Microprocessor

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR
History of Microprocessor
First Generation Second Generation
Popular Between 1971-1973 Popular During 1973
Technology PMOS Technology NMOS
TTL Compatibility No TTL Compatibility Yes

Processor/Pin  4 bit > 16 pins Processor/Pin  8/16 bit > 40 pins

 8/16 bit > 40 pins
Limitations  Limited pins Advancements  Faster Speed
 Signals are multiplexed  Higher Density
 Ability to address higher memory
space and I/O ports
 Greater number of levels of SR nesting
 Better interrupt handling capabilities.
Microprocessor : Intel 8086
Third Generation Microprocessor
Popular during 1978
Technology: HMOS
Processor: 16 bit, Pins: 40/48/64
Advancements:
i. Faster Speed, Higher packing density
ii. Easier to program
iii. Dynamically relatable program
iv. Processor has multiply/divide arithmetic hardware
v. More powerful interrupt handling capability
vi. Flexible I/O port addressing
Future Generations
Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
Popular During 1980 Pentium: Pentium 1, …
Technology HCMOS
TTL Compatibility No

Processor/Pin  32 bit

Limitations  Physical Memory Space:

And More…
16 Mb
Core I, Core II, Core II Duo…
 Virtual Memory Space:
1Tb
 Floating Point Hardware
 Supports Increased
Number of Addressing
Mode.
Introduction
Definition

A microprocessor is a semiconductor chip, which can be programmed

by a human being (the user) to perform a predefined job.

Microprocessor < Micro-processing Unit < MPU

Also, MCU > Micro-controlling Unit, CPU > Central Processing Unit
Introduction
MPU becomes programmed (active and useful) when it is placed in a
system containing “Programmed EPROM”. Programmed EPROM
contains program code in internal storage device and help
microprocessor chip to do following tasks:

Basic Functions:

>Takes command (what to do with data) from user via input device.
>Takes data (on which command is applied) from user via input device.
>Modifies data in a way user says through command.
>Gives result (modified data) to user via output device.
MPU/MCU Based System
Prepaid Electrical Energy Meter

In the prepaid metering system, user pays advance

money to electricity company. Company inscribes
money in a prepaid card, which when inserted in
PENERMET, the user gets electricity for his/ her
household appliances.
Meter continuously measures the consumed
energy and deducts cost (Tk/kWh). Then exhibits
balance on 7 segment display device.
MPU/MCU Based System
Digital Taxi Meter

A transducer is attached with gear box of engine.

As taxi moves, transducer generates pulses at rate
of 1700/1km. CARMET receives pulses. Computes
The travelled distance and fare and exhibits it on
The 7 segment display device. When the car is not
moving, meter enters into waiting state and shows
the waiting time in a separate display window.
MPU/MCU Based System
Uses of MPU in Textile Engineering
Circular Knitting Machine: New range of patterning possibilities,
Patterning versatility and flexibility.
Standard Sequential Control:
Cutting edge technology
Molding injection machine
Big storage management
Packaging Machine
Logistic System
MPU/MCU Based System
Hardware Building Block of an Microprocessor Based System
Input Device To enter the data/command
Example: Keyboard
Output Device To display the result
Example: Display Devices
Processor Physical location/IC where the
data processing takes place.
Memory Unit Internal/External. RAM/ROM etc.

Example for DWM (Digital weight Machine)

Additional Information
Speed Matching Problem and Solution
The rate of data transfer from the keyboard to the MPU or MPU to
display device is very low compared to the rate at which MPU can
process data. This indicates there is a speed compatibility problem
between two electrical device. Devices running at different speed
should not be connected together,
to avoid damaging of the equipment or,
for preventing from building a non-operational system.
To solve the speed problem between the I/O devices and MPU, in
between an electronic module is placed. Various names are: Interface
controller, Programmable Peripheral Interface Controller.
Additional Information
MPU as a Serial Device
The MPU is a serial device like a human being. A serial device is
characterized by with the feature that it cannot communicate with
more than one storage device or I/O device at the same time. It uses
two types of additional devices to select port and memory devices:

Primary Port Decoder (PPDEC) Achieves ON/OFF conditions of the port

devices, helps MPU to select one port device out of many. Example:
74LS138 chip.
Primary Memory Decoder (PMDEC) Achieves ON/OFF conditions of
the memory devices, helps MPU to select one memory device out of
many. Example: 74LS138 chip.
Hardware Building Block of a Standard MPU Based System