Chapter

9 HYDROGEN
PoiNTs To REMEMBER

1. Hydrogen is the lightest and the first element of periodictable. Itselectronicconfigurati

is ls
|2. It shows similarities with alkali metal (Group-1), Halogens(Group-17)and Carbon (Grouup
14)
Hydrogen is discovered by Henry Cavandish in 1766 and the name hydrogen was given
by Lavosier in 1783.

4. There is three isotopes of hydrogen:Protium (H) Deuterium (H) and Tritum H

Method of preparation of hydrogen
) Laboratory method:

Zn+HSO ZnSOtH
Granular
(i) Industrial manufacture Lane's method

3Fe+4H =Fe,0, +4H2

Uno Method: 2A1+2NaOH+2H,02NaAl0 +3H
Bosh method
C+H,OfCO+Hl
[CO+H,1+H,0eO2H, +CO.
6. Uses (i) InInfilling balloons, (Gi) Asa reducing agent, (ii) In the preparationof vanspati
Ghee, (iv) the manutfacture of
methanol, NH3 and HC1, (v) In cooling glass.
7. Ortho and para hydrogen are allotrpes ofeach other.
8. In ortho hydrogen, spin of proton is in same directionandin para hydrogen,the spin of
proton is in opposite direction
9. Occluded H2: Some metals (such as-Pt, Ni, Os, Cr, Mn, Pd, Fe etc.) absorbedhydrogen
This process is called occultation and H2 absorbed by metal is
called occluded H2:
10. Hydrogen is effective reducing agent.
11. Deuterium is obtained by the electrolysis of heavy water.
12. Binary compound formed by the combination of hydrogen and various element are can
alled

hydride.
13. Hydrides are of three types-lonic, Covalent and Metallic.
14. Water is universal solvent, Structure V shapes, bond angle 140 28" density of ice 1s ess
than water, Density of water is maximum at 4°C
15. Hydrogen bond is form between water molecules,
 nyarogen

otVe orms owater are atomic and nascent hydrogen. For the production o
ms of
h temperatureatomic
atomi hydrogen torch is used.

Due
Due
to bicarbonates of Ca and Mg temporary hardness and due
s s of of water:
water

rdness
and sulphates of Ca and Mg permanent harness of water is
chlorides
0 presenceo f
H a r d

hardness of wate is by boiling.

removed
Tenporar
hardness of wate, calgon process, NaCO3 permutit
permu
Temthe moval of permanent
removalo
permane
resin method is used.
For ionexchange obtaineed
is
method
and
heavy water 1s normal waterfrom which heavy water
SOurce ot fractionaldist
electrolysisor
distillation.
continuous coolant in nuclear reactor
is used as neutron reducing agent bleaching

compound. It is act as oxidizing agent,

water
Heavy
multipurpose
H 0 3i sm u l

a g e n ta n d g e r m i c i d e s .
volume, 20volumeetc
terms of volume ie. 10
2
eXpressed-in
Strengthof Ha0, 1s
is non-planer. antiseptic.
StructureofH202 perhydrolacts as an f
H5O by the name is used as rocket
of
Dilutesolution alternative fuel of future liquid hydrogen
ana
00088SANSAASANOSRISRRKRR www.ww RASAKSARAAOwANEKA

Hydrogenis
is an
KHydrogen
K WITH ANSWER QUESTIONS
EXERCISE electronic
NCERT table on the basis ofits
the periodic
position ofhydrogen in
Q.1. Justify the
these
ratio of
configuration. No. 1. is the mass
Ans. Type Q. What
Ans. Refer Long of iosotopes
of hydrogen.
names
the
Q.2. Write monoatomic

iotopes ? in a
Short Ans. Type Q.
No. 2 diatomic
form rather than
Ans. Refer occur in a
does hydrogen has only one
Q. 3. Why valence
shell (1s') and
conditions?
in its shares its single
normal Therefore, it
electron
formunder atom has only
one
helium.
Ans. Hydrogen configuration
of
configuration He. Therefore, of
stable noble gas stable inert gas rather than
less than the achieve and exists as H2
Iectron other
H-atom to
amount ofenergy
with electron of large releasing
tron molecule
forms diatomic
aily
monoatomic. ) + H ) Hag),AH=4358kJmol

from "coal
gasification',be

obtained

the production of dihydrogen,

her4 Q. How can
method.
Whatis
increased ? No. 1. by
electrolytic

Ans. Type Q. of
dihydrogen
Ans. Refer Short preparation in the presence
the bulk electrolysis

he
Q.5. Describe
roDescribe process? carrying
its
such is a poor
the role ofan electrolyte! in this from waterby
water as
Actually,
mainly alkali. conductivity.
formed acid and its
Ans. Dihydrog
rogen is amount an of electrolyte increases
ofamount electrodes are
of suitable electroly i.e.,
small platinum
two
at
of small which collected
electrolytic cell in where
COnductoctrolytes

electricity.
Addition
as 02 gas gets
done in
an c a t h o d e
at
Slectrolysis of water is is
c o l l e c t e d

fitted. On passing electricity H2 gas

anode. ElectrolysiS 2H2(g)+O2(s)

AcidorBase
2H,O
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry

also increases the concins:

n this method, ionisation of
water occur readily, electrolyte
is obtained.
ctivity
vigorously and pure H2
of water. Thus, the reaction proceed
reactions:
Q.6. Complete the.following
Hu+ Mo0)A
i) CO+2H2 Catalyst

(i)CgHee)+3H,O¢) Catalyst
(iv)Zn+ NaOHG)Heat
Ans.(1) H2+MmOot)AmM)t ok;Om
(i) CO+2H2tg) Catalyst CH,OH0
Methanol

A 3CO(+7H2)
(ii) CgHsg)+3H;O) Catalyst

(iv) Zn+2NaOH(a)Heat, Na2ZnOla)+ H2g

Sodium zincate
terms of chemical
Q. 7. Discuss the consequences of high enthalpy of H-H bond in
reactivity of dihydrogen.
kJ mol-l). Due to
Ans. The bond dissociation enthalpy of H-H bond is very high (435.9
However, at high temperatures
high bond enthalpy, it is not very reactive at room temperature.
increases.
or in the presence of catalysts activity of hydrogen
where as at 5000OK
At 2000K temperature dissociation of atoms of H2 is only 0-081%
it increases to 95:5%. electric arc or ultraviolet rays atomic hydrogen (H) is
By
temperature
prepared from H2.
and
Q. 8. What do you understand by (i) electron-deficient, (i) electron-precise,
(ii) electron-rich compounds of hydrogen ? Provide justification with suitable examples
Ans. Refer Long Ans. Type Q. No. 2.
with
Q.9. What characteristics do you expect from an electron-deficient hydride
respect to its structure and chemical reactions ?
Ans. Characteristics of Electron deficient hydrides are as follows
with metals and non
(i) Electron deficient hydrides are reactive and they react readily
metals.
Like
BH+30 B203 +3H20
BaH +6Clh 2BCl +6HC
(i) These behave as electron acceptors because they have deficiency of electrons.
B,H +2NH -
B,H,.2NH,
B,H, +2NaH-2Na*[BH,T
2.Hc is
 Hydrogen
the
aet the
expect Carbon hydrides of the
Doyou
?Justily your answer, type (CH2+2) to act as
n "Lewis'
drides
drides of the
thettype C,H2n+2are electron
Carbon

quired to form covalent bonds. precise hydries. They have exact

trons
electrons and hence they do not act as
Therefore, they have no tendency to
lose
Lewis acids or Lewis bases.
Vhat do you unders understand by the term
"non-stoichiometric hydrides" ? Do you
1L
this(ypeof'the hvdrides to be formed by alkali metals ?
ides which law of constant composition
in whi
ydrides in Justify your answer.
A (definite ratio) is not applicable and
isde deficiency of electron are known as Non-stoichiometric or
h
there
Interstitial hydrides.
ZrH13-175
atio Oof metal and hydrogen is variable which depend on temperature and
pressure
generally formed by d- and f-block elements.
r generally

How do you expect the metallic hydrides to be useful for hydrogen storage 2

AnS Metallic hydrides can be used as hydrogen storage. In them sufficient space is found
aattice in which hydrogen is adsorbed many more times than the volume ofthe metal.
raample : Pt, Pd, Ni etc. adsorb 80 times more H2 gas than their volume and act as storage
Thus, they are used in the storage of hydrogen.
Q. 13. How does the atomic hydrogen or oxy-hydrogen toreh function for cutting
welding purposes ? Explain.
Ans. () Atomic hydrogen is produced when molecular hydrogen is passed through an

20TIC arc struck between tungsten electrodes at 3773-4273K.

Electric arc 2H AH =435-9 kJ mol
H2 3773-4273K
mixed with proportionate amount of O, to
(u) In oxy-hydrogen torch H2 molecules are
Touce heat. Heat produced is used in cutting
and welding of metals.
would you expect to have highest magnitude
.14. H,0 and HE, which
Among NH3,
ydrogen bonding and why

H 140
of negative charge on F
and theretore, the magnitude
electronegative
Ans. Since F is most will be strongest in HE
be highest and therefore, H-bonding
positive charge on H will
with water violently producing fire. Can
to react
are known
Q.15. Saline hydrides case ? Explain.
extinguisher, be used in this
a well known fire react with water violently to form corresponding
(eg., NaH, CaH2 etc)
Ans. Saline hydrides as,
hydroxide with
the evolution ofdihydrogen
NaOH(ay) + H2(g)
NaH+H2Om Ca(OH2aq) t 2H2(g)
CaHz+2HO
exothermic and the evolved H2 catchesfire. The fire produced
very
These reactions are
because it gets reduced by hot metal hydride.
CO2
annot be extinguished byH C O O N a
NaH +CO2-
used because it is highly stable solid,
However, sand is
297
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry : Class XI

Q.16. Arrange the following

) CaH2, BeH; and TiH; in order of increasing electrical conductance,
(i) LiH, NaH and CsH in order of increasing ionic character.
(ii) H-H, D-D and F-F in order of increasing bond dissociation enthalpy
(iv) NaH, MgH, and Ha0 in order of increasing reducing property.
py.

Ans. (i) BeH, <CaH, <TiH,

Inereasing electrical conductivity
Explanation: BeHh is a covalent hydride, CaH, conduct electricity in fused statew
as TiH2 is a conductor of electricity in normal state. tate where
(i). Li-H<Na-H<Cs-H
Increasing ionic character
Explanation: lonization enthalpy decreases in the orderLi> Na> Cs. It creates
effect on ion property. Thus ionic character increases in the above order. opposite
(i) F-F<H-H<D-D
Increasing bond-dissociaton enthalpy
Explanation: In F-F due to repulsion between lone pair of fluorine atoms bond-dissociation
enthalpy of Fa is least (242-6 kJ mol-l). Since size of Deuterium is less than H, thus its bond
dissociation enthalpy (443 35 kJ mol-l) is more than H2
(435 88kJ mol-l).
iv) H,O< MgH, < NaH

Increasing Reducing character

Explanation: Water and MgH2 are covalent hydride, in which O-H bond-dissociatin
energy is more than Mg-H. Thus reducing property of water is less than MgH2 where as Nai
is an ionic hydride which is strongly
reducing.
Q.17. Compare the structure of H,0 and
Ans. In water, O atom is sp$
H202.
hybridised and there are two 0-H bonds and two sp' hyond
orbitals occupy lone pairs of electrons. Due to
stronger lone pair-lone pair repulsions than vu
pair-bond pair repulsions, the HOH bond decreases from 109 5° to 104:5°. Therefore, wa
molecule is a bent or angular molecule.
H,0, has non-planar structure. In this structure,
0-0 oxygen atoms are bonded to each
other by a single covalent bond and each O
further bonded to a a0
hydrogen atom by a single covalent bond. The two 0-H bonasarein
different planes. The dihedral angle between two state

its bond angle is 90-20. planes is 111.5° in the gas phase. In sol

H
1045 H
H
structure of H20
911-5 111-5
H
H

Gas state Solid state

(structure of H202) (structure of H202)
 Hydrogen
1 &What
do
you understand by the term'auto-protolysis' of water ? What is its

atance nrotolysis is a reaction in which two same molecules react to give ions with
A u t o - p r o t o l y s i s

sFor example- in water, a proton fYrom one water molecule is transferred to

aster.F o r

cule leaving behind OH ions and forming H,0 ion:

w a t e r
m o l e c u l e

r
H,00+HOg H)+0Hp)
acids as well as
fauto-protolysis, water is amphoteric in nature i.e. it reacts with
B e c a u s eo fauto-pr

acids stronger than itself and as an acid towards bases stronger

base towards
a a base
aCisas
If
iself. Fore x a m p l e :

NHHa) +OH
H.0p+ NHaag)
scid base2 acida base
H30Oan) + HS)
HHO+ H2S(ay)
acid acid base
base of conjugate acid-base pairs.
to understand Bronsted concept oxidation and
t helps and suggest, in terms of
the reaction of water with F
0.19. Consider oxidised/reduced.
are
redaction, which species
A s. Increase in oxid". no. (oxidation)

- I
+1-2 +1
0
2F +2H,0 [4H] +[4FJ +02

Decrease in oxid". no. (Reduces)

or Og.
and gets oxidised O2
to
Water acts as a reducing agent
reduced to F.
agent and itself gets
F acts as an oxidising
chemical reactions:
.20. Complete the following
) PbS+4H,0a)
(i) MnOag)+H,0m)
(Gi) CaO+ H,O)
(iv) AIClg)+ H20g-
()CaN20+H20g (b) redox
and (c) hydration reactions.
iassify the above into (a) hydrolysis,
Ans. reaction)
G) PbS+4H,0a PbSOA) +4H20g(Redox
2Mn)+8H2Ou +502()
2MnO(an) +5H202aq)+6Hjan) (Redox reaction)
Ca(OH)2au) (Hydrolysis reaction)
ii) Ca0+H20(g)
(Hydration reaction)
(iv) AICl3(g+3H2O Al(OH)36) + 3HCHan) (Hydration reaction)
CaNa) +6H,0 3Ca(OH)aaa)+ 2NH3(aq)

299
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry: Class XI
Q.21. Describe the structure of the common form of ice.
Ans. Ice has a three dimensional network in which each O atom is tetrahedrallysurto
by four hydrogen atoms; two by covalent bonds and two by hydrogen bonds. Ice has
structure having a number of vacant spaces. open
Figure : Refer Short Ans. Type Q. No. 17.
Q.22. What causes the temporary and permanent hardness ofwater.
Ans. Refer Short Ans. Type Q. No. 4.
Q.23. Discuss the principle and method of softening of hard water by synthetiei
exchange resins.
Ans. Softening of water is mainly done by Synthetic cation exchange resin. this methodi.
better than zeolite. Cation exchange resin regiant organic molecules containing SO;H g
which are insolube in water. Ion exchange resin (R-SOgH) is treated with NaCI and converte
to R Na. Resin exchanges Nat ion by
Ca and Mg" present in water and forms soft water
from hard water where (R is resin anion).
=

2RNag +Ma RM +2Naj)

Resin is regenerated by sodium chloride solution.
On passing water, successively on cation-exchange (in the form of H ion) and anion
exchange (in the form of OH) resin, pure water is obtained.

2RH+M MR2 +2H[aq)

In the process of cation exchange H is exchanged Na", Ca*", Mg" etc. ions present in
water by which proton is removed and water becomes acidic.
In the second process of anion exchange

RNH20+H,O) RNH + OH(a0)

RNH OH +Xau) RNH3X( +OH(an)

OH is exchanged by anions (Like: Ir,HCO,SO0;) present in water. This way, OF
ions liberated reacts with H ions obtained by cation exchange and neutralizes water

Hag)+OH HO)
When the use of resin bed of cation and anion exchange is complete, then they ai
regenerated by reacting ith dilute acid and dilute basic solutions.
Q.24. Write chemical reactions to show the amphoteric nature of water.
Ans. Water is amphoteric in character and it behaves both as an acid as well as a bas
With acids stronger than itself(e.g., H^S) it behaves as a base and with oases stronger than 1

eg., NH3) it acts as an acid.

) As a base

H,O+HhSa HOan) +HStq)

base acid acid base
 Hydrogen
2cid
an

AS

i)
H,O t N H ) NH4(ag) +OHag)
acid base acid2 base
its auto ions acts
as (H ion (acid) and (OH) ion base
Wateras
H,O+Ha H,0"+OH
Acid base

25. Write the chemical reactions to justify that hydrogen peroxide can function as
Q23
reducing agent.
as well as
Short Ans. Type Q. No. 15.
oridising

Ans. Refer
water and how can it be obtained ?
0.26. What is meant by "demineralised'
demineralised water. It is
Ans, Water which is free from all cations and anions is called anion
Auined by passing
hard water first through cation exchange resin and then through
achange resin.
Water formed by O, is demineralizsed water.
combination of H2 and
how
Is demineralised or distilled water useful for drinking purposes If not,
?
0.27.
can it be made
useful ?
Ans. Demineralised or distilled water is not
useful for drinking purposes since it does not
useful
contain even useful minerals and ions like Na, K and Mg2*. Therefore, to make water
amounts should be added to
demineralised or
for drinking purposes, useful minerals in proper
dstled water.
Q.28. Describe the usefulness of water in biosphere and biological systems.
life. Water constitutes about 65% of the body
Ans. Water is essential to all forms of
their growth. We can live without food for
eght of animals and plants and is essential for
S9ome days but cannot live without water. It is
also a principal constitutent of earth's surface. In
such as high specific heat, thermal
omparison to other liquids, it has characteristic properties
dielectric constant, etc. which make water to play
COnductivity, dipole moment, surface tension, of vaporisation and heat capacity help it
and significant role in biosphere. The high heat
key of living beings. It is an excellent solvent
moderation of the climate and body temperature
or other nutrients for plant and animal metabolism. This also
0r transportation of minerals and which releases oxygen in the atmosphere.
Plays an important role in photosynthesis plants
in
make it useful as a solvent ? What types of compound
Q.29. What properties of water
4n it(i) dissolve, and (i) hydrolyse?
constant (7839) and high dipole moment (1 84D). Because
Ans. Water has a high dielectric
off these
th properties water has the capacity to dissolve most of the inorganic substances, ionic as
well as covalent and is, therefore, regarded asa universal solvent. Ionic compounds dissolve in
Water due to ion-dipole interactions or solvatIon of 1ons whereas covalent compounds such as
Urea, glucose, amines, alcohols, sugar, etc. dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonding, Water
Can casily hvdrolyse many ionic and caovalent compounds of metals and non-metals. In these
Teactions. H and OH ions of water interact with anions and cations of compounds to form
acids and bases.
For example
Al;C +12H,0 4A(OH), +3CH,1
PO100)+6H,O 4H,PO(a9) +3CHO20
301
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry Class XI

N+3H,0o NH) +30H(a)

SiCl4 +2H,0 Si0, +4HCl)
Q.30. Knowing the properties of H,0 and D,0, do you think that D,O c
for drinking purposes?
can be DO
usel
Ans. Heavy water is injurious to plants, animals and human beings because
it slow
ows do
the rates of reactions occurring in them. Thus,
heavy water does not support life so well as does
ordinary water.
Q.31. What is the difference between the terms 'hydrolysis' and
hydration? 9
Hydrolysis is the interaction of H" and OH ions of water with the anion and eat.
of a salt
respectively to form acid and base. cation
For example
Na,COs+2H,0-
Salt
2NaOH+H,COg
Base Acid
Hydration is the interaction of water with the salts to forms coordinated
or hydrated salts. or
hydrated ione

Na Cl tnH,O Na*(H,O), + CH0)

N +6H00- Ni(HO)k(ag)
CuSO4)+ 5H;O00> CuSO4SH,O
Hydrated salt
Q.32. How can saline hydrides remove
Ans. Saline traces of water from
hydrides (e.g., NaH, CaH2, etc) react with water organic compounds?
metal hydroxides with the liberation of H2 gas. forming their corresponding
NaH HO0 NaOH(ag) H2(g)
+

CaH20+ 2H200
Thus, traces of water Ca(OH2ag)+ H2g)
present in organic solvents can be
over saline hydrides when easily removed by distilling them
H2 gas escapes into the
flask while dry
organic solvent distius over. atmosphere and metal hydroxide is left in the
Q.33. What do you expect
numbers 15, 19, 23 and 44 with the nature of hydrides is, if formed by
Ans. (i) Element with dihydrogen ? Compare their behaviour elements of atomic
Z 15 is a
non-metal (i.e., P) and hence towards water.
=

(PH3). form covalent hyárnae

() Element with Z 19 is an
=

(K°H). alkali metal (K) and

hence form ionic or saline
(ii) Element with Z 23 is hydárde
metallic or interstitial a transition element (i.e.,
hydride (i.e., V) of group 5 and hence
iv) Element with Z 44 is a VHL6) 101
form any hydride. transition metal (Ru) of group 8 and
Behaviour towards water. therefore, it does not
gas as Only ionic hydrides (e.g.
K*H) react with water evolving
2KH+2H,O)-
Water 2KOH(a4)+ 2H2()
 Hydrogen
oDect different products in solution when aluminium
expect dit

4etreated separately with () normal water, (i) acidified water,(I)

D you
3 4Do
loride treated sep
chloride and
and (i) alkaline
ations wherever necessary.
te
WrieAICl is a salt
salt of a weak base Al (OH), and a strong acid HCI. Therefore, in normal
A n s

undergoes
hydrolysis as
3H,O Al(OH)3G+3H3H (ag)+3Cl (ag)
it
AlClo
A
h acio
water, H ions react with Al(OH), to form AP"(a ions and water. Thus, in acidic
AICl%
exists as Al (o) and C(a) ions.
AICl) acidified A"(ag)+3C) (
water
le alkaline water, Al(OHI)3 reacts to form tetra hydroxoaluminate complex or metaaluminate

AOH)+OH [AI(OH)4J or AlO,"+2H,0

Tetrahydroxo Metaaluminate
aluminate ion 10n

Thecomplete reaction may be written as

AICl alkaline[AI(OH)J
water
(ag) + 3Ckm)
OH
AIO, +2HO + 3CTag)
Potassium chloride is a salt of a strong acid and a strong base. It does not undergo hydrolysis
normal water. It dissociates to K"(ag and Cl(an) 1ons as

KCl)-Water_ K(og)+Cl() in
and hence the ions do not react
Therefore, the aqueous solution of KCI is neutral
zidified or alkaline, water.
bleaching agent ?
.35. How does H,O, behave as a No. 18.
Ans. Refer Very Short Ans. Type Q.
the terms:
.36. What do you understand by shift reaction,
(i) Hydrogenation, (i) syn gas,(iv) water-gas
h Hydrogen
) fuel cell.
economy,

economy is the storage

() Hydrogen Economy : The
Ans. principle of hydrogen
basic
main aim and advantage is the
and t form of liquid hydrogen. Its
ansportation of energy in the of electrical energy but in the form of hydrogen. In our
uansm
Snission of energy not in the form vehicles as a fuel. Now a
was used in
automobile days,
ntry, first time in 2005, hydrogen of electricity.
for the production
gen is used in fuel cellsProcess hydrogenation general occur in organic chemistry. In
Hydrogenation: of or their derivatives to form
his reaction,hydrogen is added inunsaturated hydrocari saturated
hydrogenation are as follows:
cts. Some examples of alkene and alkane.
(a) Conversion of Alkyne to
N d
H-CCH- Ni/pdCH==CH2
H2, 300°C
H2,300C CH-CH
Ethene Ethane
Ethyne oils to fats.
of vegetable
(6) Conversion
High pressure Food fat
Oil+H2 A
Ni catalyst (Margarene Saturated and vegetable ghee)
Unsaturated
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry Class XI

ii) Syn Gas: Mixture of CO and H2 is called syn gas. It is also known as water
O+Ha usedas./i Syn
gas is obtained by flowing water vapour on red hot coke. Mixture of CO +H, is
synthesis of methanol and various hydrocarbons. Thus, it is known as synthesized gas
hesized gas or sn
Gas.
)+H 1270K CO(+H2(g)
Coal gasofication
v) Water Gas-Shift Reaction: Water gas is formed when CO gas reacts withw
water
vapour in the presence of iron chromate (FeCrO4) as catalyst.
673K
CO+H0) FeCrO4C02(g) +H2g)
High pressure
From this mixture, C02 gas is separated by reacting with sodium arsenite.
(v) Fuel cell: It is a device which converts the energy produced during the combustionot
a fuel directly into electrical energy. Dihydrogen is used in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cellfor

generating electrical energy. It has many advantages over conventional fossil fuels and electie
power. It does not produce any pollution and releases 1larger energy per unit mass of fuel in
comparison to gasoline and other fuels.
 with Watei,
3. When a salt reacts maximum 3 hydrogen
bonds.

molecule of water can form

4. A
are H and D.
5. Stabl isotopes of hydrogen
4. False, 5. True.
Ans. 1. True, 2. True, 3. False,
Questions
Very Short Answer 1ype by
formed hydrogen ?
of ions can be
Q. 1. How many types formed by hydrogen,
of ions H" and H (Hydride) can be
Ans. Two types
used in balloons?
Q.2. Why is hydrogen gas not d in
it cannot be used in hal.
balloons.
combustible gas, therefore
Ans. Hydrogen is a highly than water ?
is better oxidizing agent
Q.3. Why H,0, a
atom, therefore it is a better oxidis.
Ans. H,O easily dissociate to give oxygen ing agen
than water.
H,O2 H,0+[0]
?
Q.4. HO, is known as Antichlor. Why chlorine in the bleachino.
(lett)
Ans. HO is used for the removal ofthe remaining action
an anitchlor.
of chlorine due to this property H,O, is known as

Cl +H,0 2HCI+O,T
? long time
Q.5. Why can H,0, not be stored for a
Ans. H,O, decomposes in the presence of temperature and light and is of oxidizino

ture, therefore it cannot be stored for a long time.

Q.6. Hydrogen is known as a rogue element. Why?
Ans. Since the position of hydrogen in the periodic table is not definite, it is placed in te
first group with alkali metals and with halogens in the seventh group. Thus it is known as a
rogue element.
Q.7. Write the uses ofheavy hydrogen.
Ans. (i) In the form of tracer, (ii) In the preparation of heavy water, (ii) In artificial
transmutation in the form of bombarding particle.
Q.8. Explain Lan's process of preparation of hydrogen.
Ans. In this method, iron pieces are filled in a retort which is heated to 600 to 800°C and
on passing steam over it, Ha is formed.

3Fe+4H,0 Fe,0, +4H2

Q.9. How is pure H2 obtained by hydrolith ?
Ans. Calcium hydride (CaH2) is known as hydrolith. By the action of water over it, pue
hydrogen is obtained.

CaH, +2H,0 Ca(OH), +2H, T

Q.10. How is hydrogen prepared by Uno method ?
Ans. In this mthod, scrap aluminium shaving is reacted with caustic soda to obrain
**
2Al+2NaOH +2H,0 2NaAIO, +3H2 T
Sodium meta-aluminate
(NaA1O,) formed is soluble in water.
Q.11. Write the main uses of
Ans. Main uses of Hydrogen: hydrogen.
(i) Preparation of vegetable ghee by vegetable oil.

306
 Hydrogen
educing agent.
(i)As
(i)Liquidhydrogen is used as a fuel of rockets in space crafts.
Liqhter it is used in filling
lighter it of tuyers
aircraft and balloons.
(v)Being
Being
the
form foxy
ofoxy hydrogen flame (upto 2800°C) which is used for cuting and
()ln

joining
the time of storage of H;O;a small amount of
? phosphoric acid acetamide
erol is mixed. Why
Decause any of these compounds may reduce the rate of
Ans..

gative calalyst.
decomposition i.e. it acts as
1Q13
3 .Hydrides are of how many types ?
Ans. Hydrides
are
of three types:
a lonic hydrides, (1) Molecular hydrides, (ii) interstitial hydrides.
0.14. What is heavy water ? Write its two use.
Ans, Oxide of heavy 1Sotope of hydrogen i.e., Deuterium D,O is known as heavy water.
Uses:(0) As a moderator in nuclear reactor.
) In preparing deuterium and its compounds.
0.15. How is the concentration of H,0, represented?
Ans.Concentration of H,0,: Concentration of H,0, soluton is equal to that volume of
arygen at N.TP. which is obtained by heating 1 ml of that solution.
Like : 10 ml H,0, means on heating 1 ml H0% at N.T.P. 10 ml oxygen is obtained.
Q. 16. What is active or atomic hydrogen ?
Ans. Active or Atomic hydrogen: On passing ordinary hydrogen at high temperature of
200-3000°C and low pressure by tungsten electrodes in electric arc, hydrogen dissociate into
atoms which are known as active or atomic hydrogen.
Eletricar2H, AH = 435-9 kJ/mol
Ha) 2000-3000°C

Q.17. How is pure H0, prepared ?

Ans. Preparation of pure hydrogen peroxide : By the action of dil. H,S0,on hydrated
Darium peroxide H,O, is formed. Precipitate of BaSO, is also formed which is filtered out.

Ba0,.8H,0+H,SO4 BaSO44 +H,0, +8H,O

?
Q.18. How bleaching action by H202 represented
can
to its oxidizing ability. It oxidizes coloured substances
Ans. Bleaching action of H,O, is due
lik Silk, flowers, hair, soft wood etc. permanently to colorless substance.

H,0 H,O+0

Coloured substance + [O] Colourless (Bleached)

?
Q.19. What is Fenton reagent
and alkaline H202 is known is Fenton reagent. It is generally used
Ans. Mixture of FeSO4
reactions.
4 an oxidizing agent in organic
0.20. H,0, behaves both as an oxidizing and reducing agent. Why ?
Ans. InHO oxygen is its intermediate oxidation state (-1) this atom can lose electron as
well ascan gain electron. Thus H,O, behaves both as an oxidizing and reducing agent.

307
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry:Class X

21. In CuSO,5H,0 how many

water molecules ciated by
are associated by hvd
bydrozea
Q.
bonds ? bracket (covalent tea
molecule of water, which is outside the square
Ans.Only one
are co-ordinated. Thes, is
bond. Remaining four molecules of wate
associated by hydrogen
structural formula is [Cu(H,0),]S04H,0.
Short Answer Type Questions
Bosch process
Q.1. How is hydrogen prepared by
or
manufacture of hydrogen by water gas.
Write the method of industrial
or
increased.
How is the amount of H, obtained by coal gasification
Ans. Bosch Process: In this method, temperature steam is passed over red h
at 1270K
is obtained which is known as coal gasofications water ga
by which syn gas or water gas
coke
and Cr;0, catalysta
over catalytic mixture of Fe0;
(CO+H) is mixed with steam and passed oxidised to CO, and fom H
than CO
773K, in water gas reacts with water and gets
present
whose production increases in the presence catalyst.
C+H,0 CO + Hzg
water gas

[CO+H,]+H,0 Steam CO, +2H, T

With the liberation of CO and CO2, the reaction displaces towards forward direction, this
is known as water gas syn reaction.
Q.2. Write the name, formula and difference of isotopes of hydrogen.
Or
Draw the atomic strueture is isotopes of hydrogen.
Ans. Atomic structure of isotopes of hydrogen:

( Hydrogen or ProtiumH Heavy hydrogen H Tritium (T) SH

or Deuterium (D)
Hydrogen
Formula: ,H*
Formula: H Formula:
Proton
H1 Proton=1
Proton 1
Electron1 Electron =1 Electron =l
Neutron =0 Neutron=1 Neutron =2
Atomic mass = 1-008 2-014 3-016
Percent composition =99.9844% 0-0156% Ix1039%
Mutual mass ratio = 1:2:3.

308
 Hydrogen
hard and
soft water ?
is
.3. What ater : Water which easily form good lather with soap is called soft water
A n s .S o f t

ater, river water etc. are soft water.

rain
ater,
hetilled
Water which does not form good lather with soap easily is called hard
ater:: Watc
water
ard
Hes less
less lather and soap spreads and form clots, due to this lot of soap is wasted.
gives
r.t Hardness of water is of how many types ? How is temporary
hardness of water
Q4
pNnOved. E x p l a i n .

of hardness of water. They are

Ans. There are two types
hardness, (1) Permanent hardness.
@Temporary hardness: When hardness
a Temporary of water is removed by boiling or by other
due to bicarbonates
methods, then it is known as temporary hardness. This hardness is
sinple
in water.
ofCa and Mg
Temporary hardness can be removed by the following methods:
hard water, the soluble bicarbonate salts
(a) By Boiling water : On boiling temporary
are removed by filtration.
recipitate as insoluble carbonate salts, which
Ca(HCO2 CaCO, +H,O+CO,
Mg(HCO)2 MgCO +H,O+CO
hard
(b) By Boiling with slaked lime (Clark's method) : On boiling the temporary
water with slaked lime the soluble bicarbonate salts precipitate as insoluble carbonates which
are removed salts precipitate as insoluble carbonates which are removed by filtration.

Ca(HCO,), +Ca(OH)2 CaCO, +2H,0o

Mg(HCO,), +Ca(OH),>MgCO, d+2H,O
i) Permanent hardness : When hardness of water cannot be removed by boiling or by
Oiner simple methods it is known as permanent hardness. It is caused due to the chlorides and
Sulphates of Ca and Mg.
Methods of removal of permanent hardness: () Calgon method, (i) Permutit method.
Q.5. What is hydrogenation ?
or

What is meant by hardnening of vegetable oils ?

Ans. Hydrogenation: When hydrogen gas at y0-450k in presence of nickel powder

atalyst is passed through vegetable oil (ground nut o1, mustard oil) it becomes viscous and

Convert into fat. This process is known as hydrogenation. Vegetable ghee is prepared by this
process.
Ni
Vegetable oil + H2 390-450K vegetable Ghee

CH-COOC,H33 CH-COOC1,H3s
CH COOC,H33 +3H2 Ni
CH-COOC,Hs
CH2-COOC1,H33 CH-COOC1,His
Oil (unsaturated ester)
Vegetable Ghee (Saturated ester)
309
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry:Class XI
Q.6. Why do hard water notform lather with soap easily ?
Ans. Hard water contains soluble salts of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates.
Cum and magnesium in it. Soaps are sodium salts of higher organic fatty
ty acids, like a
acids, likes
stearate. Ca" and Mg ions present in water first react with soap and precipitate ine sodiunm
calcium and magnesium stearate thus soap breaks. That is why soap does not give
ive lather
lather easly
with hard water.

2C1,H3,COONa +Ca2 (C,H, CO0),Ca s 2Na*

Sodium stearate Insoluble precipitate
(Soluble soap) (Calcium stearate)
Q.7. What is calgon ? How is hardness of water removed by its help ?
Ans. Sodium hexa metaphosphate Na2[Na,(PO3)%] is known as calgon. On adding a shat
amount of calgon in hard water, it reacts with Ca and
mall
present in hard water and
Mg salts fom
their soluble complex, which on ionization do not give Cas" and Mg*" ion. This way pemane
ment
hardness of water is removed.

Na,[Na, (PO,),]+2CaS0, 2Na,S0, +Na,[Ca,(PO,),]

Na,[Ca,(P0,),]2Na" +[Ca,(PO,),J
Q.8. Explain permutit method of removal of hardness of water.
Ans. For the removal of permanent hardness of water permutit or zeolite is used. These
are mixed hydrated silicates ofsolidum or aluminium. Its formula is
Na2, Al,, Si,0,xH,O which
in short is represented as NayZ, when hard water is passed over zeolite, then Ca and Mg zeolite
precipitate and settle down. This way, water becomes soft.

Na,Z+CaCl CaZ+2NaCl

Na,Z+ MgSO Na,SO, +MgZ

Q.9. How is pure and dry hydroden (dihydrogen) prepared in the laboratory.
Ans. Laboratory preparation of Hydrogen: In the
laboratory hydrogen gas is prepared
by the action of dilute HSO4 on granulated zinc. Zinc is taken in a woulfe's bottle and diuite
HSO4 is mixed in it by a thistle funnel. Hydrogen gas is liberated at normal temperature whe
is collected by the displacement of water.

Reaction Zn +H,S0, ZnSO, +H, T

Q. 10. Write the similarities in hydrogen and halogen.
Ans. Similariteis in hydrogen and halogen :
) Stable Electronic configuration : Both hydrogen and halogen gain one electron and
s
obtain stable electronic configuration.
H=1 He = 2

Cl 17 Ar = 18
(i) Formation of Anion: Hydrogen and halogen both gain an electron and form an
H+e H

Cl+e CI
(i) Diatomic molecule :Molecules of both hydrogen and halogen are diatoT
Example: Hz, Clh etc.
 Hydrogen
J o n i z a t i o n
otential: Like halogen ionization potential of hydrogen is high.
p o t e n r

lons H 13-6eV,Cl = 130eV.

compounds: Halogen and hydrogen form similar compounds.
compounds:

) Similar.

NH3, NCl3, CH4, CCl,

etc.
nle:
naintings turn black when exposed to air for a long time but on cleaning
Leadpainting

sheir roriginal
t h e iorigina
colour is restored. Why?
the formation of
0he colour of these painting gradually becomes blackish due
to
As by the action of H,O2 lead sulphide is oxidized
Ation of H,S ofthe atmosphere. restored.
colour of lead paintings is
ulphate,
k d dsulpr

PbO+HS PbS+H,O
white black
of black
when washed with H,O% become bright due to conversion
Such lead paintings
white PbSO4
s$ to
PbS+4H,02 PbSO4 +4H,0
Black White

Q.12. State the

uses of H,O2.
the laboratory
Ans. (1) As oxidizing agent in
an

oil painting.
(i) In cleaning old ears, teeth and wound.
in cleaning
(m) As a Germicide etc.
In the preservation of milk, wine
iv) tooth etc.
of silk, wool, elephant
() In bleaching
(vi) In textile industry. around
ortho and para hydrogen. of H atom and one
electron rotates
.13.Explain is present in
the nucleus
of two atoms
of H2 molecule
proton
its one axis. If protons
AnS. Only one
H atoms
LKe electron, proton
also spin around
ortho hydrogen,
but when proton oftwo and
then it is called Para hydrogen
is m o r e stable
the same direction, hydrogen.
in directions, then it is called para
s In opposite
Eneral hydrogen is the para form.

hydrogen.
hydrogen;
(b) Para ? Calculate its
Ortho peroxide
Fig. (a) volume
hydrogen

What is
meant by 10
Q.14.

Concentration litre.
will be obtained at
N.T.P
In gram per 10 ml oxygen
(ii) volume,
will be obtained at
N.T.P
I n percentage, solution of ol 10
20 ml Oxygen
Ans. By l ml H,O, of 20
volume,
solution
S0 v o l u m e into
present.
nilarly by 1 ml of H2O2 in
represented
nvention of ncentration

2H,0+. O
2H,0 22-4litre (N.T.P)
2x(2+32)
HO,
= 68 gram.
will be obtained
by 68 gram

At N.T.P, 22-4 litre oxyge

311
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry : Class X
22400 mol 0, is obtained = by 68 gram H202

68x10
10mlO 994000 By 003035 gm H,O,
Where as in 1 ml, 0:3025 gram H2O2
In 1000 mol 3035 gram H,02 is present.
Thus, concentration of 10 volume H,O, = 30-35 gm/litre or 3-035%.

Q. 15. Write oxidizing and reducing properties of H,0

Ans. H,02 is a strong oxidizing agent and weak
reducing agent. It represents ori..
and reducing behaviour in acidic and basic medium. Its main
examples are as follows.
Oxidizing property :H,O2 decompose easily to give an oxygen atom, thus it
is a
oxidizing agent. ss.
strong
H,O H,0+[0](nascent)
Example:() It oxidizes acidic ferrous
sulphate to ferrric sulphate.
2FeSO,+H,S0, +H,0, Fe2 (SO,)h +2H,0
) It oxidizes Na^SO3 to Na,SO4
Na,SO +H,0 Na,SO, +H,0
Reducing property : H,O2 gains oxygen from compounds
reducing property. containing oxygen and exhibit

H,O,+0 H,0+0,
Example : () It reduces ozone to oxygen molecules.
H,O +0 20 +
H,O
(ii) reduces silver oxide to silver.
It

Ag,0+H,0
Q.16. Write the reaction of H,0, with the
2Ag+H,0+0,
1. PbS, 2. KI,3. Acidic following:
KMn04,
Ans. 1. Reaction with PbS :
4. Acidic FeSO4, 5.
Potassium ferrocyanide.
H,0, oxidizes black PbS to white PbSO4
4H,0, +PbS- Pbso, +4H,O
Black White
2.
(Led sulphate)
Reaction with KI:It liberates iodine from
acidic KI solution.
2KI+ H,S0, +H,02
3. With Acidic KMn04: K,S04 + 2H,O+1
2KMnO +3H,SO4 K,S0, +2MnSO, +3H,O+5[0]
[H,0 +[O] H,O+0,]x5
SH,0 +2KMn0, +3H,SO4
Potassium permanganate K,SO, + 2MnSO +8H,0+50
(Violet colour) Manganese sulphate
(Colourless)
 riVdro0en
4.
Oxidizes
oes acidic FeSO, to ferric sulphate:

2FesO+H,SO4 +
H,0, Fe, (SO4), + 2H4,0
Ferrous sulphate Ferric sulphate
5, It converts acidic potassium ferrocyanide to potassium ferricyanide.

H,0 >H,0+0
2K.[Fe(CN).1+H,SO, +0 2K,[Fe(CN),]+K,S0, +H,O
2K.Fe(CN)1+ H,SO, +H,0, 2K,[Fe(CN),]+K,SO, +2H,0
0.17. Draw the figures of water molecule aggregates, structure of molecules of water
form of water and ice.
in the
Ans. Structure of water molecule:
H
o o
H H

(a) (H bond) structure of water

H (H,O...HOHHOH..H,OH
Oo
H
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond

o
H
H
H
CHOOH
HO...HOH
H,o..HOH

Hydrogen bond

(C)Water molecule aggregate

(b)Structure oflce
Q. 18. Explain the following of heavy water is higher than that of ordinary water,
(a) Melting and Boiling point
why ? Why cooled. ?
it should be
Before opening H,0, bottle, of D,O molecule are stronger than the
(b) -0...DbondS

Ans. (a) In heavy water, D molecule. Thus, melting

and boiling point of D,O is
-0 .
Hhydrogen bond in HO,
.

higherthan H,0. thermodynamically unstable liquid. It decomposes on heating or keenino it

an
(b) HO2 is For decreasing the
pressure O2 present in H^O, bottle, it is
for time into H,O
long
and O2. it will ott, bump
bottle of H202 cooling,
without
Cooled otherwise on opening the
of the use of hard water.
19. What a r e the problems n e use OI hard water, soap does not give lather.
Q.
with hard water 1) 5y
:
Ans. Problem health.
is harmful for
(ii) Its use thick layer of salts i
the boilers by which metallic sheet decays and leadto
(ii) It deposits
the loss of heat.
(iv) Production of crop is less
in hard water
%313313
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry Class XI

Q. 20. What is Deuterium ? How is it obtained. Write its two use.

Ans. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. It is also known as heavy hydrogen. The nucleus
contain one proton and one neutron and an electron revolves around the nucleus i.e. its atomie

mass is two and atomic number is one. It is denoted by H or D. It is about 0-0156% in ordinarv

hydrogen gas. It was discovered by ureybrickved and Murphy.

Deuterium is obtained by the electrolysis of heavy water at cathode and oxygen is obtained

at anode.
Deuterium is obtained by the electrolysis of heavy water at cathode and oxygen is obtained
at anode.

2D,0-Electric current2D, +02

Uses: ) It is used in the form of bombarding particle deuteron in artificial transmutation

4N+D- C+0,
(i) It is used in determining the reaction mechanism ofchemical and biochemical reactions.
Q.21. Explain the reducing properties of hydrogen by chemical equation.
Ans. For reduction, hydrogen is used in the form of nascent hydrogen produced by the
reaction of compounds with hydrogen itself.
Like : () On passing H2 gas on metallic oxides, metals are liberated

CuO+H H2 Cu +H,0
FeSO+4H2- >3Fe +H,O

ObO+H Pb+H,0
(ii) Metallic chloride are also reduced by hydrogen.

2AgCl+ H,- 2Ag+2HCI

2FeCl+2H 2FeCl, +2HCI

Q.22. What happens, when (Give equation) Heavy water reacts with the following:
(i) Aluminium carbide, (ii) Caleium carbide, (iii) Phosphorus pentaoxide,
(iv) Magnesium nitride.
Ans. Reactions of heavy water : (1) Aluminium carbide reacts with heavy water to form

Deutiro hydrocarbon.

Al,C+12D,0 3CD, +4AI(OD)

Deutiro
methane
(ii) Heavy water reacts with calcium carbide to form Deutiro Acetylene.

CaC +D,O Ca(OD), +C;D2

Deutiro Acetylene
(iii) Heavy water reacts with P205 to form Deutiro phosphoric Acid.
P.O +3D,O 2D,P0,
Deutiro phosphoric acid

314
 Hydrogen
with Mg3N2 to form Deutiro ammonia.
water reacts
(iv) MgN, +6D,0 3Mg(OD), + ND,
o .2 3 . W r i t e laboratory methods of preparation of hydrogen peroxide.
solution
in the Laboratory: Ice cold 20% dilute H2SO4
QPreparation of Hydrogen
sodium peroxide is added to it in small quantities and stirred. H,O, iss
and sodiu.
Ans.
lask
flask and
reaction and crystals of sodium sulphate get precipitated which
in a are
result of the
ken

adding
omeda s
hy filteration. H202 obtained contains some H2SO, which is separated by
separated
BaCO
of
amount

ired
BaO +H2SO4 - BaSO, + H202

BaCO +H,SO BaSO, +H,0+0

with the and write equations also:
Explain the reaction ofH2 following
0.24.
Copper (11) oxide.
Clh, (i) Na, (ii)with reduces chlorine to chloride (CI) ion and
itself
Ans. (i) Reaction Ch : Hydrogen
Oxidized by chlorine to ion
hydrogen (H) and form hydrogen chloride.
nets

H, +Clh 2HCI
Na:
i) Reaction with
2Na+H2g) 2NaH
from
form sodium hydride. One electron is transferred
Hydrogen is reduced by sodium
to
form ionic hydride NatH.
sodium to hydrogen to
oxide:
ii) Reaction with copper (1)
CuO+HaG) >Cu) +H,O
H reduces CuO to Cu and itself oxidizes to H,O.
water.
Q. 25. Discuss the redox reactions of
Ans. Water molecule undergoes the following redox reactions.
) Reaction with Na :
2Na+2H,O) 2 NaOH(9) t+ H2ig)

water easily gets reduced to H2. This reaction is used as

By highly electropositive metals,
a main source of HH2.
Reaction with
(i) cO2:
ChlorophyllC,H0, + 602g) +6H,0
6CO2g)+12H,0)
(Photosynthesis): Water is getting oxidized to O
ii) Reaction with F2
2F)+2H,0%n) 4H* - F)+O2(g)

(Oxidation of H,O to Og)

Q. 26. (i) Outermost electronic configuration of Phosphorus is 3s 3p. Does it form
PH?
in Are the boiling point of NH3, H,O and HF less that the corresponding hydrides
of its group ? If not then why ?

315
 Prabodh Saral Chemistry: Class XI
state but does not form PHh
Ans.(i) Phosphorus exhibits both +3 and + oxidation
high enthalpy of atomization (DaH) and high
electron gain enthalpy (DegH) of
Tavourable for representing high oxidation state (+5) of phosphorus.
DegH)
of H. is
H not
molecular mass should be lese
(1) Boiling point of NH, H,0 and HF on the basis of
other hydrides of their group but due to high electronegativity of N, O and F, hydrogenahbond is
found. Thus, boiling point of NH3, H,0, HF are comparatively higher.
Q. 27. (a) Discuss the following with reason:
where as normal water gives fast reacti
() Heavy water perform slow reactions ions.
substances.
(i) Water is an ideal solution for ionic
water is suitable as a solvent
(b) e of water 78-4 and e of H,0, 82, still
=

Ans. (a) i) 0 - D bond present in heavy water is stronger than O-H bond present.
t in
to water.
water. Thus, heavy water perform slow reactions compared

(ii) Due high electronegativity differene between oxygen

and hydrogen water is polar. As
a result it has hihg dielectric constant &= 78-4. Thus, it acts as an ideal solvent for ionic
sub-
stances (Ionic compounds itself are polar).
when a substanes
(6) Water is neutral in nature where as H,02 is strongly oxidizing. Thus,
is immersed in HO2, it oxidizes it. Also HO2 is unstable at normal temperature. This is th.he
reason, water is used as an excellent solvent.
Long Answer Type Questions
Periodic table.
Q.1. Discuss the position of hydrogen in the
Or
periodic table.
Explain the position of hydrogen in the
Or
Why is hydrogen known as a rogue element. Explain.
Ans. Position of hydrogen in the Periodic Table: Position of hydrogen in the periodic
table is controversial. Hydrogen contains only one electron, it can be represented in various

ways
) I easily lose electron to give H ion which is similar to Alkali metals of first group.
which is similar to halogens of
1) Hydrogen can also gain and electron and form H ion,
seventeenth group:
H H*, Na Na
H H,CI CF
the noble gas He of the same
(iii) Due to presence of half the number of electrons than
also has have the number
period it can be said to be similar to carbon of fourteenth group which
of electrons than noble gas.
Therefore hydrogen can be placed in first (LA), Seventeenth (VIIA) and Fourteenth (IVA)
group.
Similarities with Alkali Metals
(a) Electronic Configuration: Both hydrogen and Alakli metals contain one electronin
the last shell.
Atomic Number Electronic configuration
Symbol
H or 1s
Na 2,8,1 or Is3,220,3s
(b) Valency: Its valency like alkali mtals isl
H=1
Na= 1

316
 Hydrogen
opositivity:Li alkali metals, it loses one electron to form H" ion.
H H*
Na Na*
number :Like alkali metals, its
oxidation number in compounds is +1.
Osfinity with
(ad)
O x i d a

ith Elec
Electronegative Element (Non metals): Like
HCI
H,O HS
Na0
NaCl

milarities with Halogens NaS

configuration: Like halogens, it also has one electron less than the near
a )E l e c t r o n i c

t mert
gas

H He 2 F9
1 Ne 10
Molecule of
(b) Atomicity: Mo hydrogen diatomic like halogen molecules,
is
Hh H-H Ch ClCI
Formation of anion: In reactions, hydrogen gains one electron from metals and
anion like halogen.
oms
aCombination with metals: Hydrogen combines with metais to form hydrides like
halogens,

fel Non metallic nature: both H and halogens are of non metallic nature. They are bad
and electricity.
mnductor of heat
LiH, CaH, LiCI, CaClh
Specific nature of Hydrogen: Hydrogen represents differences in some properties which
halogenand Alkali metals Like
) Oxide of hydrogen (H20) is neutral, where as oxides of halogen are acidic and oxide
of metals are basic.
(i) Last shell of hydrogen like elements of fourth group is half filled.
(i) Its atomic structure differs with the atomic strucutre of all other elements. The center
of its atom contains only one proton, but there is no neutron. This way, hydrogen does not
exhibit complete similarity with first, fourth and seventh group elements. Thus, it is also known
s rogue element. therefore it should be given a separate place in the periodic table.
After analysis all the above facts, it is concluded that due to 1s' electronic configuration
of bydrogen, it is suitable to place is in first group (1A) along with Alkali metals.
Q.2. What are Hydrides ? How many types are they ? Discuss ionic and covalent
hydrides broadly.
Ans. Binary compounds of hydrogen with other elements (except noble gas) are known
as Hydrides. Like MgH2, B,Hg etc.
Hydrides are of three types:
1. lonic or Saline Hydride,
2. Covalent of Molecular Hydride,
3. Metallic or Non-stoichiometric or Interstitial Hydride.
1. Ionic or Saline Hydride: These hydrides mainly possess ionic character thus known
as ionic hydride. Elements of s-block which area highly electropositive for non-stoichiometric
compounds with dihydrogen, though some covalent property is found in lighter metallic hy-
drides (Like : LiH, BeHz and MgH,). Actually LiH, Befl, and MgH, possess covalent poly-
meric structrue. Ionic hydride in solid state is cyrstalline, non volatile and insulator although
3

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 Prabodh Saral Chemistry Class XI
fused hydrides of alkali metals conduct electricity and liberate
hydrogen gas atat ano
trolysis, by which existence of hydride H ion is justified. anode by
ele
2HmolenoHag)+2e
Saline hydride react explosively with water to give hydrogen gas:

NaH+H,Ocog) NaOH(an)+ +Ha

Lithium hydride is unreactive with O2 and Cl2 at ordinary temperature. Thus, iti
the preparation of other useful hydrides. fo
8LiH+Al,Cls 2LiAIH, +6LiCI

LiH+BH 2LiBH4
2. Covalent or Molecular Hydride: These hydrides possess covalent character
eXist as molecules. Thus they are known as covalent or molecular hydrides. character an.
and thev
p-block elements form these hydrides like CH4, NH3, H20 and HF. These hydrides t
covalent are volatile compounds. For convenience hydrogen compounds of non
metals aree a being
considered to be hdydrides. also
In Lewis structure on the basis of relative number of electrons and number of bonde
are further classified to be of three types they td.

) Electron-deficient, (ii) Electron-precise, (i) Electron-rich.

(i) Electron-deficient Hydride : In these, number of electrons are less than required far
Lewis structure, thus they are electron deficient. Element of 13th group form these hydides
:BH, they are electron pair acceptor, thus behave as Lewis acid.
(i) Electron-precise Hydride: These contain suficient number of electrons for Lewis
structrue. Elements of 14h group form this type of hydrides.
(ii) Electron-rich Hydride : In these excess electrons are found in he form of lonc
electron pair. Elements of 15-17 group form electron rich hydrides like : NH3, H,0, HF.
In NH one lone electron par is on N, in H2O two are on O and in HF three lone electron
pair are on F. Thus, they behave as Lewis base.
Due to high electronegativity and presence of lone electron pairs of N, O and F in NH,
H2O and HF these are associated by hydrogen bond. Thus, their boiling points are compara-
tively high.
3. Interstitial or Non stoichiometric Hydride : Refer N.C.E.R.T. Q. No. 11.
Q.3. Write note on:
1. Nascent Hydrogen, 2. Atomic hydrogen.
Ans. 1. Nascent Hydrogen :Some chemcial reactions do not occur by Molecular hydre-
gen, but occur easily by another active form of it, which is produced in atomic state in chemical
reactions. This active hydrogen is produced in a reaction and immediately participates in the

reation is knwon as nascent hydrogen.

Fes*, MnO",Cr,0; etc. do not

of ions by H2 gas but on
Example : Reduction occur

adding Zn powder they immediately reduce to Fe*, Mn2* and C*.

Some sources of nascent hydrogen are as follows:

) Zn +dil.H, SO- ZnSO +2H (Nascent hydrogen)

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 Hydrogen
HCI
Sn +dil.
(i)
(gii) Na + C H , O H

C2H,OH
ay) Zn-Cu pair +
etc.

Atomici
Hydrogen : ReferVery Short Ans. Type Q. No. 16.
2
Concentration
0.4. Concentratio. of hydrogen peroxide. How is it done ?
Explain.
Or
1. How
is H20; concentrated ?2
is H,0, stored ?
2. How
3. Ho is concentration of H,0, represented.
4. What is meant by 20 volume H,O,.
Ans,
Ar () Concentration of
H,0, : Concentration of H,O, takes place in following steps:
(a)Vaporization: By vaporizing the H,O, at 70°C on a water bath, 45% H,0, solution
s obtained.

b) Distillation at low pressure : 45% H,0, solution is distilled at 15 mm pressure and

c0 temperature. By this about 90% of H^0, solution is obtained.
(c) Vacuum distillation :Now, this solution is evaporated at vacuum dessicators over

concentrated H,SO, and 99% conc. H,0, is obtained.

(d) Crystallization: This solution is crystallized by freezing mixture of solid C02, ether
nd crystals of H,O2 are obained. It is melted to obtain pure H,O, liquid.
2. Storage ofH,0,: H,0; dissociates by light, temperature etc. It is stored in polythene
or blue glass bottles. For the prevention of dissociation calcium chloride, alcohol, acetaminde
of glycerine is mixed as negative catalyst.
3. Concentration of H0,: Concentration of H^0, is equal to volume of oxygen at
N.T.P. which is obtained by heating unit volume of solution HO2.
4. Meaning of 10 volume of H,0, is that when 1 ml of H,O2 is heated, 20 ml of oxygen
obtained at N.T.P.
Q.5. How is dihydrogen used as a fuel in industrial regions and how is it used in
ocket explain.
Ans. By the combustion of dihyrogen (H,) large amount of heat is produce. In H2, heat
lained per gram is three tinmes compared to CH, and L.P.G. and pollutant in combustion is
ss than patrol.
Temperature of oxygen hydrogen flame is about 3000°C, thus in industrial areas by a

ecial appliance controlled amount of hydrogen and oxygen are burnt to obtain high temperature.
is flame is used in welding, in fusion of metals and in producing excessive light.
In rocket liquid hydrogen is used as a fuel. liquid hydrogen burns in the presence of a

ong oxidizing agent and produces extremely high temperature. Gases release out from the
zzle at high temperature by fast speed, which provide force to the rocket. Liquid hydrogen
vgen are used in the preparation of fuel cell in space crafts and also used as a fuel.
i liquid oxygen

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