SECTION 31 6633 Bored Piles & Barretes For Bridges: One Za'abeel

One Za’abeel
SECTION 31 6633
BORED PILES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES
BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

SPECIFICATION NO. T Page 1 of 41
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PART 1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS................................................................................................ 5
1.3 RELATED STANDARDS ....................................................................................................... 5
1.4 DEFINITIONS......................................................................................................................... 6
1.5 SUBMITTALS ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.6 RECORD OF CONDITION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES IN THE AREA .......................... 8
1.7 RECORD OF EXISTING SERVICES ..................................................................................... 8
1.8 PERMISSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 8
1.9 SPECIALISED CONTRACTORS ........................................................................................... 8
1.10 PILING METHOD STATEMENT ........................................................................................... 8
1.11 GROUND CONDITIONS ...................................................................................................... 10
1.12 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 10
PART 2 PRODUCTS ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 TEMPORARY CASINGS ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2 guide wall (BArrette Foundations).......................................................................................... 11
2.3 CONCRETE .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 COATINGS ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 DRILLING FLUID ................................................................................................................ 12
2.6 DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ 13
PART 3 EXECUTION ................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 SUBSTANDARD WORK ..................................................................................................... 20
3.2 GROUNDWATER ................................................................................................................ 20
3.3 FORMATION AND INSPECTION OF BORINGS................................................................ 20
3.4 OBSTRUCTION OR CHANGES IN CONDITION ............................................................... 21
3.5 HANDLING .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.6 DRIVING OF LININGS (OR CASINGS) .............................................................................. 21
3.7 WORK NEAR EXISTING BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES ..................................................... 21
3.8 REINFORCMENT................................................................................................................. 22

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3.9 CONCRETING...................................................................................................................... 22
3.10 LENGTHENING OF PILES and barrettes .............................................................................. 25
3.11 PILE/Barrette LOCATION IDENTIFICATION ..................................................................... 25
3.12 SETTING OUT AND TOLERANCES................................................................................... 25
3.13 RECORDS ............................................................................................................................. 26
3.14 PILE/BARRETTE BREAKDOWN ........................................................................................ 26
3.15 TESTING OF CONCRETE ................................................................................................... 27
3.16 LOAD TESTING OF PILES and barrettes ............................................................................. 27
3.17 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION............................................................................................... 30
3.18 PRELIMINARY PILE/barrette TESTS .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.19 WORKING PILE/barrette TESTS .......................................................................................... 30
3.20 TEST FAILURE CRITERIA.................................................................................................. 31
3.21 FLUCTUATING LOAD TESTS ............................................................................................ 31
3.22 COMPLETION OF A TEST .................................................................................................. 31
3.23 INTEGRITY TESTING ......................................................................................................... 32
3.24 CALIPER LOGGING OF PILE/barrette BORE ..................................................................... 33
3.25 DYNAMIC PILE/barrette TESTING ..................................................................................... 33
3.26 INSTRUMENTATION FOR PILES/barrettes ........................................................................ 34
3.27 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL........................................................ 35
APPENDIX A – PILE/BARRETTE RECORD SPECIMEN SCHEDULE ....................................... 36
APPENDIX B - PRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS .................................................................. 38

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Revision Record:
Rev Date Purpose/Status Revision By
T0 24/08/20 For Tender RDS

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SECTION 31 66 33 - BORED CONCRETE PILES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES
PART 1 GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
A. This Specification deals with the general requirements for the materials, design,
workmanship and testing of bored piles of all types.
B. Appendices A and B form part of this Specification.
1.2 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS
A. The piling works are to be carried out in accordance with the Institution of Civil Engineers
Specification for Piling and Embedded Retaining Walls (SPERW, 2nd edition, 2007). The
piles are to be constructed by bored and cast in place techniques. Pile tests will be required
to confirm the design assumptions made and the load settlement characteristics of the
piles. The following sections of the document are applicable to this Contract:
1. Section B1: Specification Requirements for Piling and Embedded Retaining
Walls
2. Section B3: Bored Cast in Place Piles
3. Section B13: Integrity Testing
4. Section B15: Static Load Testing of Piles
5. Section B17: Instrumentation for Piles and Embedded Retaining Walls
6. Section B18: Support Fluids
7. Section B19: General Requirements for Concrete and Steel Reinforcement
B. This Specification shall be read in conjunction with Specification Sections 030053 and
032000, the requirements of which shall apply except as varied herein.
C. Related Work Sections and Documentation

1. 013233 Photographic Documentation
2. 017300 Execution
3. 017423 Final Cleaning
1.3 RELATED STANDARDS
A. All piling work shall comply with the requirements of BS 8004, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical
Design and RTA Regulations. Design except that where a conflict arises between these
requirements and this Specification, the requirements of the Specification shall apply.

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Reference shall be made to BS EN 1992-1-1 2002, BS EN 1998-5-2004,BS EN 1990-

2002, BS 8500 and BS 1377.
B. All European, British Standards and Codes of Practice referred to in this Specification are
listed below. Reference shall be made to the latest editions of these revised by all current
amendments and additions therein.
1. AASTO LFRD Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Edition, 2014
2. BS 1377, Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes.
3. BS 1881, Methods of Testing Concrete.
4. BS 5930, Code of Practice for Site Investigations.
5. BS EN 1997-1-2004, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design
6. BS EN 1536:2000, Execution of special geotechnical works Bored Piles
7. BS 4449, Steel reinforcement
8. CP 2011, Safety Precautions in the Construction of Large Diameter Boreholes for
Piling and other Purposes.
9. BS EN 1992-1-1 2002, Euro code 2 Design of Concrete structures
10. BS EN 1998-5-2004, Design for Earthquakes Foundations
11. BS EN 1990-2002, Design Basis
12. BS 8102, Code of Practice for the Protection of Structures against Water from the
Ground
13. CIRIA R144, Integrity Testing in Piling Practice
14. BS 8004, Foundations. (For working load check)
1.4 DEFINITIONS
A. For the purpose of this Specification the term "Bored" applies to piles that are constructed
by placing concrete into a hole which is formed by means of percussive or rotary
equipment and "driven" applies to piles that are constructed by placing concrete into a
permanent or temporary lining which is jacked, vibrated or jetted into the ground.

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1.5 SUBMITTALS
A. The below Table indicates schedule of relevant items and sequence to be submitted by the
Contractor to the Supervision Consultant.
Prior to
At During the
Item commencing the
Tender Works
Works
1. General requirements Progress Report x
for piling work Pile layout, design and construction x
Piling method statement x
Piling programme x x x
Records x
Monitoring surveys x
Piling sequence x
CV of Piling Supervisor x
Quality Plan x
2. Bored cast-in-place Permanent casing x
piles Stability of pile bore x
Continuity of construction x
Means of maintaining concrete
x
cover
Pressure grouting method x
Uplift reference frame x
Pressure grouting records x
3. Non-destructive Specialist testing contractor x

methods for testing Integrity testing report x
piles
Anomalous results x
Calibration certificates x
Dynamic Testing results x
4. Static load testing of Load application system x
piles Notice of start of construction x
Inclined piles for tension tests x
Use of working piles as reaction x
Adequate reaction x
Measurement of load x
Notice of test x
Results x
Recorded data x
5. Instrumentation for Instrumentation supplier etc x
piles Required instrumentation with
x
calibration certificates
Calibration and data checking x
Report x
Specialist Instrumentation
x
contractor

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Prior to
At During the
Item commencing the
Tender Works
Works
6. General requirements Types of cement x
for reinforced Certificates of cement conformity x
concrete
Water tests x
Concrete workability x
Detailed Information on concrete
x
mix
Trial mixes x
Workability of each batch x
Concrete cube tests x
1.6 RECORD OF CONDITION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES IN THE AREA
A. Prior to commencing work the Contractor shall examine and note all existing cracks or
other damage in adjacent structures and bring them to the attention of the Supervision
Consultant and the owner of the affected property. This survey shall be submitted to the
Supervision Consultant in report form prior to the commencement of the works. The report
shall include a record of size and location of all cracks. Refer also to Section 5.7.
B. It is the responsibility of the Contractor to ensure that no damage occurs to existing

structures, roads or services for the duration of the piling works.
1.7 RECORD OF EXISTING SERVICES AND ROADS
A. Prior to commencing work, records of drains, cables, piles, roads, pavements, kerbs and
other services shall be made by the Contractor, to ensure that no piles or piling equipment
causes damage to these services or roads. The Contractor is liable for any damage to
services or roads occasioned by or arising out of his work on site.
1.8 PERMISSIONS
A. The Contractor is responsible for securing any permissions and/or authorizations that
might be required for design works, disposals, water disposal, traffic etc.
1.9 SPECIALISED CONTRACTORS
A. The works shall be carried out by a specialised piling contractor, well experienced in the
types of piling being specified, and properly staffed, equipped and licensed to carry out
such work in the United Arab Emirates in accordance with this specification.
1.10 PILING METHOD STATEMENT
A. In addition to the above, the Contractor will be required to submit a Piling Method
Statement with the tender, which shall include the following details:

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1. Site staff and experience.

2. The experience of the Contractor and his staff with the piling type and particular
ground conditions.
3. Details of the piling plant to be used.
4. The method of how the pile/barrette will be set out.
5. The method and equipment for cleaning or forming the pile/barrette base.
6. How the time taken to form the bore will be monitored. How the time taken to form
and concrete the pile bore / barrette trench will meet the requirements of the
specification.
7. The method of assessing the solidness of the base. This shall be agreed with the
Supervision Consultant.
8. The methods that will be used to check pile/barrette depth, bore stability, base
cleanliness and compliance with the specified tolerances. The measurement of depth
and bore speed shall be undertaken using computerised methods. The Contractor shall
ensure that the verticality and position of the pile/barrette is located and confirmed
using Electromagnetic Distance Measuring device and laser.
9. The method of placing concrete to ensure it is placed vertically down the bore/trench
at as low a level as possible. Where concrete is placed under water or support fluid the
method of placing concrete by tremie should be described. As a minimum, no concrete
shall spill over the hopper into the drilling fluid. The tremie tube shall be embedded
into the concrete by at least 3.0m. An accurate record of the depth to the immersed
tremie tube to the concrete level rise per concrete lorry delivery shall be kept.
10. The concrete mix to be used, its slump and the regime of concrete testing that will be
undertaken. The Contractor shall maintain detailed records of the time taken to form
the bore, a log of the concrete being placed, the quality of the concrete and concrete
testing on each batch.
11. The means of placing reinforcement including the lapping of reinforcement cages, the
method of maintaining concrete cover and the vertical position of the cage.
12. The Contractor shall submit a piling method statement with his tender submission that
illustrates that the proposed equipment is compatible with the site constraints. This
piling statement should include preliminary information on the following:
a. Proposed type of pile/barrette;
b. The type and number of rigs and ancillary equipment required by the Contractor;
c. Pile/barrette sizes;

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d. Quality assurance procedures; and,

e. Typical record sheets.
1.11 GROUND CONDITIONS
A. No responsibility is accepted by the Supervision Consultant or the Employer for any

opinions or conclusions given in any existing factual or interpretative ground investigation
reports. The Contractor shall report immediately to the Supervision Consultant any
circumstance which indicates that in the Contractor’s opinion the ground conditions differ
from those reported in or which could have been inferred from the ground investigation
reports or trial installation results.
B. The Contractor shall ensure that he has all relevant copies of these existing ground
investigation reports and shall satisfy himself as to the adequacy of the information
contained within them and their coverage over the site. Should the Contractor consider
that there is insufficient information available he shall undertake additional ground
investigation works at his own cost.
1.12 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. Methods of work should be selected which minimise the risk of noise and vibration and
other disturbance to the adjacent properties;
B. Noise from the construction site must comply with the Local Authority requirements;
C. If required by Local Authority, the Contractor must prepare a Construction Environmental

Management Plan which sets out the environmental controls and monitoring which will
be implemented during the works to minimise environmental impacts. The Construction
Environmental Management Plan must be approved by Municipality Environment
Protection and safety Section of the Local Authority (or equivalent section) prior to the
commencement of works;
D. The Contractor must abide by any other conditions as stipulated by Municipality

Environment Protection and safety Section of the Local Authority (or equivalent section)
Permit to construct.

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PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.1 TEMPORARY CASINGS
A. Temporary casings shall be free from significant distortions. They shall be of uniform
cross-section throughout each continuous length. During concreting they shall be free
from internal projections, debris and encrusted concrete which might prevent the proper
functioning of the pile, or formation of a monolithic pile shaft free of defects.
2.2 GUIDE WALL (BARRETTE FOUNDATIONS)
A. The design and construction of guide walls shall be the responsibility of the Contractor
and shall take into account the actual site conditions and the equipment to be used on site
to ensure stability and avoid undercutting as appropriate.
B. Guide wall shall be constructed in reinforced concrete or other suitable materials. The
minimum depth of guide walls shall be 1.0m and the minimum shoulder width shall be
0.3m for walls in reinforced concrete.
C. The finished internal face of the guide wall closest to any subsequent main excavation
shall be vertical to a tolerance of 1:200 and shall represent the reference line. There shall
be no ridges on the face and the centre line of the guide wall shall not deviate from its
specified position by more than ±15mm in 3m.
2.3 CONCRETE
A. In general, concrete shall be in accordance with Section 030000 except where modified as
below:
1. The grade of concrete for all piles – refer to 030033.
2. The water/cementitious content - refer to 0300333.
3. Where concrete is placed into a water free unlined boring and where reinforcement is
widely spaced the slump shall be 100mm with a tolerance of +/- 25mm (Type A). For
reinforcement that is closely spaced, or where the concrete is placed in a closed hole,
or where the pile diameter is less than 600mm, the concrete slump shall be 150mm
+/- 25mm (Type B).
4. Where concrete is placed by a tremie under water or drilling fluid the slump shall be
200mm +/- 25mm (Type C), collapse slump concrete will be rejected.
5. The number of tremie pipes shall be sufficient to place concrete in a uniform manner
across the entire pile shaft without any defects being introduced into the pile shaft.
6. Certificates and test cube results for the materials and the concrete shall be supplied to
the Supervision Consultant as required in Section 030033.

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7. The maximum permitted design stress for working loads for concrete in compression
shall be 25% of the specified 28 day characteristic strength. The cross sectional area
of the nominal shaft diameter will be used in the design.
8. In addition to these requirements the Contractor shall ensure that the concrete mix
design complies with all of the recommendations given in the geotechnical report
including appropriate durability protection against chlorides and sulphates for the
specified design life. The Contractor proposed mix design shall be subject to the
Supervision Consultant’s acceptance prior to construction.
9. Accepted corrosion inhibitors may be used to assist in achieving the design life.
2.4 COATINGS
A. Any coating applied to the pile, should it be required, shall be subject to the acceptance of
the Supervision Consultant and shall be applied strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer's specification.
2.5 DRILLING FLUID
A. General
1. Bored concrete piles shall be constructed with polymer.
a. The Contractor is to determine any environmental restrictions on the use of any
support fluid. The Contractor shall be responsible for the cost of disposal of any
support fluid.
b. The required quality control measures, frequency of testing and appropriate limits
shall be as per this Specification.
c. The level of the accepted drilling polymer shall be maintained at a level not less
than 1.0m above the maximum level of external groundwater.
B. Supply
1. A certificate shall be obtained by the Contractor from the manufacturer of the polymer,
showing the properties of each consignment delivered to the Site. The properties stated
shall include the apparent viscosity range (in centipoises) and the gel strength range
(in newtons per square meter) for the solids in water. This certificate shall be made
available to the Supervision Consultant on request.
C. Mixing
1. Polymer shall be mixed thoroughly with clean fresh water to make a suspension which
will maintain the stability of the pile excavation for the period necessary to place
concrete and complete construction. The temperature of the water used in mixing the

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polymer suspension and of the suspension when supplied to the borehole, shall not be
less than 5°C.
2. Where saline or chemically contaminated groundwater occurs, special precautions
shall be taken to modify the polymer suspension so as to render it suitable in all
respects for the construction of piles.
D. Tests
1. The testing frequency of the drilling fluid, sampling procedures and the proposed
methodology to exchange the polymer within the pile bore shall be submitted to the
Supervision Consultant for acceptance.
2. Polymer samples from the mixing tank (fresh polymer) shall be tested to confirm that
a proper suspension has been produced. Additionally, polymer samples shall be taken
from the base and top of the pile bore after completion of drilling, prior to lowering
the reinforcement and prior to concreting. Should the test results indicate a loss of the
polymer properties, the Contractor shall exchange the polymer following accepted
methodologies.
3. The density of freshly mixed polymer shall be measured daily as a check on the quality
of suspension being formed. The measuring device shall be calibrated to read within
0.005 g/ml.
4. Tests to determine density, viscosity, sand content and pH value shall be applied to
polymer supplied to the pile bore.
5. The minimum material testing requirements and limits are as follows:
a. Density (Mud density balance test): 1.02g/cm3 to 1.10g/cm3 ;
b. Marsh cone viscosity (Marsh Cone test): 45sec – 70sec;
c. Sand content (Sand screen test): <1%;
d. pH (Electrical pH meter): 7 – 9.
2.6 DESIGN
A. Responsibility
1. Based on information available at the time of Tender the responsibility for the design
shall be the Contractor. The Contractor shall be responsible for the construction and
performance of the pile/barrette. The Contractor shall provide a pile/barrette satisfying
the requirements of this Specification and the recommendations of the geotechnical
reports which is capable of supporting the loads indicated on the drawings, or
elsewhere within the Contract documents.

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2. The Contractor is to note that the information shown on any investigation reports
provided by the Employer represents only the ground conditions where the boreholes
were taken at the date and time they were taken. The Contractor is not to assume that
ground conditions of a similar nature occur at other locations on the site or at other
times. The Employer at no time has or will warrant the type of subsoil conditions,
which exist or may be encountered by the Contractor. The Contractor must visit the
site prior to the submission of its tender to ascertain for himself the condition of the
subsoil, as it currently exists.
3. The Contractor shall be allowed to submit an alternative design that meets the
requirements of the Specification and Drawings and is accepted by the Supervision
Consultant.
4. The Contractor shall also be responsible for the adequacy of all materials used and the
co-ordination of activities with those of other Main Contractor works.
B. Loadings
1. The loads to be supported by the piles/barrettes shall be identified as those arising from
structural considerations and those arising from ground condition phenomena such as
negative skin friction. Where piles/barrettes are installed in a group the behaviour and
bearing capacity of the whole group as well as that of the individual piles/barrettes
shall be considered in the design.
2. The Contractor shall also consider in his design, bending forces and lateral loads
arising from eccentricity of piles and construction tolerances. These bending moments
and lateral loads are not shown on the Tender Drawings but shall be calculated by the
piling Contractor as part of his design.
C. Pile/Barrette Locations
1. The location of the piles/barrette shall be as shown on the Tender Drawings. Where
no such locations are indicated or where the type or size of the pile proposed by the
Supervision Consultant is unsuitable for the locations shown then the Contractor shall
propose a suitable layout and determine the revised capacities of the piles/barrettes.
D. Design Criteria
1. The following minimum design criteria shall be met for the compression pile design:
a. The Contractor will be required to submit all necessary calculations and drawings
in support of his design to the Supervision Consultant and the local and/or statutory
authorities. This, however, will in no way relieve him of any part of his
responsibility with respect to the performance according to the specifications.

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b. Structural Failure of Pile - Ultimate Tensile and Compression Resistance to BS

EN 1992-1-1-2004
1). The piles/barrettes shall be designed to have an ultimate capacity greater than
the specified working loads (in both tension and compression) multiplied by
1.5 for all pile types. The design shall also allow for moments due to
eccentricity of piles and out of vertical alignment of piles.
c. Geotechnical Design
1). The Geotechnical design shall incorporate a minimum factor of safety of 3.0.
The piles shall be designed to support the loads predominantly in shaft
friction with only a minimal load to be carried on the pile base.
2). The allowable end bearing resistance, if considered in the design, shall be
limited to the unconfined compressive strength of the rock at the pile toe
level.
3). Pile settlement to be limited to 1% of pile diameter under specified working
load, and with consideration of negative friction effects, if applicable.
E. Pile Guarantee
1. The Contractor shall give a written guarantee that the pile as constructed will carry,
without deformation other than deformation due to elastic shortening and a value of
permanent settlement to be agreed with the Supervision Consultant, and without
progressive settlement, a load 50% greater than the working loads specified on the
Supervision Consultant’s drawings and shall satisfy himself as to the ability and nature
of the ground to sustain such loads transmitted to it by the piles. The Contractor shall
be responsible for the cost of making good at his own expense all material defects in
the structure subsequently erected thereon, caused by failure of the piles, and for the
additional costs of remedial measures which may be deemed necessary by the
Supervision Consultant to prevent further damage as a result of failure of the piles on
ground from any cause whatsoever within the minimum Guarantee Period of 50 years
after completion of the Contract or as required by the Authorities Having Jurisdiction,
whichever is greater.
F. Durability
1. For piles exposed to potentially aggressive ground or ground water accepted measures
shall be taken to ensure durability. Reference should be made to Building Research
Establishment and CIRIA Publications "Construction Industry Research and
Information Association".
G. Construction Method

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1. Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete applicable only to bored piles and barrette

foundations. The Contractor shall supply for acceptance all relevant details of the
method of piling and the plant he proposes to use. The proposal for any alternative
method to that which is specified/and or accepted shall be submitted to the Supervision
Consultant well in advance for review and acceptance.
2. The Contractor shall submit method statement to include necessary measures to be
implemented to avoid artesian pressure phenomena during drilling and trenching and
casting of piles/barrettes.
H. Programme
1. The Contractor shall provide an overall programme for completion and inform the
Supervision Consultant each day of the intended programme of piling for the following
day and shall give adequate notice of his intention to work outside normal hours and
at weekends.
I. Concrete
1. The Concrete items shall be read in conjunction with Section 030000 Concrete
General.
2. The maximum permitted design stress for working loads for concrete in compression
shall be 25% of the specified 28 day characteristic strength. The cross sectional area
of the nominal shaft diameter will be used in the design.
J. Reinforcement
1. General: Shall be from an acceptable source; hot rolled steel deformed bar with
minimum grade of 500B; complying with BS 4449.
2. Piles shall be reinforced. Cages shall consist of not less than 6 No. evenly spaced high
yield steel reinforcement bars having a total cross sectional area of not less than 0.8%
of the nominal pile cross sectional area. The concrete cover to the reinforcement shall
be uniform and be a minimum of 100mm; the method used to maintain such cover
requires the Supervision Consultant's acceptance. Where precast concrete shell piles
are used the dimension shall be measured from the inner surface of the shell.
3. The stability of reinforcement cages shall be achieved by means of helical binding, the
diameter and pitch of which shall be subject to the acceptance of the Supervision
Consultant. The helical binding shall fit closely around the main bars and be bound to
them by accepted wire the ends of which shall be turned to the interior of the pile. Spot
welding for helicals should be low hydrogen electrode welding (E7018 or similar
accepted) submitted for the acceptance of the Supervision Consultant.

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4. Only precast factory made concrete spacer blocks shall be used for all piles. The
concrete mix of cover blocks shall be the same as the concrete mix as in the piles and
blocks shall comply with BS & Concrete Society requirements. Non Metallic ties shall
be used.
5. Where piles are designed to resist uplift forces, and bending moments the piles shall
be designed to limit crack width to a maximum value of 0.2mm.
6. Reinforcement anchorage lengths shall be considered as tension anchorages.
7. The reinforcement shall be stored to ensure it is clean and free from debris at all times.
8. To facilitate the breaking-down of the piles, de-bonding sleeves shall be used to
prevent the bonding of the reinforcing steel and the concrete for all reinforcement
above a level of 50 millimetres above the theoretical pile cut off point in every pile.
K. Protection
1. Where and when protection to piles from adverse soil conditions is required it shall be
as described on the drawings.
L. Spacing
1. Friction piles shall not be placed closer than 2.5x diameters centre to centre. With piles
deriving their resistance from end bearing, the spacing centre to centre should not be
less than twice the least width of the pile. For piles having enlarged bases careful
consideration shall be made of interaction effects between the bases.
2. Where piles/barrettes are installed in a group the behaviour and bearing capacity of
the whole group as well as that of the individual piles/barrettes shall be considered in
the design.
3. The Contractor shall clarify in his tender documents how the required pile spacing will
be achieved should the piling platform be higher that the pile cut off level.
4. The Contractor is to notify the Supervision Consultant of any pile which is too close
to an adjoining pile or any underground obstruction or utility.
M. Underreams
1. Underreams shall not be provided.
N. Founding Levels
1. Piles/barrettes shall be founded at a sensibly common level or at a common depth
relative to the founding stratum. Refer to the pile schedule for the relevant pile cut off
levels.

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O. Continuous Flight Auger Piles

1. Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles shall not be used.
P. Handling and Pitching of Driven Linings or Casings

1. The piles shall be designed such that they or their components, permanent or
temporary, can be loaded, transported, pitched and installed, as applicable, without
any overstress occurring which might cause damage to the piles before they are
capped.
Q. Design Submission for Contractor Design

1. At tender submission:
a. For any design the Contractor shall include, as part of his tender return, outline
drawing details and an outline pile design to include for each pile type as set out
on the enclosed tender return summary sheet:
1). Pile diameter, cut off level, toe level;
2). Barrette dimensions, cut off level, toe level
3). Pile/Barrette rebar detail;
4). Concrete grade / mix;
5). Outline design including derivation of skin friction and end bearing values;
and,
6). Confirmation of factors of safety adopted for the design for each design check
carried out, including skin friction, cone pull-out and 0.2mm crack width
design. Design codes for the design used shall also be stated.
2. At Detailed Design Submission:
a. For any design the Contractor shall submit for the Supervision Consultant's
acceptance full details and design calculations of his proposals for the piled
foundations based on the preliminary design accepted at Tender stage. They will
include the following information:
1). The cross-sectional dimensions and length of pile/barrette constructed to
carry the specified loadings.
2). The anticipated proportion of the working load carried in shaft friction and in
end bearing together with the estimated factors of safety on shaft, base and
total overall.
3). Any reduction in pile/barrette capacity due to group action.

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4). The minimum spacing of piles/barrette in groups.

5). Reinforcement: quantities and method of maintaining specified cover.
6). The properties and application of "slip" compounds, designed to reduce the
effects of negative skin friction where applicable.
7). Confirmation of all codes of practice used.
8). Confirmation of all factors of safety adopted
3. Any additional soil investigations considered necessary by the Contractor to enable
him to design the piles in accordance with the Specification shall be carried out at the
Contractor's own expenses.

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PART 3 EXECUTION
3.1 SUBSTANDARD WORK
A. Any pile which fails to comply with the Specification or the Tender Drawings, in any
respect, will be condemned by the Supervision Consultant. When an installed pile is
condemned, the pile shall be repaired, replaced or its load carrying capacity downrated as
appropriate. In extreme cases this may involve the redesign of the pile cap and
modification of the foundations as necessary at the Contractor's own expense.
3.2 GROUNDWATER
A. Adequate precautions shall be taken at all times to prevent surface water or groundwater
entering the shaft, and where the pile passes through unstable granular or water bearing
soils, lining tubes shall be provided. In cases where it is impossible to prevent the ingress
of groundwater or where a pile is bored for its full length in unstable soil the Supervision
Consultant may accept the boring of piles under accepted drilling polymer. Acceptance
for boring under accepted drilling polymer or water will not be given for raking or
underreamed piles.
B. Pumping from boreholes shall not be permitted unless a lining has been placed into a stable
stratum and it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Supervision Consultant that pumping
will not have a detrimental effect on the surrounding soil or property.
C. The frequency of the testing shall be agreed with the Supervision Consultant prior to
commencement of the contract.
3.3 FORMATION AND INSPECTION OF BORINGS
A. Written acceptance of the Supervision Consultant shall be obtained before water is used
to assist boring.
B. The casing shall be of sufficient length to fully support the overburden soils during pile
construction and shall protrude a minimum of 1000mm above ground level. Where piles
pass through or are cut off in strata containing flowing water the Contractor shall be
required to take adequate precautions against washing away of the fines content of
concrete. This may require the provisions of permanent linings throughout the strata
concerned.
C. All debris and pile arisings shall be removed from the boring and removed off site by the
Contractor.
D. Adequate cleaning tools shall be used to ensure a clean base free of loose material and
debris is formed. Measurements using a suitable measuring device shall be used at

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locations across the pile base to ensure that the level of the base remains unchanged prior
to concreting. Measurements shall be undertaken as a minimum at the following times;
1. After boring is complete;
2. After installation of the reinforcement cage; and,
3. Prior to concreting.
3.4 OBSTRUCTION OR CHANGES IN CONDITION
A. The Contractor shall inform the Supervision Consultant immediately when unforeseen
underground obstructions are encountered and shall not resume work until acceptance to
continue has been obtained. If the nature of the strata should vary significantly from that
indicated in the site investigation report, the Supervision Consultant should be notified
immediately.
3.5 HANDLING
A. The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions against damage to piles or components
when manufacturing, unloading, transporting, storing, handling, pitching, boring piles and
piles damaged or distorted to the extent that their function is impaired will be rejected.
3.6 DRIVING OF LININGS (OR CASINGS)
A. The type of equipment adopted shall be selected with consideration of any noise
regulations imposed by statutory bodies. Knowledge of such regulations shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor.
B. The written acceptance of the Supervision Consultant shall be obtained before water or
accepted drilling polymer is used to assist the driving.
C. Where linings are installed or vibrated into pre-bored holes they shall be so driven or
vibrated not later than 24 hours after pre-boring.
D. Where linings, or temporary or permanent casings are installed or removed by vibrating

equipment a certificate or performance shall be provided for this equipment.
3.7 WORK NEAR EXISTING BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES
A. Refer also to Section 1.6.
B. The Contractor shall carry out work adjacent to any existing building and/or bridges in
such a manner that minimum shock and vibration of the ground shall occur.

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C. The exact vibration limits are to be confirmed but shall not exceed a peak component
particle velocity (pcpv) of 6mm/s measured at the location of the existing neighbouring
third party structure.
D. The Contractor shall fix "tell-tales” to the existing structure where directed by the
Supervision Consultant. These shall be inspected daily and any cracking shall be
immediately reported to the Supervision Consultant.
E. If during execution of the work, damage is, or is likely to be caused to any part of adjacent
buildings or structures including finishes etc. and any equipment etc. within the building
the Contractor shall submit his proposal for avoidance of such damage to the Supervision
Consultant.
F. The Contractor shall be responsible for controlling the disturbance to the public due to
noise, vibration and other health, safety and environmental issues and may have to work
in restricted hours.
3.8 REINFORCMENT
A. Except where otherwise specified or authorised in writing the workmanship for

reinforcement shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 032000.
B. Unless detailed otherwise reinforcement shall extend a minimum of 50 times the

maximum bar diameter above the cut-off level shown on the Tender Drawings and in any
event shall meet the minimum anchorage requirement for the Contractor’s design.
C. The means of maintaining stability of reinforcement cages and the specified concrete
cover shall be subject to the acceptance of the Supervision Consultant.
D. Where joints in main reinforcement occur they shall be such that the full strength of the
bar is effective across the joint and shall be made so that there is no relative displacement
of the reinforcement during the construction of the pile.
E. The de-bonding sleeves around the rebars above the pile cut off level shall be of diameter
at least 25mm higher than the rebar diameter to allow sufficient cement grout to cover the
rebars against corrosion.
3.9 CONCRETING
A. General:
1. The method of placing and workability of concrete shall be such that a continuous
monolithic concrete shaft of the full cross-section is formed.
2. The concrete shall be placed without such interruption as would allow the previously
placed batch to have hardened. The method of placing shall be accepted.

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3. Temporary pile casing shall be left 500mm above the working pile platform (WPL).
4. The Contractor shall take all precautions in the design of the mix and placing of the
concrete to avoid arching of the concrete in a temporary casing. No soil, liquid or other
foreign matter which would adversely affect the performance of the pile shall be
permitted to contaminate the concrete.
B. Workability of Concrete
1. Concrete shall be of accepted workability when in its final position and shall remain
sufficiently workable for all pile construction procedure to be safely completed.
2. High-Range Water Reducers: To ASTM C 494 or BS EN 480 for type of applications
indicated.
C. Placing Concrete in Dry Borings

1. Accepted measures shall be taken to ensure that the structural strength of the concrete
placed in piles is not impaired through grout loss, segregation or bleeding.
2. Concrete shall be directed vertically into the centre of each vertical pile so that grout
is not lost from the initial discharges.
D. Except where otherwise specified in writing the workmanship for concreting shall be in
accordance with Section 030000.
E. In the case of bored piles, unlined borings or those which have reached the founding depth
shall be concreted within 12 hours. The whole of the concrete in any one pile/barrette shall
be poured continuously in any one operation and construction joints will not be permitted.
If concreting is interrupted by a plant breakdown or any other unforeseen circumstance
resulting in a delay of more than one hour between successive batches, the Supervision
Consultant shall be informed immediately and the Contractor shall take such measures as
the Supervision Consultant directs.
F. The placing of concrete shall not commence until accepted by the Supervision Consultant.
G. The Contractor is fully responsible for ensuring that no "necking" or narrowing of the pile
shaft /barrette trench occurs during concreting and extraction of the casing. The level of
the concrete in the shaft is to be taken after the placing of each batch as a check that
"necking" has not occurred. A concrete volume versus depth plot shall be provided.
H. The Contractor shall take all precautions in the design of the mix and placing of the
concrete to avoid arching of the concrete in the casing. No spoil, liquid or other foreign
matter shall be allowed to contaminate the concrete.

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I. In cases where the Supervision Consultant has accepted construction under water or
accepted drilling polymer, or where the concrete has to be placed using a tremie pipe, the
internal diameter of the pipe of the tremie shall not be less than 150mm for concrete made
with 20mm aggregate and not less than 200mm for 40mm aggregate. The tremie pipe shall
be clean, watertight, without internal or external projections and shall extend to the bottom
of the pile prior to commencement of concreting.
J. The method of placing concrete to ensure it is placed vertically down the bore at as low a
level as possible. Care shall be taken to ensure that all accepted drilling polymer or water
is expelled from the tube at the start of concreting. A minimum embedment of 3.0m in the
concrete shall be maintained so as to ensure that no re-entry of accepted drilling polymer
into the pile takes place. Concreting shall continue until sound uncontaminated concrete
is present at ground level. The hopper and tremie shall be fully charged at all times. A
sufficient number of tremie pipes shall be used based on the pile diameter to ensure that
concrete is placed uniformly across the entire pile shaft.
K. The Contractor shall take all possible precautions to prevent segregation of the concrete.
Concrete in raking piles shall be placed using a full length chute which is first lubricated
with grout.
L. The use of poker vibrators will not be permitted other than in special cases which have
been accepted by the Supervision Consultant prior to the commencement of work.
M. The level of the finished concrete in the piles shall be not less than 125mm above the top
of reinforcement level (i.e. not less than the specified pile cut off level plus 50 times the
bar diameter plus 125mm). The measurement specified herein shall be read in conjunction
with the Tender Drawing.
N. During withdrawal of temporary linings or casings a sufficient head of wet concrete shall
be maintained within them to prevent the inflow of ground water or collapse of unstable
soil. On no account shall the lining be withdrawn above the level of wet concrete until the
concreting has been completed. Excavation around the piles to assist in the extraction of
temporary lining tubes will not be permitted. The level of the concrete after removal of each
temporary casing length shall be recorded.
O. The Contractor shall not cause any damage to previously cast piles and shall avoid
excessive plant manoeuvres in their vicinity. As soon as a pile is cast it shall be protected
in such a way as to prevent plant moving adjacent to it.
P. As a guide and at the discretion of the Supervision Consultant no item of plant or

equipment shall be allowed to pass within 3 pile diameters from the outside face of the
pile until a period of not less than 3 days after completion of concreting has elapsed.

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3.10 LENGTHENING OF PILES AND BARRETTES
A. When lengthening a cast in place pile and barrette, the head shall be cut off square to sound
concrete; all loose particles shall be removed by wire brushing, followed by washing with
water. For lap or splice joints sufficient link bars shall be provided to resist eccentric
forces.
3.11 PILE/BARRETTE LOCATION IDENTIFICATION
A. The Contractor shall be responsible for identifying the location of, and providing safety
measure for all partly formed or complete piles and barrettes. In the event of the top of the
pile/barrette being below the surroundings ground surface all bars protruding above the
level of finish ground shall be coated with cement slurry and then the remaining void shall
be backfilled with granular material to the ground surface and the location marked by a
brightly coloured peg, or other accepted system of identification.
3.12 SETTING OUT AND TOLERANCES
A. The main setting out lines shall be accepted by the Supervision Consultant before any
piling (excluding test piling) is commenced. These setting out lines shall be marked by
suitable metal plates set in 300mm x 300mm concrete plinths and inscribed with the exact
setting out lines.
B. The proposed location of setting out lines must be marked on the Contractor's drawings
and accepted by the Supervision Consultant before work commences on site.
C. The required accuracy of setting out shall be as follows:

1. Main setting out lines +/- 6mm and +/- 30mm for centre lines of pile groups.
D. The maximum tolerance from the plan position shown on the Tender Drawing at the
cut-off level of any vertical pile shall be 75mm or 1/6 of the pile diameter whichever is
the smaller (25mm for barrette foundations constructed with guide wall). Vertical piles
shall be not more than 1% out of the true vertical (1:200 for barrette foundations). The
maximum tolerance from the plan position on the drawing at the cut-off level of any raking
pile shall be 150mm or 1/3 of the pile diameter whichever is the smaller. The axis of raking
piles shall not deviate more than from the specified rake and direction thereof.
E. The maximum pile diameter should be no greater than the specified diameter plus 5%.
The minimum pile diameter shall not be less than the specified diameter.
F. An enlarged base mechanically formed shall be not smaller than the dimensions specified
and shall be concentric with the pile shaft to within a tolerance of 10% of the shaft
diameter. The sloping surface of the frustrum forming the enlargement shall make an angle
to the horizontal of not less than 55 degrees.

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G. The vertical cut-off tolerance for breaking down the piles shall be +/- 15mm.
3.13 RECORDS
A. From the commencement of work, the Contractor shall record, for each pile/barrette
constructed, all data relevant to the pile/barrette type. Information to be recorded is
specified in Table B1.1 of the ICE SPERW (2007) and is also described in Appendix A.
The records shall be maintained continuously and shall be available to the Supervision
Consultant at all times.
B. The Contractor shall supply one copy of the pile record to the Supervision Consultant
within 24 hours of the completion of any pile. A further two copies for each pile shall be
supplied within seven days of the completion of the pile.
3.14 PILE/BARRETTE BREAKDOWN
A. All piles/barrettes are to be broken down to pile cut-off level by the Contractor unless
specified otherwise. Integrity tests are to be carried out on all piles/barrettes after the
piles/barrettes have been broken down to the cut-off level.
B. The piles/barrettes shall be broken down to the following dimensional tolerances:

1. All points on the broken down pile/barrette head surface shall be within +/-15mm of
the specified cut-off level.
C. Prior to breaking down the piles/barrettes, two grinder cuts shall be made, one at the cut-
off level of the pile/barrette and another at 100 to 200mm above the cut-off level. The
portion of the concrete in the last 100-200mm shall be broken down manually.
D. The broken down pile/barrette head surface shall be cleaned free of loose aggregate. If
sound concrete is not available at the pile cut-off level, the Contractor shall cut the
pile/barrette to sound concrete and re-build the piles/barrettes with the same grade of
concrete.
E. All broken down pile/barrette heads shall be surveyed by the Contractor (and witnessed
by the Supervision Consultant) and a report documenting all levels recorded (including
maximum and minimum levels across the surface of each pile head) shall be provided to
the Supervision Consultant.
F. Where pile head levels are not within tolerance, then the Contractor shall be required to
take remedial measures, including scabbling of the pile/barrette head surface and re-
profiling of the pile/barrette head with an accepted material as recommended by one of
the following specialist suppliers:
1. Sika;

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2. BASF;
3. Fosroc.
G. The broken edges of the piles/barrettes shall be repaired using accepted non-shrink grout.
The repair methodology including surface preparation, minimum thickness of the grout,
grout preparation, curing, etc. shall be as per the accepted method statement.
3.15 TESTING OF CONCRETE
A. Unless specified otherwise or authorised in writing, concrete for the piles/barrettes shall
be tested for strength and durability in accordance with the requirements of Section
030053 with the following addition:
1. Slump tests shall be taken at a frequency required by the Supervision Consultant, but
shall be not less than one test for every three piles. Each set of test cubes taken shall
be supplemented by a slump test on the same batch of concrete.
2. Concrete trial mix shall be carried out and strength and durability tests must be proved
satisfactory prior to starting piling works.
3. For interpreting instrumented preliminary load test data, concrete cylinder strain tests
shall be undertaken in order to determine the concrete modulus of elasticity. The tests
shall be carried out according to ASTM C469:02 & ASTM C39 / C39 M: 2001
“Determination of Static Modulus of Elasticity & Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in
Compression and Compressive Strength of Cylindrical concrete Specimens. As a
minimum six (6) samples shall be taken and tested for each test pile/barrette. The
curing period of the concrete cylindrical specimens should correspond to that of the
preliminary test piles/barrettes at the time of testing.
3.16 LOAD TESTING OF PILES AND BARRETTES
A. General
1. Testing shall be carried out in accordance with the Institute of Civil Engineers
publication: Specification for Piling and Embedded Retaining Walls, referred to as
ICE SPERW (2007) below.
2. Method statements for static load tests on the working piles/ barrettes as well as
integrity tests shall be submitted to the Supervision Consultant prior to the
commencement of site works for review and approval.
3. Working tests shall be undertaken to confirm the design assumptions, the load-
settlement behaviour of the piles/barrettes and to confirm construction quality.

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4. The Contractor is expected to test the preliminary test piles/barrettes to the ultimate
shaft capacity across the full length of the pile/barrette. Considering the anticipated
high working loads the use of multilevel load cells within the piles is recommended.
5. The static test load for all Working Test Piles shall be applied using the Osterberg Cell
(O-Cell) method.
6. The following Compressive load schedule shall be assumed for preliminary purposes.
Please note that the below is based on assumed ground conditions and will be subject
to change once the site specific ground investigation data is obtained.
Anticipated Pile Diameters
Concrete Strength
TBC TBC TBC
C50 TBC TBC TBC
C60 TBC TBC TBC
The Lateral loads shall be taken to be 5% of the above Compressive Loads.

a. The Tension loads are to be confirmed following completion of Preliminary
Design.
b. Ultrasonic “Koden” testing or equivalent technique in 100% of barrettes;
c. Sonic Coring (Cross-hole sonic testing): 100% of barrettes. Cross-hole sonic
testing shall be carried out prior to and post undertaking the load test;
d. Integrity testing: 100% of barrettes (Sonic Echo Test). Not required if bi-
directional load tests are undertaken;
7. Cross-hole sonic testing shall be carried out for each pile which is subject to a
preliminary pile test in addition to those specified below for the working piles.
8. As a minimum, the following testing regime for working piles shall be used for each
pile type specified on the pile layout drawings;
a. Calliper testing on 1 of pile;
b. Integrity testing: 100% of piles/barrettes (Sonic Echo Test);
c. Ultrasonic “Koden” testing or equivalent technique on 1 of barrettes;
d. Sonic Coring (Cross-hole sonic testing): 15% of piles/barrettes;
e. Dynamic load test on working pile: 5% of piles/barrettes;
f. Static load compression test on working pile: 1 of piles & 1 barrette;
9. Permanent piles should not be used for jacking during testing.

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10. The Contractor shall arrange his work programme to accommodate all tests.
11. Before commencing any tests the Contractor shall submit to the Supervision
Consultant, for his acceptance, full details of his proposals including the datum beam
arrangements and the location of reaction piles or kentledge supports.
12. Notwithstanding the Supervision Consultant's acceptance, the Contractor shall be
responsible for the ability of the test set-up to apply safely the required load and to
measure this load and the resulting settlement to accuracies of +/-2% and +/-0.05mm
respectively. The Contractor's arrangements shall include details for protecting all
gauges and other testing equipment from weather or other conditions likely to affect
their performance.
B. Compression Tests
1. The load shall be measured by means of a proving ring or other accepted system and
also by a pressure gauge included in the hydraulic system. Load cells shall be used
during testing. The Contractor shall satisfy the Supervision Consultant that the
measuring devices are calibrated to an accuracy of +/- 2%.
2. The settlement shall be measured by at least three extensometer dial gauges mounted
on an independent rigid datum frame, which shall be supported at points at least five
diameters from either the test pile or the kentledge perimeter where kentledge is used.
The accuracy of the gauges shall be checked against a master gauge which shall be
supplied by the Contractor for use by the Supervision Consultant.
3. The master gauge should be certified by an accepted laboratory to be accurate to
+/- 0.5%.
4. During the course of a test, level observations shall be taken on the test pile, the datum
frame and kentledge stack, reaction piles or anchorages.
5. The pile test shall be continuous day and night and the Contractor shall provide
technically qualified supervision throughout its duration and shall ensure that the jacks
maintain the correct pressure.
6. Within 24 hours of the completion of each pile test the Contractor shall submit to the
Supervision Consultant copies of the following graphs for the complete test including
recovery and allowing for any movements of the datum beam:
a. Load - Settlement
b. Load - Time
c. Settlement - Time
7. Additional information shall be provided in accordance with the Appendix B.

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8. When the Supervision Consultant considers the results of a test on a particular pile
unsatisfactory then three further piles will be tested as directed by the Supervision
Consultant.
9. If satisfactory results cannot be obtained from these further tests the Contractor shall
agree with the Supervision Consultant to the modifications which shall be made to the
pile design or to the additional piles which may be required to carry the specified loads.
10. All testing shall take into consideration the effect of actual site conditions (eg reduced
groundwater levels) in comparison to the long-term permanent conditions and carry
out appropriate adjustment of the test loads/ test criteria so that the long term
permanent condition (eg restored high groundwater) is accounted for in the test.
3.17 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
A. When a component of loading due to negative skin friction has been indicated by the
Supervision Consultant, the Contractor shall give full consideration of this in relation to
test loading. In evaluating the necessary reactions to the test pile it shall be considered that
at the time of test positive friction occurs and this positive friction shall be equal in
magnitude to the negative skin friction. Thus the test load applied at any multiple of the
structural working load, at or in excess of the structural working load, shall be further
increased by a loading equivalent to twice the negative skin friction in order to negate the
positive friction and simulate the long term negative skin friction. For loadings less than
the structural working load, the additional load applied for negative skin friction effects
shall be in proportion to the fraction of the structural working load under consideration.
3.18 WORKING PILE/BARRETTE TESTS
A. Such tests will be required on a statistical number of working piles selected by the
Supervision Consultant as a test of the uniformity of the ground conditions and of the
workmanship and materials used.
B. The maximum test load shall comprise the Design Verification Load (DVL) plus 50% of
the Specified Working Load (SWL). The DVL shall be the SWL plus any additional load
resulting from any change in design conditions at the time the test is undertaken. The proof
load test procedure as defined in Clause B15.13.1 of the ICE SPERW shall be followed.
C. Where working piles have deep cut-off levels, the Supervision Consultant may require
measures to be taken to eliminate shaft friction between the cut-off level and the ground
level; alternatively friction over this length shall be allowed for in the evaluation of the
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3.19 TEST FAILURE CRITERIA
A. Any pile/barrette which fails before the proof load mentioned on the drawings is reached
shall be condemned by the Supervision Consultant.
B. A pile/barrette will deem to have failed the test if any one of the following criteria is
satisfied:
1. The settlement of the pile/barrette at working load, including allowance for negative
skin friction as necessary, exceeds 1% of the pile diameter.
2. The total penetration of the pile base reaches 10% of the nominal diameter.
3. The slope of the net settlement is exceeds 0.25mm per 10KN of test load.
C. If any working pile fails the test, the cost of the additional test shall be borne by the
Contractor who shall replace the pile(s) with additional piles at his own expenses.
D. The interpretation of the data shall use the methods described by Chin or Fleming or
similar accepted method.
3.20 FLUCTUATING LOAD TESTS
A. The Supervision Consultant may require the load on a test pile to be cycled several times
between the working and proof loads. In the event the pile shall be unloaded and reloaded
between those two loads in less than ten minutes except that shock loads shall not be
allowed. Both loads shall be maintained for one hour until settlement (or recovery) has
ceased.
3.21 COMPLETION OF A TEST
A. On completion of a test all equipment and measuring devices shall be dismantled, checked
and either stored so that they are available for use in further tests or removed from the Site
as specified.
B. Kentledge and its supporting structure shall be removed from the test and stored so that
they are available for use in further tests or removed from the Site as specified.
C. On completion of a pile test, the pile cap, if formed in concrete, shall be broken off and
the resulting material disposed of off the Site. If the pile cap is made of steel it shall be cut
off and stored so that it is available for use in further tests or removed from the Site as
specified. The pile head shall be made good or extended to the cut-off level. The reacting
piles and ground anchors shall be cut-off below ground level as indicated by the
Supervision Consultant, removed from the Site and the ground made good with accepted
material as specified.

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D. On completion of a test on a working pile, the test pile cap, if in concrete, shall be stripped
and left in a state ready for incorporation in the Permanent Works and the resulting
material disposed of off the Site. If the pile cap is made of steel it shall be cut-off and
stored so that it is available for use in further tests or removed from the Site as specified.
E. On completion of a working pile test, temporary piles and ground anchors shall be
removed, cut-off or, if accepted, incorporated in the Permanent Works.
3.22 INTEGRITY TESTING
A. The Integrity Testing is to be carried out by an accepted independent firm authorised and
trained by the license holders of the system. Sonic and cross hole sonic logging and
interpretation is to be carried out in accordance with Section B13 of the Institution of Civil
Supervision Consultants’ Specification for Piling and Embedded Retaining Walls, CIRIA
Report CP28 and CIRIA Report 144 – Integrity testing in piling practice.
B. Non-destructive tests shall be carried out on all working piles to determine their integrity.
The Contractor shall state in his tender which method he proposes to use. Before
commencing any tests the Contractor shall submit to the Supervision Consultant, for his
acceptance, full details of his proposals together with details of any specialist
sub-contractor he elects to carry out the work.
C. All piles shall be tested by the sonic echo method. The age of the piles shall not be less
than 7 days and not more than 20 days at the time of testing.
D. Non-destructive integrity testing shall be carried out on every preliminary and working test
pile constructed, prior to and post undertaking the load test.
E. The sonic logging equipment shall be able to record a minimum of 80 readings per 1m
pile depth and be capable of transmitting and receiving signals through at least 2m of
sound concrete.
F. Within 48 hours of completion of the tests the Contractor shall submit to the Supervision
Consultant a full report showing clearly all test results together with their interpretation.
G. When the test results of one or several piles are not, in the opinion of the Supervision
Consultant, satisfactory, the Contractor shall submit proposals for any remedial work to
be agreed by the Supervision Consultant.
H. The Contractor shall interpret the test results to determine the quality of concrete, the
presence of anomalies, confirm that the pile base is sound. If required, the pile shall be re-
logged to define the extent and severity of any anomalies.
I. The criteria for evaluating the cross-hole sonic test data in assessing the integrity of the
concrete piles shall be as follows:

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Evaluation Increase in FAT Reduction in Signal

Energy
Good 0 to 10% and < 6 dB
Questionable 11 to 20% or 6 to 9 dB
Flaw 21 to 30% or 9 to 12 dB
Defect > 41% or > 12 dB
3.23 CALIPER LOGGING OF PILE/BARRETTE BORE
A. Calliper logging of the entire length shall of the pile. A mechanical calliper having a
minimum of three arms shall be used to carry out logging in accordance with ASTM. The
calliper to be used shall be calibrated not more than 3 months prior to its use for this project
and shall have a resolution not less than 2mm of the measured bore diameter.
B. The Contractor shall submit a hard copy of the log to the Supervision Consultant within
24 hours of the measurement having taken place.
C. The bore shall be considered unacceptable if any part of the bore has a diameter less than
the specified diameter of the pile.
3.24 DYNAMIC PILE/BARRETTE TESTING
A. The Contractor shall dynamically test 5% of the total number of working piles.
B. The age of the piles shall not be less than 7 days at the time of testing. The permanent
penetration per blow and temporary compression of the pile and soil system shall be
measured independently of the instruments being used to record the dynamic test data
from a fixed reference point unaffected by piling operations.
C. Piles shall be integrity tested prior to and post dynamic load testing. The procedure
adopted shall be in accordance with the guidance given in ASTM D4945. Analyses shall
be according to the CASE Method and CAPWAP analysis. When undertaking a
CAPWAP analysis the CAPWAP Match Quality shall not exceed 5.0.
D. Stain transducers and accelerometers are to be mounted in pairs and diametrically opposite
to each other on the original pile at a minimum distance of 1.5 times the pile diameter
below the top.
E. The pile driving analyser along with the strain and accelerometer transducers must have
current calibration certificates, copies shall be provided to the Supervision Consultant
prior to the dynamic testing commencing.

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F. The hammer and other equipment used shall be capable of delivering an impact force
sufficient to mobilize the equivalent specified dynamic test load without damaging the
pile.
G. The Contractor is to demonstrate and provide calculations to prove the hammer proposed
has sufficient weight to mobilize the toe of the pile, the pile having to move 2.5mm per
blow. Either a wave equation analysis based on the GRLWEAP program or drivability
study if it is not possible to prove by calculation. The Contractor is to ensure that there is
adequate reinforcement so that at least 150% of the working load can be achieved without
exceeding the allowable tensile stress.
H. The preparation of the pile head shall involve the trimming of the head, cleaning and
building up the pile using materials the same as or giving equal performance
characteristics of the concrete used to form the pile. The impact surface shall be flat and
at right angles to the pile axis.
I. Pile reinforcement is to be as per Contractor’s design and as accepted by the Supervision

Consultant.
J. The interpretation of the tests shall be carried out by competent and experienced persons
to be accepted by the Supervision Consultant. The Contractor shall give all available
details of the ground conditions, pile dimensions and construction method to the specialist
firm in order to facilitate interpretation of the tests.
K. Initial results shall be provided to the Supervision Consultant within 24 hours of

completion of the test. These shall include:
1. Maximum force applied to the pile head;
2. Maximum pile head velocity;
3. Maximum energy imparted to the pile.
L. Four copies of the full report shall be provided to the Supervision Consultant within 7 days
of completion of the testing. Requirements for the report are given in Appendix B.
3.25 INSTRUMENTATION FOR PILES/BARRETTES
A. The Contractor shall install instrumentation within the compression test piles.
1. As a minimum, eight levels of strain gauges are to be installed in the test piles/barretes.
Each level shall comprise 4 gauges placed equally around the perimeter of the pile.
The gauges shall be mounted on ‘sister’ bars and fixed to the secondary reinforcement
and not the vertical reinforcement. The gauges shall not be located at lap locations
within the reinforcement cage. It is recommended the use of Geokon 4911 Sister bar
strain gauges.

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2. The approximate locations of the strain gauges shall be as follows: the first level at
1.5m below cut off level and the lowest level 1m above pile toe level and the remainder
equally distributed along the pile shaft in between the upper and lowest levels and
coincident with changes in soil or rock strata, but the gauges and cables shall be
supplied so that they can be adjusted to +/- 1.0m prior to installation of the
reinforcement cage.
3. The pile/barrette base settlement shall also be measured electronically using a
reference rod placed in an empty grout tube.
4. The Contractor shall assess the strain gauge data to determine the load distribution
along the pile shaft and base.
3.26 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
A. Cost Related Variables

1. For Ground Condition and Ground Investigation Report, the Contractor shall be satisfy
to the adequacy of the information and should the Contractor consider that there is
insufficient information available, incurred cost shall be borne by the Contractor.
2. For Compression Test, the Contractor shall also provide a provisional cost for the
installation of an instrumented compression preliminary test pile/barrette to be tested
to failure. The pile tested to failure will be required at the Supervision Consultant’s
discretion subject to the Contractors detailed design assumptions.
3. For Pile Location, any additional cost involved in enlarging or strengthening pile caps
and or providing additional piles in consequence of exceeding and deviate as required
by the drawing shall be borne by the Contractor.
B. General Repairs Works

1. For Defective Concrete
2. Quality Plan Checklist and Inspection Test Plan
END OF SECTION

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APPENDIX A – PILE/BARRETTE RECORD SPECIMEN SCHEDULE

Date:
1. Contract
2. Pile/barrette reference number (location)
3. Pile/barrette type
4. Nominal cross-sectional dimensions or diameter
5. Nominal diameter of underream
6. Standing groundwater level
7. Water in boring (state action taken)
8. Date and time of driving, redriving or boring
9. Date of concreting
10. Ground level at commencement of installation of pile
11. Working level
12. Depth from working level to pile toe
13. Toe level
14. Depth from working level to pile head level.
15. Length of temporary casing
16. Length of permanent casing
17. Soil samples taken and in situ tests carried out
18. Length and details of reinforcement
19. Concrete mix
20. Volume of concrete supplied to pile where this can be measured in practice.
21. All information regarding obstruction delays and other interruptions to the sequence
of work.
22. Type of coating and length of pile treated (anti-negative skin friction).
23. Description of ground excavated.
24. Depth from commencing stratum to change in strata.

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25. Depth to average level of concrete surface before and after withdrawing temporary
lining.
26. Depth to concrete surface after every concrete load.
27. Support fluid tests.
28. Measurements of pile base level after boring completed, after reinforcement cage
installed and prior to concreting.
29. Concrete volume versus depth plot.

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APPENDIX B - PRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS
A. Results to be Submitted
1. Results shall be submitted as:
a. A summary in writing to the Supervision Consultant, unless otherwise directed
within 24 hours of the completion of the test, which shall give:
1). for a maintained load test for each stage of loading, the period for which the
load was held, the load and the maximum settlement of uplift recorded.
2). for CRP or CRU test the maximum load reached and a graph of load against
penetration or load against uplift.
b. The completed schedule of recorded data within seven days of the completion of
the test.
B. Schedule of Recorded Data

1. The Contractor shall provide information about the tested pile/barrette in accordance
with the following schedule where applicable.
a. General;
b. Site Location;
c. Contract Identification;
d. Proposed Structure;
e. The Contractor;
f. The Supervision Consultant;
g. The Employer; and,
h. Date of Test;
C. Pile/barrette Details
1. All types of piles
a. Identification (number and location);
b. Position relative to adjacent piles/barrettes;
c. Brief description of location (e.g. in cutting, over water);
d. Ground level at pile/barrette position;
e. Head level at which test load is applied;

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f. Type of pile/barrette (e.g. bored in place, driven in place, composite type);

g. Vertical or raking, compression or tension;
h. Shape and size of cross-section of pile, position of change in cross-section;
i. Shoe or base details;
j. Head details;
k. Length in ground;
l. Level of toe;
m. Any permanent casing or core; and,
n. Any coatings applied to the pile/barrette surface.
2. Concrete piles/barrettes
a. Concrete mix;
b. Aggregate type and source;
c. Cement type;
d. Slump;
e. Cube test for pile/barrette and cap;
f. Date of casting or precast pile; and,
g. Reinforcement.
D. Installation Details
1. All piles
a. Dates and times of boring, driving and concreting of test pile and adjacent piles;
b. Unexpected circumstances and difficulties;
c. Date and time of casting concrete pile cap;
d. Start and finish of each operation during driving or installation of a pile and
subsequent testing;
e. Difficulties in handling, pitching and driving pile; and,
f. Delays due to weather conditions.
2. Bored piles / barrettes

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a. Type of equipment used and method of boring;

b. Temporary and/or permanent casing, method of installation and extraction;
c. Strata encountered during boring;
d. Method of placing concrete and conditions pertaining;
e. Volume of concrete placed in both shaft and enlarged base as applicable; and,
f. Concrete level before and after extraction of casing.
E. Test Procedures
1. Weight of kentledge;
2. Tension pile, ground anchor or compression pile details;
3. Plan of test arrangement showing position and distances of kentledge supports, rafts,
tension or compression piles and reference frame to test pile;
4. Jack capacity;
5. Method of load measurement;
6. Method(s) of penetration or uplift measurement;
7. Proof test maintained loading and CRP or CRU; and,
8. Relevant dates and times.
F. Test Results
1. In tabular form, in graphical form: load plotted against settlement, load plotted against
uplift, with times.
2. Ground heave, effect on adjacent structure.
G. Soils Investigation
1. Site investigation report number.
2. Borehole references.
H. Dynamic Pile Testing

1. The report shall include the following:
a. Date of pile installation;
b. Date of test;

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c. Pile identification number and location (in eastings and northings);

d. Length of pile below commencing surface;
e. Total pile length, including projection above commencing surface at time of test;
f. Length of pile from instrumentation position to toe;
g. Hammer type, drop and other relevant details;
h. Blow selected for analysis;
i. Test load achieved;
j. Pile head movement at equivalent design verification load;
k. Pile head movement at equivalent design verification load plus 50% of specified
working load;
l. Pile head movement at maximum applied test load;
m. Permanent residual movement of pile head after each blow;
n. Temporary compression; and,
o. Integrity test results from tests undertaken prior to and post dynamic testing.
2. The report shall also include the CASE Method and CAPWAP analysis of the pile and
soil to provide the following information:
a. Magnitude and distribution of mobilized static soil resistance;
b. Magnitude and distribution of soil stiffness damping;
c. Deduced static load deflection behaviour of the pile at the head and toe;
d. assumptions made in the analysis; and,
e. Limitations of the method.
3. For all piles tested, the following information shall be provided for typical blows:
a. Permanent set per blow;
b. Maximum force at pile head;
c. Maximum downward energy imparted to the pile;
d. Dynamic soil resistance mobilized during the blow;
e. Static soil resistance mobilized during the blow assuming that the soil damping is
proportional to pile velocity; and,

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f. Magnitude and location of possible pile damage.
I. Integrity Testing Of Piles

1. A description of the transient dynamic response test procedure. This shall include the
required pile head preparation, details of the test equipment used, calibration
procedures and the actual test procedure. Any assumptions inherent in this procedure
shall also be stated, e.g. valid frequency range, frequency resolution, noise floor,
repeatability and averaging over several shocks on one pile etc.
2. A pile layout identifying all piles and against which test results may be easily
correlated.
3. The results in both graphical and tabular form together with an interpretative statement
on the integrity of the piles identifying:
a. Position and nature of any anomalies in the pile shaft; and,
b. Pile length and concrete.
4. Any supporting publications referred to in the main text should be referenced and
attached as appendices.

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SECTION 31 6633 Bored Piles & Barretes For Bridges: One Za'abeel

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SECTION 31 6633 Bored Piles & Barretes For Bridges: One Za'abeel

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One Za’abeel

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

Rev Date Purpose/Status Revision By

T0 24/08/20 For Tender RDS

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

SECTION 31 66 33 - BORED CONCRETE PILES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES

B. Appendices A and B form part of this Specification.

1.2 RELATED SPECIFICATIONS

C. Related Work Sections and Documentation

1.3 RELATED STANDARDS

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

Reference shall be made to BS EN 1992-1-1 2002, BS EN 1998-5-2004,BS EN 1990-

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

3. Non-destructive Specialist testing contractor x

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

1.6 RECORD OF CONDITION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES IN THE AREA

B. It is the responsibility of the Contractor to ensure that no damage occurs to existing

1.7 RECORD OF EXISTING SERVICES AND ROADS

1.9 SPECIALISED CONTRACTORS

1.10 PILING METHOD STATEMENT

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

1. Site staff and experience.

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

d. Quality assurance procedures; and,

1.11 GROUND CONDITIONS

A. No responsibility is accepted by the Supervision Consultant or the Employer for any

1.12 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

C. If required by Local Authority, the Contractor must prepare a Construction Environmental

D. The Contractor must abide by any other conditions as stipulated by Municipality

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

2.1 TEMPORARY CASINGS

2.2 GUIDE WALL (BARRETTE FOUNDATIONS)

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

2.5 DRILLING FLUID

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

b. Structural Failure of Pile - Ultimate Tensile and Compression Resistance to BS

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

1. Cast-in-situ reinforced concrete applicable only to bored piles and barrette

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

O. Continuous Flight Auger Piles

P. Handling and Pitching of Driven Linings or Casings

Q. Design Submission for Contractor Design

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

4). The minimum spacing of piles/barrette in groups.

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

3.1 SUBSTANDARD WORK

3.3 FORMATION AND INSPECTION OF BORINGS

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

3.4 OBSTRUCTION OR CHANGES IN CONDITION

3.6 DRIVING OF LININGS (OR CASINGS)

D. Where linings, or temporary or permanent casings are installed or removed by vibrating

3.7 WORK NEAR EXISTING BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES

A. Refer also to Section 1.6.

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

A. Except where otherwise specified or authorised in writing the workmanship for

B. Unless detailed otherwise reinforcement shall extend a minimum of 50 times the

BORED PLIES & BARRETES FOR BRIDGES 31 6633

C. Placing Concrete in Dry Borings