Introduction

to
Microprocessor
 Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is the controlling unit or CPU of a
micro-computer, fabricated on a very small chip
capable of performing ALU operations and
communicating with the external devices connected
to it.
 It contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU),
Instruction decode and control unit, Instruction
register, Program counter (PC), clock circuit (internal
or external), reset circuit (internal or external) and
registers.
 Microprocessor
 accepts binary data as input and processes data
according to instructions, and provides result as
output.
 It acts as the brain of the computer system.

Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 3

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 Functions of a microprocessor

 The processor first fetches and instruction from the

main memory.
 The instruction is then decoded to determine what
action is required to be done.
 Based on instruction the processor fetches, if
required, data from main memory or I/O module.
 The instruction is then executed which may require
performing arithmetic or logical operations on data.

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 Functions of a microprocessor

 In addition to execution, CPU also supervises and

controls/I/O devices. If there is any request from I/O
devices, called interrupt, the CPU suspends
execution of the current programs and transfers
control to an interrupt handling program.
 Finally, the results of an execution may required
transfer of data to memory or an I/O Module.

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 Microcomputer
 A digital computer, in which one microprocessor has
been provided to act as a CPU, is called
Microcomputer.
 contain one or more microprocessor to act as CPU
 —A microcomputer contains
 CPU: processes information stored in the
memory
» Microprocessor
 Memory: stores both instructions and data
– ROM, RAM

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 Microcomputer

 Input device : Reads information from input media

and enters to the computer in a coded form
 CPU :
– Memory unit : Stores program and data
– Arithmetic Logic unit : Performs arithmetic and
logical functions
– Control Unit : Interprets program instructions and
controls the input and output devices
 Output device : decodes information and presents it
to the user

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Block diagram of Microcomputer

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Block diagram of Microcomputer

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 Evolution of
Microprocessors
BY GENERATION
 1ST GENERATION
 2ND GENERATION
 3RD GENERATION
 4TH GENERATION
 5TH GENERATION

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 1ST GENERATION
(1971-1973)
 Designed with PMOS technology
 This technology provided
– Low cost
– Slow speed
– Low output current
– Was not compatible with TTL
 Generally 4 bit processors
 processed their instructions serially
—they fetched the instruction, decoded it, then executed
it. When an instruction was completed, the
microprocessor updated the instruction pointer and
fetched the next instruction, performing this sequential
drill for each instruction in turn.
 Example– Intel 4004, Intel 4040, Intel 8008

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 2nd GENERATION
(1974-1978)
 Designed with NMOS technology
 This technology provided
– Faster speed
– High density than PMOS
– TTL compatible
 Generally 8 bit processors
 Overlapped fetch, decode, and execute steps
• the first instruction is processed in the execution
unit, the second instruction is decoded and the third
instruction is fetched.
 Examples are
Motorola 6800/6809, Intel 8085/8080

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 3rd GENERATION
(1979-1980)
 Designed with HMOS technology
 Speed-power-product of HMOS is four times better than that of
NMOS
 HMOS can accommodate twice the circuit density compared to NMOS
 incorporated an on-chip cache for the first time
 The depth of the pipeline increased to five or more stages.
 Generally 16 bit processors
 All major workstation manufacturers began developing their own
RISC-based microprocessor architectures.
 Examples are
Motorola 68000/68010
Intel 8086/80186/80286

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 4th GENERATION
(1981-1995)
 Designed with HCMOS technology
 Commercial microprocessors to in-house design.
 Designs surpassing a million transistors.
 Generally 32 bit processors
 Examples are
Motorola’s MC 68020/68030
Intel 80386/80486/80586

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 5th GENERATION
(1995-Till)
 emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip
functionalities
 improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along
with introduction of 64 –bit microprocessors.
 processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.
 Examples are
Pentium Pro, Pentium II – core i7

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 Evolution of Microprocessors

Based on word size

– 4-Bit Microprocessors
– 8-Bit Microprocessors
– 16-Bit Microprocessors
– 32-Bit Microprocessors
– 64-Bit Microprocessors

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 4-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS
 TMS 1000
 INTEL 4004

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 INTEL 4004

 Introduced in 1971.
It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
 Its data bus is 4-bit and address bus is 10-bit.
 It has 16 pins.
PMOS Technology.
Its clock speed was 740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second.
 45 instructions
 4KB main memory
 First programmable device which was used in calculators, was
not designed as a general purpose computer.

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4004

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 8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

 INTEL 8008
 INTEL 8080
 INTEL 8085
 Motorolla 6800/6809

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 INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 It was 8-bit version of 4004
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 14-bit.
 It has 18 pins.
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
 Could execute 50,000 instructions per second
 It had 3500 transistors
 16KB main memory.
 48 instructions
 PMOS Technology
 slow

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8008

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 INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP .
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than 8008.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It has 40 pins.
 Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
 64 KB main memory.
 NMOS Technology
 Drawback was that it needed three power supplies.
 Small computers (microcomputers) were designed in using
8080 as CPU.
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8080

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 INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP upgraded version of 8080
 Its clock speed was 3-6 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It has 40 pins.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
 64 KB main memory.
 Use only one +5V power supply.

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 16-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS
 INTEL 8086
 INTEL 8088
 INTEL 80186
 INTEL 80286
 Motorola 68000/68010

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 INTEL 8086
Introduced in 1978.
It was first 16-bit µP .
Its clock speed is 5-10 MHz
Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
 It has 40 pins.
It had 29K transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
1 MB main memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide instructions.

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 INTEL 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP .
 Its clock speed is 5-10 MHz
 It had 29K transistors.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
 It has 40 pins.
Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
1 MB main memory.

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8086 / 8088

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 INTEL 80186
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 5-16 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
 It has 68 pins.
It had 29K transistors.
 1 MB main memory.
Never used in the PC.
They had additional components like:
 Interrupt Controller
 Clock Generator
 Local Bus Controller
 Counters
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 INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP .
 Its clock speed was 6-12.5 MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit.
 16 MB real and 4GB virtual memory.
 It has 68 pins.
 It had 134K transistors.
 It could execute 4 million instructions per second.

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80286

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 32-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS
 INTEL 80386
 INTEL 80486
 INTEL PENTIUM
 INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 INTEL PENTIUM II
 INTEL PENTIUM III
 INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Motorola’s MC 68020/68030

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 INTEL 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP .
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 24/32-bit.
 4 GB main memory .
 4 GB real and 64 TB virtual memory.
 It has 132 pins.
 It had 275K transistors.
 Its clock speed is 20-33 MHz
 Different versions are
  80386 DX
  80386 SX
  80386 SL

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80386

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 INTEL 80486
 Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit µP .
 It had 3200K transistors.
 Its clock speed is 25-100 MHz
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 4 GB real and 64 TB virtual memory.
 It has 168 pins.
 Integrated numeric coprocessor
 8 KB of cache memory was introduced
 It had five different versions:
  80486 DX
  80486 SX
  80486 DX2
  80486 SL
  80486 DX4 Slide 38
80486

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 INTEL PENTIUM
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP .
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 60-200 MHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It had 3200K transistors.
 It has 4 GB real memory.
 It has 264 pins.
 Could execute 110 million instructions per second.
 16KB L1 Cache memory:
• 8 KB for instructions and 8 KB for data.

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Pentium

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 INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP .
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 5500K transistors.
 Its clock speed was 150-200 MHz.
 It has 387 pins.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
 It has 64 GB main memory.
 16KB L1 Cache memory(8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data) and L2 cache of 256 KB.
 Intel launched this processor for the server market.

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 INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz.
 It had 7500K transistors.
 It has 387 pins.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
 64 GB main memory.
 Could execute 333 million instructions per second.
 512KB L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.
 Designed specially to process video, audio and graphics
efficiently.

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 INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP .
 Its clock speed varied from 600 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
 64 GB main memory.
 It had 9500K transistors.
 It has 387 pins.
 Dual independent Bus(simultaneous L2 and system memory
access)
 Designed significantly enhance internet experiences.

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Pentium Pro / II / III

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 INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 36-bit.
 64 GB main memory.
 1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache.
 It had 42 million transistors.
 It has 387 pins.
 Specialized for streaming video, game and DVD applications.

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Pentium IV

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 64-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS
 INTEL DUAL CORE
 INTEL CORE 2
 INTEL CORE I7
 INTEL CORE I5
 INTEL CORE I3

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 INTEL DUAL CORE
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 64-bit µP .
 It had 1,72 billion transistors.
 Its clock speed was 2.93GHz
 Its data bus is 64-bit and address bus is 40-bit.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the external bus and L2 cache

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 INTEL CORE 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is 3.16 GHz.
 It has 775 pins.
 It has 410 million transistors.
 Its data bus is 64-bit and address bus is 40-bit.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
 It has single, double or quad cores.
 It is launched in three different versions:
  Intel Core 2 Duo
  Intel Core 2 Quad
  Intel Core 2 Extreme

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 INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

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 INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has double or quad cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2
cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

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 INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 2 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2
cache and 4 MB of L3 cache.

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summury

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 Moore’s Law

 In 1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder of the

microprocessor manufacturer Intel, predicted that the
number of transistors per integrated circuit would double
every 18 months. So far his assumption remains
reasonably true as microprocessors saw their number of
transistors jump from 2,250 in Intel's 4004 (1971) to 731
million in Intel's Pentium iCore 7 (2008) and 2.6 billion
for the Xeon (2011). There is thus a doubling every 24
months,

Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 55

 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 56

Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 57