AGE Pedia Case

University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III
ACUTE
GASTROENTERITIS
with MODERATE
DEHYDRATION
Presented by:
RLE Group E – BSN III
Santiago, John
Calwing, Kiana Cingrid
Saribay, Crismae
Gototos, Ladybelle
Eleydo, Alisoldy Cesar
Leal, Fhoevie
INTRODUCTION
“We are what we eat” is a common saying, yet not always understood and applied, and
not many of us know that the delivery of proper nutrients is necessary for maintenance of
homeostasis and functioning of the entire body. Meanwhile, only recently the gastrointestinal

(GI) tract has emerged as a crucial system, intertwining structurally and functionally with the
central and peripheral nervous as well as immune systems, and several others. Therefore, not
only diet, but also lifestyle and surrounding environment may influence the GI tract and related
systems.
In the recent years, functional and inflammatory diseases of the GI tract have been
taking their toll and the number of their cases is significantly increasing, what triggers the need
for extensive medical care. Hence, one of the most common GI tract disorder for children is the
Acute Gastroenteritis.
Acute gastroenteritis, known colloquially as a stomach bug, is an intestinal inflammation

following an infection that affects the mucous membranes present in the stomach and intestine.
This condition is due, in the vast majority of cases, to a virus or, more rarely, a bacterium, and
other types of pathogens. Acute gastroenteritis usually refers to a viral attack. Highly
contagious, viral gastroenteritis can cause veritable epidemics, especially in winter, between
November and March. The virus most frequently involved is the rotavirus and the evolution of
this type of gastroenteritis usually lasts less than a week, sometimes up to 20 days in cases of
infringement by an adenovirus. Acute gastroenteritis frequently affects children, Moreover, the
AAP defines acute gastroenteritis as “diarrheal disease of rapid onset, with or without
accompanying symptoms or signs such as nausea, vomiting, fever or abdominal pain. The
hallmark of the disease is increased stool frequency with alteration of stool consistency. Acute
gastroenteritis usually lasts fewer than 14 days. This is in contrast to persistent gastroenteritis,
which lasts between 14 and 30 days, and chronic gastroenteritis, which lasts more than 30
days. Furthermore, the primary mode of transmission was environmental contamination or
person-to-person contact while, the secondary transmission is by foodborne, waterborne, and/or
animal contact.
Dry mucous membranes, thirstiness, mild tachycardia, and decrease urine output are
considered as manifestations of mild dehydration while, if it is accompanied with sunken,
dyspnea, decreased skin turgor, and lethargy it is likewise to be considered as moderate
tachycardia. Meanwhile, at the time all of the manifestation of mild-and-moderate dehydration
are presented, which is followed by mottled, cool limbs, altered level of consciousness, and a
signs and manifestation of shock, it is now to be considered in a severe stage. Moreover,
although most cases of acute gastroenteritis require minimal medical intervention, severe
dehydration and hypoglycemia may develop in cases of prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. The
mainstay of treatment for mild-to-moderately dehydrated patients with acute gastroenteritis
should be oral rehydration solution. Children with no dehydration or mild dehydration can
usually be managed at home, although children with high risk for complications or who cannot
be adequately cared for at home should be considered for admission. However, children with
mild-moderate dehydration who do not tolerate oral fluids should be admitted for observation. In
developed communities’ children with severe dehydration are routinely admitted for intravenous
therapy, although enteral rehydration has been used safely in severe dehydration with fewer
adverse effects than intravenous therapy. Hence, children with shock require intravenous
resuscitation before rehydration

Rotavirus causes a particularly severe dehydrating gastroenteritis that affects young

children. The severity of the infection is made worse by malnourishment, making rotavirus a
significant cause of mortality in children worldwide, responsible for approximately 500,000
deaths annually. The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in the United States and Europe has
been effective at reducing rotavirus gastroenteritis. There has been a 67% decrease in positive
laboratory diagnosis attributed to vaccination. Meanwhile, worldwide, about one out of every five
cases of acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach or intestines) that leads to diarrhea
and vomiting is caused by norovirus. Norovirus is the most common cause of acute
gastroenteritis, annually causing an estimated 685 million cases. About 200 million cases are
seen among children under 5 years old, leading to an estimated 50,000 child deaths every year,
mostly in developing countries. However, norovirus illness is a problem in both low- and high-
income countries. Every year, norovirus is estimated to cost $60 billion worldwide due to
healthcare costs and lost productivity.
Globally, norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. Since 2002,
GII.4 viruses (genogroup II genotype 4) have caused the majority of norovirus outbreaks
worldwide. Although in recent years, non-GII.4 viruses, such as GII.17 and GII.2, have
temporarily replaced GII.4 viruses in several Asian countries. Between 2002 and 2012, new
GII.4 viruses emerged about every 2 to 4 years, but since 2012, the same virus (GII.4 Sydney)
has been the dominant strain worldwide. Often, but not always, these new strains lead to a
global increase in norovirus outbreaks. Hence, rotavirus and enteric adenovirus can be detected
by rapid assays for the viral antigen in stool. While norovirus is best detected by reverse
transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction.
Meanwhile, in 2020, the Philippine Children’s Medical Center reported that AGE was the
8th leading cause of morbidity among Filipino children. It is also responsible for the deaths of 70
million children every year—more than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined.
STATISTICS
GLOBAL STATISTICS
Gastroenteritis in the pediatric population is a very common condition that accounts for
around 10 percent of pediatric deaths and is the second cause of death worldwide. The most

common cause in infants younger than 24 months old is rotavirus, and after 24 months of age,
shigella becomes the most common cause and rotavirus the second most common
Worldwide, children younger than 5 years have an estimated 1.7 billion episodes of
diarrhea each year, leading to 124 million clinic visits, 9 million hospitalizations, and 1.34 million
deaths, with more than 98% of these deaths occurring in the developing world.
Although the prevalence of acute gastroenteritis in children has changed little over the
past 4 decades, mortality has declined sharply, from 4.6 million in the 1970s to 3 million in the
1980s and 2.5 million in the 1990s. One of the most important reasons for this decline has been
the increasing international support for the use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) as the
treatment of choice for acute diarrhea, with the proportion of diarrheal episodes treated with
ORS rising from 15% in 1984 to 40% in 1993.
PHILIPPINES STATISTICS
The Department of Health released a report regarding the top 10 leading causes of Infant
Mortality, wherein Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infections origins is included in the
top 10. Retrieved from: https://doh.gov.ph/Statistics/Infant-Mortality-Ten-Leading-Causes
Number and Rate/per 1000 live births and PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION

Year # Number Rate Percent
2000 8 1,207 0.7 4.8
2001 4 1,263 0.7 4.8
2002 4 1,202 0.7 5.1
2003 5 984 0.6 4.3
2004 10 914 0.5 4.1
2005 10 900 0.5 4.2
2006 10 984 0.6 4.5
2007 10 908 0.5 4.2
2008 8 933 0.5 4.2
2009 8 971 0.6 4.5
2010 10 900 0.5 4.0
Meanwhile, the Philippine Statistics Authority released a report regarding the number of infants
deaths in relation to Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis of presumed infectious agents.
Year Number of Cases

2011 911
2012 843
2013 901
2014 809
2015 824
As of June 21,2021 2,699

Retrieved from: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/pressrelease/

Signed_Press%20Release_Cause%20of%20Death%20Statistics%20January%202019%20to
%20Dec%202020_as%20of%2017Jun2021.pdf and
https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/165164
The PhilStar Global released an article on December 27, 2021 at 4:24 pm regarding the
incidence case of diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis during the Odette-hit areas.The
Department of Health reported Monday over 100 cases of acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea in
Central Visayas and Caraga, areas devastated by Typhoon Odette (Rai). Meanwhile, 80 people
in Dinagat Islands fell ill due to gastroenteritis, while 54 cases of diarrhea were recorded in
Siargao. Cebu also reported 16 diarrhea cases.
Retrieved from: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/12/27/2150381/over-100-cases-

diarrhea-gastroenteritis-reported-odette-hit-areas
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
Gastroenteritis is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection, and less often by a parasitic
infection. There are different causes of Gastroenteritis such as;
 Viruses such as Norovirus and Rotovirus: Viral gastroenteritis are the most frequent
cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, which occur when groups of people are affected at
the same time and place. Norovirus outbreaks can affect both children and adults, while
rotavirus mainly affects infants and children.

 Bacteria such as Campylobacter, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella: These
three are the most common causes of a bacterial gastroenteritis.
o Campylobacter is the most commonly reported cause of foodborne illness in New

Zealand, often found on raw chicken or raw red meat, and in unpasteurised milk. It has a
24–48-hour incubation time and symptoms can last for 5 to 8 days on average.
o Organisms that cause E. coli gastroenteritis are usually acquired from contaminated
ground beef or water or unpasteurized milk.
o Salmonella spp. are bacteria which cause one of the most common forms of food
poisoning worldwide.
 Parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium
o E. histolytica can live in the intestine without causing symptoms, but it also can cause
severe disease. These amoebas may invade the wall of the intestine, leasing to amoebic
dysentery, an illness that causes intestinal ulcers, bleeding, increased mucus production
and diarrhea.
o Once a person or animal has been infected with Giardia, the parasite lives in the
intestines and is passed in stool (poop). Once outside the body, Giardia can sometimes
survive for weeks or even months.
o Infection can occur in humans and animals and is spread by contact with soil, water,
food or surfaces that have been contaminated by infected stools (faeces) containing the
parasite.
 Bacterial Toxins: The bacteria themselves don’t cause illness, but their poisonous by-
products can contaminate food. Some strains of staphylococcal bacteria produce toxins
that can cause gastroenteritis. The most common cause of ‘food poisoning’ is preformed
toxins that will cause vomiting within 6-8 hours of eating food with the toxin present. As
most infections have an incubation time of more than 24 hours, a person cannot pick up
an ‘infection’ from eating suspicious food. It is more likely there was a toxin in the food.
 Chemicals: Chemicals such as lead poisoning which can trigger gastroenteritis
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
 Seasonality: Indeed, local weather factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and
rainfall have been suggested as important factors in the spread and seasonality of
infectious gastroenteritis. Moreover, viral gastroenteritis may be more common in winter
because norovirus prefers cooler temperatures.
 Community outbreaks of specific bacterial gastroenteritis
 Infants and young children, who have an immature immune system
 Common in babies and children and/or young children.
 Anyone with a weakened immune system, such as people with HIV/AIDS

PRECIPITATING FACTORS
 Poor hygiene: Bacterial gastroenteritis tends to develop as the result of poor hygiene.
 Contaminated Food(s)
 The elderly, who have less efficient immune systems, and especially those living in
nursing homes
 Children in day care, school children, and students living in dormitories
 People who are receiving a chemotherapy or radiotherapy: Patients receiving treatment
for cancer can arise as a direct consequence of damage to the bowel from
chemotherapy or radiotherapy or indirectly (eg from secondary infection or the effects of
previous surgery).
 Travellers
 Medication: certain medication (such as antibiotics), can cause gastroenteritis in
susceptible people.
 Animal exposure through their feces: farm animals, petting zoo, pet reptiles, home pets.
 Undercooked meat or poultry, unpasteurized dairy products, raw shellfish
 Close contact to person with bacterial gastroenteritis (household, daycare)
 Exposure to freshwater
 Stress: As the stomach is slowing down, stress causes increased motor function in the
large intestine. So, at the same time that you’re stressed, you might experience bowel
urgency or diarrhea.
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Acute gastroenteritis can be addressed through different types of supportive and medical
care management. Meanwhile, in patient C.A.C medication therapy was widely used wherein
analgesics (antipyretics), antibiotics, antiprotozoal, antiflatulents and anti-inflammatories,
antiemetics, mineral supplements, bed rest, and increased food and fluid intake are medical and
non-medical management used to treat the AGE of patient C.A.C.
Meanwhile, emphasis is placed more on medications and IV therapy. For his fever,
analgesics (antipyretics) are given and ordered as PRN whenever the onset of fever occurs,
most analgesic (antypyretics) are not only used to reduce fever but also ordered to relieve pain.
While IV antibiotics are widely exemplified since they can directly reach the blood circulation
and thereby assure 100% bioavailability and be effective, these types of drugs are used to treat

a specific type of bacterial infection, particularly GI infections, together with anti-protozoal drugs,
which treat infections caused by protozoa that live in his intestines. Furthermore, anti-
inflammatories are used to manage the pain and inflammation, while Anti-flatulent medication is
used to treat wind (flatulence).
On the other hand, antiemetics are medications aimed at preventing or treating nausea
and vomiting, which are common symptoms that may be tied to numerous different causes. For
instance, gastroenteritis and, as a side effect of other treatments, can all commonly lead to
nausea. Moreover, mineral supplements, which are commonly used to improve recovery time
and reduce diarrhea episodes, reduce the risk of the episode being persistent and reduce the
risk of future diarrhoea.
Treatment should include two phases: rehydration and maintenance. In the rehydration
phase, the fluid deficit is replaced quickly (i.e., during 3--4 hours) and clinical hydration is
attained. In the maintenance phase, maintenance calories and fluids are administered. Rapid
realimentation should follow rapid rehydration, with a goal of quickly returning the patient to an
age-appropriate unrestricted diet, including solids. Subsequently, IVF therapy is used to treat
dehydration and should be corrected through the use of isotonic fluids such as (LRS) Lactated
Ringer Solution, and Normal Saline.
Moreover, bed rest is also encouraged for the patient since the patient suffers from body
weaknesses and the manifestation of a lethargic state. TPR or namely the temperature, pulse
rate, and respiratory rate are also encouraged by the attending physician in order to provide
baseline data and assess for any deviation from the normal range towards patients’ vital signs.
Subsequently, increased food and fluid intake were also encouraged for the patient since the
patient was dehydrated due to excessive defecation and vomiting. Likewise, fluid intake and
output were also monitored at intervals to ensure that fluid replacement therapy was sufficient,
along with VS monitoring at intervals. This monitoring also constituted with the frequency,
amount, and characteristics of stool when the patient defecates.
A blood test is also ordered during hospitalization along with the serum electrolytes,
specifically the sodium and potassium, for further assessment. Meanwhile, the doctor also
requested and ordered for fecalysis test in order to know if there is a specific pathogen that may
be the cause of the disease.
Ultimately, the patient was not indicated for any surgical procedures regarding Acute
Gastroenteritis (AGE) management. Hence, the disease rarely requires surgical procedures to
be done unless it is severe, wherein an infected portion of the intestines will be removed.

PATIENT’S PROFILE
PATIENT’S INFORMATION
• Name: C.A.C
• Sex: Male
• Age: 3 years old
• Birthdate: 10/16/2018
• Birthplace: Tuguegarao City
• Address: Iguig Cagayan
• Nationality: Filipino
• Religion: Roman Catholic
• Civil Status: Single
• Chief Complaint: LBM and vomiting
• Admitting Diagnosis: AGE with moderate dehydration
• Final Diagnosis: pending
• Admitting Physician: Dr. Kahtrina Q. Sumalabe
• Attending Physician: Dr. Minerva M. Mallillin

• Admission Date: July 04, 2022
HEALTH NURSING HISTORY
PAST HEALTH HISTORY
According to the mother of the patient, when her son is one year old, they are frequently
in the hospital for the reason that her son is always sick with a doctor’s diagnosis of Pneumonia.
However, even though her mother's side has a family history of Asthma, according to the
patient’s mother, the child was not diagnosed as having Asthma or any related respiratory
conditions.
Meanwhile, during the interview, the mother disclosed the fact that her son has no other
past health history condition.
Furthermore, the patient received all the 7-required vaccines in the country, and these
include BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, Hepa B for hepatitis B, Pentavalent vaccine (DPT) for
diphtheria, tetanus, Hepa B vaccine, pertussis, pneumonia, and meningitis. OPV for polio, IPV
for polio, PCV for pneumonia and meningitis, and lastly, MMR vaccine for tigdas, beke, and

german measles. However, the patient’s mother did not mention that her child received the
rotavirus vaccines against any diarrheal and GI tract disease.
PRESENT HEALTH HISTORY
The patient, C.A.C, is a 3-year-old male admitted to St. Paul Hospital Tuguegarao
(Mother Benjamin Unit) on July 4, 2022, with a chief complaint of LBM and vomiting. Following
the same day. One day prior to the admission, the patient had a loose bowel movement (LBM),
loose to watery, accompanied by vomiting. Moreover, a few hours prior to admission, the patient
had a fever and still had loose bowel movements (LBM) and vomiting. Hence, consult.
Meanwhile, during hospitalization, the patient experienced a fever on July 5, 2022, at

12:20 am, with a temperature of 38.1. Meanwhile, the patient also experienced fever on the
same day but at different times, which occurred at 4 am with a body temperature of 38.1, at 6
am with a body temperature 38.6, and at 8 am with a body temperature of 38.2; hence, this was
no longer followed by any febrile episodes on the rest of 5th of July. On July 6, 2022, the patient
is free from any untoward symptoms of febrile episodes.
Moreover, the patient also experienced vomiting on July 6, 2022, wherein he vomited 3
times in the morning and 1 time in the afternoon. The patient's stool is still watery, which is
associated with light pain episodes, as he verbalized. Patient C.A.C is still not diagnosed with
any specific diseases; however, he has an admitting and ongoing diagnosis of Acute
Gastroenteritis (AGE) with moderate dehydration during hospitalization.
FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY
According to the patient’s mother, their family has a family history of Asthma on the
mother’s side. And a family history of hypertension on the father’s side. Furthermore, the
patient’s mother stated that her eldest child was diagnosed having asthma, and the rest were
not associated with any health diseases and were claimed to be healthy.

GORDON’S 11 FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
Functional Health Pattern Before Hospitalization During Hospitalization

1. Health Perception- The patient's mother stated The patient mother was
Health Management that her child already gets all cooperative with her child's
seven required vaccines in treatment regimen, taking the
the country including the prescription as directed. The
DTaP vaccine, Hepa B patient mother also
vaccine, MMR vaccine, PCV understood the reason for
vaccine, Polio vaccine, the medical interventions
Varicella vaccine, and Flu done for her child for his fast
vaccine. She also stated that recovery.
if there is an available
vaccine for COVID-19 for However, during
children with the age of 3, hospitalization, the mother is
she will immediately prepare still worried since her son
her child to get the said has an on and off fever and
vaccine. Meanwhile, during got chills during the onset.
the interview, the mother of Moreover, she is still worried
the patient admitted that her since her son vomited more

child does not have any than he ate during their third
allergies to particular foods day in the hospital.
or medications. Subsequently, the mother
stated that based on her
Furthermore, the mother perception the cause of her
disclosed the fact that during son’s hospitalization is due to
her child's 1st year of life, the combination of ingested
they were frequently at the Milktea and Chuckie.
hospital for the reason that
her child always got sick, Meanwhile, the patient
wherein she disclosed the reported experiencing pain in
typical diagnosis of her child his abdomen associated with
and the reason for its guarding behaviors and facial
hospitalization is due to grimaces. Furthermore, the
pneumonia. The medications patient’s mother put some
prescribed to her son “aceite de manzanilla”
whenever he got sick were towards her son’s abdomen,
Clarithromycin, Salbutamol, in order to ease experiencing
and Prednisone. The mother pain. The patient also had a
stated that she surfs the web fever at 8 am and 10 am on
in order to know the uses of June 5, 2022.
these drugs. Moreover, the
patient's mother also
admitted that her son uses a
nebulizer whenever they
bring their son to the clinic;
hence, the mother admitted
that her son had not been
diagnosed with asthma or
any respiratory-related
issues or conditions.
The patient's mother stated

that she was worried about
her child's health status since
her child experienced losing
bowel movement (LBM);
therefore, she immediately
brought her child to a nearby
hospital for immediate
treatment.
2. Nutritional and Her child loved to eat and The patient's skin and lips
Metabolic Pattern drink sweet foods like appear dry due to the
lollipops, yogurt, and inability to consume foods
Chuckie. She stated that her and maintain adequate oral
son could consume eight fluid intake. Moreover, this

packs of Chuckie chocolate may also be due to the

milk per day. The kind of patient's admitting diagnosis.
water that the patient is Hence, the patient was
drinking is distilled water. encouraged to increase his
Moreover, the patient’s oral fluid intake.
mother stated that her son
has already stopped having Meanwhile, the mother
his bottle of milk (formula reported that her son loss his
milk), as verbalized by the appetite and only consumed
patient's mother. not enough food to maintain
a well-nutritional
Meanwhile, the patient's requirement.
mother also admitted that her
child dislikes eating
vegetables, fruit, and meat.
However, she admitted that
her sons like to eat fried
chicken, especially if it is
home-cooked. Thus,
according to the mother, the
child has no recorded or
known allergies to any foods.
Meanwhile, we also clarified

the wound scars on the
patient's sole, which the
mother stated that it was due
to his slippers whenever he
played outside. Moreover,
patient’s mother also
admitted that she let his son
play in the dirt as it is the
patient’s desired to play on
their backyard.
3. Elimination Pattern On the third day of July, The patient still has an
according to the mother, her irregular elimination pattern,
son started to have an wherein he defecates four
abnormal defecation scheme times in his diaper with a
wherein she stated that her loose water appearance,
son defecated 20 times which is the cause of his
during that day, which is dehydration. However, there
associated with a is no problem with the client's
stomachache. The patient’s urine elimination process and
mother stated that those pattern.
episodes of defecate are not
as many and little by little. The patient still complains of

The faeces according to the stomachache associated with

mother is watery and guarding behaviours and
odorous. facial grimaces.
The patient’s mother also

mentioned that the patient
vomits 4-6 times that is
associated with his LBM.
4. Activity-exercise According to the patient's During hospitalization, since
Pattern mother, since it is still a the patient's body was still
pandemic, she does not let weak due to his current
her child play outside with condition, he rarely moved
other kids, wherein she lets and spoke. Hence, he can
her child always play with his change his position in bed
toys, especially his toy cars with the help and assistance
and mini basketball. Her of his mother or significant
mother also verbalized that others.
her sons like to watch
educational videos like ABC's Moreover, cough and
and cartoon shows like difficulties in breathing were
Peppa Pig and PJ Mask. still not present during the
patient's hospitalization.
5. Sleep-Rest Pattern Before a hospitalization, the The patient's mother states

patient’s mother stated that that during her child's
her son had a regular sleep hospitalization, she had
schedule, sleeping between discomfort in sleeping due to
8:00 and 9:00 p.m. and light, pain, noise, regular vital
getting up at 7:00 a.m. sign monitoring, and different
However, sometimes, if the medical interventions
patient gets to sleep in the exerted.
daytime, it is hard for him to
get his sleep at night, and it Moreover, since the patient is
takes until 11:00 in the always in bed, he can rest
evening; however, he still after every meal. Hence,
wakes up at 7:00 in the sometimes he still
morning. The mother also experiences light to
stated that she did not use moderate stomachaches,
any sleeping medication for which cause disturbances to
her son. his sleep.
Meanwhile, on the night of

July 4, 2022, her son was
unable to sleep due to

experiencing LBM and

stomachache.
6. Self-Perception/ The patient’s mother states The mother verbalized that
Self-Concept that her child will be a good- there were no changes in
looking man as he grows up. how she viewed her son’s
Also, the mother added that characteristics despite being
her son was so active and diagnosed with AEG.
confident in school even However, she felt he looked
though he is still a thin compared to his previous
“salimpusa,” which makes body build but did not know
him more attractive. his current weight.
7. Cognitive perceptual Before the hospitalization, During hospitalization, the

Pattern the patient’s mother stated patient was not able to
that her son was able to understand and comprehend
comprehend and follow information about his current
instructions and give situation.
responses as well to what
was being asked and told to Hence, the child was unable
him. Also, according to her to verbalize concerns directly
mother, her child was to the nurse, wherein he
attending school as reported his complaints to his
“salimpusa,” and that made mother, and her mother will
him even smarter than her be going to report the
older sibling. problem. Moreover, the
patient was also unable to
According to the mother, her talk and verbalize his
son had already memorized concerns during the
the ABCs and could be able interview, and at the time, I
to dictate the 1 to 100 asked a question such as if
numbers even though he is there was pain that he was
still three years old. experiencing or hurt
specifically in his stomach.
Meanwhile, since the patient
is still three years old, it is Lastly, during hospitalization
normal for him to explore during rounds, it was seen
things beyond his knowledge that the patient still watches
and capabilities wherein, YouTube videos through his
according to her mother, her mom’s phone.
son likes to watch
educational videos on
different channels on
YouTube and TV.
8. Role-Relationship The patient’s mother states During hospitalization, the
Pattern that her child was so patient could be able to make

talkative; thus, he had a and maintain eye contact.

charming personality, which However, he would not like to
is why his uncles, aunts, and speak up about how and
older siblings wanted him, so what he feels to others
he had a close relationship except his mother or
with his family. Her mother significant others.
also stated that her son was
always playing with their
neighbor’s child before the
pandemic occurred, which
means that her child had
social interaction. Moreover,
her mother stated that her
son is super close to her and
sleeps beside her and his
father.
Moreover, her mother stated

that her son is number 6
among her seven children.
9. Sexuality The patient is still young, and No further changes were
Reproductive Pattern as expected, he did not know noted. The patient is still
about any sexual activities or young, and as expected, he
his sexual preferences and did not know about any
status. Moreover, there is no sexual activities or his sexual
problem or disease regarding preferences and status.
the patient's genitalia. Since Moreover, there is no
the child is still a toddler, problem or disease regarding
there are no signs of any the patient's genitalia. Since
puberty stage at all are the child is still a toddler,
recorded. Furthermore, there are no signs of any
based on the observation, puberty stage at all are
patient does not still recorded. Furthermore,
circumcise. based on the observation,
patient does not still
circumcise.
10. Coping Stress The patient’s mother stated The patient’s mother stated
Tolerance that if her son was in a bad that in order to calm and
mood, she let him play make his child at ease with
outside and watch cartoon his emotional tears, they told
movies and shows on him that they would take him
YouTube and TV, but the to ROBINSON’S or SM.
common way to cope with
her child’s stress was by
letting him play. Moreover,
according to the mother, the

child was happy whenever

they gave them a chuckle of
chocolate milk.
11. Value Belief Pattern The patient is a Roman The patient’s mother states
Catholic. Her mother states that their faith has become
that keeping spirituality stronger, and that God is
throughout her family is always guiding them,
critical. Moreover, she states especially her child, for his
that she always teaches her faster recovery. Well, in fact,
child to believe in Jesus during my rounds, it was
Christ through praying at seen that the patient’s
night and before meals. mother put a rosary on the
Meanwhile, his mother also upper right side of her son’s
stated that they usually pillow.
attended church every
Sunday before the pandemic,
but since the pandemic
came, they watched and
listened to online mass.

PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
During physical assessment, patient C.A.C. has a clean appearance, a normal skin color, and a temperature of 37.2 degrees
Celsius. Patient C.A.C's pulse rate is preset and has a regular cycle, with a pulse rate of 135 beats per minute. Meanwhile, patient
C.A.C also does not experience chest pain. Capillary refill deviated. Respirations are also regular, rapid, and symmetrical with a clear
breath sound. Moreover, there is an absence of any forms of cough. The patient's respiratory rate is noted to be 30 cycles per
minute, while her oxygen saturation was recorded at a 92% rate.
On the other hand, the patient does not use any oxygen or mechanical ventilator, indwelling foley catheter and a nasogastric
tube and N.G.T. drainage. Meanwhile, upon receiving the patient, she has an ongoing IV fluid of 1L of PLRS at 10 in the morning
with the order flow rate of 50 gtts/min infused on her left metacarpal vein.
Date of Assessment
Latest Vital Signs (July 06, 2022)
• Temperature: 37.2 degree Celsius

• Respiratory Rate: 30 cpm
• Pulse Rate: 135 bpm
• Oxygen Saturation: 92%
• Blood Pressure: 90/60 mmHg
BMI (Body Mass Index) (July 4, 2022)
• Admission Weight: 13.5 kg

• Admission Height: 36 inches
• BMI Total: 7.3 (underweight)
AREA TECHNIQUE USED NORMAL FINDINGS ACTUAL FINDINGS REMARKS

ASSESSED SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

SKIN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III
Color Skin color is
Inspection Skin color based on the Skin color is brown considered
genetic, race, and normal
environmental effects. No pallor noted.
Normal to see No cyanosis noted.

pigmented nevi,
non-pigmented No jaundice noted.
striae, freckles,
and birthmarks No generalized nor
localized color
changes noted.
Texture Inspection and Smooth, soft and even Noted dry skin Deviated due to dehydration
Palpation skin. Noted slight
roughness
Dark patch on some

specific part of the
skin. Dark patch and
bruises on
venipuncture site.
Mobility and Palpation Resilience. Returns to a Moves back slowly Deviated due to dehydration
Turgor normal state within 1-2 For 5 seconds
seconds when pinched.
Lesions Inspection Freckles No freckles Normal
Nevi No nevi are noted
Birthmarks within the

Birthmarks not changed patient right hand
since childhood
The patient has a
No abrasions or lesions scar in his foot due
to insertion of IV,

and a wound scars

due to a specific
reason.
Uniformity Inspection Skin color varies from Uniformed skin Skin uniformity is considered
body areas and from color, except for normal
exposed and non- elbows and knee
exposed to sun areas. which has a dark
Knees and elbows pigmentation.
darker skin.
Moisture Palpation Minimal presence of Minimal perspiration Not normal may d/t to dehydration
perspiration or oiliness. on palm, and axillae.
Increased perspiration Dried skin was noted Not normal may d/t to dehydration
on palms, scalp,
forehead, axillae. Minimal oiliness on Not normal may d/t to dehydration
forehead and scalp.
HEAD
Size and Inspection Normocephalic, Normocephalic Head size and circumference is
Circumference appropriate with age and considered normal
gender
Facial Features Inspection No dysmorphic features. No deformity, Head facial features are
lesions, edema, and considered normal
No presence of lesions, inflammation were
edema, and noted.
inflammation.
Presence of wrinkles Aligned with the patient’s age.
Shape Inspection Rounded Rounded Head shape is considered normal
HAIR
Color Inspection Color varies depends on Color black Hair color is considered normal.
the genetics and race. Wavy hair noted

Changes with rinses,

dyes, and permanents.
No rinses, dyes, and
permanents were
noted.
Distribution Inspection Evenly distributed. No generalized and Hair distribution is considered
localized hair loss normal
Present on scalp, nares, noted
ears, chest, axillae,
arms, legs, pubic area, No hirsutism noted
around nipples, and
back. No inflammation and
scaring noted
Texture Palpation Texture varies depends Dry hair noted Hair texture is considered normal
on the genetics, race,
location, and alteration. No brittleness noted
Coarse or fine.
Fine hair noted
Curly or straight
Curly hair noted
Smooth, shiny and
resilient hair Slightly kinky
Presence of Inspection No presence of No infestation, Absence of parasites. Normal
parasites infestation, inflammation, inflammation, and
and infection. infection were noted
SCALP
Symmetry Inspection Symmetrical aligned with Symmetrical Scalp symmetry is considered
the age, gender, and normal
body structure
Appearance Inspection Absence of seborrheic Absence of Scalp appearance is considered
dermatitis, lesions, and seborrheic normal.

inflammations dermatitis, lesions,

and inflammation
were noted
NAILS
Color (nail bed) Inspection Variation of pink in color. Pink in color
Slightly dirty Not normal d/t lack of hygiene

appearance
Shape Inspection Convex, curvature, 160 Convex curve Nail shape is considered normal
degrees angle.
Texture Palpation Smooth and firm upon Smooth and firm Nail’s texture is considered
palpation normal
Tissue Palpation Intact epidermis Intact epidermis Normal
Surrounding
Nails
Capillary refill Palpation Color should return to Delayed refill (4 Not normal, was affected due to
test normal state within 1 to 2 seconds) dehydration
seconds
EYEBROWS
Distribution Inspection Evenly distributed hair Evenly distributed Eyebrows distribution is
hair considered normal
Direction of Inspection Equal in movement Equal in movement Eyebrow’s direction of curl is
Curl considered normal
Alignment Inspection Aligned Symmetrically Was aligned Eyebrow’s alignment is
symmetrically considered normal
EYELASHES
Evenness Inspection Equally distributed Equally distributed Eyelashes evenness is
considered normal
Direction of Inspection Slightly curved outwards Slightly curved Eyelashes directions of curl is
Curl outwards considered normal
Appearance Inspection Moisturized, combined, Moisturized, Eyelashes appearance is
and nourished. combined, and considered normal

nourished.
EYES
Color Inspection White sclera No jaundice noted Eyes color are considered normal
Sunken eyes
No pallor or redness
of sclera were noted.
Conjunctiva Inspection Pink palpebral Pink palpebral Eyes conjunctivas are considered
conjunctiva. Transparent conjunctiva was normal
noted.
Transparency was
noted.
Eyelids Inspection Intact skin Intact skins were Eyelid’s status of the eyes are
noted considered normal
No presence of Absence of
discharged and discharged and
discoloration discoloration
Can close symmetrically Can close Normal

symmetrically
Sunken eyes were Not normal, due to dehydration

noted, with slightly and lack of sleep secondary to
dark and hollow part disturbed sleep cycles
were noted on the
lower part
Iris Inspection Depends on the genetic Black color is noted. Iris of the eyes are considered
or race normal.
Flat and round

Black or dark brown
Flat and round.

PUPILS
Color Inspection Depending on race and Black in color Pupil of the eyes are considered
genetics. normal.
Shape Inspection Has a smooth and round Smooth and round Shape of the pupils is considered
border. border were noted. normal.
Symmetry and Inspection Equal in size Equal in size Symmetry and size of pupils is
Size considered normal
PERRLA
Accommodatio Inspection Pupils can constrict while Both pupils can Normal
n looking at near object. constrict and dilate
Meanwhile, pupils can accordingly.
dilate while looking at far
object.
Reaction to Inspection When illuminated pupils Both pupils constrict Normal
light constricts as a result of and dilate
direct response accordingly.
When not illuminated Presence of

pupils constricts as a response
result of consensual
response Equal responses
were noted
Brisk response
Visual Fields Inspection Can be able to see Can be able to see Normal
objects within peripheral objects within its
view when looking peripheral view
straightforward
Extra Ocular Inspection Coordinated and has a Coordinated eye Normal
Movement unison movement of both movement.

eyes having been

parallelly aligned. Can be able to
follow the finger of
the hands in a
specific direction
EARS
Color Inspection Consistent and aligned Aligned skin color Color of the ears are considered
within the color of the with the facial skin normal
facial skin
Size Inspection Bilaterally symmetrical in Bilaterally Ears sizes are considered normal
size symmetrical in size
Position Inspection Laterally aligned with the Laterally aligned Ears positions are considered
eyebrows and auricles with the eyebrows normal
and to the outer canthus and auricles and to
of each eye the outer canthus of
each eye
Discharge Inspection No discharge No discharge was Normal
noted
Texture and Inspection and Return to the normal Return to the normal Pinna’s texture and elasticity is
elasticity of Palpation state within 1 to 2 state within 1 to 2 considered normal
pinna seconds seconds
NOSE
Tenderness Inspection Absence of tenderness No tenderness and Normal
and masses during palpation masses were noted
Absence of masses
Patency Inspection and Air can move freely from Both nares do not Normal
palpation air moves nares during inhaling and accommodate with
freely exhaling sensation restrictions.
Flaring Inspection Absence of nasal flaring No nasal flaring was Normal
noted
Discharge Inspection Absence of discharge Absence of Normal

discharge
Position Inspection Centered symmetrically Symmetrically Normal
centered
Absence of deformities
No deformities were
noted.
MOUTH
Presence of Inspection Absence of lesions No lesions were Normal
Lesions noted.
Lips Inspection Depends on the age and Depends on the age Dried lips d/t dehydration
genetics. and genetics
Uniform pink color Pink
Moistened, soft and Dried

smooth in texture
Contours are Contours are

symmetrical symmetrical.
Ability to pursue Inspection Can be able to purse lips Can be able to purse Normal
lips lips
Buccal Mucosa Inspection Smooth, moistened, and Dried and glistering d/t dehydration
glistering with a soft color with a soft color of
of pink pink
Teeth Inspection 20 primary teeth. 5 Decaying teeth Not normal, d/t excessive
infront up, while 4 consumption of sweetened foods
Smooth, white, shiny down and unable to brush teeth
tooth enamel sometimes.
Smooth, white, shiny
tooth enamel
Gums Inspection Pink in color Pink color is noted Gums of the mouth is considered
normal
Moistened and firm in No tenderness and

texture bleeding were noted

Tongue Inspection Centrally positioned Centrally positioned Normal
Pink in color Pink color is noted

Moist, slightly rough, thin Moist, slightly rough,
whitish coating. thin whitish coating.
Moves freely. Moves freely.
Absence tenderness and No tenderness and

lesions. lesions were noted
Decreased saliva Not normal d/t dehydration

production
Uvula Inspection Positioned midline Midline positioned Uvula of the mouth is considered
normal
Tonsils Inspection and Pink, smooth posterior Not inflamed and Normal
Palpation wall. swollen
Absence of discharge No discharge was

noted
NECK
Mobility Inspection Coordinated, smooth in Wide range of Mobility of the neck is considered
movements with no motion normal
association of discomfort
No pain during
movement.
Position and Inspection Muscles are equal in Muscles are equal in Position and characteristic of the
characteristics size. size neck is considered normal.
Head-centered Head-centered
THORAX SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES AND LUNGS

Breathing Breathing
Pattern pattern is
Inspection Quiet, rhythmic, and Quiet, rhythmic, and considered
effortless respirations. effortless normal
respirations.
Symmetry Inspection Chest expands Chest expands Normal
symmetrically during symmetrically during
respiration; effortless respiration; effortless
respiration respiration
Chest wall Inspection and Intact No lumps, bulges, Chest wall is considered normal
palpation tenderness, movable
Absence of tenderness structures
Absence of masses
Chest Palpation Full and symmetric Full and symmetric Chest expansion is considered
Expansion thorax expansion. thorax expansion normal
were noted
Percussion Percussion Able to note resonance. Noted resonance. Normal
sound
Symmetry in percussion Symmetry in
notes. percussion notes.
No areas of dullness or No areas of dullness

flatness over lung tissue or flatness over lung
tissue
Breath Sounds Auscultation Vesicular and No adventitious Breath sounds is considered
bronchovesicular breath breath sounds are normal
sounds. noted
ABDOMEN
Integrity Inspection Unblemished skin No rash Normal
Stretchmarks or surgical No presented

scars may be present surgical scars
Umbilicus Inspection Positioned midline Positioned midline Normal

Absence of discoloration No discoloration and

and inflammation inflammation were
noted
Abdominal Inspection Flat, convex, or concave. Slightly concave It is associated with the
Contour contour is noted dehydration experienced by the
No notable enlargement patient
of liver or spleen. No notable
enlargement of liver
Contour is symmetric or spleen noted
Contour is
symmetric
Bowel Sound Auscultation Audible bowel sounds Hyperactive sounds Not normal d/t to LBM
were noted.
Tenderness Palpation Absence of tenderness Absence of Not normal d/t LBM
tenderness was
Relax, with smooth and noted however
consistent tension patient SO reported
stomachache.
HEART
Heart Rate Auscultation 95-100 bpm normal HR 135 bpm was noted Normal heart rate is considered
of adult
UPPER EXTREMITIES
Color Inspection and Color varies depending Brown color. Color of upper extremities is
Observation on race and genetics. considered normal
No pallor was noted
Dark to brown in color
No cyanosis was
noted
No jaundice was
noted
Texture SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES Deviated due to

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III dehydration
Palpation Smooth Rough

Temperature Palpation 36.5°C-37.5°C normal in 37.3°C Temperature is considered
adult. normal
Mobility and Palpation Resilient. Skin returns to Move back slowly d/t dehydration
Turgor a normal state within 1-2
seconds when pinched.
Lesions Inspection Absence of lesions No lesions were Normal
noted
Appearance Inspection Symmetrically aligned Symmetrically Normal
aligned
Absence of deformities
No deformities were
noted
Uniformity Inspection Varies depending on Uniformity of color Uniformity of upper extremities is
areas that exposed or was noted except considered normal
not exposed with the sun from areas that is
pigmented
Moisture Palpation Minimal presence of Minimal presence of Not normal d/t to dehydration
perspiration or oiliness. perspiration or
oiliness
Increased perspiration
on palms, scalp, Dried skin was noted Not normal d/t to dehydration
forehead, axillae.
Presence of oiliness Normal
on forehead and
scalp.
RECTAL
Color Inspection and Color varies depending Redness was noted Not normal, due to excessive
Observation on race and genetics. defecation secondary to diarrhea
Lesions Inspection Absence of lesions No lesions were Normal

noted
Uniformity SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES Uniformity of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III upper
extremities is
Inspection Varies depending on Uniformity of color considered
areas that exposed or was noted except normal
not exposed with the sun from areas that is
pigmented

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a hollow tube passing from the mouth to the anus. There are
several names for the GI tract, including the alimentary canal or gut. The GI tract is about 7–11
metres long but appears shorter due to the creases in the gut wall. There are many organs
making up the GI tract:
The Gastrointestinal Tract
The digestive system comprises the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The
gastrointestinal tract consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
and large intestine. The accessory organs are the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which help breakdown of ingested food. The
digestive system functions to provide mechanical processing, digestion, absorption of food,
secretion of water, acids, enzymes, buffer, salt, and excretion of waste products.

The main function of the GI tract is to make ingested nutrients available for the body to use.
There are five main processes involved in the functioning of the GI tract:
• Ingestion - This is another term for eating—taking food into the body.
• Propulsion - Ingested food is moved through the GI tract, initially by swallowing
(voluntary action) and progressing to peristalsis, an involuntary action. In peristalsis, the
gut wall contracts and pushes the food bolus or waste further along the GI tract; the
muscles then relax and contract again. This combination of contracting and relaxing
helps to break down the food and propels it forward. Peristalsis occurs in the
oesophagus, stomach, small bowel, and large bowel.
• Digestion - Ingested food is broken down into smaller parts in two ways: chemically and
mechanically. In the mouth, the teeth chew the food, breaking it into smaller parts, and
mix it with saliva (mechanical breakdown). The saliva begins to digest the food (chemical
breakdown). The stomach churns the food (mechanical breakdown), and acid and
digestive enzymes are secreted to breakdown it down chemically. Segmentation
contractions in the small bowel mix the food with the digestive enzymes and break it
down (mechanical breakdown), with peristalsis moving food further along the GI tract.
There is further chemical breakdown of the food by bile, which is made in the liver and
stored in the gall bladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas.
• Absorption - The nutrients from the diet are taken from the GI tract into the blood or
lymph. Additionally, the 7 litres of secretions produced by the body and added to the GI
tract are absorbed. Nutrients, electrolytes, and water are absorbed in the small bowel.
Electrolytes and water are absorbed in the colon.
• Elimination - This is the passage of faeces, out of the body via the anus, past the anal
sphincters that control defecation.
STOMACH
The stomach is a hollow, J-shaped, sac-like organ that lies within the abdomen. Its function is
mechanical churning, storage, and digestion of ingested food. The stomach is joined to the
oesophagus at the top and the duodenum at the bottom. The sphincters prevent unregulated
flow from the stomach into the bowel (pyloric sphincter) or backflow from the stomach to the
oesophagus (cardiac sphincter).
The main part of the stomach is termed the body, the top is the fundus, and the lower aspect is
the antrum. The mucosa covers coarse folds (rugae) with smoother antral mucosa. The muscles
of the stomach wall enable it to perform the mechanical digestion of churning and also allow for
expansion.
Additionally, there is chemical digestion by substances secreted into the stomach. These
include hydrochloric acid (HCl) which is produced in the parietal cells, pepsin produced in the
chief cells, and mucus made by the goblet cells. These gastric secretions are stimulated by
either the presence of food or the anticipation of food. Once food is broken down the pyloric
sphincter will allow passage of the semiliquid (chyme) into the duodenum.

The Stomach
Liquids generally leave the stomach faster than
solids, with most meals leaving the stomach
within 2–3 h
Small Intestines
The small bowel, also termed the small intestine,
is a long, hollow tube. The small bowel varies in
length from about 3 to 9 m, and is usually longer
in ♂ than ♀. The inner surface is deeply folded
and covered in villi that, in turn, are covered in
microvilli, to dramatically increase the surface
area and increase the absorptive ability. There
are three sections to the small bowel: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Duodenum, jejunum, and Ileum
Duodenum
The duodenum directly follows from the stomach
onto the jejunum and is a hollow tube about 20
cm long. Pancreatic juice (from the pancreas)
and bile (from the gall bladder) are secreted into
the duodenum. Within the duodenum, further
breakdown of ingested food occurs by activity of
pancreatic enzymes, specifically polypeptides
(into peptides), polysaccharides (into
monosaccharides and disaccharides), and
triglycerides (into glycerol and free fatty acids).
Biliary secretions (bile) make lipids soluble.
Jejunum
The jejunum follows the duodenum and precedes
the ileum. At the brush border of the jejunum (formed by microvilli) simple sugars and amino
acids are absorbed. Lipids are absorbed in the jejunum and ileum.
Ileum
The ileum varies in length from 2 to 4 m and follows the jejunum, although there is no definite
demarcation between the two. It ends at the ileocaecal valve, which joins the small bowel to the
caecum, and has a pH of neutral to alkaline. Digestion and absorption continue in the ileum. Bile
salts are mainly absorbed from the last 100 cm of the ileum, and vitamin B12 from the terminal
ileum (last 60 cm).
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY



COURSE IN THE WARD
Date and Time Doctors Order Rationale Intervention

7/4 – 11:47 pm Please admit to ROC Admitting the patient  Explained the
under the service of will help the doctor to orders to the
wt: 13.5 kgs Dr. M. Mallillin take note of their patient, the
progress. And objective or
admitting them to their significance of
room of choice will these orders.
ensure that the patient  The patient
will be comfortable. was asked if
they have any
questions
before
proceeding.
DAT for age A diet as tolerated  Explained the
(DAT) may be diet to the
ordered. It is patient and
interpreted according why it is
to the client's appetite necessary.
and ability to eat and  Provided other
to tolerate food, foods that are
together with the not
client’s age. contraindicated
and are
necessary for
recovery.
TPR q shift and The nurse is Monitored and
record responsible in recorded vitals
monitoring the vital accordingly.
signs of the patient for
baseline data and as
prescribed by the
attending physician.
Diagnostic CBC It is a kind of test that Explained and
is used for many instructed the
reasons including the client regarding
identification and the procedure and
assess the overall purpose of the
health. A CBC may be laboratory test to
recommended as part the client and the
of a routine medical SO of the client.
examination to monitor Prepared the
the general health and client for the

screen for different procedure.

disorders such as
anemia or leukemia.
RAT Antigen test (frequently Explained and
referred to as a rapid instructed the
test). This test detects client regarding
protein fragments the procedure and
specific to the purpose of the
Coronavirus. This is laboratory test to
done as per the the client and the
hospital policy. SO of the client.
Prepared the
client for the
procedure.
Fecalysis Analysis of human  Instructed the
stool (feces) helps parents on
determine the how to obtain a
presence of certain fecal sample
pathologic from their
microorganisms in the child.
patient that may be  The procedure,
causing the infection objective or
and inflammation. It significance of
can also be indicated the test was
to monitor for any explained to
presence of occult the parents.
blood.  The patient
was prepared
for the
procedure.
IVF D5 0.3 NaCl 1L x Intravenous solutions  Ensured that
40uggts can act as the patient
supplemental fluids in received the
intravenous therapy to right
restore or maintain medication on
normal fluid volume the right time,
and electrolyte dose and
balance when the oral route.
route is not possible.  Ensured that
IV fluid therapy is an the drug
efficient and effective administration
way of supplying fluids was well-
directly into the documented
intravascular fluid as it will be
compartment. needed for the

patient’s input
and output
data, and for
legal purposes.
 The parents
were educated
about the drug
and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any swelling in
the IV site.
 Monitored the
flow rate and
the patient’s
general
response to
the medication.
Medication Paracetamol 250 It is administered to  Ensured that
mg/mL, 3.5 mL q 4 help the patient relieve the patient
for fever fever that is often received the
accompanied by AGE right
infections. medication on
the right time,
dose and
route.
 Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Instructed the
parents that
the drug is only
taken when
needed for
pain.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
Ensured that the
drug
administration is
well-documented.
Ampicillin 500mg q 8 Ampicillin is an  Ensured that
antibacterial which the patient

helps treat certain received the

infections that are right
caused by bacteria medication on
such as the right time,
gastrointestinal tract dose and
infection. route.
 Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
Metoclopramide 2.5 Metoclopramide help  Ensured that
mg/mL q 6 prn for stop feeling of being the patient
vomiting nauseated and received the
vomiting sensations. right
medication on
the right time,
dose and
route.
 Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
Zinc Syrup 5ml drops Taking a multivitamin  Ensured that
syrup containing zinc the patient
along with received the
conventional treatment right
can improve recovery medication on

time and reduce the right time,

diarrhea. dose and
route.
 Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
Monitor urine output To provide baseline Monitored UO as
q6 data for the patient ordered.
Monitor VS q4 To provide baseline Monitored VS sign
data for the patient as ordered
Refer accordingly. Referring is done to let Referred
the attending doctor accordingly
know of the patient’s
current condition.
7/5 – 7 am Start metronidazole Metronidazole is an  Ensured that
LBM 2x (Patryl) 160 IV now antibiotic and the patient
+ fever then q8 antiprotozoal drug and received the
can help in treating or right
reducing the growth of medication on
E. histolytica found in the right time,
the stool of the patient, dose and
which may be causing route.
the infection.  Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-

documented.
Fastdrip 150cc now Fast IV drips are often  Ensured that
then regulate of 54 necessary if the all labels in the
uggts. patient has already IV ticket is
lost a great deal fluid correct.
volume.  Ensured that
the correct IV
is given to the
correct patient.
 Explained to
the patient and
their S/O what
the purpose of
fluid therapy is.
 Ensured
proper flow
rate
Restime drops 1.0 mL This medicine is used  Ensured that
of q6 to relieve discomfort the patient
due to the received the
accumulation of gas in right
the stomach and the medication on
intestines including the right time,
sensations of bloating, dose and
pressure, fullness or route.
stuffed feeling which  Explained to
can be caused by the parents
certain food (e.g., what the drug
carbonated drinks, is and its
legumes, potatoes, purpose.
infant formula, etc.), air  Monitored for
swallowing, and any untoward
dyspepsia. side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
IVF to follow, Plain PLRS is a type of IV  Asked the
LR 1L at 54 ugtts fluid preferred for patient’s name
dehydration caused by and introduced
electrolyte imbalances oneself.
as well as fluid loss d/t  Ensured that
N/V. all labels in the
IV ticket is

correct.
 Ensured that
the correct IV
is given to the
correct patient.
 Explained to
the client what
the purpose of
fluid therapy is.
 Assessed the
IV site for any
redness,
edema, or
swelling.
 Ensured
proper
regulation.
Paracetamol 120 It is administered to  Ensured that
mg/mL 7mL q4 for help the patient relieve the patient
fever pain that is often received the
accompanied by AGE right
infections. medication on
the right time,
dose and
route.
 Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Instructed the
parents that
the drug is only
taken when
needed for
pain.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
4:15 PM PLRS + 15 meqs KCL PLRS is a type of IV  Ensured that
10cc x 50 ugtts fluid preferred for all labels in the

dehydration caused by IV ticket is

7 x LBM episodes electrolyte imbalances correct.
N/V. Moreover, the correct IV
Potassium Chloride is given to the
0.3% & Sodium correct patient.
Chloride 0.9% Solution  Explained to
for Infusion is indicated the patient and
for the prevention and their S/O what
treatment of potassium the purpose of
depletion and/or fluid therapy is.
hypokalemia, in  Ensured
sodium chloride and proper flow
water-losing rate
conditions.
7/6 – 7:30 Flotera 1 tab OD It helps in enhancing  Ensured that
Electrolyte imbalance, intestinal ecology, the patient
AGE improving digestion received the
and helping enhance right
natural resistance to medication on
intestinal infections. the right time,
Moreover, this drug is dose and
considered as a route.
treatment for diarrhea  Explained to
the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
Domperidone 5.0 mL Domperidone is an  Ensured that
30 mins before meals anti-sickness the patient
TID medicine. It helps you received the
to stop feeling or being right
sick (nausea or medication on
vomiting). the right time,
dose and
route.
 Explained to

the parents
what the drug
is and its
purpose.
 Monitored for
any untoward
side effects
from the drug.
 Ensured that
the drug
administration
is well-
documented.
IVF to follow, please PLRS is a type of IV  Ensured that
give 1L + 10 meqs fluid preferred for all labels in the
KCL at 50 gtts/min dehydration caused by IV ticket is
electrolyte imbalances correct.
N/V. Moreover, the correct IV
Potassium Chloride is given to the
0.3% & Sodium correct patient.
Chloride 0.9% Solution  Explained to
for Infusion is indicated the patient and
for the prevention and their S/O what
treatment of potassium the purpose of
depletion and/or fluid therapy is.
hypokalemia, in  Ensured
sodium chloride and proper flow
water-losing rate
conditions.
May request medical Will serve as evidence  Followed up
certificate and for some particular request
abstract reason. Likewise use accordingly
to obtain government
assistance as a proof.
DIAGNOSTICS
HEMATOLOGY RESULT
Date Received: 7/4/2022 – 11:51 PM
Date and Time Released: 7/5/2022 12:06:29 AM
Examination UNIT Reference REMARKS

Results Range
WBC count 7.63 X10^9/L 5.0-10.0 Normal
RBC count 4.53 X10^12/L 3.50-5.50 Normal
HGB L 11.5 g/dL 12.0-16.0 This can

indicate that
that our body
does not get
enough
oxygen,
which make
us feel tired
and weak.
Moreover, a
lower-than-
normal HGB
can give rise
to a specific
type of
anemia
which causes
iron
deficiency.
HCT 35.3 % 37-48 Normal
MCV 81.1 fL 80.0-98.0 Normal
Mean 26.4 pg 25.0-34.0 Normal

Corpuscular Hgb
Mean 32.6 % 30.0-36.0 Normal

Corpuscular
HgbConc
RDC Distribution 14.0 % 11.5-15.0 Normal

Width
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
Segmenters 0.76 0.600-0.700 Normal
Stabs
Juveniles
Eosinophils 0.03 0.01-0.04 Normal

Basophils 0.00 0.00-0.01 Normal
Lymphocytes 0.16 0.20-0.30 Still normal
Monocytes 0.08 0.02-0.06 Still normal
Blasts
Proyelocytes
Abnormal
Leukocytes
PLT Count 314 X10^9/L 150-450 Normal
FECALYSIS RESULT
Date Requested: 7/4/2022
Requestion Physician: Mallillin, Miverva
Examination Requested: Stool Analysis
METHOD: SALINE AND IODINE MOUNT
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
Color: YELLOW
Consistency: WATERY
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION:
Red Blood Cell:

White Blood Cell:
Yeast Cells:
Fat Globules:
Charcot – Leyden Crystals:
PARASITES: NO PARASITE
REMARKS: The result shows that the patient has no recorded parasitic infection or there
were not enough parasite to be detected.
SEROLOGY/IMMUNOLOGY RESULT
Date Received: 7/4/2022
Date and Time Released: 7/4/2022
Reagent/ Kit Used: Abbot Panbio ™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test
Lot No.: 41ADH047A
SPECIMEN: Nasopharyngeal Swab
Methodology: Lateral Flow Immunoassay

RESULT: NEGATIVE
RESULT INTERPRETATION: NEGATIVE FOR SARS-CoV-2 ANTIGEN


Samples are processed within the specimen viability and on the same day of request
unless indicated.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION

Date Received: 7/6/2022 – 4:35 PM
ANALYTE RESULT SI UNIT RESULT CONVENTIONAL REFERENCE REMARKS
UNITS UNITS RANGES
Sodium L 131.40 mmol/L [135.00 302.22 mg/dL [310.50 – This may be a
– 155. 356.50] sign of a
00] condition such
as a loss of
sodium due to
diarrhea or
vomiting
Potassium L 3.02 mmol/L [3.60 – 11.81 mg/dL [14. 08- 21.51] A decrease in
5.50] potassium is a
condition
referred to as
the
hypokalemia.
This may be
due to
diarrhea or
vomiting.

DRUGS STUDY
Classification of Mechanism of Action Contraindications Side effects Nursing

Drug Responsibilities
Generic Name: Description: Ampicillin Hypersensitivity or Significant: Seizures (rapid 1) Administer
Ampicillin prevents bacterial cell history of infusion); bacterial or fungal medication
wall synthesis by binding hypersensitivity (e.g. superinfection (prolonged following the 10
Brand Name: to 1 or more of the anaphylaxis) to use); Stevens-Johnson Rights of drug
penicillin-binding proteins ampicillin, or other β- syndrome, toxic epidermal administration.
Ampitrex, Polyphen,
Obocil, Vatacil resulting in the inhibition lactam antibiotics (e.g. necrolysis, erythema 2) Determine
of the final penicillins, multiforme. previous
Classification: transpeptidation step of cephalosporins, Blood and lymphatic hypersensitivity
peptidoglycan synthesis carbapenems, system reactions to
Penicillins in the bacterial cell walls. monobactams). disorders: Leucopenia, penicillins,
Route: Pharmacokinetics: neutropenia, cephalosporins,
Absorption: Moderately thrombocytopenia, and other
IV well absorbed from the hemolytic anemia, allergens prior to
gastrointestinal tract. coagulation disorders. therapy.
Dosage: Decreased absorption Gastrointestinal 3) Inspect skin daily
500 mg IV q 8 hrs rate with food. Time to disorders: Diarrhea, and instruct patient
peak plasma nausea, vomiting, to do the same.
concentration: indigestion, epigastric The appearance of
Approximately 1-2 hours discomfort, sore mouth, a rash should be
(oral); approximately 1 black hairy tongue. carefully evaluated
hour (IM). General disorders and to differentiate a
Distribution: Widely administration site nonallergenic
distributed throughout the conditions: Fever; inj site ampicillin rash
body and can be found in pain or phlebitis. from a
ascitic, pleural, and joint Hepatobiliary
hypersensitivity
fluids. Penetrates the disorders: Rarely, hepatitis,
reaction. Report
CSF with inflamed cholestatic jaundice.
rash promptly to
meninges. Plasma Immune system
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES physician.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III 4) Take
medication
protein binding: 15-18%. disorders: Serum sickness- around the
Metabolism: Metabolize like reaction. clock; continue
d into penicilloic acid. Investigations: Moderate taking medication
Excretion: Via urine and transient increase in until it is all gone
(usually 10 d)
(approximately 90%, as transaminases; prolonged
unless otherwise
unchanged drug within 24 prothrombin time (rare).
directed by
hours); faeces. Musculoskeletal and
physician or
Elimination half-life: 1-1.8 connective tissue
pharmacist.
hours. disorders: Joint pain.
5) Take medication
Nervous system around the clock;
disorders: Encephalopathy; continue taking
paresthesia (prolonged medication until it
use). is all gone (usually
Renal and urinary 10 d) unless
disorders: Nephropathy, otherwise directed
interstitial nephritis. by physician or
Skin and subcutaneous pharmacist.
tissue disorders: Pruritus, 6) Take medication
purpura. around the clock;
Potentially continue taking
Fatal: Hypersensitivity
medication until it
reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis,
is all gone
angioedema, erythematous
or urticarial (usually 10 d)
rash), Clostridium difficile- unless otherwise
associated diarrhea, directed by
pseudomembranous colitis. physician or
pharmacist.

Classification Nursing
of Drug Mechanism of Action Contraindications Side effects Responsibilities
Generic Name: Description: Zinc sulfate Copper deficiency Gastrointestinal 1) Administer

is a mineral supplement. disorders: Abdominal pain, medication
Zinc Syrup Zinc is a cofactor of dyspepsia, nausea, following the 10
Brand Name: various enzymes which is vomiting, diarrhea, gastric Rights of drug
involved in cell division irritation, gastritis. administration.
E-Zinc, Biozinc, and growth, removal of General disorders and 2) Monitor
Bomvi-Zinc harmful free radicals, and admin site progression of zinc
normal development and conditions: Irritability, deficiency
Classification: maintenance of the lethargy. symptoms
Zinc-containing immune system. Nervous system (impaired wound
preparations Pharmacokinetics: disorders: Headache, healing, growth
Absorption: Incompletely dizziness. retardation,
Route: absorbed in the decreased sense
gastrointestinal tract. of taste,
Oral Reduced absorption with decreased sense
Dosage: phytates. Bioavailability: of smell) during
Approximately 20-30%. therapy.
5 ml OD Distribution: Widely 3) Administer oral
distributed throughout the doses with food to
body with the highest decrease gastric
concentration in the irritation.
muscle, bone, skin, eye, Administration with
and prostatic fluids. caffeine, dairy
Plasma protein binding: products, or bran
Approximately 55%
may impair
bound to albumin; 40%
absorption.
bound to α1-globulin.
4) Explain that the
Excretion: Primarily via
best source of
faeces. Small amounts
vitamins is a well-
via urine and perspiration.
balanced diet with
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES foods from

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III the four
basic food
groups.
Foods high in zinc
include seafood,
organ meats, and
wheat germ
5) Instruct patient or
significant other
that patient
receiving oral
zinc will notify
health care
professional if
severe nausea or
vomiting,
abdominal pain,
or tarry stools
occur.

Generic Name: Description: Metronidazole Hypersensitivity to Significant: Severe 1) Administer
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES medication

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III following
Metronidazole the 10
interacts with the microbial metronidazole and neurological disturbances, Rights of
Brand Name:
DNA to break its strand and other nitroimidazoles. encephalopathy, convulsive drug
Patryl administration.
helical structure leading to Concomitant use with seizures, aseptic
2) Monitor CBC with
Classification: inhibition of protein disulfiram within the meningitis, peripheral and
differential at
synthesis, degradation, and last 14 days. optic neuropathy,
baseline, during,
Anti-protozoal cell death. Coadministration with paranesthesia;
and after repeated
Pharmacokinetics: alcohol or propylene superinfection (e.g. fungal
Route: or prolonged
Absorption: Rapidly and glycol containing or bacterial treatment.
IV almost completely products during or 3 superinfection, C. difficile- 3) Monitor LFT in
absorbed from the days after therapy associated diarrhea). patients with
Dosage: gastrointestinal tract. Food discontinuation. Blood and lymphatic Cockayne
delays absorption. Time to Pregnancy during the system syndrome.
160 mg IV q 8 hrs peak plasma concentration: 1st trimester in the disorders: Leucopenia, 4) Monitor neurologic
1-2 hours (oral); 20 minutes treatment of neutropenia. symptoms.
(IV); Distribution: Widely trichomoniasis. Cardiac disorders: Chest 5) This drug may
distributed into most body pain, tachycardia. cause drowsiness.
tissues and fluids. Crosses Ear and labyrinth Instruct s.o. not to
blood-brain barrier. Plasma disorders: Tinnitus. leave the patient
protein binding: <20%. Eye disorders: Light unattended.
Metabolism: Mainly sensitivity, nystagmus. 6) Report severe GI
metabolized in the liver via Gastrointestinal upset, dizziness,
hydroxylation, side- disorders: Nausea, dry unusual fatigue or
oxidation, and mouth, vomiting, weakness, fever,
glucuronidation to active constipation, abdominal chills.
hydroxyl metabolite and pain, diarrhea, sharp
several metabolites. unpleasant metallic taste.
Excretion: Via urine (60- Investigations: Flattening
80% as unchanged drug of T wave on ECG.
and metabolites; Metabolism and nutrition
approximately 20% of total disorders: Anorexia.
as unchanged drug); Musculoskeletal and
faeces (6-15%). Elimination connective tissue

half-life: Approximately 8 disorders: Myalgia.

hours. Nervous system
disorders: Insomnia,
headache, ataxia, vertigo,
incoordination, dizziness.
Psychiatric
disorders: Confusion,
hallucination.
Reproductive system and
breast disorders: Genital
pruritus.
Respiratory, thoracic and
mediastinal
disorders: Pharyngitis,
sinusitis.
Skin and subcutaneous
tissue
disorders: Erythematous
rash, urticaria, dry skin.
Vascular
disorders: Syncope.
Potentially Fatal: Stevens-
Johnson syndrome, toxic
epidermal necrolysis;
severe hepatotoxicity/acute
hepatic failure in patients
with Cockayne syndrome.

of Drug
Mechanism of Action Contraindications Side effects Responsibilities
Generic Name: This product contains Hypersensitivity to There have been no reports 1) Administer
simethicone, a water- simethicone or any of undesirable effects after medication
Simethicone repellant with low surface ingredient in the ingestion of simethicone. A following the 10
Brand Name: tension used to relieve product. very severe allergic Rights of drug
bloating and gassiness by reaction is rare. However, if administration.
Restime drops causing small bubbles to the patient notices any 2) Assess patient for
coalesce to large bubbles, undesirable effects, consult abdominal pain,
Classification: the doctor immediately. distention, and
which are passed more
GIT Regulators, easily. Chemically, bowel sounds
Antiflatulents & Anti- simethicone is inactive and prior to and
Inflammatories has no known interaction. periodically
throughout course
Route: of therapy.
Frequency of
Oral
belching and
Dosage: passage of flatus
should also be
1.0 ml q 6 hrs assessed.
3) Explain to patient
the importance of
diet and exercise
in the prevention
of gas.
4) Also explain that
this medication
does not prevent
the formation of
gas.
5) Advise patient to
notify health
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES care

professional if
symptoms are
persistent.

of Drug Mechanism of Action Contraindications Side effects Responsibilities
Generic Name: Paracetamol acts as Paracetamol is Generally, side effects to 1) Administer

antipyretic at the contraindicated in acetaminophen medication
Paracetamol temperature regulation patients with known (paracetamol) are mild, following the 10
Brand Name: center in the brain and as hypersensitivity to though hematological Rights of drug
analgesic to increase pain acetaminophen reactions have been administration.
Tempra/Tempra threshold. (paracetamol). reported. Skin rashes and 2) Ensure that the
Forte Patients with anemia, other allergic reactions patient is not
cardiac, pulmonary, occur occasionally taking any other
Classification: renal and/or liver medication
Analgesics (Non- diseases must consult containing
Opioid) & first with their paracetamol.
Antipyretics physician before 3) Assess patient’s
taking this drug. fever or pain: type
Route: These patients must of pain, location,
also avoid prolonged intensity, duration,
Oral use of acetaminophen temperature, and
Dosage: (paracetamol). diaphoresis.
4) Assess allergic
250 mg/5ml 3.5 ml q reactions: rash,
4 hrs urticaria; if these
occur, drug may
have to be
discontinued.
5) Teach patient to
recognize signs of
chronic overdose:
bleeding, bruising,
malaise, fever,
sore throat.
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES 6) Assess

relief of
pain or
fever.

Generic SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES 1) Administer

Name: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III medication
following
Description: Metoclopramid Patient with Significant: Dystonic the 10
Metoclopramide e is a substituted benzamide gastrointestinal reactions, akathisia, Rights of drug
administration.
Brand Name: with prokinetic and antiemetic perforation, parkinsonian symptoms,
2) Assess for
properties. It stimulates the hemorrhage or tardive dyskinesia,
extrapyramidal
Reglan, Metozolv motility of the upper mechanical methemoglobinemia,
symptoms and
ODT, Maxolon gastrointestinal tract and obstruction, circulatory collapse, severe
tardive
accelerates gastric peristalsis suspected or known bradycardia, cardiac arrest,
Classification: dyskinesia.
without stimulating gastric, pheochromocytoma QT prolongation, sinus 3) Assess for
Antiemetics / GIT biliary or pancreatic or other arrest, torsade de pointes. gastrointestinal
Regulators, secretions, leading to catecholamine- depression, suicidal complaints, such
Antiflatulents & increased gastric emptying releasing ideation; gynecomastia, as nausea,
Anti-Inflammatories and intestinal transit time. It paragangliomas, galactorrhea, amenorrhea vomiting, and
blocks dopamine receptors history of neuroleptic and impotence secondary constipation.
Route: and serotonin receptors (at or drug-induced to hyperprolactinemia, 4) In oral
higher doses) in tardive dyskinesia, Blood and lymphatic administration, for
IV chemoreceptor trigger zone seizure disorder (e.g. system disorders: Rarely, better absorption
Dosage: of the CNS. epilepsy), agranulocytosis, allow 30 minutes
Onset: 30-60 minutes (oral); Parkinson’s disease, leucopenia, neutropenia, to 1 hour before
2.5 mg/IV q 6 hrs 1-3 minutes (IV); 10-15 known history of sulfhaemoglobinaemia. eating.
minutes (IM). methemoglobinemia Cardiac
Duration: 1-2 hours. with metoclopramide disorders: Supraventricula
Pharmacokinetics: or nicotinamide r tachycardia, acute CHF,
Absorption: Rapidly and adenine dinucleotide- AV block.
almost completely from the cytochrome b5 Eye disorders: Visual
gastrointestinal tract after oral reductase (NADH- disturbance.
administration. Absolute Cyb5R) deficiency. Gastrointestinal
bioavailability: 80±15.5%. Concomitant use with disorders: Diarrhea,
Time to peak plasma drugs which may nausea, vomiting, bowel
concentration: Approximately cause extrapyramidal disturbance.
1-2 hours (oral). reactions (e.g. General disorders and
Distribution: Extensively antipsychotics, admin site
distributed to body tissues. levodopa). Children conditions: Asthenia,

Volume of distribution: <1 year. fatigue.

Approximately 3.5 L/kg. Hepatobiliary
Plasma protein binding: disorders: Rarely,
Approximately 30%. hepatoxicity.
Metabolism: Metabolized in Immune system
the liver by CYP2D6 via disorders: Hypersensitivity
oxidation and glucuronide , rarely, angioedema.
and sulfate conjugation to Investigations: Increased
major metabolite, plasma aldosterone levels.
monodeethylmetoclopramide. Metabolism and nutrition
Undergoes hepatic first-pass disorders: Fluid retention,
metabolism. porphyria.
Excretion: Via urine Nervous system
(approximately 85%, with disorders: Somnolence,
approximately 50% as free or restlessness, headache,
conjugated metoclopramide); dizziness, seizure, rarely,
faeces (approximately 5%). tremor.
Elimination half-life: 2.5-6 Psychiatric
hours. disorders: Insomnia.
Rarely, anxiety, agitation,
confusion, hallucinations.
Renal and urinary
disorders: Urinary
incontinence or urgency.
Reproductive system and
breast
disorders: Priapism.
Respiratory, thoracic and
mediastinal
disorders: Bronchospasm,
rarely, laryngospasm,
laryngeal oedema.

Skin and subcutaneous

tissue disorders: Rarely,
rash, urticaria.
Vascular
disorders: Hypotension
(IV), hypertension, flushing.
Potentially Fatal: Rarely,
neuroleptic malignant
syndrome characterized by
muscle rigidity,
hyperthermia, altered
consciousness, autonomic
instability.
Classification SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES Nursing

of Drug BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III
Mechanism of Action Contraindications Side effects Responsibilities
Generic Name: Description: Probiotics are Hypersensitivity. Signs of an allergic 1) Administer

used to improve digestion Badly damaged reaction, like rash; hives; medication
Lactobacillus and restore normal flora. It is intestines (e.g., itching; red, swollen, following the 10
reuteri a food supplement containing perforated or blistered, or peeling skin Rights of drug
the patented lactic acid obstructed with or without fever; administration.
Brand Name:
bacterium Limosilactobacillus intestines). wheezing; tightness in the 2) Find out if patient
Flotera reuteri (formerly known as chest or throat; trouble is allergic to any
Lactobacillus reuteri) breathing, swallowing, or drugs or any
Classification: talking; unusual ingredient
Protectis (L. reuteri DSM
Supplements & 17938) that helps the good hoarseness; or swelling of present in the
Adjuvant Therapy microorganisms keep a the mouth, face, lips, drugs that will be
natural balance in the gut. tongue, or throat. Feeling administered.
Route: dizzy, tired, or weak. More 3) Review patient
Reuterin is a broad-range thirst. Change in how much history and
Oral antibiotic, affecting both urine is passed. Muscle determine any
Dosage: Gram-positive and Gram- pain. Bone pain. Weight conditions that
negative species, that most loss. may interfere with
1 tab OD pathogenic intestinal bacteria drug therapy.
are sensitive to. Studies have
shown reuterin produced by
L. reuteri is useful against a
wide array of harmful
bacteria such as pathogenic
E. coli strains, Clostridium
difficile, Salmonella enterica,
Vibrio cholerae, and many
others. The antimicrobial
ability of L. reuteri is also
contributed by its colonization
of the epithelial cells,

preventing other bacteria

from colonizing. Studies have
shown that some strains of L.
reuteri may prevent
Helicobacter pylori infection,
the main cause of gastric
ulcers, via colonizing
competition. L. reuteri's ability
to produce the nutrients
folate and vitamin B12 have
also been studied as a
possible nutritional
supplement. Humans require
daily intakes of both of these
nutrients, and vitamin B12
deficiency has been linked to
heart disease, anemia,
cancer, and other problems.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is
particularly prevalent in
people with strict vegetarian
diets, where supplements of
L. reuteri would be useful.


Generic Name: Description: Domperidone is Prolactin-releasing Significant: Increased 1) Administer
a dopamine antagonist with pituitary tumor prolactin levels (dose- medication
Domperidone antiemetic properties. Its (prolactinoma), dependent). Very rarely, QT following the 10
Brand Name: effect may be attributed to a conditions where prolongation. Rights of drug
combination of peripheral stimulation of gastric Eye disorders: Oculogyric administration.
Domilium, Domne, (gastrokinetic) effects and motility may be crisis. 2) Instruct the
Gastromec, antagonism of dopamine harmful (e.g. Gastrointestinal patient/SO to
Motilium, Perilax, receptors in the gastrointestinal disorders: Dry mouth, take this
RiteMED, chemoreceptor trigger zone hemorrhage, diarrhea. medication by
Domperidone, (located in the area mechanical General disorders and mouth as
Toridon, postrema). It increases obstruction or administration site prescribed
esophageal peristalsis, perforation), known conditions: Asthenia. usually 30
Vometa/Vometa FT
pressure in the lower existing prolongation Immune system minutes before
Classification: esophageal sphincter, gastric of cardiac conduction disorders: Very rarely, meals and at
motility and peristalsis, and intervals (particularly anaphylactic reaction bedtime.
Antiemetics 3) Assess for
improves gastroduodenal QTc), underlying (including anaphylactic
coordination, thus facilitating cardiac disease (e.g. shock). nausea, vomiting,
Route:
gastric emptying and CHF), significant Investigations: Very rarely, abdominal
Oral reducing small bowel transit electrolyte abnormal LFT. distention, and
time. disturbances (e.g. Nervous system bowel sounds
Dosage: before and after
Pharmacokinetics: hypokalemia, disorders: Headache,
10 mg TID Absorption: Rapidly hypomagnesaemia, somnolence. Very rarely, administration.
absorbed. Bioavailability: hyperkalemia). convulsion, extrapyramidal 4) Monitor BP
Approximately 15%. Time to Moderate or severe disorder. (sitting, standing,
peak plasma concentration: hepatic impairment. Psychiatric lying down) and
Approximately 30-60 Concomitant use with disorders: Anxiety, loss of pulse before and
minutes. QT-prolonging drugs libido. Very rarely, agitation, periodically
Plasma protein binding: 91- or potent CYP3A4 nervousness. during therapy.
93%. inhibitors (e.g. azole Renal and urinary May cause
Metabolism: Rapidly and antifungals, disorders: Very rarely, prolonged QT
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES interval,

extensively metabolized in macrolides, protease urinary retention. tachycardia, and

the liver by CYP3A4 inhibitors, Reproductive system and orthostatic
isoenzyme via N-dealkylation nefazodone). breast disorders: Breast hypotension.
and by CYP3A4, CYP1A2, pain and tenderness, 5) Obtaining
and CYP2E1 isoenzymes via galactorrhea. Rarely, medical attention
hydroxylation. Undergoes amenorrhea, gynecomastia. if fainting,
extensive first-pass Skin and subcutaneous dizziness,
metabolism. tissue disorders: Rash, irregular
Excretion: Via urine (31%; pruritus. Very rarely, heartbeat or
approx 1% as unchanged angioedema, urticaria. pulse, or other
drug); faeces (66%; 10% as Potentially Fatal: Very unusual
unchanged drug). Elimination rarely, ventricular symptoms occur.
half-life: 7-9 hours. arrhythmias, Torsade de 6) Monitor for
Pointes, sudden cardiac
signs of
death.
abdominal
discomfort such
as epigastric
pain or
abdominal
fullness.

NURSING CARE PLAN

ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION
INTERVENTION RATIONALE
Subjective: Alteration in body After 30 minutes INDEPENDENT: After 30 minutes
temperature of effective of effective
“Sir, bigla pong (hyperthemia) r/t nursing  Ensured safety  To prevent and nursing
nag-chichills at disease process interventions, the by raising the reduce risks of fall, interventions,
nilalamig yung as manifested by patient will be bedside rails harm, and injury that Goal was met, the
anak ko, mainit rin fever and chills able to have a may occur during patient was able
po sya Sir” as drop on deviated provision of health to have a dropped
stated by the body temperature care. on deviated body
patient’s mother from 38.2 to 36.5-  Positioned on  If the temperature from
37.5 degree comfort patient is comfortable 38.2 to 37.3
Objective: Celsius. , they are likely to degree Celsius.
recover and have
better health
 Fever with a
outcomes.
latest
It also helps to
temperature
maintain
of 38.2 at
the patient's airway
8am of July
and circulation
5, 2022
throughout the
 Flushed
procedure.
skin warm
to touch  Instructed the
 Chills and patient SO not  The role of the S.O is
to leave the to monitor and
shivering
immediately inform
patient
the nurse on duty
unattended.
about the needs of
the patient, especially

if he feels pain, so
that the healthcare
provider can provide
immediate care. This
is also to prevent
harmful situations
 Encouraged that may happen,
the such as falls, and risk
verbalizations of injury.
of concerns.  To understand the
personal experience
of the patient so that
we can respond
appropriately to the
situation.
Verbalization of
concerns also helps
 Instructed SO the provider to give
to perform better and more
tepid sponge appropriate care.
bath  Tepid sponge baths
help to reduce the
fever of the patient by
dilating superficial
blood vessels, thus
releasing heat and
lowering body
 Encouraged
temperature.
SO/Patient to
 To replace fluid lost
increase oral
due to fever and
fluid intake.
vomiting along with
 Encourage SO
diarrhea

to loosen the  Loose clothing can

clothing of the helps the patient to
patient. increase comfort
 Monitored at levels and aid the
intervals. body's ability to cool
down.
 Body temperatures
falling outside normal
ranges should be
monitored and further
 Watched out managed until
normothermia is
for untoward
achieved.
signs of febrile
 Febrile episodes is
episodes and typically occurs
untoward during the peak of
symptoms. AGE symptoms
 Promoted onset.
adequate rest
periods.
 Rest is vital for better

 Health needs recovery and if you
attended are not getting
enough rest, it can
DEPENDENT affect your health.
 PRN  It promotes a better

medication for outcome for the
fever was patient.
given
Paracetamol

250 mg/ 5mL,  Common painkillers

3.5 mL given. are used to treat pain
and reduce high
temperatures.

Subjective: Alteration in After 30 minutes INDEPENDENT After 30 minutes
comfort r/tof effective of effective
“Sir, sumasakit po prolonged nursing  Build rapport  To gain patient’s nursing
yung tiyan nya sir, diarrhea and interventions, the cooperation interventions, goal
may pwedeng skin/tissue patient will be able  Checked and  For baseline data. was met, the
ibigay po bang irritation as to verbalize relief monitored patient was able to
gamot para don evidenced by of pain from 6/10 vital signs. verbalized relief of
Sir” as stated by abdominal to 0/10  Continue  For baseline data pain from 6/10 to
the patient’s cramping monitored wherein identifying 0/10
mother reports of the intensity, onset,
pain, duration, and quality
Based on Wong- including of the pain helps to
baker FACES of location, distinguished
pain rating scale duration immediate care to
the patient’s level intensity. be exerts.
of pain is 6  Explained the  With knowledge of
causes and the causes and
Objective: effects of pain consequences of
on the client pain, the client is
and his expected to
 Guarding participate in pain-

behaviour family. reduction treatment

towards the  For baseline data
abdomen regarding pain
 Facial  Instructed the experience. Reports
grimace SO/patient to of pain can be
report for pain forwarded to the
episodes and NOD, and NOD can
untoward follow-up it to the
symptoms attending physician
 If the patient is
comfortable, they
 Positioned on
are likely to recover
comfort
and have better
health outcomes.
 Reduced pain that
was exacerbated by
 During the
movement.
acute phase,
encouraged
rest.  Back rub, reposition,
and diversional
 Provide
activities can
comfort
promote
measures
relaxation,
refocuses, attention
and may enhance
coping abilities


Subjective: Alteration in bowel After 4 hours of INDEPENDENT: After 4 hours of
elimination r/t effective nursing effective nursing
At 10 am of July 5, ingestion of interventions, the  Observed and  For baseline data. interventions,
2022, the patient’s suspected food patient will be able recorded the Data could also be goals were
mother stated that products as to verbalize on frequency, used as a basis for partially met, the
“Tumae po siya manifested by abdominal amount, time, further patient will be able
tatlong beses abdominal cramping and and assessment. to verbalize on
simula kaninang 8 cramping and minimized characteristics abdominal
am marami po at loose watery frequency of of stools. cramping and
puro lusaw Sir.” stools. defecation.  Rest reduces minimized
 Encouraged intestinal motility frequency of
 Frequent adequate bed and metabolic rate. defecation.
flatulence rest.  Stress can trigger
as claimed  Provided a the frequent
 Abdominal quiet and non- passing of stools;
cramping stimulating with these
 Passed environment measures, stress
loose water and taught the can be avoided or
S.O about the relieved.
stool for 3
times relaxation
already technique to

Objective: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III
 decrease
Hyperactive stress.  Rehydration is the
bowel  Emphasized top priority in
sounds increasing fluid diarrhea.
were noted intake,
 Patient is especially
crying those
 Guarding containing
behaviour is electrolytes.
 Monitoring intake
presented
helps care
 Monitored and providers ensure
record intake that the patient has
and output. a proper intake of
fluid and other
nutrients.
Monitoring of
outputs helps
determine whether
there is an
adequate output of
urine as well as
normal defecation.
DEPENDENT:
 It helps in
 Given Flotera 1 enhancing
tab OD as intestinal ecology,
ordered improving
digestion, and
helping enhance
natural resistance

to intestinal
infections.

Subjective Alteration in After 8 hours of INDEPENDENT: After 8 hours of
nutrition: Less nursing nursing
At 11 am of July 5, than body intervention the  Monitored  Identifies potential intervention goals
2022, the patient’s requirements r/t client will be able intake and causes of were partially met,
mother stated that nausea and to regain his output strictly. malnutrition the client was able
“Kaunting balat lang vomiting as appetite and relief changes made to lightly regain
ng manok yung evidenced by loss from body during the client his appetite and
kinain niya, tapos of appetite and weakness intake process. relief from body
wala na siyang gana body weakness  Observed  To detect weakness
na kumain”. patient’s eating physiologic
behaviour at changes that may
intervals be life threatening
 For better recovery
 Reported food
from nutritional
intake less  Instructed the
imbalance.
than SO on proper
recommende  These can add
nutritional
d dietary more irritation to
intake.
the stomach.
 SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Reported BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III
fluid
intake  Restricted
less than foods as
body indicated, like
requirements those
 Aversion to containing
eating caffeine, too
 Loss of much oil, fiber,
appetite  To prevent
milk, and fruits.
multiorgan failure
 Discussed
Objective and to restore loss
ways to restore fluid and
physiological electrolytes.
 N/V homeostasis:
 Perceived electrolyte and
inability to fluid
ingest food replacement.
 The patient is  Still monitored  To detect life-
weak, thin the patient’s threatening
and lethargic VS as conditions such
warranted by dehydration or
his status. hyponatremia.
 Encouraged  Therapeutic
the patient to approach can be
eat/drink using used through the
therapeutic manner of being
approach and creative in foods
instructed the ideas and by
SO to simply putting
encourage some jargons and
their child to metaphor while
eat endorsing.
Instructing the SO
can be a big help
in improving the

eating habits of the

patients.

Subjective: Deficient fluid and After 8 hours of INDEPENDENT After 8 hours of
electrolyte effective nursing effective nursing
At 9:30 in the imbalance r/t fluid interventions, the  Assessed  To monitor for interventions,
morning of July 6, loss as evidenced patient will be able patient’s other s/s goals were
2022, the patient by body to relief from body condition partially met the
mother stated that weakness, dry weakness and  Monitored vital  Accurate records patient was able to
“Nakatatlong suka mucosa, and have a moist signs as are critical in slightly relief from
na po yung anak decreased skin mucous ordered assessing the body weakness
ko simula kaninang turgor. membranes and patient’s fluid and have a moist
alas otso, good skin turgor. balance. Vital sign mucous
nakadumi na rin po changes such as membranes and
4 na beses, basa increased heart normal skin turgor.
po katulad noon rate, decreased
Ma’am” blood pressure,
and increased

Objective: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING – LEVEL III
 4 loose temperature
stools indicate
 N/V hypovolemia.
 Aversion on  For hydration
eating and  Encouraged the
drinking SO to increase
 Decreased fluid intake
skin turgor providing
 Body appealing  For hydration
weakness liquids.
 Dry oral  Encouraged to
mucosa eat foods with
 Dried lips high fluid
 Dried skin content, such as
watermelon and
Laboratory Result grapes
of July 6, 2022  Encourage to  To prevent
eat banana, diarrhea, for stool
rice, apple, and formation
 NA: 131.40  For baseline data.
toast
 K: 3.02 Accurate records
 Monitored and
record fluid are critical in
intake assessing the
patient’s fluid
balance
 Initial goal to
correct circulatory
 Maintained on
volume deficit.
IVF hydration as
Isotonic saline will
ordered
rapidly expand
extracellular fluid
volume. The
secondary goal

correction of water
deficit is usually
accomplished by
the hypotonic
solution.
 To ensure that
there is adequate
 Ensure proper
hydration
IVF regulation
 Helps in aiding the
DEPENDENT
general health of
 Vitamins given the patient.
as ordered
 Fast IV drips are
often necessary if
 IV infusion as the patient has
ordered. already lost a great
Fastdrip 150cc deal fluid volume.
now then
regulate of 54
uggts.
COLLABORATIVE:
 Urine analysis
provides
 Obtained information about
specimens for the retention or
analysis of loss of sodium and
altered sodium the ability of the
levels (e.g., kidneys to
serum and urine concentrate or
sodium, urine dilute urine in
osmolality, and response to fluid
urine specific changes.
gravity) as

indicated.

DISCHARGE PLAN
COMPONENTS ACTIONS RATIONALE
- Highlights enough - To provide adequate
instruction to the SO awareness and
regarding the importance understanding towards
MEDICATIONS of following medication the benefits of the
regimen accordingly. medication process to
them.
- Reminded the patient/SO - To maintain a healthy
to verbalize the lifestyle
consumption of healthy
foods such as vegetables
and fruits.
- Enlightens the patient for
foods restriction and - To maintain a healthy
encouraged gradually lifestyle
DIET bland and easy to digest
foods.
- Encouraged the
adherence in consuming
at least 8 glasses of water
a day. - To maintain proper body
fluids circulation
- Explained to the patient - To maintain a proper and
the importance of healthy lifestyle. To
continuous adherence to avoid further disease
the prescribed complications.
medications.
- Instructed the SO/patient - To maintain good
to verbalized proper hygiene and prevent
handwashing before and harboring of
HEALTH TEACHINGS after eating and playing. microorganisms
throughout the body.
- Provide information to - This is to provide
patient/SO on the awareness and
possible causes of understanding, to help
acquiring GI diseases identify, eliminate and
(e.g., contaminated food, manage the causes and
water, pets feces, risk present in their
bacteria, and environment.
seasonality).

- Discussed to the patient - To monitor the patient

and SO the importance of condition and prevent
a follow-up checkup as the occurrence of further
OUT-PATIENT-FOLLOW- prescribed by the complications. This also
UP CARE attending physician assesses the compliance
of the patient towards
the medication process.
- Encouraged the - It is considered one of

SO/patient to maintain her the best coping
SPIRITUAL CARE faith and connection to mechanism a person
God. should have,

REFERENCES
Leung, A. K., & Robson, W. L. M. (2007). Acute Gastroenteritis in Children. Pediatric Drugs,
9(3), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200709030-00006
Boyce TG. (2017). Overview of gastroenteritis. Merck Manual: Professional Version website.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastroenteritis/
overview-of-gastroenteritis
Calamba Medical Center (n.d.) Health Conditions. Acute Gastroenteritis.http://cmc.ph/health-
conditions/acute-gastroenteritis/.
Chow, C. M., Leung, A. K., & Hon, K. L. (2010). Acute gastroenteritis: from guidelines to real
life. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology, 3,
97.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108653/
Cochran, W.(2021)MSD MANUAL . Gastroenteritis in Children.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/digestive-disorders-in-
children/gastroenteritis-in-children
Crawford, S. , Ramani, S., Tate, J. , Parashar, U., Svensson, L. , Hagbom, M. , Franco,
M. ,Greenberg, H. , Ryan, M., Kang,G. , Desselberger, U. & Estes, M. (2017). National
Library of Medicine. Rotavirus infection.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5858916/
Department of Health (2014). Infant Mortality Ten (10) Leading Causes | website. (n.d.). Doh.
https://doh.gov.ph/Statistics/Infant-Mortality-Ten-Leading-Causes?
fbclid=IwAR2eFGeRvubUTbLCJm9CbhHB2X90S2DmhomjfS7mDv3L7CACG7VtHTlQ6
do
Elliott, E. J. (2007). Acute gastroenteritis in children. Bmj, 334(7583), 35-40.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39036.406169.80
Fichna, J. (2019). Introduction to Gestrointestinal Diseases. Springer.
https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=5jmgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR5&lpg=PR5&dq=only+recently+the+gastrointestinal+(GI)
+tract+has+emerged+as+a+crucial+system,
+intertwining+structurally+and+functionally+with+the+central+and+peripheral+nervous+
as+well+as+immune+systems,+and+several+others.+Therefore,+not+only+diet,
+but+also+lifestyle+and+surrounding+environment+may+influence+the+GI+tract+and+r
elated+systems.&source=bl&ots=Pf-
oRWtM1q&sig=ACfU3U1q46yjCuksZf2ilFI63kTM0_ERNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEw
ib0am1_ev4AhW2DLcAHZRoDY4Q6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=only%20recently
%20the%20gastrointestinal%20(GI)%20tract%20has%20emerged%20as%20a
%20crucial%20system%2C%20intertwining%20structurally%20and%20functionally
%20with%20the%20central%20and%20peripheral%20nervous%20as%20well%20as
%20immune%20systems%2C%20and%20several%20others.%20Therefore%2C%20not
%20only%20diet%2C%20but%20also%20lifestyle%20and%20surrounding
%20environment%20may%20influence%20the%20GI%20tract%20and%20related
%20systems.&f=false

Granado-Villar, D., Cunill-De Sautu, B., & Granados, A. (2012). Acute gastroenteritis. Pediatrics
in Review, 33(11), 487-494. https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/acute-
gastroenteritis
Graves, N. S. (2013). Acute gastroenteritis. Primary care: clinics in office practice, 40(3), 727-
741. https://www.primarycare.theclinics.com/article/S0095-4543(13)00062-6/fulltext
King, C. K., Glass, R., Bresee, J. S., Duggan, C., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(2003). Managing acute gastroenteritis among children. MMWR Recomm Rep, 52(1),
16. https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5216a1.htm
Norovirus: clinical overview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/hcp/clinical-overview.html
Parrino, T. A., Schreiber, D. S., Trier, J. S., Kapikian, A. Z., & Blacklow, N. R. (1977). Clinical
immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent. New England Journal of
Medicine, 297(2), 86-89. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197707142970204
Philippine Statistics Authority (2021). Causes of Deaths in the Philippines (Preliminary): January
to December 2020. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/pressrelease/
Signed_Press%20Release_Cause%20of%20Death%20Statistics%20January
%202019%20to%20Dec%202020_as%20of%2017Jun2021.pdf
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Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health. https://psa.gov.ph/press-
releases/id/165164
Pieścik‐Lech, M., Shamir, R., Guarino, A., & Szajewska, H. (2013). The management of acute
gastroenteritis in children. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 37(3), 289-
303.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.12163
Rodríguez, L. A. G., Ruigómez, A., & Panés, J. (2006). Acute gastroenteritis is followed by an
increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 130(6), 1588-
1594.https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.004
Smith, J. (2013). National Library of Medicine.
Gastroenteritis.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152053/
Stuempfig, N. D., & Seroy, J. (2021). Viral gastroenteritis. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls
Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/
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health, 22(10), 443-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2012.05.006

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University of Saint Louis

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Acute gastroenteritis, known colloquially as a stomach bug, is an intestinal inflammation

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Rotavirus causes a particularly severe dehydrating gastroenteritis that affects young

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Number and Rate/per 1000 live births and PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION

Year Number of Cases

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Retrieved from: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/pressrelease/

Retrieved from: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/12/27/2150381/over-100-cases-

ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

o Campylobacter is the most commonly reported cause of foodborne illness in New

 Parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

• Admission Date: July 04, 2022

HEALTH NURSING HISTORY

PAST HEALTH HISTORY

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

PRESENT HEALTH HISTORY

Meanwhile, during hospitalization, the patient experienced a fever on July 5, 2022, at

FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

GORDON’S 11 FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS

Functional Health Pattern Before Hospitalization During Hospitalization

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

The patient's mother stated

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

packs of Chuckie chocolate may also be due to the

Meanwhile, we also clarified

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

The faeces according to the stomachache associated with

The patient’s mother also

5. Sleep-Rest Pattern Before a hospitalization, the The patient's mother states

Meanwhile, on the night of

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

experiencing LBM and

7. Cognitive perceptual Before the hospitalization, During hospitalization, the

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

talkative; thus, he had a and maintain eye contact.

Moreover, her mother stated

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

child was happy whenever

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Latest Vital Signs (July 06, 2022)

• Temperature: 37.2 degree Celsius

BMI (Body Mass Index) (July 4, 2022)

• Admission Weight: 13.5 kg

AREA TECHNIQUE USED NORMAL FINDINGS ACTUAL FINDINGS REMARKS

ASSESSED SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Normal to see No cyanosis noted.

Dark patch on some

Nevi No nevi are noted

Birthmarks within the

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

and a wound scars