bank interest rate is very high and the effective management of the project might
require efficient management and technical expertise as explained in this report.
As the project is to be operated in isolated mode, the revenues from the Project have been
estimated based on net sale of generated energy to local supply with tariff that fixed by NEA for
residents which is NRs. 10.00 per unit throughout the year.
Conclusions
The Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project is a fairly attractive project with minimum
environmental adverse and with some positive impacts. This Project can be developed with a
minimum amount of risk and technical uncertainty. The Project has the full support of the local
population as well. The markets for the project is partly local community (Users from Tara , Hila
and Argal VDCs of Baglung). The attractive aspects of this Project are:
 The Project lies within the load centres;

 The access road is already;
 Adverse environmental impacts are minimal.
X
 The Project concept is simple, involving a small weir, contour canal/ penstock and surface
power station;
 This scheme has average power generation of 360 kW round the year;
 Regulatory approvals and agreements are in place with the appropriate government
agencies, and the strong support from the subsidy that would be released from Alternative
Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) of the Government of Nepal;
 The project would be constructed in joint partnership between the community and the
private investors; so there will minimum social problems in this project; and
 The projects is straight forward and involves simple construction techniques.
X
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Nepal is second richest country in water resource. The potential energy may be used for national
and regional benefits. But Nepal hoped for external assistance and did not develop new power
projects in the last ten years for satisfying its own consumptive needs. It had to depend on imported
diesel fuels for part of its own needs. The country suffered from load shedding for nearly 6 hours in
a day. The large section of impoverished rural population, living in the sparsely populated hills
needs power in lesser magnitudes for their immediate needs. For the people living under
subsistence economy, such hydropower projects which serve the grid may not be accessible. But
they have the resources for small hydropower. In the last five years, the government, the rural
community as well as the private sector have attempted to build smaller projects for the
consumptive need of the rural population. International supports are also reaching for such
programs. Hydropower project can influence the national economy in the long run. In the present
world, global warming has been a main political agenda in the developed nations and hence
hydropower has more value than the oil in the world. So, Nepal might have brighter future in the
world in long run.
1.2 Power Market

The market for this scheme is both the local communities from Tara, Hila and Argal VDCs of
Baglung district and the national grid (Harichaur). Total length of transmission line from
Powerhouse to Proposed Harichaur 11 kV substation is 11 km. So, this project can also be
connected to National Grid. Tara, Hila and Argal VDCs of Baglung district will be fed by 12
different transformers. The important features of this scheme are;
 Both grid connection and domestic lighting is considered.
 The household consumers are scattered in wide area,
 The load factor of isolated system becomes very smaller if not connected to grid. In such case
the project becomes almost infeasible.
1
1.3 Previous Studies
Although detail feasibility study was made in Tara Khola, the topographical study was not made at
the current proposed project location. The previous detail feasibility study was carried out to make
100 kW micro hydro in Tara VDC but because of social complexity and worst political situation in
the country, the project could not be made.
1.4 Project / Current Study

The current study is aimed at finding the feasibility of the project. The feasibility study of a project
is carried out after a project has been identified and its preliminary study completed. The
preliminary study of the project found this project as an attractive one for development. Apart from
this, a number of villages in and around the project area are without light and the demand of
electricity is increasing these days in every nook and corner of the villages with the advancement of
modern technology. So, it was concluded to carry out the feasibility study of this scheme aiming
whether or not to go for power generation staying within the framework of various constraints like
project cost, geology and the environment. This project is aimed to accomplish with the subsidy as
a part of financing. Other stakeholders in the project will be the private developers, villagers and
bank as financing institutions.
1.5 Location and Accessibility

The project area is located between the elevations of 2064 m to 1929 m above the mean sea level
in Baglung district in Western Development Region of Nepal. The intake has elevation of 2055 m
in the right bank of the Tara Khola. Geographically, the intake and powerhouse sites are located at
longitudes of 83º22' 15” E and 83º23' 02” E and latitudes 28º19'48” N and 28º20'17” N
respectively. Tara VDC of Baglung and Niskot VDC of Myagdi lies in the east, Tara VDC in
south , Ruma VDC in North and Pandabkhani, Ranashinghkiteni and Khunga VDC lies in the west
respectively.
Physiographically the project area belongs to the Middle Mountains, while the upper catchment of
the stream extends to the mountains covering the elevations of higher than 3502 m, which indicates
that seasonal snowfall will occur in winter in the upper part of the catchment. The basin is devoid
of glacial lakes. The catchment is covered with dense forest.
2
Since the last year 2010, small vehicles and tractors have started to reach Karimila Bazar of Tara
VDC. The earthen road is available at headworks, forebay, penstock alignment and powerhouse
site. The project site is about 40 kM North West from Baglung Bazar.
1.6 Objectives and Scope of works

1.6.1 Objectives
The objective of this study is to electrify the local communities inTara, Hila and Argal with the
joint effort of the private developers /community involvement and the subsidy policy of the
Government of Nepal. To achieve this objective and to arrive at the better plan, the survey team
surveyed the project site in Tara Khola of Baglung district. The objective of this study includes the
major tasks like design, cost estimate and the financial analysis under the periphery of the
following components of hydro power components.
 Headworks (Diversion work in the stream and intake)
 Headrace canal
 Gravel trap cum desilting basin
 Spillway structure
 Crossing Structure
 Forebay
 Buried Penstock pipe
 Support pier
 Powerhouse building
 Tailrace canal
 Electromechanical Equipment
 Transmission and distribution system
 Grid Connection
 Environmental Studies
3
1.6.2 Scope of Works
Design Aspects
Following Methodology were undertaken for achieving the objectives of the study. With the help of
the layout design, the consultant has prepared a detail design of the project. The detail design of the
scheme comprises of the following:
 Complete professional design, with calculations on stability analysis, hydraulic design and
optimization of various civil components with all necessary drawings.
 Selection of types, with technical and economic optimization of elements like poles, penstock
pipes and other accessories.
 Complete mechanical design (except turbine of which only the selection of type and sizing and
efficiency is needed.),
 Complete design of electrical generation including selection of generators, its efficiency, and
rating etc, selection of shortest possible route for transmission and distribution system,
interconnection with grid and its design with detailed drawings.
 Complete specification of materials and components to be used for the construction of civil,
mechanical and electrical parts of the project.
 The detail drawings of the following structures have been prepared as per the following
guidelines.
 General layout plan: Showing major components of the project in plan.
 Plans and necessary section of headworks, intake, gravel trap cum desilting basin, headrace canal,
crossing, forebay, penstock alignment , Support Pier, Powerhouse , Machine foundation and
Tailrace canal.
 General layout plan of electrical generation, transmission and distribution system networks.
Estimating and Financial Analysis

For the estimating and the economic analysis of the project, following methodology has been
adopted.
 Collection of quotation of electrical, civil and mechanical equipments needed for the project from
various manufacturers and suppliers for their costing.
 Preparation of detail estimates of the project construction costs and annual operation and
management cost based on the relevant practices.
4
 Preparation of and financial analysis showing financial parameters like IRR, NPV,B/C ratio and
Payback Period on the basis of cash flows in the scheme.
5
CHAPTER TWO
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND MAPPING
2.1 Existing maps

For planning of topographical surveying and mapping, these available data, aerial photographs and
maps were collected. Fin Map of 1:25,000 scale with contour interval of 20 m is available. Apart
from this, geological map covering the project area is also available. These maps were used as
supportive document for the site selection and the identification of load centres.
2.2 Topographic Surveying

The detail survey of this scheme was carried out in December 2011 and the study team carried out
various technical measurements in the field. A ground control survey was carried out over the
project area to establish the necessary control points and bench marks for the topographic survey
and mapping. These control points were tied with the temporary bench mark. Various field
measurements like the width and the topography of the Headworks, fixing of the site of intake,
gravel trap cum desilting basin, fore bay and suitable site of the powerhouse building were studied.
The survey was conducted by using total station, conductivity meter, geological compass, GPS and
tape. The geological study of the headrace alignment was also made by the geological survey team.
Public involvement was also made during the survey work.
After completing discharge measurement and topographical survey of the headrace/penstock

alignment, transmission survey was carried out. The shortest route was followed during the
transmission survey. The location of transformers was fixed as per the minimum requirement in the
site. Socio-economic, environmental and other information were collected by involving the public
experts during the campaign.
2.3 Topographic Mapping
Field observation data were computed and plotted for subsequent preparation of topographic maps
of various scale. Leveling machine was used for the calculation of level and theodolite was use for
6
the horizontal control of the survey. As per the guidelines, the maps of following scale is produced
as below:
1) Contour map in 1:500 scales with contour interval of 1m for the whole project area. Major
civil structures and control points are shown in the drawing.
2) Drawings in appropriate scale with 1m contour intervals for diversion weir, intake, settling
basin, forebay and spillway, penstock alignment, powerhouse and tailrace canal.
3) Other maps, cross sections, profiles are developed according to the scales of relevant
drawings.
2.4 Transmission and Distribution Line

A walkover survey of transmission routes was carried out using 1:25,000 scale topographical maps.
The route of the transmission line is plotted in appropriate scale. Detail of poles and transformer
locations is mentioned in the drawings. The households in the particular poles are also given. More
details are given in subsequent chapter. Detail drawings are given in drawing section of this report
(Volume II).
7
CHAPTER THREE
HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT STUDY
3.1 Catchment Characteristics
The Tara Khola is a tributary of Daram Khola. Daram Khola is a tributary of Badigad Khola and
Badigad Khola is the tributary of Kaligandaki River. The Tara Khola originates from Tara VDC of
2
Baglung district. The total catchment area of this scheme is 24 km . The Tara Khola is a perennial
river. The water of Tara Khola originates from Mahabharata hills with the highest peak
(Dunekolekh) at elevation 3502 m.
The boundary line of the project is at longitudes of 83º22' 15" E and 83º23' 02" E and latitudes of
28º19'48" N and 28º20'17" N. The proposed headworks site of the Tara Khola Small Hydropower
Project lies at about elevation of 2055.00 m. It is about 30 km upstream from the confluence with
Badigad River. The proposed powerhouse site of this scheme lies at about 1933.94 m and located at
about 200 m downstream from Karimila.
The average gradient of the river in between the dam site and powerhouse site is about 4.5 %. The
Tara Khola basin drains towards north-south direction. Based on the topographical maps, there are
no lakes within the Tara Khola basin. The Tara Khola basin is mainly covered with scattered
settlement and mixed forest around the streams in the catchments. Agricultural fields on terraces
and scattered settlements dominate the area below 2,200 m. The information regarding the Tara
Khola drainage area has been obtained based on the topographical maps of 1:25,000 scale compiled
from aerial photography of 1996 by the Survey Department of the Government of Nepal. The
catchment area basin seems just like the leaf of the flower.The shape of the catchment area of the
Tara Khola at headworks site of the project is shown in Figure 3.1 below.
Figure 3.1: Catchment area of Tara Khola at proposed headworks site
8
3.2 DRY FLOW MEASURMENT
2
Since the catchment area of the project is small, i.e., 24 km , the hydrological analysis is based
mainly on spot flow measurement at site. The flow was measured in two different dates: February
9, 2012 and April 9, 2012. With reference from these two dates, hydrological forecast throughout
the year has been computed based on Medium Irrigation Project (MIP) Method. From the
computed hydrological forecast based on MIP method, the lower value of forecasted discharge was
seen with the reference discharge measured on dated April 9, 2012 so the discharge measured on
April 9, 2012 has been taken for the design purpose for this project. The field measurements for
two different dates for each river: Tara Khola and Mophes Khola are given in the table below.
Table 3.1: Flow measurement of Tara Khola
Measured date: February 9, 2012
Discharge Measurement by Current Meter
(Mid Section Method)
Project Tara Khola Mini Hydropower
River Tara Khola Date: 2013-Feb-9 Weather: Clear Starting time 9:10
Point V= VN>40=0.6831*N/T+0.00686, VN<=4 Ending time: 9:15
Meter: Price Type Current Meter
Point Velocity Mean
Chainage Depth Width Discharge
S.N. Time (m) Rev. At Depth Velocity Velocity Area (m2) 3
(m) (m) (m) (m /s)
(m) (m/s) (m/s)
1 0
2 0.5 0.2 44 40 0.5 0.12 0.6113 0.6113 0.1 0.0611
3 1 0.22 45 50 0.5 0.132 0.7659 0.7659 0.11 0.0842
4 1.5 0.36 40 40 0.5 0.216 0.6713 0.6713 0.18 0.1208
5 2 0.28 40 50 0.5 0.168 0.8607 0.8607 0.14 0.1205
6 2.5 0.12 46 30 0.5 0.072 0.4418 0.4418 0.06 0.0265
7 3
Total 0.59 0.4132
Measured date: April 9, 2012

(Mid Section Method)
River Tara Khola Date: 2013-Apr-9 Weather: Cloudy Starting time 3:42
Point V= VN>40=0.6831*N/T+0.00686, VN<=4 0=0.6598*N/T+0.01150 Ending time: 4:00
Point Velocity Mean
(m) (m) (m) (m /s)
(m) (m/s) (m/s)
1 0
2 0.5 0.1 40 30 0.5 0.06 0.5064 0.5064 0.05 0.0253
3 1 0.2 46 30 0.5 0.12 0.4418 0.4418 0.1 0.0442
4 1.5 0.15 40 60 0.5 0.09 1.0315 1.0315 0.075 0.0774
5 2 0.12 47 40 0.5 0.072 0.5730 0.5730 0.06 0.0344
6 2.5 0.12 46 10 0.5 0.072 0.1549 0.1549 0.06 0.0093
7 3
Total 0.345 0.1905
9
Table 3.2: Flow measurement of Mophesh Khola
Measured date: February 9, 2012
(Mead Section Method)
River Mophes Khola Date: 2013-Feb-9 Weather: Clear Starting time 9:40
Point V= VN>40=0.6831*N/T+0.00686, VN<=40=0.6598*N/T+0.01150 Ending time: 9:45
Point Velocity Mean
(m) (m) (m) (m /s)
(m) (m/s) (m/s)
1 0
2 0.5 0.12 40 5 0.5 0.0940 0.0940 0.06 0.0056
3 1 0.2 58 20 0.5 0.2390 0.2390 0.1 0.0239
4 1.5 0.22 41 20 0.5 0.3334 0.3334 0.11 0.0367
5 2 0.18 41 30 0.5 0.4943 0.4943 0.09 0.0445
6 2.5 0.11 42 3 0.5 0.0586 0.0586 0.055 0.0032
7 3
Total 0.415 0.1139
Measured date: April 9, 2012

(Mead Section Method)
River Mophes Khola Date: 2013-Apr-9 Weather: Clear Starting time 6:55
Point V= VN>40=0.6831*N/T+0.00686, VN<=4 0=0.6598*N/T+0.01150 Ending time: 7:00
Point Velocity Mean
(m) (m) (m) (m /s)
(m) (m/s) (m/s)
1 0
2 0.5 0.19 44 5 0.5 0.0865 0.0865 0.095 0.0082
3 1 0.3 40 10 0.5 0.1765 0.1765 0.15 0.0265
4 1.5 0.25 52 10 0.5 0.1384 0.1384 0.125 0.0173
5 2
Total 0.37 0.0520
3.3 Reference Hydrology and Stream Flow Data

Stream Gauging
The Tara Khola, being an ungauged river, a field measurement of river discharge was made at the
proposed headwork sites of the Project on two different dates: February 9, 2012 and April 9, 2012.
The discharge of the river was measured by current meter and the measured discharges (combined
3 3
flow of Tara Khola and Mophesh Khola) were 0.527 m /s and 0.2425 m /s in February 9, 2012 and
April 9, 2013 respectively.
1
Mean Monthly Flow
There are mainly three methods to derive the long term mean monthly flow. They are MIP and
Hydest (WECS/DHM) models and data generation from similar catchment. The catchment area of
the Tara Khola Small Hydropower Project is very small and the nearby catchment area with gauged
river is not available. Therefore the data generation from similar catchment is not used in this
project. The other two methods which are used are briefly described below.
MIP Method
Using the field discharge measurement on February 9, 2012 and April 9, 2012 and with the method
of generating long-term mean monthly flow data using MIP, the results are presented below in
Table 3.3. The river lies in region 1 according to MIP methodology. As the discharge were
measured in two different dates, for the representation purpose the mean monthly flow data have
been presented in two lists viz: MIP 1 and MIP 2 for reference discharge measured in dated
February 9, 2012 and April 9, 2012 respectively.
3
Table 3.3: Mean monthly discharge (m /s) by MIP method for Tara Khola
MIP 1: Discharge measure in February 9, 2012
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0.511 0.383 0.277 0.213 0.554 1.278 3.088 5.325 3.514 1.704 0.873 0.660
MIP 2: Discharge measured in April 9, 2012
0.511 0.383 0.277 0.213 0.554 1.278 3.088 5.325 3.514 1.704 0.873 0.660
3
Table 3.4: Mean monthly discharge (m /s) by MIP method for Mophesh Khola
MIP 1: Discharge measured in February 9, 2012
0.142 0.107 0.077 0.059 0.154 0.356 0.860 1.483 0.979 0.475 0.243 0.184
0.118 0.088 0.064 0.049 0.128 0.294 0.711 1.226 0.809 0.392 0.201 0.152
1
3
Table 3.5: Mean monthly discharge (m /s) by MIP method for Tara and Mophesh Khola
combined
Discharge measured date: February 9, 2012
0.659 0.494 0.357 0.274 0.714 1.647 3.981 6.863 4.53 2.197 1.125 0.851

0.549 0.412 0.298 0.229 0.595 1.372 3.317 5.719 3.774 1.83 0.938 0.709
WECS/DHM Method
A study on 'Methodologies for Estimating Hydrologic Characteristics of Ungauged Locations in
Nepal' was published out by WECS and DHM in July 1990. This method is also called Hydest
Method. This study uses the approach of multiple regression equations relating the physiographic
and climatologic characteristics of the selected basins to the average monthly flow values.
Altogether twelve individual monthly regression equations were developed.
The results of this study are used as an alternate approach for estimation of mean monthly
discharges at the headworks site of Tara Khola. The mean monthly discharges from WECS/DHM
method are shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6: Mean monthly discharge by WECS/DHM method of Tara Khola

331 283 246 229 282 1199 3722 4611 3612 1574 728 477
Adoption of Design Discharge

The comparison of the derived long-term mean monthly flows at the proposed intake site by
various methods is shown in Table 3.7.
1
Table 3.7: Comparison of long-term mean monthly discharges (combined Tara Khola and
Mophes Khola)
MIP 1 (lps) MIP 2 (lps)

Month Feb 9 Apr 9 WECS/DHM Method (lps)
Jan 658.88 549.06 331.11
Feb 494.16 411.79 282.64
Mar 356.89 297.4 245.56
Apr 274.53 228.78 229.31
May 713.78 594.81 281.52
Jun 1647.19 1372.64 1199.25
Jul 6240.39 3317.22 3721.69
Aug 5034.01 5719.34 4611.44
Sep 2700.5 3774.76 3611.53
Oct 1356.93 1830.19 1573.65
Nov 910.37 937.97 727.63
Dec 184.567 709.2 477.06
The above table shows the derived long-term mean monthly flows at the intake site from two MIPs
and WECS methods. In most of the cases, the WECS/DHM method gives higher estimates whereas
MIP method gives lower estimates. But in this case WECS/DHM has shown lower estimate. Since
the MIP method uses local data to adjust the regional hydrograph, it should give reasonably
accurate estimates through the dry season months, which are critical in assessing the power and
energy during the dry season. Hence, the derived mean monthly flows from the MIP method have
been adopted for this feasibility study purpose. Among the two MIP data the lower estimate of
mean monthly flow in dry seasons comes in MIP 2 i.e. with the reference discharge measured in
April 9, 2013. So for the feasibility study of this project, the discharge pattern drawn from MIP 2
has been adopted.
The long-term annual hydrographs of Tara Khola and Mophes Khola combined based on average
monthly flows carried out by different methods at the proposed Headworks sites are shown below
in Chart 3.1.
1
Comparison of MIP and WECS/DHM Methods
600
500
400
Discharge lps
300 Design Discharge (lps) MIP Method (lps)

WECS/DHM method (lps)
200
100
JanFebMarAprMayJun JulAugSepOctNovDec
Time in Months
Chart 3.1: Long-term annual hydrograph of Tara Khola(combined) by various methods
3.4 Flow Duration Curve

A flow duration curve (FDC) is a probability discharge curve that shows percentage of time a
particular flow is equaled or exceeded. Since MIP 2 method is adopted for hydrological analysis,
FDC is also prepared based on this method. The probability of exceedence and the corresponding
discharge are shown in Table 3.8 below.
Table 3.8: Probability of exceedence and discharges
S.N. Discharge (lps) Probability of Exceedence
1 5719.34 8.33%
2 3774.76 16.67%
3 3317.22 25.00%
4 1830.19 33.33%
5 1372.64 41.67%
6 937.97 50.00%
7 709.2 58.33%
8 594.81 66.67%
9 549.06 75.00%
10 411.79 83.33%
1
11 297.4 91.67%
12 228.78 100.00%
The flow duration curve of Tara Khola is shown below in Figure 3.2 based on the MIP Method.
Flow Duration Curve

7000
6000
5000
Dischar
4000
3000
Series1
2000
1000
Probability
Figure 3.2: Flow duration curve at headworks sites of Tara Khola and Mophes Khola
(Combined)
From the flow duration curve of Tara Khola and Mophes Khola combined, discharge for 80%
probability exeedence is calculated 422 lps.
3.5 Flood Hydrology
In the hydropower projects, high floods are required to be computed for designing the Headworks
structures as well as the powerhouse complex. It has been a common practice to analyze the flood
events that might occur during the driest periods for the purpose of the construction of diversion
Headworks structures. Flood hydrology has been analyzed in two parts- design high floods for the
design of Headworks, powerhouse, and other hydraulic structures and dry season floods for the
construction of river diversion structures.
Design High Floods
The study on 'Methodologies for Estimating Hydrologic Characteristics of Ungauged Locations in
Nepal (July 1990)' published by WECS/DHM uses the approach of regional flood frequency
1
analysis. The results of this study are used for estimation of flood discharges at the proposed
headworks site as well as the powerhouse site.
The study shows the results from the frequency distribution parameter prediction method, which is
a variation of the multiple regression method. The independent variable that is found to be the most
significant in all of the regression analyses is the area of the basin below 3000 m elevation. This
area represents the portion of the basin that is influenced by the monsoon precipitation. In addition,
‘Hydrological Studies of Nepal (1982)’ published by WECS uses the same parameter.
The catchment area below 3000 m elevation at headworks site of the Tara Khola Small
2
Hydropower Project is 20 km . The results of the flood estimates from the Hydest method are
presented in Table 3.9 below.
Table 3.9: Estimated high floods for Tara Khola
3 3
Return Period (yrs) Daily (m /s) Instantaneous (m /s)
2 15 27
5 24 49
10 30 66
20 37 85
50 47 113
100 54 137
200 62 163
500 74 201
1000 83 232
5000 107 318
10000 118 360
Since the catchment area of the proposed intake site is covered with forest and there is little chance
of worst flooding, the project is designed for daily 50 year return period and the adopted design
flood is 47 m3/s only.
3.6 Low Flow Analysis
The duration curve of long-term inflow series predicts the flow duration for an average
hydrological year. Individual dry and wet years would display different flow duration
characteristics. For a hydroelectric plant, sustained low flows experienced in dry years are critical
to the operation resulting in nil energy generation when the flow decreases below the minimum
1
permissible limit. The low flow discharge values, in hydropower projects, not only decide the
design flow to be diverted but also serve for environmental purposes as to how much water must be
left in the river system for the survival of the downstream aquatic flora and fauna.
In order to predict the likelihood of this occurring, a probabilistic low flow analysis is carried out
using the methodology by WECS/DHM for ungauged river basins. The results of the low flow
analysis are given in Table 4.8 below.
Table 3.10: Low flow frequency analysis
Return Period (Years) Daily Low Flow (m3/s)
2 0.17
10 0.04
20 0.02
3.7 Compensation Flow
The long-term mean monthly flow for the driest month, April, at the intake site of
3
Tara Khola is 0.180 m /sec from the MIP method. A flow equivalent to 10% of the driest flow i.e.
3
0.018 m /s will be released downstream as the compensation flow. Similarly for the Mophesh
3
Khola a compensation flow of 0.0049 m /s will be released downstream regarding its driest
3 3
discharge of 0.049 m /s in the April month. Hence, a total of 0.0229 m /sec of compensation flow
3
equivalent to 10% of the driest flow, i.e., 0.229 m /sec (combined) will be available at the
downstream of the confluence of Tara and Mophesh Khola for downstream habitants in the river
for fulfilling environmental protection requirements.
3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
The following conclusions have been drawn at the end of the hydrological studies performed under
this chapter:
3
 The adopted design discharge is 0.422 m /s depending upon the demand of power at local level.
 The 50-year design flood is 47 m3/s at the proposed headworks site.
3
 The mandatory combined compensation flow in Tara Khola at the confluence is 0.0229 m /s.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions drawn above, it is recommended that frequent discharge measurements of
Tara Khola shall be made even after the implementation of the project to verify and forecast the
long term mean annual flows and flood hydrology.
1
CHAPTER FOUR
GEOLOGICAL STUDY
4.1 Regional Geology

The Himalaya is a part of the great arcuate orogenic belt in central Asia extending from east to
west, about 2500 km length with width of 230 to 340 kM. The Himalaya was evolved as a result of
repeated deformation of the sedimentary successions that accumulated in the Tethys sea lying
between the Indian continent in the south and the Eurasian continent in the north. It lies in a unique
geological position i.e. the Indian subcontinent with normal thickness (35 km) to the south and the
Tibetan plateau the highest plateau in the world, with a double crustal thickness (70 km), to the
north (Thakur 2001). The origin of the Himalaya was attributed to the continent-continent collision
of the Indian and the Eurasian plate around 55 million years ago. Due to the continued movement
of the Indian plate, the northern margin of the Indian continent was sliced into slivers along the
three principal intracrustal thrusts: the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Main Boundary Thrust
(MBT), and the Himlayan Frontal
Thrust (HFT) from north to south respectively (Gansser 1964; Schelling and Arita 1991).
Fig 4.1: Geological Map of Nepal Himalaya (After Dahal, R.K., Hasegawa, S., 2008
1
The Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) thrust sheet consists of amphibolite to granulite facies
metamorphic rocks and is separated by a normal fault, the South Tibetan Detachment Fault (STDF)
from the overlying Cambro- Ordovician to Eocene Tethys Sedimentary Series (TSS) (Burg et al.
1984; Pecher 1991).Further south the HHC over thrust to the low grade (greenschist to lower
amphibolites facies) metasedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS). Similarly
the MBT carries the LHS on to the Mio-Pleistocene Siwalik rocks. The Himalayan Frontal Thrust
(HFT) is the youngest thrust and forms the boundary between the Siwaliks and Quaternary
sediments of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Auden (1935), Lombard (1952, 1958), Bordet and Latreille (1955) Bordet (1961), Hagen (1969),
Kyastha (1969), Hashimoto et al. (1973), Schelling (1989), Schelling (1992), Upreti et al. (2000)
Chamlagain (2000) and Rai et al. (2001) studied the geology of the eastern Nepal. The extensive
thrust sheet covering the most of eastern Nepal represents the HHC zone in the eastern Nepal. The
area has been well mapped by Schelling and Arita (1991). The deep erosion of this thrust sheet has
produced large window e.g. Taplejung and Arun window in the eastern Nepal. The LHS is
characterized by low-grade metamorphic rocks of greenschist to lower amphibolite facies
metamorphic rocks (Rai, 2001).
4.2 Geology of Project Area

4.2.1 Lithology
Geologically the project area lies in Himal Gneiss, Panglema Quartzite of Himal Group and Sarung
Khola Formation of Kathmandu Group whose geological age is Precambrian. The project area is
characterized by medium to coarse grained quartz muscovite biotite schist, banded gneisses, gneiss
and schist.
4.2.1.1 Slope and Aspect

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a list of points with their coordinates that are stored into a
file that also contains information about the topology. TIN objects contain four element types:
nodes, edges, triangles, and hulls. Nodes are the most fundamental element of a TIN and the only
element type that references spatial coordinates (x,y,z). An edge is an oriented line segment that
connects two nodes. Three edges connect three nodes to form a triangle that satisfies the Delaunay
1
criterion. Triangles represent elementary areas of the surface that describe topological relationships
between all other elements of the TIN data. A hull represents the area covered by a TIN structure.
Interpolation of z-values is only valid within a hull region.
Slope is computed by dividing a line's vertical rise or fall by the distance the line travels on the
surface (the "rise over the run") - usually expressed as a degree. The slope map shows that
headwork area has slope of 20-30 degree and penstock alignment manly passes through slope of 30
to 50 degree where as powerhouse area has slope of 0 to 10 degree which is shown below.
The compass direction towards which a slope faces, measured in degrees from North in a clockwise
direction is the aspect. Most of the projects areas have east to Northeast face aspect.
4.2.2 Geological and Geotechnical Investigation
4.2.2.1Headworks Area
The proposed Headwork’s area lies around 1 kM upstream from the confluence of the Tara Khola
and Mophesh Khola in the right bank of Tara Khola. The bedrock is characterized by grey color
fine to medium grained strong Gnesiss rock having RQD more than 60% and weathering grade of
II degree. A simple Headworks is also provided in Mophesh khola regarding the discharge of 0.440
3
m /s.
4.2.2.2Desanding Basin Area

The desanding basin lies in right bank of Tara Khola on the cultivated terrace as well as on the right
bank of Mophesh Khola. The test pit of 1mX1m was dug to understand the subsurface condition of
the area. The cultivated terrace is characterized by boulder mixed soil. The examination reveals that
the materials are alluvial deposits.
4.2.2.3 Fore Bay
The foundation is characterized by thick deposit of colluvium. The coluvial deposit comprises of
more than 5m thick compacted residual soil mix with calcareous slaty fragments. The slope is
stable. The permeability of the material is very low. No adverse geomorphic features observed
during the site investigation.
2
4.2.2.4 Penstock Alignment
Penstock profile is at gentle slope. The alligmnent of the buried penstock follows the right side of
access road to Powerhouse. The penstock allignmnet crosses the road at two places and mopesh
khola at one place and numbers of small kholsi. The basement rock is observed at shallow depth
and the alignment passes across the main foliation plane making favourable geological/
geotechnical condition. The main geological structure is most favourable to the penstock alignment.
Local joint almost across the foliation observed but found to be less impact to the stability of slope.
4.2.2.5Powerhouse Site
The power house lies in right bank terrace of Tara Khola. The terrace deposit is characterized by
more than 12m thick old alluvial deposited. The top layer dominated by sandy clay soil and the
terrace is cultivated and inhabited.
4.3 Seismicity
Interseismic monitoring of deformation with the help of the GPS geodesy indicates that Main
Himalayan Thrust is locked along the Himalaya of Nepal and the stress build up at the tip of locked
zone is responsible for the belt of micro seismic activity that runs along the front of the high range.
Motion along the Main Himalayan Thrust is thus probably stick slip and must produce recurring
large earthquakes similar to 1934 Nepal Bihar event. The moderate magnitude earthquake is
generated from thrust fault which originate within the microseismic belt in front of the high
Himalaya in the ramp. The belt of microseismicity at the front of higher Himalaya is continuous
and makes a straight trend from 87E to 82 E. west of 82E the seismicity belt is much wider and
diffused. This feature is well correlated with proposed imbrications of thrusts in geological section
(DeCelles et al 1998). Thus Nepal Himalaya can be broadly divided into two distinct section
Eastern and Western seismic belt along transverse feature passing near 82E longitude.
The generation of earthquakes is confined to the crystal depth of about 20 km. In this region it is
generated as a result of release in stresses that are accumulated in the geodynamic under- thrusting
process of the Indian plate against the Eurasian plate. The shallow depth earthquakes of the depth
up to 6-Km are the result of strike slip dislocation. Earthquakes of greater magnitudes are recorded
from the south of the seismicity belt and small and medium earthquakes have been recorded along
the Himalayas seismic zone. The seismic zone seems to run through middle part of country sub
2
parallel to the Himalayan chain confining between two major tectonic features MCT and MBT.
There has not been any large earthquake since 1934. According to Bajracharya (1994), the project
area lies in the medium risk zone.
Fig 4.2: Simplified seismic risk map of Nepal after Bajracharya 1994
Conclusions and Recommendations

Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower project lies in Tara VDC of Baglung distirct in Wesetrn
Development Region of Nepal. Geologically the project area lies in Himal Gneiss, Panglema
Quartzite of Himal Group and Sarung Khola Formation of Kathmandu Group whose geological age
is Precambrian. The project area is characterized by medium to coarse grained quartz muscovite
biotite schist, banded gneisses, gneiss and schist.
The project is of run-of river type and all major structures will be constructed on surface. Only
small protection work is required in some part for slope stabilization. The present geological
studies show that the area is suitable for the construction of Hydropower project.
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CHAPTER FIVE
ALTERNATIVE STUDY
5.1 HYDROPOWER PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

Alternative sites were studied before finalizing the proposed site. The studied site was the only
feasible site as per the available site conditions like design head and flow. The length of headrace
for this scheme is about 848.95 m long with penstock length of 1165.05 m. Apart from the site, the
two distinct alternatives are as following:
 All Penstock Pipe (Alternative I)
 Headrace Canal Plus Penstock Pipe (Alternative II)
Option I : All penstock Pipe
Option I was studied in detail and this site is not recommended because of the following reasons.
 The length of headrace is very long for available flow and head conditions.
 The penstock pipe should be exposed in possible cases and in such case, it might create problem
in paddy field.
 It is very difficult to install the penstock pipe in rounded terrain where there are a number of
bends in the alignment. The civil structures will be complex and it may also increase the project
cycle.
 The major cost of buying and installing penstock pipe goes out of the project area and thus this
option minimizes local employment.
 Additional access road may be required to lift huge penstock pipes which increases the
project cost.
Option II: Headrace Canal plus Penstock

This option is the only feasible option for this project site. This option is chosen because of
the following reasons.
 It is easier to construct headrace canal.
 Construction materials like stone and aggregate are easily available around the project area.
 Both local skilled and unskilled people can get longer employment by this option.
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 Construction period will be minimum as compared to penstock option in such topographical
conditions.
Hence, option II with headrace canal plus penstock pipe is chosen for this project.
2
CHAPTER SIX
PROJECT CONFIGURATION
6.1 Headworks / Weir / Intake

The first headwork at Tara Khola consists of about 12 long gravity type of overflow weir, intake,
intake gate and 10 m long single chambered gravel trap cum desilting basin with proper flushing
arrangement and the 10 m long side spillway. The 6 m long temporary type gabion weir is provided
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at Mophesh khola. Both intakes are capable of passing the discharge of 0.422 m /s. The intake is
provided with the trash rack, intake gate and stop log. The desanding basin is located on the right
bank of the Tara Khola just upstream of the existing earthen road while for the Mophesh Khola the
desanding basin is located on the Left bank. More details are given in the drawing. Though
3 3
theoretically it is planned to take a design discharge of 0.331 m /s from Tara Khola and 0.091 m /s
from Mophesh khola, higher size of headwork is proposed so that for about five wet months major
flow to forebay could be made from the Mophes khola alone.
Since the dry flow of the stream is only about 180 lps on Tara Khola and 49 lps on Mophesh Khola,
the discharge of the stream can be bypassed easily by temporary means and hence no permanent
structures are proposed for river diversion during construction.
6.2 Headrace Canal/ Pipe

Stone Masonry headrace canal is proposed as headrace structure and its length is 920 m from first
headworks at Tara Khola to Forebay. The size of the canal is 800 mm x 700 mm with 150 mm
thick PCC Structure base (1:2:4) along with stone masonry wall with thickness 0.3 m at top while
0.4 m at bottom. The longitudinal slope of the canal will be 1:300. There will be 300 mm stone
soling at the base. The headrace alignment has already made plain by using excavator.
Similarly, there will be 172.67 m long HDPE plus Steel type headrace pipe from Mophesh Khola to
proposed forebay. The internal dimension of this canal is proposed to be 0.5m (W) X 0.4 m
(H).The wall thickness of side wall is proposed to be 0.2 m at top and 0.3 at bottom.
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6.3 Gravel Trap cum Desilting Basin
Gravel Trap cum Desilting basin is proposed at a chainage of 25 m from the intake of Tara Khola
as well as at a chainage of 20 m from the intake of Mophesh Khola. The effective size of the tank is
10 m x 2.5 m in plan and depth varies over length for both Streams. The tank is designed to settle
the particles 0.3 mm and above diameter and the aspect ratio is maintained in 1:4 (B:L). Sediment
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concentration of 2.0 kg/m is considered. The structure will be constructed of 150 mm RCC Slab
(1:2:4) above 300 mm stone masonry in 1:4 cement mortar. The side wall would be constructed of
stone masonry in 1:4 cement mortar. Longitudinal slope of 1:50 will be maintained. The excess
discharge will be spilled to the parent stream through 10 m long spillway canal. 500 mm x 500 mm
flushing gate is proposed to flush the sediments and the width of spillway canal is 3 m. More
details are presented in drawing section.
Same size of gravel trap is proposed at Mophesh Khola side. Although the dry flow in Mophesh
Khola is smaller, higher size of gravel trap is proposed so that for about five wet months major
flow to forebay will be made from this stream.
6.4 Forebay cum Desanding Basin

Forebay tank is located at a chainage of 1050 m from intake. Forebay tank is located at the sloppy
ridge and cutting of sloppy land is proposed for the entire structural bed. The size of the tank is 13
m x 3 m x 3.0 m. In order to reduce the erosion of the guide vanes and runners of the turbines by
suspended sediments and controlling the flow in penstock, a forebay basin is required. The
dimension of the forebay basin depends on the characteristics of the river, the design discharge, and
the particle size to be removed. The tank is designed for the retention time of 3 minutes, the trap
efficiency of 90% with a particle falling diameter of 0.2 mm and the factor safety of 65%.The
forebay plan and cross section is shown in drawing section in Volume II. The overflow will be
passed to Mophesh Khola by 90 m long spillway canal. More details are given in the respective
drawing.
6.5 RCC Crossing with Inverted Siphon

Inverted siphon type crossing of 22.25 length is proposed in this scheme for the purpose of crossing
the penstock profile across mopesh khola. The R.C.C casting of pentagonal shape is proposed for
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the structural safety of penstock and also for ensuring the non-scouring condition of buried
penstock.
6.6 Penstock Alignment

This scheme is a high head scheme and gross head available at the site is 119.16 m including
positive suction head of 3.5 m at draft tube. 600 mm dia., and 1164.65 m long MS pipe is proposed
as penstock. Apart from this, there is 425 mm dia. 2-10 m (20 m) long MS bifurcation Penstock
Pipe near powerhouse. Thickness of penstock pipe will vary along the length. The thickness of
penstock varies from 5 mm to 8 mm. The whole portion of the penstock is proposed to be buried.
Concrete Thrust Block at major bends are proposed for the purpose restraining the forces in major
bends.. There are a number of horizontal and vertical bends in the alignment. More details are
covered in drawing section of this report (Volume II).
6.7 Powerhouse Building

The powerhouse will contain two units of 200 kW turbine/ generator units, associated electrical and
mechanical equipment, a service bay and a control room. The powerhouse is surface type and is on
the right bank of Tara Khola in paddy field. It contains two units of Francis turbines coupled with
generators in horizontal axis with an installed capacity of 400 kW. The dimension of the
powerhouse is 18.40 x 10.22 and the height is variable for equipment room and operator / office
room. The Space of the powerhouse is designed for housing two generating units, repair bay and
workshop room. The powerhouse plan and sections are shown in drawing section in Volume II of
this report.
6.8 Tailrace Canal

The length of the tailrace canal is 27.5 m from the powerhouse to the bank of the same river and for
this section; rectangular lined canal is designed. The final dimensions are as follows. As the
powerhouse level is above the estimated flood level, the tailrace gate has not been proposed.
Bottom width = 1500 mm
Depth = 650 mm
Freeboard = 350 mm
Bed Slope = 1 in 200
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6.9 Access Road
The earthen road (Baglung-Bihun-Argal-Tara) is constructed by the local people of Tara Khola
VDC which connects Tara VDC with the district headquarter, Baglung Bazar. The total length of
road from Baglung to Tara Khola is about 40 kM. The road connecting Tara with Harichaur is
under construction and it is expected that this road will also be completed within one year time at
local effort of Tara, Hila and Argal VDC.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
POWER AND ENERGY OUTPUT
7.1 General
This project is a runoff river scheme. This scheme has 80% exceedence flow and hence, there will
be reasonable power production even in the driest season.
7.4 Energy generation

7.4.1 Installed Capacity
The installed capacity of the plant is 394 kW from the main transformer. An installation of two 200
kW units has been selected based on the operational requirements for mini hydropower projects. At
the best efficiency point and a gross head of 119.16 m, would have a flow discharge capacity of
422 liter/sec. The project will generate full power for 9.6 months and for the 2.4 driest months the
power will be reduced.
7.4.2 Plant Efficiency
Overall efficiency of the plant is taken as 79.82%. The efficiency of Turbine has been taken as
91.5%, transmission efficiency will be 99.7%, transformer efficiency will be 98.5%, penstock
efficiency will be 95 % and generator efficiency will be 93.5%.
7.4.3 Operating Efficiency
Another allowance of 10% of the average annual energy has been made to account for potential
energy losses. The allowance is usually referred to as the operating efficiency, and takes into
account the station use, miscellaneous water losses during start up and shut down, and unscheduled
shut downs.
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7.5 Power and energy benefits
st
Climate change has been the political agenda for the 21 century in the developed nations. Even the
developing countries have been forced to move ahead with clean energy like hydropower which has
no adverse impact in producing greenhouse gases like Carbon Dioxide, Sulpher Dioxide and the
Oxides of Nitrogen. The hydro electricity will obviously replace kerosene and diesel which is
widely used as fuel in the remote areas.
Since hydropower is environmentally clean, there is a trend to attribute some value to hydropower
in terms of cost required for annulling the emission effects of thermal power plants. These benefits
are calculated in terms of energy units and are listed below.
Table 7.1: Greenhouse gases / Energy / Cost

Green house gases Emission Rate (g/kWh) External Cost (c/kWh)
C02 (Carbon Dioxide) 600 0.6
SO2 (Sulper Dioxide) 3.5 0.14
NOx Oxides of Nitrogen 0.3 0.0075
Hence, in global context, hydropower energy is beneficial equally to the rural people for enhancing
their life style and minimizing the greenhouse gases.
7.6 Demand Analysis
The proposed mini hydro project will electrify the nearer villages around this project site. The
demand of electricity for each household is assumed to be 200 watt in average. From the practical
consideration, this energy is sufficient for lighting and even running low wattage electrical
appliances like radio and television.
With the pace of development, demand for energy is growing day by day. There is demand of
energy for operating electrically driven industries in the villages. This demand will be further
studied and a detailed energy consumption plan will be prepared. Hence, there is higher demand of
electricity.
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From the demand perspective of the country, Nepal is facing a regular load shedding since the year
2007. Recently in March 2011, there is load shedding of 12 hours a day, which is obviously a
miserable scenario. The load forecast made by Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS) in 1997
shows that there will be power demand of about 1449 MW in 2018. But the present figure shows
that the demand still might go higher with the pace of industrialized development. So, hydropower
might be one of the opportunities to Nepal, if can be utilized properly in time.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
HYDROMECHANICAL AND ELECTROMECHANICAL WORKS
8.1 Hydro mechanical Works

8.1.1 Trashrack
There are three trashracks in this scheme. There will be one trashrack at Tara Khola intake, one
trashrack at Mophesh Khola intake and the other in forebay. Coarse trashrack will consist of iron
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flats with section 5 x 50 mm @ 30 mm c/c distance and 10 mm bars for bracing. Fine trashrack
2 @
will consist of iron plates of section 5x50 mm 10 mm c/c distance and 8 mm bars for bracing.
The respective sizes are given in the drawing section (Volume II) of this report. The objective of
the trash rack is to protect the whole system from logs and other large waterborne objects from
entering the canal. The trash rack at penstock inlet protects leaves, twigs and small branches from
entering the penstock.
8.1.2 Flushing Arrangement
There will be three sets of 500 mm x 500 mm flushing gates (one at Tara Khola Gravel Trap, one at
Mophesh Khola gravel trap and the other at forebay spillway). Apart from this there will be 2 m x 1
m gate at forebay to control flow at penstock pipe. There will one sluice gate at intake (2 m x 1.5
m).
8.1.3 Penstock Pipe and accessories
600 mm dia. MS pipe of different thickness have been proposed for this scheme. Total length of
penstock pipe is 1164.65 m. Penstock thickness varies from 5 mm to 8 mm. The penstock pipe can
be fabricated by Nepali manufacturers as well. The detail bill of quantity of penstock and
accessories is given in the table below.
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Table 8.1 : Penstock Details
ITEM Length Weight/unit
SN DESCRIPTION No. (m) / length Quantity Unit Remarks
Penstock Pipe (600
1 mm dia.)
1.10 5 mm thick Pipe 1 230 82.5 18975 Unit Wt/m=82.5 kg
1.20 6 mm thick Pipe 1 341.825 99 33840.675 Unit Wt/m=99 kg
1.30 7 mm thick Pipe 1 385 115.5 44467.5 Unit Wt/m=115.5kg
1.40 8 mm thick Pipe 1 207.825 132 27432.9 Unit Wt/m=132 kg
Bifurcation Pipe (425
1.50 mm dia.) 2 10 94.6 1892 Unit Wt/m=94.6 kg
1.60 Expansion Joints
425mm dia. Expansion
1.6.1 Joint 2 100 200
Y-bend(600 mm to 415
1.70 mm) 1 250 250 kg
1.80 Bends 81 125 10125
Base Plates, C-Clamps
1.90 etc. 81 10 810
137993.08 kg
Due to some advantages of buried penstocks over surface penstocks in the proposed site condition
such as the penstock can be protected against temperature effects, landscape would not get affected,
and supports and expansion joints can be eliminated it is proposed that the penstock pipe would be
buried at all places. In case of major bends and bends at lower section thrust resistant blocks are
proposed to withstand various forces acting. More details about the locations of structures have
been presented in drawing section of this report.
8.1.4 Valves
2 numbers of 425 mm dia. Butterfly valve shall be installed at the incoming mains of the turbine.
The valves shall withstand pressure of minimum of 15 bar. The valve is provided for the opening
and safe closure of the flow under maximum static as well as dynamic heads including operations
on some critical stages like sudden rejection of load and speed overrun beyond certain limit.
Mechanical operation of the inlet valve shall be carried out hydraulically with pressurized oil
system through servometer, which shall ultimately be controlled by the governor. The material of
the valve and casing should be strong enough to withstand the internal pressures. An expansion
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joint shall be placed between the valve and turbine, a reduction for connection with the pressure
pipe. A valve opening and closing position indicator system shall also be included.
8.1.5 Turbine
Power generation in this scheme will be made by Francis turbine. The turbines will have
cumulative rated electrical output of 448 kW. The turbine shall be designed and manufactured in
Nepal. The manufacturer has to detail design the turbine based on the given parameters listed below
in the specification of the proposed turbine.
Specification of the proposed turbine:
Type : Francis
Rated output per unit : 214 kW
Layout : Horizontal Shaft
Net Head : 119.16 m
Design Discharge : 422 lps (211 lps per unit)
No. of units 2
Turbine RPM 1500
Rated efficiency : 91.5 %
Specific Speed 69
Turbine setting : 3.5 above tailrace level
Runaway speed : 3300 rpm
Discharge diameter : 270 mm
The final specification might be changed as per the design standard of the manufacturers.
8.1.6 Governor
8.1.6.1 Governor
Electro-hydraulic or PLC micro-computer PID flow regulator complete with servo motor, oil sump,
solenoid valves and mounting accessories. The regulator will work in conjunction with a fly wheel
mounted along the extended alternator shaft rotating at 1500 rpm to maintain over speed and
pressure surge. Recommended closing time of the governor servomotor to close the turbine wicket
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gates from fully open position to fully closed position is not less than 3.8 seconds for the given
penstock pipe line. This is expected to keep the pressure surge within 20%.
While operating in parallel with the grid, load acceptance will dnot be an issue. But, when the plant
gets de-coupled from the grid, it is important to limit the runaway condition. The turbine and
alternator are both designed to withstand the runaway speed, so shutting down the turbine valve
within a time more than the critical time for the penstock will be fine, provided the generator is de-
excited to keep from any unwanted over voltage generation and damage to control and
instrumentation systems.
The plant is also meant to run in island mode. It is possible that the load to be supplied by the plant
in island mode reaches the full generating capacity in future. Thus, in the worst case the plant
should be able to operate with the prescribed limit of over voltage and over frequency temporarily
when full rated load is applied in one step or removed in one step. To attain a temporary speed
deviation of not exceeding 40%, it is recommended to install a fly wheel along the alternator shaft
rotating at 1500rpm such that the total inertia of rotating mass is at least 180 kgm2. It shall be the
responsibility of the supplier of the equipment to design a fly wheel mass considering the inertia of
the other machines such as the turbine, alternator, etc.
Recommended parameters of the governing system are as follows.
Power supply: AC/DC Duplex Power Supply Module

Dead-zone of speed: ≤0.04%
Servomotor Lagging Time: ≤0.2s
Governing law: PID, each parameter independently
adjustable
NL to FL droop setting: 0 - 10%
Dead-zone of Manual Set Frequency: 0 - 1.0 Hz
Output Frequency: 45 - 55Hz
Working Mode: Automatic & manual
Manual Working by Mechanics
8.1.7 Drive System

When the turbine and the generator operate at the same speed and can be placed so that their shafts
are in line, direct coupling is the right solution; virtually no power losses are incurred and
maintenance is minimal. Turbine manufactures will recommend the type of coupling to be used,
either rigid or flexible although a flexible coupling that can tolerate certain misalignment is usually
recommended.
3
For such power range (100 to 1000 kW), the turbine runner is coupled directly to the generator's
shaft with suitable bolting connection in case of Pelton, turgo and Francis turbine. In case of Cross
flow and low speed Kaplan turbine, belt or gear drive (speed increaser) will be used to match the
synchronous speed of the generator. However Cross-flow type of turbine will not be recommended
due to its low efficiency for this output range.
The recommended drive system is as follow:
8.1.7.1 Direct coupling
8.1.7.2 Horizontal alignment
8.1.7.3 Flexible couplings to connect turbine shaft and alternator shaft to the coupling as per
the manufacturer design
8.1.8 Flywheel
An adequate sized flywheel shall be provided for each generating unit to guarantee the correct
operation of the system in island mode of operation. The flywheel shall be mounted on the
alternator extension shaft between generator and turbine.
8.1.9 Cooling water supply system

Cooling water supply will provide necessary amount of water for cooling lubricating oil, governor
oil and generators if necessary. In addition to supply for cooling water, water may have to be
provided for shaft sealing and fire fighting system.
The water for heat exchangers and cooling coils may be taken from the tailrace the cooling and
service water system will supply water in sufficient quantity to the following components.
 Main generator coolers
 Bearing oil coolers
 Governor oil coolers
 Turbine shaft sealing
 Washing and cleaning points
The water system is served by a filter station comprising:

 Two pre filter in each supply line
 Two self cleaning rotary strainers
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 Valve and piping
 AC and DC pumps
8.1.10 Drainage water and dewatering system

Adequate drainage and dewatering system for the turbine floor and switchyard are designed. The
dewatering will be done immediately, through a properly designed system. In case of turbine floor,
drains leads to sump pit a proper locations and dewatering is done using sump pump to tailrace.
Outlet of the drainage pipe is arranged above the maximum flood level. Drainage pumps with
spares are of adequate capacity for dewatering pumps with associated valves and pipe works are
located in the drainage sump.
In general, the drainage and dewatering system serves the following purposes:
 Drain the powerhouse seepage water

 Dewater the power conduit
 Drain the powerhouse in the event of a pipe fracture.
 Drain the switchyard.
8.1.11 Compressed Air System
Two separate compressed air systems with required pressure are provided namely:
 A service compressed air system
 A governor compressed air system
Both the systems are fed by two compressors. Under normal operating conditions, one compressor
acts as duty and the other as stand by. The service air system supplies compressed air for:
 Brakes of the generator
 Ring piping in the powerhouse for connection of pneumatic tools
 Control equipment of the air system.
The governor air system supplies compressed air due to air lost by leakage or absorption for the air/
oil pressure vessel of the turbine governors.
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8.1.12 Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
Ventilation system for the powerhouse is of natural type with provision for adequate number of
smoke exhaust fans, supply air fans and return air fans and for control room air conditioning system
is used.
Main purpose of the ventilation system for the powerhouse is as follows:

 To provide adequate fresh air for the powerhouse personnel
 To remove heat generated by the mechanical and electrical equipment
 To provide smoke exhaust ventilation in case of fire to minimize the circulation of smoke and
product of combustion
 To provide CO2 evacuation form the generator enclosure following operation of the generator
fire protection system.
The ventilation system includes air-conditioning system is used to provide fresh filtered and cooled
air to the plant room and areas including control room, office rooms, visitor room, relay room,
lobby, first aid room and other important areas. These areas are ventilated by packaged type air
conditioners and ventilation system. Each of the air conditioning units are sized for 100% load
standby service. Ambient air from the different room is continuously exhausted out of the plant. In
addition, unit electric heaters wall mounted or hung from ceilings, in the following locations are
furnished: cooling water valve room, workshop tool room and turbine floor. Ventilation system is
provided in various powerhouse rooms and areas where ambient is not air conditioned and the areas
are divided into different zones which have fresh filtered outside air continuously supplied, for
example, switchgear room, officer room, machine hall, generator floor, turbine floor and the draft
tube floor.
8.1.13 Powerhouse crane

One double girder Electric Overhead Travelling crane with a hook capacity of 5 tons is proposed
inside the powerhouse. Both the units will be handled by the crane. This crane is used for lifting
and handling any equipment during installation, maintenance and operation of the plant. It is
anticipated that the generator, rotor and shaft are the heaviest part to be lifted by the EOT crane.
The crane is equipped with one main and one auxiliary hoist. It should be noted that additional
3
lifting devices such as monorail, chain blocks, wheeled platform/ trolleys etc are required for lifting
and moving equipment in areas which are out of reach of the overhead crane. Access is provided to
the overhead crane by staircase for maintenance.
In addition, the crane has an emergency stop button switch. Provision for manual operation of
auxiliary hoist is also provided in case of emergency.
8.1.14 Unit Braking System

A unit braking system will be installed to quickly bring the rotating parts of the turbine and
generator to a stand still position, when the unit is being shut down. It is generally required that the
time taken by the rotating parts to come to a stand still from 30% of the normal operating speed
should be less than 3 minutes.
The brake may be engaged pneumatically as well as hydraulically. If air is being used, it will be
supplied by the compressed system. Hydraulic brake will be fed by the high-pressure oil system
8.1.15 Fire protection system

A complete fire detection system will be installed in the powerhouse. The system will comprise of
smoke detectors and heat sensors installed in appropriate locations. The fire detection system will
automatically produce audible and visible alarm signals. Also provision can be made for activating
appropriate fire frightening system.
The fire fighting equipment will consist of carbon dioxide deluge system also provision can be
made for high pressure water deluge and sprinkle system as well as low pressure water hose
system. The water for fire fighting shall be tapped from the penstock pipes just above the inlet
valve. The pressure of the water from the penstock is sufficient for the fire-fighting job and the
service of booster pumps will not be required. Use of pressure reducer valves may be required
instead for the high-pressure system. It will be must for the low-pressure water hose system. The
water so supplied will be passed through strainers of appropriate size so that plugging of the
sprinkler heads could be avoided.
A low-pressure water hose system will be provided at regular intervals in the powerhouse,
transformer gallery and access tunnel. The system will consist of fire hose of appropriate size with
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adjustable spray nozzle.The portable extinguishers are of dry chemical heavy-duty type and air
pressurized type.
8.2 Electromechanical Works
8.2.1 Generator
The generator is intended for use in grid mode as well as isolated mode. Isolated mode each
generator will have to work in environment typical of island-mode such as unbalanced loading. The
generators are sized accordingly. Generators will be supplied fully assembled and dynamically
balanced characterized by following.
Type Synchronous
No. of units Two
Rated Power Output, kW 200 kW, continuous duty in island mode as well as grid-mode
Generator KVA 300 KVA, Class F temperature rise
Insulation class Class H through out
Type Rotating field, self-excited, self regulated, brushless with AVR
Rated Speed 1500 RPM
Layout Directly coupling
No of Phases 3
Connection Star
Frequency, Hz 50
Power Factor 0.8
Efficiency 93%
Generation Voltage, V 230/400 nominal
Nominal voltage 400V
Maximum operating voltage range +5%, -5% at steady state
Nominal frequency 50 Hz
Maximum operating frequency +2.5%, -2.5% at steady state
range
Total harmonic distortion < 5%
Runaway speed capability 3300rpm, determined by that of turbine
Short circuit capability 1 at 0.9 PF or better
Damper winding Yes, connected
Mounting Horizontal, 2 bearing, self lubricated
Protection class IP 23 or better
Cooling Open ventilated, self cooling by rotor mounted fan
Temperature detector RTD in Stator
The generator shall be self regulated, self excited, brushless, with revolving field, with short circuit
coil in the rotor for parallel operation and operation with 30% unbalanced load. Brushless
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excitation system is preferred for the exciter unit, which has to be directly coupled to the main
turbine shaft.
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), all the protection schemes, control logic should be integrated
in the generator system. The alternator shall be designed to support full over speed, a system brakes
shall be provided on the inertial wheel.
Regarding operation in low flow, generator shall ensure a good range of efficiency throughout a
wide variation in load. All the structural details, material, cooling system and insulation will be
confirmed to ISO 9001 standards.
8.2.2 Excitation System

The excitation system installed for each generator excitation will be of brushless type and will
consist of 3 phase alternating current rotating exciter (A.C. exciter) which, through rotating
rectifiers, supplies the main field. The regulation system will consist of an AVR with short circuit
maintenance capability feature. The excitation system shall have sufficient capacity that the
generator is capable of supplying continuous rated current at rated voltage, power factor and
frequency. Provision shall be made for both automatic and manual control of exciter voltage.
The runway speed of generator should be same as the turbine.
The voltage regulating equipment will consist of reactive power limiter, reactive power control
equipment and other accessories including remote voltage trimmer. The AVR will be of high speed,
quick response type.
The general requirement for AVR shall be as follows:

- The voltage control under steady state condition shall be + 5% of rated terminal voltage.
- Transient over voltage resulting from sudden load rejection at any load shall not exceed above
30% of the voltage held before the occasion of sudden load rejection.
- Under excitation limitation
- Over excitation limiter with sustained short circuit current capability to enable tripping of breaker
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8.2.3 Control, Protection and Monitoring System
8.2.3.1 Monitoring of plant
(a) General-
Monitoring of various hydraulic, mechanical and electrical parameters of the plant will be done and
displayed. These will include:
 Penstock pressure indication
 Turbine and accessories - Pressure and levels in oil pressure system; Status of inlet and other
valves, Speed; Guide vane or flow regulator or nozzle opening position
 Generator - Stator winding temperature; Generated voltage, frequency, hours of operation,
current, kW, power factor, kWh, kVar
 Transformers - Oil level; Tap position
 Grid system & transmission line - Grid voltage, frequency; Power export / import (kW),
Current (Amp), Kilowatt hour (kWh) export / import
 Station auxiliaries - Battery DC voltage & current, charge condition
(b) Indicating meters -

Digital multifunction meters will be provided to measure and display several parameters on
selection, as well as provides routine display. Few analogue meters like power meters (kW),
voltmeters, ameters with selector switches will be provided for operational facilities.
(c) Indicating lamps –

Indicating lamps of suitable colours as per code and practices will be provided on control panels
for indication status of machine and various auxiliaries, electrical equipment like breaker, isolator,
AC/DC supply system etc.
4
Detailed Feasibility Study of Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project,Tara VDC, Baglung
(d) Alarm & annunciations –

The protection system relays and auxiliary relays will provide signals to alarm and annunciation
system. A set of annunciation windows shall be provided on control panels for each fault clearing
relay. Alarm and trip annunciation indicate the fault and advise operating personnel of the
changed operating conditions.
(e) PLC based system –

PLC based control system is an option for such small size plant. It is left up to the contractor to
provide suitable system to control, monitor the plant automatically in addition to manual systems
with local and remote facilities.
(f) Two level monitoring –

Two level monitoring will be provided on most non-emergency and gradually emerging
situations with one level initiating alarm and next level initiating shutting down the plant or
tripping the breaker for de-loading as appropriate.
8.2.3.2 Controlling of Plant

(a) General -
For such small size installation simplicity of control system is advised, but without
compromising unit dependability and personal safety. Simplicity of control is desirable to keep
total cost of installed equipment as well as cost of maintenance, repair and tests at economical
level. Moreover a simpler system is more reliable as compared to complex one.
(b) Generator connection to systems

There will be two units of turbine-generator. Thus there is a need to synchronize among the two
u nits as well as with the grid. As conventional method of synchronizing, the generators are
readied manually for the synchronization. The generator/s is started, accelerated to near
synchronous speed and excitation is applied. If the common bus is not energized already, the
breaker is closed remotely from the push button. If the bus is energized already (from another
unit or from the grid), the voltage and the frequency are matched and unit is synchronized to the
4
system, by closing generator circuit breaker or contactor. When done perfectly no current surge
will occur. For simplicity, it is advised manual provisions are made for synchronizing of
generator with synchro-check relay prohibiting wrong synchronization. Voltage adjustments
before synchronization and after synchronization for kVar load sharing will be done
through the remote trimmer/s at the synchronization panel. Manual synchronizing
necessitates availability of continuous display of voltage, frequency, phase angle and devices
to control voltage and speed on the control panel. Transducers or signal transmitters will be
provided either at the control panel or at the equipment.
Status and Alarm Requirements

- Unit ready to start
- Breaker position
- Fire alarm
- Emergency status alarm (requires immediate attention)
- Unit stopped (when not required)
- Unit running (when required)
- Low hydraulic system pressure
- Loss of power
(c) Unit control
The control logic system for mini hydro start stop sequencing can be provided by hardwired relay
logic, programmable controller or microprocessor based systems or a combination of these. The
unit control system should be designed to perform following functions:
- Data gathering and monitoring
- Start stop control sequence
- Annunciation & alarm conditions
- Temperature monitoring
- Metering & instrumentation
- Event recording
- Synchronizing and connecting the unit to grid
- Control of real & reactive power
The unit control system must be able to provide startup and shutdown sequencing under both
normal and abnormal conditions. Under normal conditions, the unit is started and stopped in
manner that produces minimal disturbance to the system. For instance of normal stop sequence
4
entails a controlled unloading of machine and when completely unloaded, the generator breakers
or contactor is tripped. On the other hand protective relay operation will initiate immediate
tripping of the unit and complete shutdown as quickly as possible.
For certain mechanical troubles the unit is unloaded as quickly as possible before tripping, in
order that the potential damage from over speed is avoided.
The unit control system, in order to control and monitor various control sequences, must interface
with number of plant systems, including auxiliary system – pumps & valves, Governor load
control, Excitation load control. Typical unit control sequences with synchronous generators are
depicted in flow charts below.
i. Startup:
Pre-start checks
- Prot device reset
- Water level
Turbnormal
gate Turbine
Generator Unit
V & F Excitation
Excitation &
- Breaker limit
open raised gate open
breaker accelerates to
matched applied and
governor on
- Turb gate closed to NL
closed near
with bus (if voltage
regulator
Adjust Watts Unit
position synchronous
bus already builds
mode up
ii. -Normal orVar
Grid system
and mechanical
check
- Stop sequence reset
trouble initiated
generating as shutdown:
supplied by required
unit
Unit operating And
Turbapplied
Unit decelerates and stops Brakes gate completely
if requiredclosed
Unit Unit at NL state Generator
Generator
iii. Normal shutdown
electrical
initiated Or
trouble unloads at breaker
de- sxcited
opens
initiatedprotection
Mechanical shutdown: normal rate
Or
device initiated
Generator breaker opened
Unit operating Turbine gate completely closed
AND Electrical Excitation removed
Unit decelerates Brakes applied
protection device
operates
Unit stops
4
(d) Synchronizing Equipment

A synchronizing panel and common unit panel will be combined into one. The common unit
compartment will include common bus, breaker and instrumentation. The synchronization
compartment will include monitoring and controls for synchronization and connection of the
unit/s to the common bus.
(e) 11KV control & monitoring

A 11KV panel will be provided in the powerhouse to monitor the power and energy supplied to
the NIPS. A pole mounted local VCB panel will control the manual switching of VCB, it will be
interlocked with the LV bus such that it will not be possible to close it when the LV bus is live.
The panel will be supplied fed from the PT and CTs mounted on the outdoor switchyard poles to
monitor grid condition and take appropriate action in case of abnormality such as grid failure,
voltage unbalance, over current.
8.2.3.3 Protection of plant

Small hydro turbine-generators should be protected against mechanical, electrical, hydraulic
and thermal damage that may occur as a result of abnormal conditions in the plant or in the
utility system to which the plant is electrically connected. The abnormal operating conditions
that may arise should be detected automatically and corrective action taken in a timely fashion to
minimize the impact. Relays (utilizing electrical quantities), temperature sensors, pressure or
liquid level sensors, and mechanical contacts operated by centrifugal force, etc., may be utilized
in the detection of abnormal conditions. These devices in turn operate other electrical and
mechanical devices to isolate the equipment from the system. Depending upon the
sophistication and fine details of probable malfunction to detect and protect from, the
protection requirement can be very complex.
For the given mini-hydro size, the following minimum malfunction detection and protection
from are recommended.
4
(a) Equipment Trouble
Turbines - Over speed (immediate shut down)

Hydraulic Control System - Low oil level, Low oil pressure (controlled action) Water Passage
Equipment - Water level control malfunction (controlled action)
Generator - Stator winding high temperature, Low frequency, High
frequency,
Overvoltage, Under voltage, over current, reverse power, Unbalanced current (electrical shut
down)
Main transformer - Abnormal oil level, Buchholz relay (controller action)
Over current (electrical shut down)
Utility System Troubles - Ground or phase faults, Single phasing, Abnormal voltage, System
separation (islanding) (electrical shut down)
Others -Transient over voltage and surge
Short circuit, Earth fault (electrical shut down)
MCCBs, which offer O/C and short circuit protection are adequate for the size of plant under
consideration. The MCCB to act as generator breaker will have shunt trip for disconnecting
generator in the event of fault, and motorized closing / opening mechanism for remote operation
including synchronization.
8.2.4 Power Cable

The power cables connecting each generator terminal to the incomer at generator control panel,
outgoing terminals at generator panel to the common LV bus panel (cum synchronization panel),
and outgoing terminals at LV common bus panel to the step up transformer at the switchyard are
specified as follows.
- Generator to control panel: 2 x single core 400mm2 XLPE copper armored for each phase
wires, and 1 x single core 400mm2 XLPE copper armored for neutral
- Generator control panel to common bus panel: 2 x single core 400mm2 XLPE copper
armored for phase wires, and 1 x single core 400mm2 XLPE copper armored for neutral;
The cables will be laid in a single trench, and buried directly under ground at a depth of
0.5m.
4
- LV common bus panel to step up transformer: 3 x single core 600mm2 XLPE aluminum
armored for each of the phases, No neutral as the transformer primary is delta; The cables
will be laid in 3 separate trenches, buried directly under ground at a depth of 0.5m.
Power cables will be laid underground. Considering the de-rating factors, ampacity and short
circuit handling capability, the above mentioned cable sizes will be adequate to handle the at site.
Copper bus bars of sufficient section shall be used in the generator control panel and LV common
bus panel to handle the required fault level safely. The final engineering shall be done by the
contractor and furnished to engineer for approval.
8.2.5 Auxiliary
Lifting mechanism – The maximum weight of be handled in the mini-hydro should not exceed 1
ton. For this mobile type 3 ton capacity lifting mechanism is recommended.
Water level sensor – A fore bay water level sensor is recommended to optimally use the turbine
during low flow periods. A lightning protection mast with grounding will be provided to
minimize damages due to atmospheric lightning as the fore bay is located out in the open and
often at an elevated location.
Battery system – 24V dc supply will be maintained to provide auxiliary supplies to indicators,
protections, motor/s, control & switchgear. A battery compartment in sheet steel housing will
include necessary batteries (65 AH), charger, indicators, meters, protection and switchgear.
Lighting system – 230V ac lighting system will be provided throughout inside the powerhouse,
outside at the switchyard and inside the operator room to provide adequate lighting. A 2KVA
UPS / Inverter shall be used to derive as power source to supply emergency lighting at times of
maintenance when the generators are not operational. The UPS / inverter will get energized from
battery source even during AC supply failure to supply control and protection devices that
require 230Vac auxiliary supply.
Copper bus bars of sufficient section shall be used in the generator control panel and LV
common bus panel to handle the required fault level safely. The final engineering shall be
done by the contractor and furnished to engineer for approval.
8.2.5 Station service transformer

A 3-phase, 0.4kV/ 400-230V transformers will be provided for station supply. The primary side
of transformer shall be protected by fuse and connected to generating bus bar and the secondary
4
side shall be protected by moulded case circuit breaker and connected to low voltage bus for
distribution to different station service system.
Ratings of station supply transformer will be as follows:

Number 1
Type : 3 phase 4 wire dry epoxy-resins molded
Rated capacity : 25 kVA
Rated primary voltage : 0.4kV
Rated secondary voltage : 400-230V
Vector group : Dyn11
Cooling : dry
Temperature rise above ambient temperature of 40 degree C
0
Of Winding by resistance :60 C
Frequency : 50 Hz
Vector group as per IEC-60076 : Dyn11
Maximum primary voltage : 0.44kV
Maximum secondary voltage : 0.44kV
Type of tap changer : off load tap changer at primary side
Range of taps : + 2 X 2.5%
Percentage impedance at rated MVA : 3.5%
8.2.6 Isolator
The isolator shall be used , as disconnecting switch provided after step up transformer required
for isolating the circuit during maintenance periods. The switch shall be installed in the 11 kV
panel and operates on no load condition only. Each part of the isolators shall be provided with sub
tropical finish to prevent fungus growth.
Type : Indoor type, Single throw, hand operated with grounding
No. of units : 1
Current Capacity : 630 A
Rated Voltage : 11 kV
Phases : 3 phase
4
8.2.7 Circuit Breaker

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) shall be used in low voltage side. The ACB shall be located inside the
powerhouse. Draw out type ACB shall be used in powerhouse, which operates both as breaker as
well as disconnecting swithch (isolator). The ACB shall be of 3-phase as single throw in
operation.
Specifications are given below.
ACB
Type : 3P, Single throw draw out type
No : 2
Location : On generator side
System Voltage : 600 V
Rated Voltage : 1000 V
Rated Current : 1000 A
Vaccum Circuit Breaker (VCB) shall be used in 11 kV side. The VCB shall be located inside the
powerhouse. The VCB shall be 3phase as single throw in operation.
VCB:
Type : 3P, Single throw draw out type
No : 2
Location : After power transformer
System Voltage : 11000 V
Rated Voltage : 12000 V
Rated Current : 400 A
Regarding operation and function of circuit breaker, they will be capable of breaking maximum
fault current in system at minimum response time. Manual, automatic and remote control system
of the CB shall be provided as well.
8.2.8 Control and Protection System
Two sets of Francis Turbine is proposed for this scheme. The turbine set shall be provided with
complete set of runner, inlet valve, auxiliary equipment, and other accessories. One set of
5
generator of 300 kVA capacities operating at generation voltage level of 400 V are directly
coupled with the turbine. The generation voltage 400 V is stepped up to 11kV with the help of
power transformer of capacity 600 kVA. The output power from the transformer is connected to
the distribution transformers by 3-wire squirrel conductors. The 11kV transmission line is taken
out from bus bar.
The energy meter shall be placed after the power transformer inside the powerhouse on 11 kV
side for power trading purposes in future. At present the tariff will be collected on the basis of
the average watt consumption.
The complete control and supervision of the power equipment will be made possible to operate
from the control room inside the powerhouse with the help of integrated control and protection
system. The control room shall consist of control panel and control desk. The control panel shall
have indications and alarms for any type of mechanical and electrical failures and trips. It also
consists of automatic recorders for generator kW, kWh, voltage and temperature measurements.
The control desk shall consists of indicating lamps and alarm for sequence control operation
and displaying single line diagram up to 11 kV feeder line with push buttons/handles for
"emergency stop".
The station shall be directly fed from 400 V bus bar ,with required control and protection
system. It shall be used for lighting powerhouse, switchyard, charging DC batteries, which are
used for startup and emergency lighting.
Battery and Battery Charger
A bank of battery and battery charger must be provided to supply DC power for control and
protection system. The battery shall be located inside the powerhouse and connected to the
distribution board and battery charger.
Automatic Synchronizing Equipment
One common set of automatic synchronizing equipment shall be provided in as steel cubicle. The
automatic synchronizing equipment shall permit manual or automatic control of turbine speed,
5
generator voltage and breaker closing for connecting the generator to running system with
minimum disturbance. The equipment shall include an automatic synchronizer, a voltage
balancing relay and a speed breaker.
8.3 TRANSFORMER AND SWITCHYARD
8.3.1 Power Transformer
One main transformer will be provided to step up the generation voltage form 0.4kV to the
transmission voltage 11kV. The generated power will be delivered to NEA at 11kV at nearby
grid which will be connected to Harichaur substation, Baglung. The main transformer will be
located at the outdoor switchyard. Lightning arrestors will be provided in 11kV line side to
protect the equipments against over-voltages caused by lightning and switching surges.
The main parameters of the power transformers are summarized

below:
Number of unit 1
Type : 3-phase, oil immersed
Rated capacity : 600 kVA
Type of cooling : ONAN
Permissible temperature rise of winding by
0 0
resistance : 65 C above ambient temp of 40 C
0 0
Permissible temperature rise of oil by thermometer : 55 C above ambient temp of 40 C
Number of phase 3
Frequency : 50 Hz
Nominal voltage primary (L.V. side) : 0.4kV
Nominal voltage secondary (H.V. side) : 11kV
Maximum voltage primary : 0.44kV
Maximum voltage secondary : 12kV
Vector group symbol as per IEC 60076 : YNd11
Mounting : Pad mounting
Tap changer : Off-line tap changer ± 2 X 2.5%
8.3.2 Switchyard and its Components

The switchyard of the power plant shall be of outdoor type. The connection between generator
and the primary side of the transformer shall be made by the power cable of sufficient capacity
laid underground. The 11KV bus bar will be outdoor pole mounted using ACSR DOG conductor.
The11KV bus and associated gears will be used couple several circuits (a) mini-hydro generators
(b) NIPS (c) distribution transformers. Following gears will be employed at the switch yard.
- Pole mounted DO fuse to connect transformer to 11KV bus
5
- Pole mounted lightning arresters at transformer HV terminals

- Pole mounted isolator switch between NIPS and VCB
- Pole mounted VCB between 11KV bus and NIPS
- Pole mounted DO fuses at each of the outgoing distribution line connecting distribution
transformers
The electrical single line diagram shows the orientation and positioning of the various devices.
The suitable clearances and fencing around the switchyard shall be provided for safety
consideration to make it inaccessible to unauthorized persons.
Specifications recommended for various switchyard components are given the the
Technical Specification section.
8.3.3 Distribution Transformers
This project electrifies 2200 households from Tara, Hila and Argal VDCs of Baglung district.
There will be 12 distribution transformers namely: 6-50 kVA, 1-35 kVA, 5-25 kVA (11/0.4 kV
and three phase) distribution transformers. Summary of the transformers with some specifications
have been given below.
Specifications of Distribution Tranformers
Technical Specification for 50 kVA Distribution Transformer
Power : 50 kVA , Three Phase and 50 HZ
Voltage Ratio : 11/0.4 kV
Voltage Ratio : Dyn11
Approx. Wt. : 420 kg
Oil : 120 litre

Oil : 100 litre

No. of Units 3
Oil : 90 litre
5
Table 8.2 : Summary of Distribution Transformers

Power Oil Weight
S. No. Transformer Location Households Phase
kVA (Litre) (Kg)
Karimila, Tara 600 3
1 TO0 VDC kVA Phase
Karimila, Tara 50 3
2 TO1 VDC 151 kVA Phase 100 350
Machhar School, 25 3
3
TO2 Tara VDC 110 kVA Phase 90 310
Rumphedi, Tara 50 3
25 3
5 TO4 Laban, Tara VDC 86 kVA Phase 90 310
Belaspur, Tara 25 3
Sagubot, Tara 50 3
Dalanchowr, Tara 35 3
Sinkuchi, Hila 50 3
Argal School, 50 3
10 TO9 Argal VDC 250 kVA Phase 120 420
Khaldada, Argal 25 3
Hari HSS, Hila 50 3
12 TO11 VDC 252 kVA Phase 120 420
Kakrakhor, Hila 25 3
Transformers from T1-T12 are distribution transformers. All 25, 35 and 50 transformers are 3-
phase transformers. Details about each transformer and its accessories are given in the annex.
Squirrel conductor is proposed for 11 kV overhead line in local supply. In distribution line of 0.4
kV squirrel, weasel and rabbit conductors are proposed. Voltage drop calculation for each
transformer is given in the annex. Single line diagram has been also given in drawing section in
Volume II and it gives the details of each transformers with regards to transformer size,
phase,households to be electrified and distance to consecutive transformers.
5
CHAPTER NINE
STUDY ON POWER TRANSMISSION
9.1 Transmission and Distribution Network

All the households in Tara, Hila and Argal VDCs of Baglung district will electrified by this
scheme. The brief summary of high tension and low tension line in line with total distance
covered by conductors and transformers is given in the table below.
Table 9.1: Summary of single and three phase line

S.N. Conductor Type T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Total
1 3Ph:Squirrel 2595 1450 1300 150 1725 860 8080
2 1Ph:Squirrel 5290 1640 4385 2620 5105 3115 22155
3 3Ph: Rabbit 2135 0 0 0 1405 616 4156
4 1Ph:Rabbit 0 0 0 0 250 0 250
5 11 kV+3Ph Squirrel 2340 300 740 560 275 247 4462
6 11 kV+1Ph Squirrel 600 435 0 440 0 0 1475
7 11 kV+3 Ph Rabbit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 kV line (HT
8 Line) 23548 0 0 0 0 0 23548
Total of Individual
Transformers 36508 3825 6425 3770 8760 4838 64126
T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 Total
1 3Ph:Squirrel 230 2780 930 1110 2550 1170 8770
2 1Ph:Squirrel 1985 6475 3375 4895 4985 4055 25770
3 3Ph: Rabbit 0 2290 668 1260 1000 0 5218
4 1Ph:Rabbit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 3Ph: Dog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 11 kV+3Ph Squirrel 1805 820 268 760 400 0 4053
7 11 kV+1Ph Squirrel 1190 890 0 250 0 0 2330
5
8 11 kV+3 Ph Rabbit 0 130 0 0 440 0 570

9 11 kV + 3 Ph Dog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total of Individual
Transformers 5210 13385 5241 8275 9375 5225 8770
Total 26220 17210 11666 12045 18135 10063 95339
The present estimate shows that 205150 m squirrel, 88649 m weasel and 33370 m rabbit
conductor will be used for transmission for local supply. For local transmission line, weasel
conductor is proposed in 11 kV line and its quantity is included in T1.
Table 9.2: Summary of conductors

Squirrel Weasel Rabbit
S.N Description of work Length (m) Length (m) Length (m)
1 T1 14410 80057 7046
2 T2 11165 0 0
3 T3 17623 0 0
4 T4 9556 0 0
5 T5 20031 1546 5187
6 T6 11771 679 2036
7 T7 14939 0 0
8 T8 30743 2662 7986
9 T9 12699 735 2205
10 T10 18589 1386 4158
11 T11 23947 1584 4752
12 T12 14069 0 0
Total (m)
199542 88649 33370
5
Table 9.3: Summary of conductors in high tension line (11 kV)
From To Length (km) Phase Sq. Con (m)

PH TO1 0.964 3 wire 2892
TO1 TO2 1.927 3 wire 5781
TO2 TO3 1.183 3 wire 3549
PH TO4 0.713 3 wire 2139
1.7MW PH
TO4 Junction 0.634 3 wire 1902
1.7MW PH
Junction TO5 1.868 3 wire 5604
1.7MW PH
TO6 TO7 1.616 3 wire 4848
Bagar
TO8 Junction 0.793 3 wire 2379
Bagar
Bagar
Bagar
TO9 TO10 4.607 3 wire 13821
TO11 TO12 2.217 3 wire 6651
Total 23.548 70644
In total, 70644 m weasel conductor is proposed in 11 kV line.
9.1.1 Poles and Stay Sets

In this scheme, 7 m and 8 m steel tubular poles are proposed for distribution line. 10 m steel
tubular pole is proposed for composite lines of both high tension and low tension lines. The steel
5
tubular poles will be assembled from 3 steel pipes with minimum thickness of 3.5 mm. The
bottom plate should have dimensions of 300 mm x 300 mm x 6 mm.
Type of poles and specifications:
Specification of 10 m steel tubular poles

Numbers : 426
Buried Length : 1.80 m ( 1/6 th of Pole height)
Top Diameter : 90 mm
Middle Diameter : 114 mm
Bottom Diameter : 139 mm
Average spacing : 50 m
Minimum Ground Clearance : 5.50 m

Numbers : 104
Average Spacing : 45 m

Numbers : 1403
Average Spacing : 45 m
5
Table 9.4: Summary of poles and stay sets

7 m Steel 8 m Steel 10 m Steel Stay Sets
Description Tubular Tubular Tubular ( distributio
S.N of work Poles Poles Poles n line)
1 T1 152 18 230 135
2 T2 64 6 15 26
3 T3 126 5 12 43
4 T4 25 5 20 45
5 T5 167 12 7 61
6 T6 108 6 6 39
7 T7 78 1 53 42
8 T8 187 18 34 59
9 T9 97 6 8 33
10 T10 140 9 20 45
11 T11 143 13 21 45
12 T12 116 5 0 27
Total (m) 1403 104 426 600
Stay sets are required in the starting, bends and the end of the transmission poles to confirm the
stability of the poles. 530 numbers of stay sets are proposed in the 11 kV transmission line while
600 numbers of stay Sets are proposed in the 0.4 kV distribution line 1.8 m x 16 mm stay rod
would be used with a turnbuckle (4200 kg/sqcm). Stay plate: (6 x 300 x 300) mm, thimble: 18
SWG, Eyebolt: 300 mm, Stay insulator: 1 and Stay wire: 7/12 SWG will be used. The summary
of items used in stay wire for low tension and high tension line is given separately in the annex.
9.1.2 Earthing and Lightening Arrestors
27 earthlings sets have been proposed in 11 kV transmission line. Apart from this, 2-earthing sets
(total 24 sets additional) have been proposed in transformer locations. In 0.4 kV distribution line
201 numbers of earthlings sets have been proposed. The purpose of earthing is to protect the
electromechanical equipment from lightning. It would have size of 600 mm x 600 mm x 3 mm
5
connected by Copper wire 8 SWG. The earthing pit would be about 3 m deep and would be filled
up with alternate layers of charcoal, salt and fine soil or earthing chemicals. Mechanism for the
entry of water should be made through the pipe inside the plate. The location of each earthing
plates is shown in transmission line drawings.
In this scheme, 27 numbers of lightening arrestors have been proposed for 11 kV transmission
line and 201 number of lightening arrestors have been proposed for 0.4 kV distribution line. They
are proposed to cover a distance of about 500 m. 9 kV lightening arrestors are proposed for 11 kV
line and they are proposed to cover an average distance of one kilometer. The location of
lightening arrestors has been given in transmission line drawing.
Table 9.5: Summary of Earthings and Lightening Arrestors
Lightening Earthing
S. No. Line Type Arrestor Nos Sets
1 11 kV Transmission Line 39 51
2 0.4 kV Distribution Line 201 201
Total 240 252
9.1.4 Insulators (Schackle, Pin and Disc)

Shackle insulators different sizes are used for 0.4/0.23 kV distribution. Shackle insulators of small
(55 mm x 55 mm, 200 gm) and medium (75 mm x 90 mm, 600 gm) sizes are recommended for
insulating conductors of varied sizes. Small size insulators will be used for the connection of
squirrel and medium for rabbit and weasel conductors. Pin and disc insulators are proposed for 11
kV line. Disc insulators would be used for each bends, ends and at dead ends.
Table 9.6: Summary of Shackle insulators
Small Medium
S.N Line Type Shackle Shackle Pin Disc
1 11 kV Transmission Line 657 85

2 0.4 kV Distribution Line 6321 665
Total (m) 6321 871 1593 196
6
9.3 Load centers

The proposed project electrifies 2200 households of Tara, Hila and Argal VDCs of Baglung
district. There will be 12 distribution transformers proposed and more details are given in the
transmission and distribution line drawing in Volume II of this report.
9.4 End Uses

This project is designed for the operation in isolated mode. Apart from the domestic lighting, it
has also been proposed that part of the energy would be utilized in the commercial sectors such as
public service like schools, commercial sectors like Agro-processing mills, furniture works, etc ,
industrial sectors like slate mining and for street lighting. Since the stone quarry for the slates has
a big scope in the proposed site, the estimate shows that a huge amount of energy going to be
consumed in that sectors which makes the project more advantageous.
Different tariff rates have been considered for domestic and commercial use. For the domestic
load NRs. 9/kWh has been taken while for commercial loads little higher; NRs. 10/kWh has been
fixed throughout the year.
In the analysis, 10% of the generated energy is assumed to be lost during operation and
maintenance of the scheme. The details of the end use of the generated energy from the plant in
dry and wet seasons have been presented in Load Demand Forecast Table below.
Table 9.7 Load Demand Forecast on Wet Seasons

Hours (1) (2) Public Service (3) Commercial (4) Industrial (5) Street
Dome stic Lighting
Lighting Lighting Others Total Total Total
Lighting
Saw Mill
Slate Mining
Others
Oil Expeller
Secondary School
Secondary School
Higher Secondary School
Agro Mill
Primary Schools
Primary Schools
Small Shops
WS/Grill Factory
Hourly Energy
Consumption
Telecom
Tower
Pattern(kWh)
Number of units 2200 13 3 1 13 3 1 15 3 10 2 2 5 12 80 Wet Seasons

165
500
200
250
1000
2000
1000
1500
2500
2000
1000
2000
1500
10000
20000
Demand (W) per

60
Unit 394 kW
AM 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 394.8
AM 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 393
AM 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 393
AM 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 303.75
AM 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 303.75
AM 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 290
AM 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 323.75
PM 12 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 326.75
PM 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 306.75
PM 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 326.75
PM 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 326.75
PM 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 326.75
PM 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53
PM 6 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 392.5
PM 7 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 392.5
PM 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 394.8
PM 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 394.8
PM 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 394.8
PM 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
Total 8 2 2 2 7 7 7 6 22.8 8 8 8 8 9 8 10 6247
Cons ump. y per year 365 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 365 250 250 250 250 340 250 365
Da
6
Table 9.8 Load Demand Forecast on Dry Seasons
6
Hourly Load Demand and Forecast Pattern (February)

Hours (1)
(2) Public Service (3) Commercial (4) Industrial (5) Street
Dome stic
Lighting
Lighting Lighting Others Total Total Total Hourly

Energy
Consumptio
n
Pattern(kWh
)
Number of units 2200 13 3 1 13 3 1 15 3 10 2 2 5 12 0 80 Dry

Demand (W) per
1
6
5
0
2
0
2
5
6
0
Unit Feb (345kW)
AM 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 5
0.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 345.24
AM 6
0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344.07
AM 7
0.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344.07
AM 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 270
AM 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 270
AM 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 290
AM 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 290
PM 12 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 293
PM 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 273
PM 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 293
PM 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 293
PM 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 293
PM 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53
PM 6 0.86 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344.68
PM 7
0.86 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344.68
PM 8
0.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 345.24
PM 9
0.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 345.24
PM 10
0.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 345.24
PM 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
Total 7.02 2 2 2 7 7 7 6 21.6 0 0 0 0 9 0 10 5585.26
Consump. Day per year
365 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 365 250 250 250 250 340 250 365
Hourly Load Demand and Forecast Pattern (March)

Hours (1) (5) Street
(2) Public Service (3) Commercia (4) Industrial
Domestic l Lighting
Lighting
Lighting Othe rs Total Total Total
Hourly
Energy
Consumption
Pattern(kWh
)

1
6
5
0
2
0
2
5
6
0
Demand (W) per

Unit Mar (243kW)
AM 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 5
0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.95
AM 6
0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.95
AM 7 0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.95
AM 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 246
AM 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 246
AM 10
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0.84 0 0 244.1
AM 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0.84 0 0 244.1
PM 12 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0.75 0 0 0 0 0.83 0 0 244.7
PM 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.8 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 243
PM 2
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0.75 0 0 0 0 0.83 0 0 244.7
PM 3
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0.75 0 0 0 0 0.83 0 0 244.7
PM 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0.75 0 0 0 0 0.83 0 0 244.7
PM 5
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53
PM 6
0.62 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.06
PM 7
0.62 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.06
PM 8 0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.95
PM 9 0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 244.95
PM 10
0.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 242.85
PM 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
Total 5.14 2 2 2 7 7 7 6 16.45 0 0 0 0 7.7 0 6.5 4419.52
Cons ump. Day per year
365 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 365 250 250 250 250 340 250 365
6
Hourly Load Demand and Forecast Pattern (April)

Hours (1) (2) Public Service (3) Commercial (4) Industrial (5) Street
Domestic Lighting
Lighting Lighting Othe rs Total Total Tota l Hourly
Lighting
Oil Expeller
Slate Mining
Saw Mill
Secondary School
Agro Mill
Others
Secondary School
Primary Schools
Primary Schools
Small Shops
WS/Grill Factory
Energy
Consumptio
Telecom
n
Tower
Pattern(kWh
)
10000
20000
165
500
200
250
60
1000
2000
1000
1500
2500
2000
1000
2000
1500
Demand (W) per
Unit Apr (183kW)
AM 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 5 0.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183.87
AM 6 0.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183.87
AM 7 0.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183.87
AM 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 150
AM 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 150
AM 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 170
AM 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 170
PM 12 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 173
PM 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 153
PM 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 173
PM 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 173
PM 4
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 173
PM 5
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53
PM 6
0.46 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182.98
PM 7
0.46 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182.98
PM 8
0.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182.37
PM 9
0.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183.87
PM 10
0.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 183.33
PM 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
AM 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 34.8
Total 3.86 2 2 2 7 7 7 6 17.4 0 0 0 0 4.5 0 6.2 3213.94
Cons ump. Day per year
365 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 365 250 250 250 250 340 250 365
6
CHAPTER TEN
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
10.1 General
The Project is a Mini Hydropower Project and is expected to have relatively minor and generally
short-term adverse impacts, and significant beneficial long-term impacts. The negative impacts of
the Project are minimal due to the following reasons:
10.2 Impact Assessment
 There is both private and non-private land along the canal/pipe alignment. However, the land to
be acquired along the alignment where the pipe length would not cover much area and will have
no adverse impact;
 Motorable road is already constructed around project area which connects Tara VDC with
district headquarter. The road is available at around almost all major structures like headworks,
forebay, penstock alignment and powerhouse. Hence, no road should be constructed for the
transportation of construction materials. So; this will have also no adverse impact in the
physical environment;

 Water from the Tara Khola and Mophesh Khola is used for running water mills. After running
the project, the water mills will be seasonally blocked but the villagers have agreed to replace it
with electric mills. Hence, it will also not create much problem;

 Some fish species are present in the Khola, which may be affected by the Project. However,
ample water shall be released for the migratory species even during the low flow months. Apart
from this, simple headworks structures are recommended in the headworks and it will have no
adverse impact;

 Wildlife habitats in the Project area are minimal. The project area is a temporary habitat for
some local wildlife animals like Rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulata), Common langur
6
(Semnopithecus entellus), Red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Jungle cat (Felis Chaus) etc. Though this
might disturb the animals during the construction period, this will have minimum adverse
impact;
 The population density in the Project area is low. There are some spring sources and small
stream in the right bank of Tara Khola and hence, there will be no adverse impact in water
security to the local people. Hence, this will have no adverse impact;
 The amount of land that needs to be acquired by the Project on a permanent basis is nominal.
The population in the Project area is expected partially to be displaced by the land acquisition.
Since this project is proposed to electrify all the households in and around the project area, it is
expected that land acquisition is not an important issue.
 Most of the unskilled and some semiskilled labor can be recruited from the local population so
that temporary job will be created there which will have positive impact in the economic growth
of the local communities. Apart from this, there is possibility of industrial activities like Lokta
Processing Units, Mines and mass production of agricultural products like potatoes. In
availability of electricity, such activities will still go advancing in positive direction. Such
possibilities will be fruitful for local people.
 There is possibility of tourism development by linking Tara VDC with Myagdi district and
Dhorpatan Area. So, this project may also be a supportive infrastructure in this move and
ultimately the quality of life will be improved.
 Cutting of huge number of trees as local wooden pole may create negative impact in the
environment.
10.3 Mitigation Measures

Following mitigation measures shall be taken:
 Minimize cleaning of bushes and felling of trees in the forests along the pipe/canal alignment;
 Maintain a minimum flow of about 10% in the stream during the low flow months of December
through April;
 Set up nurseries in the area and provide saplings to the community and private forests;
 Afforestation and reforestation activities are to be carried out;
 Maximize the use of local labour force during construction;
6
 Use non-structural bioengineering techniques for improving stability of the slopes in the
Project area.
The Magnitude, extent and duration for impact mitigation measures is given in the table below as
well.
Table 10.1 : Matrix of Impact - Mitigation Measures

Impact
Predicti
on Responsi
Activities Impacts Mitigation Measures
bility
Magnitud
Duration
Extent
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Construction & Decline in water L L L Release 10 % flow to d/s Project

operation quality in Khola from head works in driest
activities (Head season
works to tailrace soil erosion and L S S Apply bio-engineering and Contracto
& project landslide retaining walls r
operation) and Air & noise L S S Sprinkling of water, regular Contracto
labour camp pollution maintenance of machine, r, Project
activities use of ear protection, masks
etc. and shielding of
construction sites.
BIOLOGICAL FACTOR
6
Clearing and Loss of forest and L S S Afforestation program, The

earthwork vegetation, loss of strengthening of the project
excavation and habitat of wild community forestry and and
labour camp animals training for the awareness communit
activities on conservation of natural y
resources, use of kerosene,
electricity and gas for
cooking purpose to reduce
the pressure on the fire
wood-reserve of the area
Water pollution L S S Provision of toilets, Contracto
from labour camps bathrooms and waste r
stabilisation ponds in the
labour camps
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTOR
Land acquisition Loss of L L L Compensation for the land, The

and construction agricultural land employment for the land Project &
activities and production and losers, plantation program Contracto
grazing land to supplement grazing land r
Safety & security L M S Training to labours and The
concerns operators, establishment of Project &
health care facility covering Contracto
risky construction sites, r
compensation to accident
victims, formation of
'conflict resolution team'
comprising of project
authority and local
representatives
6
Hiring of Labour Labour L L S Train the local labours for Contracto

competition construction r
Increased housing L L S Use local labour as far as Contracto
demand possible r
Anti social M L S Establishment of police The
behaviour post, formulation of strict Project &
camp regulation, regular Contracto
meeting with local bodies r
Child labour L L S Set minimum age of the
problem workers at 14 years
6
CHAPTER ELEVEN
ENERGY AND PROJECT REVENUE
11.1 General
In Nepal, at present, there is great imbalance between energy supply and demand. Even in
monsoon, the supply of electricity is limited and load shedding is imposed due to supply
constraints. And this situation will prevail for coming several years. Therefore, the installed
capacity of this station has been optimized so as to make the most of generation during monsoon
and thus increase the economic profit of the station. So from the optimization study and the
resource constrain, this project has been designed with installed capacity of 394 kW; and the
energy generation and the project revenue has been calculated accordingly.
11.2 Power Generation
Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project is a runoff type of project. Its installed capacity
is 394 kW. Due to wide variation in the flow in the wet and dry period the power produced in the
dry period is less. The least power generated by the plant is only 183 kW in April. The project
will be generating the power in its full capacity for 80% flow exceedence. Rest of the time of the
year it will be operating below its capacity. The efficiency is kept constant and head loss is
assumed to be variable for different flow conditions. The monthly average power generation is
360 kW as shown in the Fig 11.1.
Power Generation in kW
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Actual Power (kW) Installed Capacity (kW) Average Power (kW)
50
0
Jan
Feb Mar Apr MayJun JulAug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Time in Months
Fig 11.1 Monthly variation of power generated
7
11.3 Energy Generation

The power generated is converted to the energy by multiplying the power by the time period for
which it is generated. The wet and dry energy are calculated separately. Saleable energy is
obtained by deducting the 10% losses. Thus the saleable dry and wet energy obtained are 0.636
GWh and 1.498 GWh respectively.
11.4 Revenue
As the project is proposed to be operated in isolated mode, the revenue will be generated from the
sale of energy to the local consumers connected to the energy supply from this project.
The local tariff to be collected is assumed to be NRs. 9.00 per kWh for Domestic Electrification
and NRs. 10.00 per kWh for commercial sectors. Since the project is proposed to be operated in
isolated mode, it cannot be assumed that the whole energy that could be generated from the plant
would be consumed up locally. To consider this fact while estimating the revenue generation, a
load demand forecast has been prepared for different load sectors. The load demand forecast has
been presented in Table 9.7 and Table 9.8.
Table 11.1 : Revenue Generation
Daily Net Daily Net Tariff Rate Tariff Rate
Energy Energy Total Net Total Net for for Revenue
River Design Gros Energy cons umption consumption Energy Energy with Domestic Commercial Generation with
Discharge Dis s Combined Power Potential (Domestic) (Commercial) cons umption 10% Outage NRs . NRs . 10% outage
Months (m3/s ) charge Days Head Gravity Efficiency (kW) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) /KWh /KWh NRs .
Jan 0.549 (m3/s)
0.422 31 (m)
119.16 9.81 0.798 394 292952 2904 3343 193657 174291 9.000 10.000 1,661,891.40
Feb 0.412 0.369 29 119.16 9.81 0.798 345 239936 2548 3037 161973 145775 9.000 10.000 1,391,243.27
Mar 0.297 0.261 31 119.16 9.81 0.798 243 181044 1866 2554 137005 123305 9.000 10.000 1,180,989.70
Apr 0.229 0.196 30 119.16 9.81 0.798 183 131410 1401 1813 96418 86776 9.000 10.000 829,931.94
May 0.595 0.422 31 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 292952 2904 3343 193657 174291 9.000 10.000 1,661,891.40
June 1.373 0.422 30 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 283502 2904 3343 187410 168669 9.000 10.000 1,608,282.00
July 3.317 0.422 31 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 292952 2904 3343 193657 174291 9.000 10.000 1,661,891.40
Aug 5.719 0.422 30 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 283502 2904 3343 187410 168669 9.000 10.000 1,608,282.00
Sep 3.775 0.422 31 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 292952 2904 3343 193657 174291 9.000 10.000 1,661,891.40
Oct 1.830 0.422 30 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 283502 2904 3343 187410 168669 9.000 10.000 1,608,282.00
Nov 0.938 0.422 31 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 292952 2904 3343 193657 174291 9.000 10.000 1,661,891.40
Dec 0.709 0.422 30 119.16 9.81 0.798 394 283502 2904 3343 187410 168669 9.000 10.000 1,608,282.00
Total 365 3151159 31951.26 2113320.86 1901988.77 18,144,749.92
Average value 360 1,512,062.49
Annual Revenue 18,144,749.92
Dry Energy 0.571 GWh; Wet Energy = 1.331 GWh and Total Energy = 1.902 GWh
7
The presentation of monthly revenue generation is given in the Fig 11.2 below.
Revenue Generations in Thousands

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Monthly Revenue (NRs.) x 1000
400
200
0 Monthly Average Revenue (NRs.) x 1000
Jan
Feb Mar Apr MayJun JulAug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Time in Months
Fig 11.2: Monthly and average revenue generation
Seeing the monthly revenue generation graph the revenue generation per month it is seen that the
January, May, July, September and November are the months generating highest revenues,
whereas April is the month generating the least revenue (Fig 11.2). The total annual revenue is
NRs. 18,144,749.92
7
CHAPTER TWELVE
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
12.1 General
The cost of a project is primarily a function of the type and quantity of work, the selected
appropriate construction technology and the schedule of construction.
The construction cost of the proposed 394 kW Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project
was estimated for use in the financial analyses. A detailed cost estimate was prepared using the
analytical method, whereby the cost of labour, material and equipment required to complete each
of the various identified items of construction activities for the Project structures is considered.
The analytical method is the generally accepted method of the international construction industry
for this type of project. In this method, the work to be performed is broken down into various
items of work, and each work item is then analyzed to determine the materials, manpower and
equipment necessary for its accomplishment. Knowledge of both construction methods is
essential for this method of cost estimating.
The unit prices and costs are considered in Nepali Rupees (NRs.) for all civil and hydraulic steel
structure construction works. The quotations received from suppliers of electro-mechanical
equipment are also converted in Nepalese Rupees. For financial analyses purposes, all of these
prices were converted to a common platform of Nepali Rupees with an exchange rate of 99.72
Nepali Rupees to US $ 1.00. The price level for all items of work are referred to November, 2013.
The construction cost includes costs of all structures, mechanical and electrical equipment, and
transmission line required to distribute electricity to all load centres. The construction planning
and unit rate analyses take into account collection of construction materials across the Baglung
during the low flow season.
7
12.2 Unit Rate of Civil Works
The unit rates for the various items of civil works were worked out on the basis of detailed rate
analyses of each item of work as per the analytical method. The unit rates for the materials,
skilled and unskilled labour and equipment were evaluated for the Project site on the basis of the
rate at local area. The items like penstock, poles, conductors, transformers, and generating
equipments were worked out on the basis of price quotations from manufacturers within and
abroad country. Unit rate for items are given in the rate analysis. The cost of electrical items is
presently in cost estimate section of this report.
Construction materials, e.g. concrete aggregates, sand, core material, cement, penstock and
accessories, reinforcing steel, poles, conductors and transformers are envisaged to be procured
locally. It is envisaged that the generating equipments like turbine, generating and controlling
units will be procured from abroad.
12.3 Hydraulic Steel Works
The cost of the hydraulic steel work was determined by estimating the weight of the gates, stop
logs and penstocks. During the current feasibility study, the sizes of the gates and stop logs were
determined from well-established theoretical and empirical relationships. These will be updated
during the construction phase.
12.4 Electro-Mechanical Equipment
During the preliminary sizing and design of the electrical and mechanical equipment of the power
house, switching equipment and transmission line works, equipment details and price were taken
from local suppliers and manufacturers. These rates were checked for the required design
standards and financial competitiveness. The price of these items mostly depends upon price
variation in the international market. Hence, the cost of these items would be beneficial for the
initial planning of the project.
7
12.5 Transmission and Distribution Line
Individual breakdown in the cost of transmission and distribution line network is made in this
report. The major items in this item of works include steel poles, conductor, transformer and other
electrical accessories. The cost of these items is taken from various sources like the
manufacturers, the similar project carried out in the past and quotation etc.
12.6 Preparatory Works
Feasibility study of the scheme, cost of land acquisition, purchasing of vehicle and minor site
preparatory works are taken as preparatory works. The land will be purchased from the
community members before the commencement of the project.
12.7 Contingencies
Reasonable contingency allowance is necessary to account for unforeseen costs of the Project. In
this project, contingencies are taken as 2%. The contingency will apply for non-local items in
civil works, electrical and mechanical equipments, transmission and distribution equipments.
12.8 Engineering and Administration Cost
Detail breakdown of engineering and administration cost is made in cost estimation. The
provision of the possible staff for the accomplishment of the project is made in this analysis.
Details are provided in the cost estimation.
12.9 Construction Cost Estimate

On the basis of the cost estimate procedure described above, the construction cost of the project as
of November, 2013 is estimated NRs. 169.48 Million. Details of item-wise cost estimate of each
structure of the Project and associated costs are provided in the annex.
7
Table 12.1 : Summary of Cost Estimates

Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project
Detail Feasibility Study
Project Cost Summary
Non Local
Total Amount Local Cost Cost
S.N. Description of Work (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Headworks 6,044,659.82 3,937,525.60 2,107,134.22
2 Gravel Trap cum Desilting Basin 1,846,028.45 1,317,515.26 528,513.19
3 Headrace Canal 13,483,175.24 5,519,058.17 4,611,752.86
4 Road Crossings 5,448,650.72 3,889,934.59 1,558,716.12
5 Forebay / Spillway 4,523,226.07 3,246,869.59 1,276,356.48
Penstock Pipe and Accessories
6 with erection 21,251,013.45 - 21,251,013.45
7 Penstock Allignment 6,041,909.76 5,064,201.60 977,708.16
Powerhouse, Machine Foundation
8 and Tailrace 8,209,064.60 5,645,772.49 2,563,292.11
Electro-Mechanical Items Inside
9 Powerhouse 18,995,000.00 0 18,995,000.00
10 11 kV Transmission Line 17,415,792.64 0 17,415,792.64
11 0.4 kV Distribution Line 26,299,601.96 0 26,299,601.96
Pre Opreating Expenses/Site
12 Facilities 3450000 0 3450000
13 Project Management Cost 4810000 0 4810000
Installation of 11kV Transmission
14 line 2,000,000.00 0 2,000,000.00
Supervision of 0.4kV Distribution
15 line 1,200,000.00 0 1,200,000.00
16 Sub-Total 141018122.70 28620877.29 109044881.20
17 VAT 13% in Non-Local Cost 14175834.56 0 14175834.56
Contigencies 2% in Non Local
18 Items (16 & 17) 2464414.315 0 2464414.315
19 Sub-Total (15, 16&17) 157658371.57 28620877.29 125685130.07
Interest During Construction @
20 10% pa for 9 months 11824377.87 2146565.80 9426384.76
21 Total Project Cost (18 &19) 169482749.44 30767443.09 135111514.82
7
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
PROJECT EVALUATION
13.1 General
Financial analysis takes the view of individual project rather than society as a whole. The reasons
to perform financial analysis are the need to assess the financial implications of a proposed
development. The analysis uses market prices, therefore, includes any taxes or royalties, which
will be levied on the factors of production and any subsidies, capital or operating, which may be
received as a part of the development. Foreign costs are converted at the anticipated official
exchange rate at the time of the expenditures. The Financial Net Present Value (NPV), Financial
Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) and Benefit Cost Ration (B-C Ratio) are assessed from the
perspective of a utility owner/operator.
13.2 Evaluation of the project
The financial evaluation methodology follows the conventional method used for the Project
analysis. Benefit and cost streams are compared to evaluate the viability of the Project. A project
to be feasible, benefits should outweigh the costs.
For financial evaluation of the Project, the costs and benefits are evaluated over a period of 25
years, because during 25 years a developer is expected to get benefits equal to or more than his
investment. The evaluation is undertaken in terms of NPV, B-C ratio and FIRR criteria. The
different alternatives for investment and corresponding financial indicators are presented in the
table below.
Table 13.1 Financial Indicators for different investment alternatives

Option A: Total Investment Option B: Total Investment Option C: Total Investment
Financial Indicators Without Considering Subsidy Considering Subsidy as Less Local Supply Cost as
as Investment Investment investment deducting Subsidy
Total Investment 102.54 169.48 138.67
Net Present Value (NPV)

12.66 -61.58 0.82
Million Rs.
Internal Rate of Return 11.61% 7.19% 10.08%
B/C Ratio 1.11 0.64 1.01
Detail analysis of each alternative are given in the annex: Financial Analysis.
7
13.3 Assumptions
Following assumptions had been made while carrying out the financial analysis.
 Government Subsidy is not taken as Investment. It is taken as social responsibility of
Government without expecting return.
 The project is proposed to be operated in insolated mode.
 Discount Rate =10%
 Project life cycle = 25 years
 Operation and Maintenance cost = 1.5 %. Of Total Investment after subsidy.
 Insurance premium of the plant has been assumed 2% of the total financial cost.
 Tariff rate is taken as of: NRs. 9.00/kWh for Domestic and Nrs.10/kWh for Commercial
throughout the year and project cycle.
 Contingency is taken as 2% in non local items. .
 VAT 13% (Applicable only for Non Local Items).
13.4 Financial analysis
13.4.1 Introduction
This section of the report describes the financial analysis carried out in order to determine
viability of the project in terms of expected returns. Financial evaluation uses the real term
monetary values of the cost and benefits and is inclusive of taxes, transfers, duties and escalation.
The financial evaluation concerns only with the developer of the project and monetary evaluation
of the project. Hence, from the perspective of a private developer, financial evaluation is the most
important aspect of the project to determine whether to finance it or not.
Criteria and Assumptions

The evaluation method is based on conventional practice of developing the cost and the benefit
streams for a period of time on the same basis. The financial evaluation procedure involves a
number of assumptions. These parameters are described in the following paragraphs.
7
Project Financial Cost

The project capital cost derived in the previous chapter-Cost Estimate, has been taken as the
project financial cost with modification of electro-mechanical cost to reflect national policies of
taxation.
Project Financial Benefits
Financial evaluation requires use of energy selling prices in real terms, that is, the price the
developer gets in the market. As the project would be operated in isolated mode the financial
benefits will totally come from the revenue generation by supplying the generated electricity to
the local level. The rate of tariff has been assumed to be the standard rate fixed by NEA.
Discount Rate
The discount rate is also an important parameter in the financial evaluation. The reference
discount rate of capital selected for the study is 10%.
Cost Datum
All cost and benefits are expressed in constant prices (i.e., excluding general escalation)
Planning Horizon
The financial life of the project has been taken as 50 years. This period is expected to be long
enough to fully include all benefits from the project and also equals or exceeds the expected
economic life of the facilities. Replacement of electrical and mechanical components is
considered after 25 years of operation. Costs and benefits may occur after the planning horizon,
however, their inclusion will have little effect on the evaluation results because of the discounting
procedures employed in the analysis.
Currency Exchange Rate
The exchange rate used in the economic analysis is NRs 99.74 per US dollar (November 2013).
This rate has been used as the “official” exchange rate in the conversion of all costs to and from
the US dollars to the Nepalese Rupees. Exchange rate for subsequent years has been derived
based on the local and foreign escalation.
7
Operation and Maintenance Cost
It has been assumed that 1.5% of the project cost will be required annually to meet operation and
maintenance cost including repair and replacement costs. This value has been derived from the
experience of hydropower projects in the country.
Insurance Premium
Annual insurance premium of the plant has been assumed to be 2% of the total financial cost of
the project.
Taxes, Duties and VAT
Taxes, duties and VAT payable to the government or its agencies have to be considered in the
financial evaluation. At present, the government is planning for VAT exemption for small
hydropower project but the analysis has also included VAT. Upon Government firm policy, VAT
can be refunded.
Royalties
Royalties are payable to the government for natural resource usage. As per Electricity Regulation
1992, the following royalties are levied:
For the first fifteen years: Capacity royalty NRs 100 per kW of the installed capacity per year and
energy royalty 2% of energy sales revenue for project above 1 MW. Since, this scheme has
installed capacity of 394 kW only, such royalty will not apply here.
Debt Equity
As hydropower projects are highly capital intensive, funds has to be obtained from various
financial institutions. Such a project could not be built solely on loans as the lenders will require
the developer also put some funds. Generally, loan portion of the cost varies from 70 to 85%. For
the present study, debt-equity ratio of 55:45 has been assumed based on the willingness of the
community households of the villages.
8
Interest Rate
The loan amount will require some interest to be paid on the amount borrowed. The interest will
be capitalized till the project starts producing revenue. Generally, the banks charge 8 to 18% for
such loans. For the present study, with the anticipation of receiving soft loan from the government
authorities for such projects an interest rate of 10% has been considered.
8
Loan repayment Period

The repayment starts after the revenue generation starts. The repayment of the loan will be made
within 10 years. The loan repayment schedule is given in table 14.1.
Table 13.2 Loan Repayment Schedule
Year (Amount in million Rupees)

S. No. Debt Service Sche
dule 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
1 Annuity payment (Rs) 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.18
2 Principal payment(Rs) 3.54 3.89 4.28 4.71 5.18
3 Interest payment at 10% (Rs) 5.64 5.29 4.90 4.47 4.00
4 Principal remaining (Rs) 56.40 52.86 48.97 44.69 39.98 34.79
Year
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
1 Annuity payment (Rs) 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.18
2 Principal payment(Rs) 5.70 6.27 6.90 7.59 8.34
3 Interest payment at 10% (Rs) 3.48 2.91 2.28 1.59 0.83
4 Principal remaining (Rs) 34.79 29.10 22.83 15.93 8.34 0.00
In addition, the banks may charge guarantee money for the loan provided, insurance charges,
registration charges, if any, to be levied from the project. These charges are bank specific and are
unknown at this stage. Hence, such charges have not been considered in the study.
Financing Structure
The total capital expenditure is expected to amount approximately NRs 102.54 million after
deducting subsidy available from Government. The remaining investment will be financed in
combination with Local Investment and Investment from Bank. The financing structure of 55%
debt and 45% equity (of the capital investment including IDC) are assumed.
Table 13.3 : Source of Financing
Mode of Financing Percentage Sources Nrs. Million
Shareholders' Equity 45 Equity 46.15
Loan (Soft loan) 55 Loan 56.40
Total 100 102.54
8
13.5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Sensitivity analysis of this scheme is made in the following variable for following variations as
shown in the table below.
Table 13.4 Financial Parameters for different scenarios

Summary of Sensitivity Analysis
NPV in Million Rupees.
Increments Project Cost Discount Rate Annual Revenue Project Life
-0.20 35.85 33.57 -13.20 6.07
-0.10 24.26 22.29 -0.27 9.09
0.00 12.66 12.66 12.66 12.66
0.10 1.07 1.07 25.59 14.54
0.20 -10.52 -2.64 38.52 16.76
Variation of IRR
-0.20 15.36% 11.61% 8.21% 10.87%
-0.10 13.33% 11.61% 9.97% 11.23%
0.00 11.61% 11.61% 11.61% 11.61%
0.10 10.13% 11.61% 13.17% 11.78%
0.20 8.83% 11.61% 14.65% 11.97%
Variation of BC Ratio
-0.20 1.39 1.27 0.89 1.05
-0.10 1.23 1.19 1.00 1.08
0.00 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11
0.10 1.01 1.04 1.22 1.13
The above analysis shows that project will be in loss for some cases in annual revenue assuming
all other variables constant. This scenario is also presented in the Figs below.
8
Variation of NPV
50.00
40.00
30.00
NPV in Million
20.00 Project Cost Discount Rate Annual Revenue

Project Life
10.00
0.00
-0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20
-10.00
-20.00
Increments
Fig 14.1 : Variation of Net Present Value for different alternatives
Variation of IRR
18.00%
16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
Project Cost Discount Rate Annual Revenue

10.00% Project Life
%
8.00%
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
0.00%
-0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20
Increments
Fig 14.2 : Variation of Internal Rate of Return for different alternatives
8
Variation in BC Ratio
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
Project Cost
Discount Rate Annual Revenue

0.80 Project Life
BC
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20
Increment
Fig 14.3 : Variation of B/C Ratio for different alternatives
Different financial indicators are presented in the above sensitivity analysis. In general case, the
financial indicators are at acceptable level.
13.6 Risk Analysis

Though the project has positive NPV, FIRR and B/C ratio, the project still might be risky. The
project might be risky in the following aspects.
 Financial Risk
 Hydrological Risk
 Market Risk
 Construction Risk
Some of the risks are site specific and such risks are investigated and presented in the table below.
Table 13.5 : Risk evaluation

S.No Description Mitigation Measures Remarks
Medium
Very
High
High
Low
1 Financial risk √ Timely execution of

work
Interest rate √ Contingency fund
8
sufficient
Market risk √
Project Delay – IDC, √ Community
loss of revenue Mobilization
2 Hydrological risk √ Protection walls at
intake
3 Construction risk – √ Supervision and Vulnera
market price increase, monitoring (Strong bility of
penalty, force majeure Technical Team Market
Reuired)
4. Environmental risk √ Slope stability should
be maintained
5. Political risk √
6. Social risk √ Community
Mobilization
7. Design and √ Recruit technical team
Technology risk
8. Other risks
Apart from this, there might be other risks like the timely collection of fund from the community
and developer. For ensuring the timely collection of cash equity, there should be strong leadership
for encouraging the people to actively participate in construction and recovering some part from
labor contribution.
13.7 Conclusion and Recommendations

Following conclusions are made after making financial analysis.
 The project is feasible only when the project can be connected to national grid. The Users
should justify the revenue in line with energy calculation sheet to make the project
feasible.
 The project is infeasible if subsidy is taken as part of investment.
8
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING
14.1 Infrastructure
It is evident that before the construction works take place in site, there should be accessibility of
road network to facilitate the transportation of material and equipment necessary for the
construction work. Earthen road in operation is available from Baglung Bazar to the proposed
headworks, forebay and powerhouse area in Tara VDC. Hence, it is assumed that there will be no
investment in road construction in this project.
14.2 Construction power
This is a mini hydropower project and is assumed that no significant power will be required for
construction purpose. For welding penstock pipe and other hardwares, diesel generator will be
used. It is assumed that the contractor will bear the cost of power and he/she will arrange the
power for this scheme.
14.3 Transportation of materials and equipment
Nepal is a landlocked country and has to depend on its neighbor for port facilities. Culcutta on
east coast of India is the nearest sea port to the project site. All equipments and materials from
overseas has to be shipped in Cultutta. From there it could be transported to Nepal-India border
by rail. The border crossing nearest to Birjunj will be made and all materials and equipments will
be transported to project site from there. Local construction materials will also be collected from
nearest inside markets.
8
14.4 Construction schedule of project works
The project is estimated to be completed within one and half year time once the final
documentation is prepared meeting guideline and policy of the Government. More details are
given in the table below.
Table: 14.1: Construction Schedule
Civil construction activities will include construction of weir, intake, headrace canal, gravel trap,
flushing canals, crossing structures, support piers, anchor blocks, forebay , powerhouse, tailrace
and protection structures.
Similarly, electro mechanical activities will include the installation of penstock, expansion joints,
bends, valves in the penstock and installation of turbine, generator and protection system inside
powerhouse.
8
Transmission and distribution activities will include the erection of poles, stringing of conductors
and installation of transformers for the distribution of local communities.
14.5 Construction planning
Construction planning is prepared using the timeline gant chart presenting all activities which is
shown in this chapter previously. The planning activity has prepared a comprehensive plan how
the project can be completed. The major activities in this project will be excavation of earth,
concrete work, stone masonry work, protection/retaining works and steel works.
The construction activities can be broadly classified into three categories, namely, the civil
construction works, electro mechanical works and; transmission and distribution works. To
efficiently expedite the construction works and to ensure the proper coordination between the
work forces, the contract package is proposed to be in three categories as following.
 Supply and construction of civil works.

 Supply and Installation of generating equipments and supply and installation of electrical
and mechanical auxiliary equipments for generation and grid connection purpose.
 Supply and installation of poles, conductors and transformers.
Other important parameters in planning are the suitable arrangements for construction
camps/offices, local construction materials availability and purchase / management of private
land.
8
14.6 Organization Structure
Since this is a joint project that would be handled by the private developer and community are
also the key stakeholder (subsidy investment), there would be a joint coordination unit to
coordinate the private investors/bank, AEPC and the villagers. A general organizational structure
of the project is presented below.
Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project
Coordination Unit Management Technical Unit

/Administration Unit
Fig 14.4: Organizational Structure
There will be a main committee which will have authority to take decisive role in the execution of
the project. For facilitating the construction, separate units like Coordination unit,
management/administration unit and technical unit will be established.
9
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
15.1 Conclusions
The Tara Khola Samudayik Mini Hydropower Project seems fairly attractive Project with
minimum environmental adverse and with some positive impacts. This Project can be developed
with a minimum amount of risk and technical uncertainty. The Project has the full support of the
local population as well. The markets for the project is partly local community (Users from Tara,
Hila and Argal VDCs of Baglung) and partly the national grid at Harichaur of Baglung. The
attractive aspects of this Project are:
 The Project lies within the load centers;

 The access road is already;
 Adverse environmental impacts are minimal.
 The Project concept is simple, involving a small weir, contour canal/ penstock and surface
power station;
 This scheme has average power generation of 360 kW round the year;
 Regulatory approvals and agreements are in place with the appropriate government agencies,
the strong support from the subsidy that would be released from Alternative Energy
Promotion Centre (AEPC) of the Government of Nepal;
 The project would be constructed in joint partnership between the community and the private
investors; so there will be minimum social problems in this project; and
 The project is straight forward and involves simple construction techniques.
9
15.2 Recommendations
15.2.1 General
The Feasibility Study Stage of the project was performed due to the promising and attractive
technical and financial parameters that have evolved during the design and analyses in the current
Study. So, it is recommended that this Project be site verified before going to construction.
15.2.2 Detailed Design

The following studies should be done prior to the construction phase to find the in depth details.
The detailed design would lead to the preparation of the tender documents for various aspects of
the Project since the details provided in this section might still need some detailed study on some
of the issues.
15.2.3 Topographic Survey

There is references points set during the feasibility study. The detailed construction survey should
at least verify these data and prepare consistent plan for construction and for this following
activities are recommended.
1. Detailed mapping and profiles of all cross-drains;

2. Establishment of more permanent bench marks at headworks and power house sites; and
3. Transmission line route alignment detailed survey.
15.2.4 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations

The Project has been studied without any subsurface explorations, in site, therefore, it is
recommended that the following should be undertaken in the next phase of study:
Test Pit Exploration
Test Pit Exploration to get samples for detailed laboratory testing is recommended at desilting,
forebay and power house sites.
Laboratory Testing for obtaining Design Parameters
Standard in situ and laboratory testing is recommended to obtain reliable design parameters for
the design phase.
9
15.2.6 Hydrological Investigations

It would be better to measure the discharge of the stream before the commencement of the
project. Sediment study of the river might also be needed.
15.2.7 Hydraulic, Structural and Hydro and Electro-mechanical Designs

The designs carried out during the Feasibility Study shall be reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the
designs shall be reviewed and refined as required. In addition, detailed hydraulic and structural
drawings shall be carried out. Hydro-mechanical designs of gates and gearings and detailed electro-
mechanical drawings shall be carried out with a view towards tendering. The thickness of penstock
might also varied depending upon the quality of steel. So, such studies should be carried out which
minimizes the risk of the project.
15.2.8 Transmission and Distribution Line

The proposed transmission and distribution line should be verified before the construction. The
validation of the feasibility data would be significant while going for the tendering. Apart from
this, with the increased/decreased demand, the location of transformers may also be changed. So,
it is suggested to carry out review study.
15.2.9 Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement Plan

An Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement Plan (ACRP) shall be prepared on the basis of
the Project requirements for temporary and permanent lands, access roads, transmission lines,
deforestation, etc.. The ACRP study shall cover all socio-economic and resettlements aspects to
the Project construction.
15.2.10 Tender Document Preparation
On the basis of the detailed design of the Project components and transmission lines, the tender
documents should be prepared. It is suggested that tender documents be prepared for the Project
in four packages, as follows:
1. Civil works and hydraulic steel structures;

2. Electro-mechanical equipment supply, erection and commissioning; and
3. Transmission Line works.
9
LIST OF REFERENCE
1. Small Hydropower Master Plan – Nepal, Main Report Phase I and II, Small Hydropower
Department, Nepal Electricity Authority, GTZ, Nepal – German Technical Assistance,
Kathamdnu, August, 1993.
2. Geological Report of Sunkoshi Small Hydropower Project, prepared by Mr. A. Bhandari,

Kathmandu, June 2000.
3. Glacier Lakes and Outburst Floods in the Nepal Himalays, Water and Energy Commission
Secretariat, Ministry of Water Resources, Kathamndu, 1993.
4. Nepalese Legal Provisions on Hydropower Development, Compiled by Electricity

Development Centre, Kathmandu, 1996.
5. Environment Protection Regulations – 2054, Ministry of Population and Environment,

Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, 1997.
6. Hydropower Development Policy – 2049. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of

Nepal, Kathmandu, 2049.
7. Water Resources Act – 2049, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal,

Kathmandu, 2049.
8. Electricity Act – 2049, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu,

2049.
9. Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act – 1992, Government of Nepal,

Kathmandu, 1992.
9
10. Industrial Enterprises Act – 1992, Ministry of Industries, Government of Nepal,

Kathmandu, 1992.
11. Water Resources Regulation – 2050, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal,
Kathmandu, 2050.
12. Geology of Kathmandu Area and Central Mahabharat Range, Nepal Himalaya,
H.M.G./UNDP Mineral Exploration Project, Stocklin and Bhattarai, Kathmandu, 1981
13. Geology Map of Bajura District, Department of Mines and Geology, B.M. Jnawali,
Kathmandu, 1986
14. Planning and Implementation of Hydropower Projects, Hydropower Development Series,

Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norwav, 1994.
15. Economic and Financial Analysis of Hydropower Projects, Hydropower Development

Series, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway, 1994.
16. Hydropower Engineering, Brown, G., AA Balkema Publications, Rotterdam, 1988.
17. Hydropower Engineering, Nigam, P S, Nem Chand & Bros., India, 1980.
18. Theory and Design of Irrigation Structures. Varshney, R.S., Gupta, S.C. & Gupta, R.L.,
Nem Chand & Bros., India, 1982.
19. Design of Small Dams, US Bureau of Reclamations, 1978.
20. Handbook of Hydroelectric Engineering, Creager & Justin, 1970.
21. Handbook of Hydraulics, Davis and Sorensen, 1992.
9
22. Applied Hydrology, V. T. Chow, John Wiley, 1990.
23. Engineering Economics, 4th edition, Theusen, H.G., Fabrycky, W.J. and Theusen, G.J.,
Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1971.
24. Electricity Regulation, 2050, Government of Nepal.
25. Varshney, R.S., Hydropower Structures, Nem Chand & Brothers, Roorkee, India. 1986.
26. Grishin, M.M., Hydraulic Structures, Mir Publishers, Vol. 1 & 2, Moscow, 1982.
27. Nayak, J.N., Design Guidelines on Hydropower Projects, Kathmandu, 1993.
28. Guidelines on Design of Hydraulic Structures, Hydraulic Research Institute, Vol. 1 Book
No. 3, Leningrad, 1983.
29. Guideline on Composition of Gate Chamber and Design of Hydrodynamic Forces on

Plane, Radial and Disk Gates of Hydraulic Structures, Hydraulic Research Institute, Leningrad,
1980.
30. Guidelines on Design of Hydroisolation, Thermohydroisolation and Deformation Joints,

Hydraulic Research Institute, Vol. 1 Book No. 2, Leningrad, 1983.
31. Papov, R.V, R.C.C. Angle Channel and Counterfort Retaining Retaining Walls, Moscow,
Institute of Hydromelioration, Moscow, 1976.
32. Freishist, A.R., et.al., Steel Penstock Liners of Hydroelectric Stations, Moscow, 1982.
33. Barton, et al, Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel.
34. Goodman, R.E., Introduction to Rock Mechanics, 1980.
9
35. Hock and Bray, Rock Slope Engineering, 1982.
36. Hock and Brown, Underground Excavation in Rock, l982.
37. Hunt, R.E., Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Manual, 1984.
38. Hunt, R.E., Geotechnical Engineering Techniques and Practices, 1986.
39. Hydrological Records of Nepal – Stream flow Summary (1971 - 1985) – Updated version,
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal,
Kathmandu, June 1988.
40. Hydrological Records of Nepal - Streamflow Summary (1986-1990), Department of

Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu,
June 1994.
41. Hydrological Records of Nepal - Streamflow Summary (1993), Department of Hydrology

and Meteorology, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, June 1995.
42. Climatological Records of Nepal (1987-1990), Department of Hydrology and

Meteorology, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, June 1995.
43. Methodologies for Estimating Hydrologic Characteristics of Ungauged Locations in

Nepal, Volume - I Main Report, Volume - II Appendices, Water and Energy Commission
Secretariat and Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Water Resources,
Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, July 1990.
44. Environmental Guideline for Selected Infrastructure Projects, Asian Development Bank,
Manila, 1988.
9
45. Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for the Water Resources Sector (Power and
Irrigation), National Planning Commission in collaboration with IUCN - The World Conservation
Union. Kathmandu. 1993.
46. Environmental Assessment Source BooL:, Volume III, The World Bank, Washington D
C..
47. Economic and Environmental Development Planning for Bagmati Zone - Assessment of
Current Conditions, Plans and Programs of Sindhupalchowk District, ICIMOD, Kathmandu,
March 1993.
48. Environmental Impact Assessment of the Bhotekoshi Hydroelectric Project, 5t IUCN -

The World Conservation Union, Kathmandu, 1995.
49. Master Plan for the Forestry Sector Nepal - The Country Background, Ministry for Forests
and Soil Conservation, HMGN, Kathmandu, 1987.
50. Environmental Impact Assessment of the Master Plan of the Forestry Sector, Ministry for
Forests and Soil Conservation, HMGN, in collaboration with FINNIDA and ADB, Nepal, 1988.
51. Sharma K.P. and et.al. Suspended sediment yield estimation model for the Nepalese
Watersheds. Proceedings of Regional Seminar on Mathematical Modelling of Alluvial rivers.
April 14-18, 1992, Kathmandu
52. Detail Drawings of Haluwa Khola Small Hydropower Project, 400 kW, Ramechhap.

Main Report - Tara Khola

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Detailed Feasibility Study and Design

Green Tech Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Name of the Project: Tara Khola Samudayik

Mini Hydropower Project

Name of the River: Tara Khola and Mophesh Khola

Type of scheme Run of River

Project location Tara VDC, Baglung

Number of Households 2200

Development Region Western

Latitude 83º22' 15” E to 83º23' 02” E

Longitude 28º19'48" N to 28º20'17" N

Baglung Bazaar-Tara Khola 40 km

Baglung-Bihun (Rijal Chowk) 20 km (Graveled Road)

Rijal Chowk-Tara Khola 20 km (Earthen Road)

Long term average flow 1.954 m3/s

Minimum monthly flow 0.229 m3/s

Design discharge 0.422 m3/s

Type Concrete gravity type

Type Orifice Type (Both intakes)

No. of Opening 1 (Both Intakes)

Design discharge (Tara Khola) 0.331 m3/s

Design discharge (Mophesh Khola) 0.091 m3/s

Type Single Chambered

No of units One (Tara Khola)

One (Mophes Khola)

Size (Width and Depth) 3.0 m x 3.0 m

Design discharge 0.349 m3/s for both streams

Particle size to be settled > 0.20 mm

Type Rectangular lined stone masonry

Length 920 m from Tara Khola to Forebay and

172 m of head race pipe from Mophesh

Size (Width x Depth) 800 mm x 750 mm

Design discharge 0.422 m3/s ( For both Tara Khola

and Mophesh Khola)

Special Feature 25 m RCC Crossing

Size 13 m x 3.0 m x 3.0 m

FSL at forebay 2051.55 m

Type Trapezoidal Lined Stone Masonry

Length 13.43 m (First Road Crossing)

10 m (Second Road Crossing)

Size 600 mm dia. MS pipe, 5 mm thickness buried

Type Buried, Steel

Internal diameter 600 mm

Design discharge 0.422 m3/s

Penstock bifurcation diameter 425 mm (2-10 m long pipes)

Size 18.40 m x 10.22 m

Power house floor level 1933.94 m

FSL in tailrace at powerhouse 1932.40 m

Number of units 2 nos

Turbine axis level 1935.90 m

Turbine rated capacity 2 x 214 kW

Gross Head 119.16 m

Rated turbine efficiency 91.5 %

Type 3-phase, synchronous, vertical shaft

Rated Power 300 kVA

Rated Voltage 0.4 kV

Rated Power factor 0.8 (lagging)

Rated Speed 1500 rpm

Rated Efficiency 93.5 %

Stator and Rotor insulation class F

Stator connection star with neutral earthed

Direction of Rotation clock wise as viewed from the top

Short Circuit Ratio not less than 1.1