BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF TRACTOR AND BEARING SELECTION FOR

POWERTRAIN

Mid Term Project Report

Under the Supervision of: Submitted by:

Amit Kumar Singh Anirudh Chandra

(senior manager) (189402140 Mechanical

Section B )

(MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT )
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
JAIPUR-303007
RAJASTHAN, INDIA
APRIL/22
 Project Details
Student Details
Student Name Anirudh Chandra
Register Number 189402140 Section / Roll Mechanical B
No
Email Address Chandra.anirudh99@gmail.com Phone No (M) 8224044718

Project Details
Project Title Basic understanding of tractor and bearing selection of powertrains
Project Duration 6 months Date of 24th February
reporting

Organization
Details
Organization Escorts Kubota private Ltd
Name
Full postal address 18/4,Mathura road, Faridabad 121007, Haryana , India
with pin code
Website address

Supervisor Details
Supervisor Name Amit Kumar Singh
Designation Senior Manger
Email address Amit.singh@escorts.kubota.com Phone No (M) 7303787226

Internal Guide
Details
Faculty Name Ashish Goyal Sir
Full contact
address with pin
code
Email address Ashish.goyal@jaipur.manipal.edu Phone No (M) 9887174284

This is to certify that the above project is being carried out under my supervision and guidance

Place : Date: (Supervisor signature with Seal)

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 INDEX page No
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 4

2. Motivation……………………………………………………………………………….. 6

3. Literature Review………………………………………………………………………… 7

4. Objective of work ………………………………………………………………………… 10

5. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………… 11

6. conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 13

______________________________________

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 INTRODUCTION

Escorts Limited is an Indian multinational conglomerate that operates in the sectors of agricultural machinery,
construction machinery, material handling, and railway equipment. Its headquarters are located
in Faridabad, Haryana. The company was launched in 1944 and has marketing operations in more than 40
countries. Escorts manufactures tractors, automotive components, railway equipment, and construction and
material handling equipment.

Escorts Agri Machinery was launched in 1960. The company manufactures tractors under the brand names
Farmtrac, Powertrac, and Steeltrac. The first Escorts tractors were produced in 1961 based on Ursus license. In
1969, a partnership with Ford was set up to produce licensed Ford tractors for India.

Escorts has a plant in Mrągowo, Poland, that was purchased from Pol-Mot in 2000,[10] and four plants in India
There was an assembly plant in Tarboro, North Carolina, that was purchased from Long Agri, but the North
American subsidiary went into receivership in 2008.

In 2019 a global organization named Kubota which is also leading organization in production of agriculture
machinery and equipments in Japan decided to have a joint venture with Escorts India Pvt Ltd from 2019 onwards
the production and manufacturing of Kubota tractors and escorts are done in Faridabad .

The Research and development department of Kubota are in Japan the designs of new tractors and new proto are
build in Japan only but the correction of the design of parts that are required for development of product are done
here as we are localizing the child parts of tractor so we have to do the changes and testing according to Indian
parameters and for escorts Research and development are done here so also validation testing and reliability
factors new proto all are done in Faridabad manufacturing plant.

The area where I am working comes under research and development EKI where first I learned about all the
basics of tractors and its component like how radiator work what type of air filter tractor uses like in normal cars
we use dry filter but in tractor both dry and wet air filter are used as tractor works in rural area and in field so air
filter doesn’t work much better as wet air filter works as dust particle settle down in wet air filter which gives
better performance in field.

Then I learned about the harness and electrical wiring from front to end of the tractor main wiring housing the
wire should be covered with plastic pipe to avoid water from entering then I learned the all necessary masking
should be done before doing paint as big issue comes in grounding as paint strip of from place where screw or
bolt is going to be fitted which result in bad circuit.

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After this I learned about the drive train how adaptor cylinder works in front axle use of knuckle arm clamps that
are attached in front axle how front axle is mounted on front axle with the help of cross member and long members
steering mechanism, delivery of steering system as in tractor steering mechanisms in old days were tough now a
days they use hydraulics for steering also in which delivery hose for LHS and RHS are present on opposite side
as for left turn the delivery is in right side and vice versa for 2WD but for 4WD for left turn the delivery of
hydraulics to adaptor cylinder for left turn present on left side only .

Then I was shifted to ADDC section I learned about Automatic depth and draft control Automatic depth and draft
control system for regulating depth and draft settings of an implement connected to a farm vehicle includes a
depth control lever, a draft control lever, housing, a pressure reducing valve (PRV), and a pair of lift arms. The
depth control lever is actuated for facilitating raising, lowering and maintaining the implement at desired position
with respect to the ground for defining initial depth setting of the implement.

Then I learned about PTO power takeoff unit It is a device that transfers power from a tractor’s engine to an
implement or machine that doesn’t have its own engine. A PTO transfers the power directly from the engine to
the implement regardless of whether a tractor is moving or at rest. The hitch has a fixed pivot connection at the
upper rear of a tractor.

After this I was shifted to minor project of new development, research and development area where now they
are building new transmission and powertrain in which my work was to do analysis of different type of bearing
they were using in old transmission and what is suitable for new transmission where I did testing of transmission
with different types of bearing studied their dynamic load, rigidity where I learned the criteria of selecting new
bearing cost effectiveness as cost matters a lot what arrangement is necessary for which bearing from the supplier
brochure testing of transmission in reliability lab with rigs, how dyno plays an important roll in these types of
testing how result are calculated by dyno runs reading mapping etc.

__________________________________________

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 MOTIVATION

The main motivation behind working in this sector as I have worked previously in Volvo Eicher commercial
vehicle on EV skateboard chassis from working and learning from there about these sector I realize that this
sector and agriculture sector are the main economic sector as commercial vehicles are used in transporting and
tractors are used in agriculture field of India which will lead to experience and learning .
Which will eventual help me in building my knowledge in these particular automotive in future aspect which is
beneficial for both as I will be able to contribute in our countries economy and my personal growth so that’s the
reason I decide to do internship in agriculture machinery and its equipments .

The work I am doing presently in R&D is very much important right now as well as in future aspect because as
we know that now a days industries always try to introduce new things in every sector whether it is automotive
or IT sector the industries are fascinated toward new development and new research as well new technologies
people who work in R&D will help me in building my ability to work with different parameter like testing
reliability and designing , this field help you to build your vision for upcoming time it helps you to think in a
different way to counter future problems in present time so if I am gaining knowledge from this for future
problems which will eventually enhance my learning in automotive sector , as I am interested in designing so it
will be very helpful for me to learn all things including different software and there interface.

Uniqueness of methodology is that in this organization are multiple minor projects are going on like change of
relay switches and multiple electrical as well as mechanical component with which I am able to learn all the
parameter which are used in development like as I am doing minor project on selection of bearing for powertrain
like in other organization the method of bearing selection is done manually by calculating dynamic load and static
load and referring to different brochure of bearing supplier but in this we use dyno reading by rolling transmission
and vehicle on dyno roller which gives us reading of pressure, torque, load, rotational speed of bearing which is
much easy for us to choose bearing which suitable for transmission and powertrain its gives reading of each and
particular area like in vehicle not only one bearing is used but there are different bearing in differential different
in transmission so we get reading of each bearing differently on single dyno run.

____________________________________

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Recent work which is going on in research and development department is the building of new transmission
dual 45 C in which I am working on the bearing section where we deal with different types of bearing and we are
also working on small tractor for which capable of doing small work in field as well as very good in transportation
of goods in rural area which is very cost effective for those who only have less use of tractor on field it is very
economical for people as well as efficient. The main work which is going on is of surfacing and styling of that
tractor .

As the main project is of transmission the theory and parameter used to shortlist bearing are as follows :-
Dimensional limits there is wide range of standardized bearing types dimensions for bearings it is necessary to
select the optimal bearing types and dimension that fits the space allowed in the transmission.

Second parameter which we take as a most important parameter for selection of bearing is bearing load there can
be various directional load and of different magnitude, for selection of bearing it is also necessary whether the
acting load is radial load or combined load of radial and axial whether the angle of contact of bearing will be less
than 45 degree or more than 45 with help of load it is much easy to shortlist the bearing type and size in our case
when we have done testing the dynamic load and static load were 75400 and 69200 respectively .

Third parameter is rotational speed of bearing which will differ depending upon bearing type ,size , tolerance
cage type load lubricating conditions and cooling condition as we know that bearing runs on high speed and there
running time is much greater which also generates heats so that’s why the cage of the bearing is made of carbon
steel which has high melting point which also plays a key role in life of the bearing.

Fourth parameter is rigidity as elastics deformation occurs along the contact surface of a bearing rolling elements
and raceway surface under loading with certain types of equipment it is necessary to reduce the deformation as
much as possible .in general roller bearing exhibits less elastic deformation than ball bearing in some cases
bearing are given a load in advance to increase their rigidity this procedure is commonly applied to deep groove
ball bearing angular contact ball bearing and tapered roller bearing

Fifth parameter is misalignment of inner and outer rings as shaft flexure ,variation in shaft housing accuracy and
fitting errors result in a certain degree of misalignment between the bearings inner and outer rings in situation
where the degree of misalignment is liable to be relatively large self-aligning bearing spherical roller bearing are
used .

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After going through all the theory and parameter of selection of bearing we shortlist some of the bearing that are
suitable for power train after that we do the final run and testing with vehicle on dyno run where after getting the
different reading we come to the P release that is the release of the final proto type as A B and C release are the
proto build, testing phase and tooling development after that the design comes to P release That is the final product
after that the production of new transmission starts.

The basic A release is the concept design where we decide and do concept research like we did in bearing selection
working under parameters and theory after that the proto build that is B release where we build a mock up of the
original part we run that mock through some tests after that the tool building is there where the design passes now
its tooling part will be in making we give designs to suppliers after that p release comes where production of new
development starts this whole process is known as NPI new product integration process.

________________________________

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 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
Main objective of the work is that by working on new development of product it is helpful for me to learn about
the bearing as bearing plays an important role in any mechanical machinery whether it is automotive vehicle or
other machine ,working in research and development it gives me a great understanding of how new development
of product is done what is the process of new development.
It gives me good knowledge of vision gate ,concept gate, freeze gate, , pre-production gate and release gate as
my interest is in designing so it is helpful for me from future aspect working under the project also gives me
understanding regarding how testing and reliability part work in organization for any ne development of product.
And from organization aspect the objective of making new transmission will lead to cost efficiency for both
company and as well as for customer cause cost is big factor and with less cost new transmission will be more
effective on field.

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 METHODOLOGY
The methodology that is adopted :-

Pre-Study:-
Define the scope of the project by establishing project conditions ,goals ,directives ,target description and pre-
requisites for hard and soft product developing requirement and alternative solution concept

Concept study:-
Analyses of alternative concepts and selection for development , freeze project pre-requisites and sign the project
description

Detailed development:-
Define and approve the solution to be implemented and the project delivery from all area freeze and sign the
project description

Final development:-
Build ,verify, validate and refine the product ,solution , refine market and after market , manufacturing and
assembly solutions

Industrialisation and commercialisation:-

Install prepare and verify the industralisation system launch the product and the aftermarket product sign the
product release approval

Follow up:-
Hand over the project to the line organization follow up project target fulfilment summarise experience and close
the project

Component and equipment used in the working following project were dynamometer on which we do the test
runs of proto from where we get the following reading of different parameters like torque rotational speed
dynamic load static load on shaft and other components and equipment we used are different types of rigs that
are specially made for different particular test for durability reliability of different component like engine,
transmission ,body ,chassis and cabin. Extra tooling required were some software like kess v2 master for
dynamometer and nx modelling for surfacing and avl puma 2 for test bed reliability.

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For reliability and testing there is a separate team which do the analysis by taking the proto type to the test bed
where the attach the different motors to the part which they are testing like for example for transmission they
attach the transmission shaft to a motor which behave as an engine drive from where they attain a particular
power that is same as engine .

After they attach the clutch housing as we are using independent clutch for transmission and PTO shaft after
which the PTO shaft is attached to the main housing so the whole drive train now act like one power train now
they do the dynamometer test on dyno run where we get the all reading for transmission as well as PTO shaft.

From there we also get the synchronizer ring timing to different gear at different speed and rpm as our PTO works
on two different rpm 540 rpm and 710 rpm so we also check whether drivetrain and PTO are working together
or not whether PTO clutch bearing are responding while tractor is moving or not .

After the testing and reliability the c release proto is signed and get freeze and now the tooling of that component
is validated now after that the mass production will be going to start for commercial purpose.

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 .

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 CONCLUSION
After working in this organization under this department I understand that the agriculture field is a big sector which
plays a key role in India’s economy and people who are in agriculture field always think for less cost and more
efficiency so by working in this sector I learned different process of development and research and basic understanding
of tractor and its component how the work how to do analyses of selection of bearing what parameter should be taken
in consideration or not ,I learned what is the process of starting any new development of product, what are different
gates that are followed in global development of new product, how test bed rigs work with which software like test
bed works with AVL puma v2 , surface modelling on NX , what are the different key role of which bearing and their
types at last I would like to conclude working in research and development of project will be a great help for me in
future aspect and gaining knowledge in this particular sector will always help me in my growth as in global agriculture
is considered as main sector of economy so I will be able to learn from this sector as new problem and new difficulties
are always there is this sectors.

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 REFERENCES

• CAD photos from R and D department

• The parameter of selection of bearing from NTN supplier side
• Diagrams and process from manual of escorts Kubota
• Reliability and testing parameter and process from testing team

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