Chapter 1 Foundations

Quantitative Tools

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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

Section Goals
You will learn
• the seven base units of the SI system of units.

• power of 10 notation such as 103 and metric

prefixes such as milli-, kilo-.

• the concept of the density of matter and its

relationship to the mole and Avogadro’s number.

• unit conversions by use of a ratio of units.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

• The symbols of the frequently used physical quantities.

(Get used to dealing with variables or else you fail!)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

• The system of units in science = SI units (Système

Internationale).
• Seven base units of the SI system. (All other units can be
derived from them).

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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

• Very often we deal with quantities that are much less or

much greater than the standards of 1 m, 1 s, etc.
• It’s convenient to use prefixes to denote various powers of
10 to talk about such small or large quantities.

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Checkpoint Question 1.11

Examples:
1.11

(a) ℓ = 150,000,000 m = 150 × 106 m = 150 mega-m

(b) t = 0.000 000 000 012 s = 12 × 10-12 s = 12 pico-s

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

• The mole (denoted by mol) is the SI base unit that

measures the quantity of a given substance.

• 1 mole = Avogadro number NA (No. of atoms in 12 g

of the most common form of carbon, carbon-12)

• The currently accepted experimental value of NA is

NA = 6.0221413 ´ 1023

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

• The concept of the density of matter:

density = some substance per unit volume
• Number density (n). If there are N objects in
volume V, then
N
n≡
V
• Mass density r is the amount
of mass m per unit volume:

m
ρ≡
V
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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

Exercise 1.6 Helium gas density

At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, 1 mol of
helium gas has a volume of 24.5 × 10–3 m3. What are the
number and mass densities? The mass of one helium atom
is m = 6.647 × 10–27 kg.

6.022 × 10 atoms
23
n= −3
= 2.46 × 10 atoms/m .
25 3

24.5 × 10 m 3

3
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⇢ = mn = 0.163 kg/m
© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

• Unit conversions: Convenient to use the conversion factor

as a ratio equal to one. For example
1 in. 25.4 mm
= 1 or =1
25.4 mm 1 in.
• If we want to convert 4.5 inch into millimeters:

⎛ 25.4 mm ⎞ 2
4.5 in = (4.5 in .) ⎜ ⎟ = 4.5 × 25.4 mm = 1.1 × 10 mm
⎝ 1 in . ⎠

© 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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Section 1.6: Physical quantities and units

Exercise 1.7 Unit conversions

Convert 32 mi to a quantity expressed either in meters or
in meters raised to some power:
3
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1.609 ⇥ 10 m
=1
1 mi

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✓ 3
◆
1.609 ⇥ 10 m 4
(32 mi) = 5.1 ⇥ 10 m
1 mi
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