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1
INDICATORS OF ACHIEVEMENT
Identify the conjugations of the verb be and subject pronouns-
THE VERB TO BE (PRESENT)
With an adjetive:
· We are happy.
· He isn’t sad.
· Are you tired?
object pronouns- possessive adjectives - possessive
Examples: C. Unscramble:
· The blue car is mine.
· The big house is his.
1) Are / cold / ? / you
SOME VERBS
____________________________________________
INF. INF. INF. INF. INF.
Accept Create Greet Move Repeat
Act Cross Guess Name Resist 2) Is / your / this / book / ?
Achieve Curse Hail Need Rest ____________________________________________
Admire Change Handle Note Return
Advise Chase Happen Notice Review
Affect Chat Hate Number Sail 3) Unites / from / states / ? / Mr. / the / is / Peters
Agree Check Help Offer Save
Amaze Damage Hope Open Scan ____________________________________________
Amuse Dance Hunt Order Scare
Answer Date Identify Organize Share
Appear Decide Ignore Pack Shop 4) Married / they / ? / are
Arrange Deliver Imagine Paint Shout
Arrive Depend Impress Pamper Skate ____________________________________________
Ask Describe Improve Pardon Ski
Attack Design Include Park Slow
Bake Destroy Increase Participate Sneeze 5) I / right / or / am / wrong?
Behave Dicrease Interview Pass Snow ____________________________________________
Believe Die Introduce Perform Solve
Belong Disagree Invite Persuade Spell
Blame Discover Jog Pick Start 6) Name / Sandra / ? / your / daughter’s / is
Borrow Discuss Join Plan Step
Bother Disturb Jump Play Stop ____________________________________________
Call Dress Knock Please Stress
Cancel Dry Label Practice Study
Carry Eliminate Land Predict Substitute 7) Mrs. / Jenkins / ? / Mr. / you / are / and
Cause End Last Prefer Suggest
Celebrate Enjoy Learn Present Surprise ____________________________________________
Clean Entertain Like Program Talk
Clear Excuse Link Protect Taste
Climb Exercise List Provide Terrorize 8) That / your / ? / is / backpack
Compare Exhibit Listen Purchase Thank ____________________________________________
Compete Expect Live Push Touch
Complete Express Locate Rain Travel
Contain Film Look Receive Try
9) Your / is / this / ? / dog
Continue Fill Love Recommend Tune
Cook Fish Manage Relate Turn ____________________________________________
Correct Fix Mark Relax Underline
Cough Follow Match Release Use
Count Freeze Measure Remember Vary 10) Messi / ? / Italy / is / from
Crash Fry Miss Repair Wait
Witness Welcome Watch Warn Walk ____________________________________________
Work Wish Water Wash Want
I. NOUNS
2
Nouns are used to refer to people, animals, objects, events,
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
3. For words that end in "s", "ss", "sh", "ch", "x" or "o", we add
"es".
Singular and "there": (THAT) 2. We add "-n" to the article for nouns that begin with a
· I like that car. vowel.
Examples:
Plural and "here": (THESE) · an animal
· I like these cars. · an ice cream
· an example
Plural and "there": (THOSE) · an orange
· I like those cars. · an umbrella
ON
Use (time): "On" Use on for days and dates
· Monday · the 12th of July
· my birthday
AT
Use (time): "AT" Use at for times of day, night, and festivals
· two o'clock · midnight
· lunchtime · Christmas
· New Year
1. THERE BE
3
We use «there + be» to talk about the existence of something.
COUNT AND NON COUNT NOUNS
Examples:
Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are those nouns which cannot be counted
· There is a pencil.
because they cannot be defined individually, but rather are part
· There’s one car.
of a whole. As such, they are treated as singular (you can not
· There is not an apple.
make them plural by adding «-s»).
· Is there a pen?
Uncountable Nouns
salt, wood, tea, wine, sugar, bread, furniture,
· There is milk.
hair, information, money, weather, time, rice…
· There is not time.
· Is there sugar?
However, once we delimit these nouns by placing a countable
expression in front of the noun, they become countable.
There are
«There are» can only be used with countable nouns in plural.
Examples:
There is no short form.
· a gram of salt
· a piece of wood
Examples:
· two cups of tea
· There are five pencils.
· three glasses of wine
· There are not two cars.
· Are there many people?
Grammatical Rules
1. Countable nouns have a plural form (regular or irre-
There v. It
gular):
We use «there» when we speak of something for the first time,
Examples:
to indicate that it exists. On the other hand, we use «it» to speak
· egg = eggs
of something specific.
· bicycle = bicycles
· dress = dresses
Examples:
· There is a pen on the table. It is my pen.
Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form:
· There is a car in the garage. It is blue.
· rice
· There is milk. It is in the refrigerator.
· rices
· milk
2. QUANTIFIERS
· milks
2. You can use «a» or «an» with countable nouns in sin-
Quantifiers indicate the quantity of a noun. They respond to
gular:
the questions, «How much?» or «How many?». As with
Examples:
the articles in English, quantifiers define nouns and are always
· an apple
located in front of the noun they define. Some quantifiers can
· a house
be used only with countable nouns, others only with uncountable
nouns and others with both. We cannot use «a» or «an» with uncountable
nouns:
Quantifier Countable Uncountable · a milk
many X –
much – X
some X X 3. Numbers can be used in front of countable nouns:
any X X Examples:
no, none X X · three apples
a lot of/lots of X X
little/a little – X
· five houses
few/a few X – Numbers cannot be used in front of uncountable
nouns:
· two rices
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
4
When we speak of the various verb tenses, we must talk about
SIMPLE PRESENT
8 Simple Present
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Simple Present 9
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1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
5 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USES Examples:
1. The present continuous is used to speak about · David needs a new car.
something that is happening at the moment in which David is needing a car
Simple Past 11
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12 Present Continuous
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1. PAST SIMPLE
6 SIMPLE PAST
Examples:
· stop = stopped
There are several tenses for speaking about the past in English, · commit = committed
but the past simple is the most commonly used. It is used for
actions completed in the past. In the past tense there are 3. When the verb ends in a consonant and «y», the «y»
both regular verbs and irregular verbs. becomes an «i»:
Simple Past 13
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· We believed him. conjugated («did») and the principal verb remains in the
· I bought a blue car. infinitive.
IRREGULAR VERBS
SPANISH PRESENT PAST SPANISH PRESENT PAST SPANISH PRESENT PAST
Be Was,were Become Became Say Said
Read Read Build Built Swim Swam
Write Wrote Can Could Send Sent
Get Got Catch Caught Find Found
Get up Got up Cost Cost Bring Brought
Run Ran Cut Cut Give Gave
Sleep Slept drive Drove Tell Told
Speak Spoke Fight Fought Feel Felt
Come Came Forget Forgot Grow Grew
Go Went Hear Heard Break Broke
Think Thought Pay Paid Meet met
Understand understood Ride Rode lose Lost
Do / Does Did See Saw Leave Left
make Made Sell Sold Choose Chose
Know Knew lend lent Fall Fell
Eat Ate Sing Sang Win Won
Drink Drank Sit Sat Draw Drew
Take Took Stand Stood Wear Wore
Have Had Steal Stole Buy Bought
Begin Began Wake up Woke up fly flew
14 Simple Past
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Simple Past 15
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7
The past continuous tense is used for actions that occurred at a
PAST CONTINUOUS
Examples:
- Jose called while I was watching the news.
specific time in the past. Like the present continuous, it is formed
- He was walking to work when he fell.
using the verb «to be» as well as the gerund.
- Was it raining when you left?
Grammatical Rules
2. We use the past continuous to talk about actions or events
Form
that happened at a specific time in the past.
To form the past continuous we use the auxiliary verb «to be» as
well as the gerund (infinitive + «-ing») of the verb. The auxiliary
Examples:
verb «to be» is in the past simple tense, but keep in mind that «to
- Paula wasn’t living in Spain in 2005.
be» is an irregular verb.
- We were still working at 10 o’clock last night.
Auxiliary 3. The past continuous is used for two actions that were occurring
Subject Gerund simultaneously in the past.
(to be)
Examples:
talking, eating,
I, he, - My son was reading while I was cooking.
was learning, doing,
she, it - They were talking very loudly while we were trying to
going…
watch the movie.
talking, eating,
you, we,
were learning, doing, Note: As we have seen, there are some verbs which may not be
they
going… used in the continuous tenses.
1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + gerund.
Examples:
- I was talking.
- He was eating.
- They were learning.
2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + «not» + gerund.
Examples:
- I was not [wasn’t] talking.
- He was not [wasn’t] eating.
- They were not [weren’t] learning.
3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Auxiliary verb (to be) + subject + gerund?
Examples:
- Were you talking?
- Was he eating?
- Were they learning?
Uses
1. The past continuous is used for an action or event that
occurred over a long period of time in the past and that
was interrupted. The action or event that was interrupted
is in the past continuous while the action that caused the
interruption is in the past simple.
«When» and «while» signal the use of the past simple and
past continuous. In general, we use the past simple directly
after «when» and the past continuous after «while».
16 Past Continuous
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Past Continuous 17
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8
As we have seen, adjectives describe qualities of nouns. Some of
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Examples:
- Mark is as fast as Juan.
Comparative Superlative
- Sue’s room is as clean as Angela’s. add: “more”/ add: “the most”/ “the
- Beth is as tall as I am. “less” least”:
- Los Angeles is as big as New York. more beautiful the most beautiful
Note: We can modify a comparison using a quantifier such as less beautiful the least beautiful
«much», «a lot», «a little», etc.
Future Simple
9
There are two main ways to express the future in English. They are
sometimes interchangeable, but they often have different meanings.
FUTURE TIME "WILL" AND "BE GOING TO"
2. Negative Sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + «not» + «going to» +
principal verb…
Examples: Examples:
- I am going to call you tonight.
- She is going to arrive late.
- The party starts at 9pm.
- They are going to be happy to see you.
- The train leaves at 10am.
1. MODAL VERBS
10 "MODAL VERBS"
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that, unlike the auxiliary verbs May
«be», «do» y «have», cannot function as principal verbs. Meaning: used to indicate possibilities in the future
Modal verbs express modality. They can express ability, possibility,
necessity, probability, obligation or other conditions. They are Examples:
auxiliary verbs used for forming the future and conditional. · I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later.
Unlike some other languages, there are no verb tenses in English · It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
that express possibility or uncertainty and therefore we use tomorrow.
modal verbs to express these ideas.
As complementary verbs, modal verbs cannot function without "May" is also used to give permission or instructions.
other verbs. The principal verb is always found after the modal
verb and in the base form. Modal verbs are not conjugated and Examples:
have no tenses. · You may leave if you like.
· You may use your cell phones now.
The modal verbs are:
· can In interrogative sentences, «may» is the most polite way to ask
· could permission (as opposed to «can» or «could»).
· may
· might Examples:
· will · May I have a glass of water?
· shall · May I leave now?
· should
· ought to Might
· must/have to Meaning: synonym of «may», indicates possibilities in the
· would present or future
USES Examples:
Can · I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later.
Meaning: to be able to; indicates ability or possibility · It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
tomorrow.
Examples:
· I can speak five languages. "Might" can also be used like «may» to ask permission, but this
· We can work late tonight if you need us. is much more common in British English than in American English.
· Bill and Tom can’t help you.
· The restaurant can be expensive if you drink a lot of wine. Will
· It can be dangerous to drive if you are tired. Meaning: used to express willingness or consent
As we will see in later lessons, «will» is used to form the future
In interrogative sentences, we use «can» to ask permission tense.
(informally) or to ask about possibilities. As we will see in later lessons, «will» is used to form the future
tense.
Examples:
· Can I have a glass of water? Examples:
· Can you help me? · I will help you.
· Can they work late tonight? · We will learn English.
24 Modal Verbs
APTITUD COMUNICATIVA - INGLÉS
Examples: Examples:
· Shall l we meet at 10pm? · You must [have to] read this book, it’s fantastic.
· Shall we go to the movies or a museum? · You must [have to] brush your teeth two times a day.
Should · We must [have to] leave now or we will be late.
Meaning: indicates a recommendation or obligation or reflects · You must not drink and drive.
an opinion about what is right or correct · When must we meet you?
Examples:
We also use «must» for probability or assumptions.
· I should call my parents more often.
· You shouldn’t work so hard.
· They should practice more if they want to win the Examples:
championship. · John’s not here. He must be sick because he never misses
class.
"Should" is used in interrogative sentences to ask if there is an · It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult.
obligation or to ask for a recommendation.
"Must" can also be used in rhetorical questions.
Examples:
· Should we leave a tip? Examples:
· Should I have the steak or the chicken? · Must you always be late?
· Where should they meet you? · Must she talk so much?
Ought to
Would
Meaning: synonym of "should"
Meaning: past tense of «will»; indicates preference, desire, or
Examples: intention
· She ought to quit smoking.
· I ought to call my parents more often. Examples:
· They ought to work less. · She would like to go to New York someday.
· I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine
Must please.
«Must» indicates an obligation, prohibition (when in the · Would you like some coffee?
negative) or necessity; it is a synonym of "have to"
Modal Verbs 25
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26 Modal Verbs
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GRAMMATICALRULES
11
PRESENT PERFECT 1.
PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect 27
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28 Present Perfect
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12
PAST PERFECT
The past perfect is used for actions or events that happened in the
PAST PERFECT
London.
- Henry changed careers even though he had not [hadn’t]
worked as an accountant for long.
past before another action or event in the past.
GRAMMATICALRULES USES
FORM 1. We use the past perfect to refer to an event that began in
the past and before another action or event in the past.
Like the present perfect, the past perfect is formed using the auxiliary
The action or event that that happened first is in the past perfect
verb «to have» (in the past simple form) as well as the past participle.
and the one that follows in the past simple.
Past Examples:
Subject Auxiliar Short Form
Participle - I’d read the book before I saw the movie.
I’d, you’d, - Donna had just left when you called.
I, you, he, studied, - Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
he’d, she’d,
she, it, we, had visited,
it’d, we’d,
they worked… 2. The past perfect is used for actions or events that
they’d
happened before a specific time in the past.
STRUCTURE
1. Affirmative Sentences Examples:
Subject + «had» + past participle… - I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
Examples: - He hadn’t been to France before the trip in 2008.
- I had [I’d] visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the
Mona Lisa was. 3. As with the present perfect, we also use the past perfect
- They had [They’d] studied English before they went to simple for situations that began in the past and continued
London. to a specific point in time in the past, as we cannot use the
- Henry changed careers because he had [he’d] worked as an
continuous tenses with certain verbs.
accountant for many years and was bored.
2. Negative Sentences
Subject + «had» + past participle… Examples:
Examples: - She had only owned one car before she bought her new
- I had not [hadn’t] visited the Louvre before so I didn’t know BMW.
where the Mona Lisa was. - I’d been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs.
- They had not [hadn’t] studied English before they went to
Past Perfect 29
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30 Past Perfect
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13
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
-
-
CONDITIONALS
IF Condition Result - If I had known then what I know now, I would have done
things differently. / I would have done things differently if
future I had known then what I know now.
present - Suzanne wouldn’t have had the heart attack if she had
if simple
simple gone on a diet as her doctor recommended. / If Suzanne
(“will”) had gone on a diet as her doctor recommended she wouldn’t
have had the heart attack.
Examples: - Would you have liked to go to university if you had been
- If Bill studies, he will pass the exam. / Bill will pass the able to afford it? / If you had been able to afford it, would
exam if he studies. you have liked to go to university?
- If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the beach. / We will go to
the beach if it doesn’t rain.
- Will you take the train if you miss the bus? / If you miss the
bus, will you takethe train?
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32 Present Perfect
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Past Perfect 33