Dr Somashekhar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai – 600 036
Email: somashekhar@iitm.ac.in; Phone: 044-2257 4681
Recap
1. Hard and Soft Automation
1. Hard Automation  Fixed automation: Specialized machine tools for mass
production ; No frequent model variations; re-tooling is required when model
changes
2. Soft Automation  Flexible automation; general purpose machine tools; frequent
model variation; re-tooling is not required but new program is required to execute

 Manual Labor : Batch Production (volume less than v1)

 Soft Automation :Medium Production (volume from v1 to v2)

Unit Cost

 Hard Automation : Large Production (volume above v2)

2. Microprocessor and Micro Controller

Recap Intel’s 4004 Microprocessor

C4004 Features Remarks

4-bit, No. Of Pins 16
16 pin DIP
Max. CPU clock rate 740 kHZ

Instruction set 4-bit BCD-oriented

Transistors 2300

Data Width 4

Address Width 12 (multiplexed

Applications Busicom calculator, Arthmatic

Manipulation
Summary on …
• A Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary instruction from a storage device called
memory accepts binary data as input and processes data to according to those instruction and provides result as output.
• Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU i.e. only the processing powers such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5,
i7 etc don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral-serial ports, parallel ports, timer/counter, interrupt controllers and data
acquisition interfaces ADC, DAC
• So a system designer has to add them externally to make them functional based on the problem statement
• µP is used to execute big and generic applications  the number of instructions is more in microprocessor (256) than micro-
controller
• Some of the Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc
• Leading Suppliers of MCU: Intel, Qualcomm, AMD(Advanced Micro Devices), Freescale, Tenco from China, Shenzhen Henghui
Technology, China etc
Summary on …
• Microcontroller as the name suggests, are small controllers. They are like single chip
computers that often embedded into others systems to function as processing/controlling
unit
• So it is also an IC which has a CPU, fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals 
i.e. All –in one termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip
• Today different manufacturers produce microcontrollers with a wide range of features
available in different versions
• Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale, Philips, Motorola, Systech
(embeded systems from china), Tenco technology, china, Shenzhen Henghui
Technology, chain etc
• Used to execute a Single and dedicated task
• Some of the Applications are
 Home: Television, Washing machine, Dish washers, DVD player, Telephone, Fax
machine, Cellular phones, Home security systems, Camera, Sewing machine, Musical
instrument, Exercising machine, Video games, Computer, Microwave oven
 Office: Computers, Printers, Telephones, Fax machine, Security systems
 Simple block diagram of
Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Microprocessor

Read-Only Memory Read-Write Memory

System Bus

Microprocessor Serial Interface

Timer I/O Port

Microcontroller
Microcontroller Read-Only Memory Read-Write Memory

Timer I/O Port Serial Interface

 Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Sl. No. Microprocessor
1 Heart of the Computer System
2 Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU
i.e. only the processing powers such as Intel’s
Pentium 1, 2, 3, 4, core 2 duo, i3, i5, i7 etc 
don’t have ROM, RAM, ROM other peripherals
3 They need high amount of resources like RAM,
ROM, I/O ports etc.
4 Since memory and I/O has to connect
externally, the circuit becomes large
5 Cost of the entire system increases
6 Cannot be used in compact systems and hence
inefficient
7 Due to external components, the entire power
consumption is high. Hence it is not suitable to
be used with devices running on stored power
like batteries/solar panels etc
8 Most of the microprocessors do not have
power saving features
9 Since memory and I/O components are all
external, each instruction will need external
operation, hence it is relatively slower
Microcontroller
Heart of the Embedded system
Microcontroller is an IC which has a CPU, fixed amount
of RAM, ROM and other peripherals  All –in one
and hence termed as a mini computer or a computer
on a single chip
No need high amount of resources like ROM, RAM, I/O
ports etc.
Since Memory and I/O has to present internally, the
circuit becomes small
Cost of the entire system low
Can be used in compact system and hence efficient
Since external components are low, the total power
consumption is less and can be used with devices
running on stored power like batteries/solar panels etc
Most of the micro controllers have power saving
features/modes like idle mode and power saving
mode. This helps to reduce power consumption even
furthermemory and I/O components are all internal,
Since
most of the operations are internal instruction, hence
it is relatively faster
 Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Sl. No. Microprocessor Microcontroller
10 Microprocessors have less number of registers, Microcontrollers have more number of registers, hence
hence more operations are memory based the programs are easier to write
11 Microprocessors are based on von Neumann Microcontrollers are based on Hardvard
model/architecture where program and data model/architecture where program and data are
are stored in same memory module stored in separate module
12 Microprocessors are designed for unspecific Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks
tasks like developing software, games, (Input-output relations are defined)
websites, photo editing, creating documents
etc (input and output relations are not
defined).

13 Microprocessor cannot be used stand alone. So
they need other peripherals like RAM, ROM,
buffer, I/O ports etc and hence a system
designed around a microprocessor is Quite
costly as compared to microcontroller
14 Clock Speed of the Microprocessor is quite high
- above 1GHz as they perform complex tasks
Microcontroller can be used stand alone. So they no
need other peripherals like RAM, ROM, buffer, I/O
ports etc and hence a system designed around a
microprocessor is Less costly as compared to
microcontroller
Clock Speed of the Microcontrollers is from a few MHz
to 30 to 50 MHz

15 Execute big and generic applications Execute a single and dedicated task
Examples: Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc Examples: Television, washing machine, Dish washers,
DVD player etc
 Evolution of IC Technology

Year Technology No. of Devices Typical Products

1906-1947 Vacuum Tubes

Invention of Transistor
1947-1950 1
(William Shockley, Bardeen and
Brattain, Bell Lab)
Junction Diodes and
1950-1960 Discrete Components 1
Transistors

1961-1965 Small Scale Integration (SSI) 1-10 Logic gates, FFs

Counters, Multiplexors,
1966-19670 Medium Scale Integration (MSI) 10-500
Decoders, Adders

1971-1979 Large Scale Integration (LSI) 500-20,000 4 & 8 bit µP, RAM, ROM

1980-1984 Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) 20,000-1,00,000 DSP, RISC, 16 & 32 bit µP

1985 onwards Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Above 1,00,000 64 bit µP
 Historical Developments
• 1947 - 1950s Invention of Transistors Transistors are tiny electronic switches and
amplifiers  Basically Transistors (Bipolar) have three leads: Emitter, Collector and Base as
shown in Fig.
• Base lead controls the transistor: once it receives a voltage of at
least 0.6V, it switches the transistor on and allows (some) current
to flow from the collector to the emitter. When turned on it acts
as an analogue device, which can be used to amplify the current
at the base leg.

• Field-effect Transistors (FETs)

• Field-effect transistors (FETs) are digital switches that respond to an input voltage to
allow an increase in either voltage or current.
• They have three leads: Gate, Drain and Source

• Gate lead controls the transistor: When the gate lead receives a voltage of at least 2V it
switches on fully, allowing electricity to flow from the source to the drain. The current
continues to flow until the voltage at the gate lead falls below 2V.
 Historical Developments
• 1959  Invention of Integrated Circuits
• An integrated circuit (IC) or monolithic integrated circuit, sometimes called
a chip or microchip  is a semiconductor wafer (Starting with copper oxide, proceeding
to germanium, then silicon) on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors,
and transistors are fabricated with a surface area of just 1 mm 2.
• An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor. 

• 1965  Birth of Moore’s law

• 1971  Development of first µp  4004 (4 bit) developed by Intel  Complete CPU on a
Chip
 CPU Basically consists of ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), Registers, Timers and Control Unit
along with Interface to external world like memory and other peripherals

• 1976  Introduction of first µC  8048 developed by Intel  Computer on a Chip

 COMPUTER CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, Timer and Counters, Serial I/O ports
 Moore’s Law
• Gordon E. Moore, the co-founder of Intel and Fairchild Semiconductor predicted the number of
transistors in a dense integrated circuit/ or per IC
• Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore's law: quality-
adjusted microprocessor prices, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size
of pixels in digital cameras

• 1965  component density would

doubles every year  32
• 1966  64
• Modified in 1975  component
density would increase every 18
months
• GORDON E. MOORE in his paper
titled “Cramming more components
onto Integrated Circuits-Electronics,
Circuits
p. 114-117, April 19, 1965 paper
states
 “ With unit cost falling as the number
of components per circuit rises, by
1975 economics may dictate
squeezing as many as 65,000
components on a single silicon chip”
Moore’s Law

• 1965  component density would

doubles every year  32
• 1966  64
• Modified in 1975  component
density would increase every 18
months
 1975  65,000 components on a
single silicon chip
 Moore’s Law  No. of Transistors in the Processor
Sl. No Processor Data Year of No. of CPU Speed
Length Introduction Transistors
1 4004 4 bits 1971 2250 740 kHz

2 8008 8 bits 1972 2500 0.2-0.8 MHz

3 8080 8 bits 1974 5000 2 MHz

4 8085 8 bits 1975 6,500 3 MHz

5 8086 16 bits 1978 29,000 4 MHz

6 i286 16 bits 1982 1,20,000 6 MHz

7 i386 16/32 bits 1985 2,75,000 16 MHz

8 i486 16/32 bits 1989 11,80,000 33 MHz

9 Pentium 32 bits 1993 31,00,000 60 MHz

10 Pentium II 32 bits 1997 75,00,000 233-450 MHz

11 Pentium III 32 bits 1999 2, 40,00,000 450 MHz – 1 GHz

12 Pentium IV 32 bits 2000 42,000,000 1.4-2.2 GHz

13 Itanium 64 bits 2001 220,000,000 2.53 GHz

 Evolution Tree of Microprocessors
Main Branch  Development in Computers
General Purpose Processors : Data Length - 4 bit  8 bit 16 bit 32 bit  64 bit
Performance also increased using Pipelining, Superscalar Processors , Cache

Pentium 4F, 4D, Xeon, core i3-7

(Intel 64 bit µP)
Itanium I, II (Intel 64 bit µP)
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Pipelining  is an implementation technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution. 

Superscalar Processors   more than one instruction at a time to be executed during a single clock cycle.

Cache  Special high-speed storage mechanism. 

Next Class :
5 August 2016: Friday
th

(09:00 am to 09: 50 am)