COMPUTING

Edition 1 • MAY 2022

2 INTRODUCTION IN WORD PROCESSING (MS-WORD)

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16 INTRODUCTION TO WORD POWERPOINT

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21 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

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33 COMPUTER NETWORK

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Kafuiaugustine15@gmail.com
 Introduction to Word Processing
A word processing program is a software program that includes tools for entering, editing,
and formatting text and graphics. Or

The electronic files you create using Word are called documents. One of the benefits of using
Word is that document files can be stored in a variety of places on your computer, or in the
cloud using one drive, and easily shared with others via disks, emails, or online file storage.
Microsoft Word allows users to accomplish the following tasks.

 Type and edit text.

 Copy and move text from one location to another in the document, or to other
documents.
 Format text and paragraphs with fonts, colors, pictures, tables, and many other tools.
 Design pages for specific purposes- from personal letters to sophisticated memos and
reports.
 Enhance documents for readability with pictures, charts, graphics, etc.
 Use mail merge features to quickly and easily send customized communications to
customers.
 Share documents securely to others.
 Communicate clearly and professionally with others by using the built-in tools of
Word.

Now that you are aware of some of the uses for Microsoft Word, let's get started by creating
a new document. Launch Microsoft Word and click on “Blank Document”.

Take some time to explore the user interface. A few notable features of Word include:

 Title bar: displays the name of the document and the name of the program. Until you
give a new document a different name, its temporary name is Document 1. The left
side of the title bar contains the Quick Access toolbar, which includes buttons for
saving a document and undoing, redoing, and repeating a change. The right side of the
title bar contains the Ribbon Display Options button, which you use to hide or show
the Ribbon and tabs, the resizing buttons, and the program Close button.
 The File Tab provides access to backstage view where you manage files and the
information about them.
 The Ribbon contains the Word tabs. Each tab on the Ribbon includes buttons for
commands related to editing and formatting documents. The commands are organized
in groups. For example, the Home tab includes the Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles,
and Editing Groups. The Ribbon also contains the “Tell me what you want to do” box,

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 which you can use to find a command or access help. The ribbon also contains the
share command, which you can use to easily share documents.
 The document window displays the current document. This is the space you are
working inside.
 The rulers only appear in the Print Layout view. The horizontal ruler displays left and
right document margins as well as the tab settings and paragraph indents, if any, for
the paragraph. The vertical ruler displays the top and bottom button margins.
 The vertical and horizontal scroll bars are used to navigate inside your document. They
contain arrows to help you navigate the document.
 The status bar displays the page number of the current page and the total number of
pages and words in the document. It also displays spelling and grammar checking.
 The view buttons on the status bar allow you to adjust the view, toggling between print
layout, read mode, or web layout view. The Zoom slider allows you to zoom in and
out of the document.

Common examples of Word Processor

One example of a Word Processor is Microsoft Word, but other word processing applications
are also widely used.
Examples include:

 Microsoft Works Word Processor,  Word Perfect

 Open Office Writer  Google Drive Document
 Wang Writer  WordStar

Advantages of word processors

1) It is faster and easier than writing by hand.
2) You can store documents on your computer, which you cannot do on a typewriter. ...
3) There are more formatting choices with a word processor (the spelling, grammar and
language tools).
4) You can print copies of your documents.
Hope it helps
Disadvantages of word processors

 You need to have access to a computer which has word processing software installed
 It takes time to learn to use the program effectively

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 If you want to write something down quickly, it can take more time to switch the
computer on, open the word processor and set up the document. Sometimes pen and
paper is faster.
 People can become reliant on using the word processor and their handwriting skills can
deteriorate
 People can become reliant on the spell checker and not proof read their work properly
 They are expensive
 The use of word processor create unemployment

Factors to consider when selecting a word processor

1. The type of operating system installed

2. Its user friendliness
3. Its formatting and editing features
4. Whether it is commercial or open source software

Parts of a Microsoft word window

1. Title bar

It a bar at the top of a the window and it displays the title currently running application at
task
2. Menu Bar

It contains menus that provides lists of commands

3. Status bar

It is an interactive strip at the bottom of the screen that acts as a communication link between
the user and the program.

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Editing – Its is making necessary changes in a document

TWO TYPING MODES

Insert Mode – When text is typed between the existing words or characters it pushes the
existing text forward without replacing them

Type over mode – When text is typed between words or characters the new text
automatically replaces the existing text by deleting it.

Formatting - Applying various styles or features in order to enhance the document

appearance

Text Formatting Features

 Changing font type, size style

 Changing font colour
 Underlining – Placing a line at the bottom of a text
 Bolding – Making the text appear more darker than the rest
 Italicizing –making the text slant forward
 Superscript and subscript
 Strikethrough

In the document window, you should see a blinking cursor. This is known as your “insertion
point”. Your insertion point is where text or objects we are placed in the document. You can
change the insertion point using your arrow keys or mouse.

Starting a Document

Before beginning to use Microsoft Word, your first step should be to take some time to plan
your document. Better document planning will save you time and ensure your document is
written to the correct audience with the right message and visual appearance. Some aspects
to consider before writing a document include:

 Purpose of the message- why are you sending the message?

 Who is your audience? What type of writing or visual style will appeal to them?
 What type of communication will you send? Will it be a newsletter, professional
letter?
 Will you need outside information like graphics or charts?
 Is there any research you need to conduct before beginning to write?

Now that you have a plan, let's write a document.

Word Processors
WORD PROCESSING
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Word processing is the art of text manipulation. It involves creating & producing
professional looking documents
such as letters,

Contains Text and Page formatting features such as: -

(i). Justification of text, which could be Left, Right, Centre, or Full.
(ii). Indents and use of Tabs for text alignment.
(iii). Page Numbering.
(iv). Insert of page Headers and Footers

The insert, delete, move, copy and format text

Place the cursor at the beginning of your document, or press the keys: Ctrl and Home

To add text to a particular place in a sentence, place the cursor before the word and type the
word and space.
To delete a blank row, place the cursor on the blank row and press the ‘Backspace’ button or
the “Delete” key
To select a word, double click on the word. If you then press ‘Delete’, it removes the word
from the text, or if you type a new word, it replaces the old word with the new word.
To select an entire line, place the mouse pointer on the left of the line until it changes to an
arrow and then click the left mouse button.
To undo an action, click on the “Undo” option on the toolbar 

To undo several changes click on the arrow next to the ‘Undo’ button, choose how many
edits you want to undo (all changes between the selected operation and the present moment
will be restored)
Click the   button again to recover all actions by selecting the “Redo” option

Copy text with the mouse:

 Double-click on the word that you want to copy

 press the ‘Ctrl’ key and click (a plus sign appears) and drag the word to the desired
location

Moving the text with the mouse:

 select the text you want to move

 place the mouse pointer over the selection until it changes to an arrow

 hold the left mouse button, you see a dotted line frame, and a dotted line-insertion
position

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  drag the dotted line-insertion position (with the left mouse button) to the desired
location in your document and let go of the mouse button.

We can select many phrases at once in Word, by holding the “Shift” key pressed:

 place the cursor to select the first word

 Use the sliders until you select the last word of your selection

 hold the “Shift” key and click with the mouse pointer after the last word

Formatting text
(View)

These buttons can be found in the Format  toolbar

Bold

Italic

Underline

Select the text or word that you want to format, click on the bold, italics or underline icons
and the text is formatted accordingly.
Click outside the selection to deselect it.
If you have a specific format, eg a title, italics, bold etc in one sentence, the format continues
to the next line when you press enter.
To remove the formatting attributes you press on the appropriate buttons again.

Word gives us different types of Fonts:

 click “Format” in the menu bar (format)

 click on ‘Font’ (font)

 click on the ‘Font’ (font) tab

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If you press the arrow key you can see the different types of underlining in the
“Preview” (Preview)

 choose the desired underline

 and press OK if you are satisfied

Font and Font size

Word provides us with a range of fonts, we can see the examples in the “Font” dialog:

 click on the Format (format) menu

 choose the ‘Font’ (font) command

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  click on the ‘Font’ (Font) tab

In the preview window, we can see the formatting for our text

We can quickly change the fonts and font size by clicking on the buttons in the toolbar:

 click on the arrow of the ‘font’ box

 choose the desired font

 The list closes automatically once you have made your choice

 click on the arrow next to the ‘size’ box

 choose the desired font size by clicking on it

You can customize the font and the font size with the buttons in the toolbar, or you can
customize it with the ‘Font’ dialog in the “Format” menu. With the last option you have the
advantage of seeing the font in the preview window. If you are satisfied press OK, the
formatting is applied to the selected text.

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Remember that the formatting characteristics still remain after pressing the ‘Enter’

To use different formatting options in the document you can use the “Format paint”   
button

 Select the word you want to format and copy

 Click on the “Format paint”

 The mouse pointer becomes a paint brush

 Select the text whose formatting you want to change and release the mouse button so
that the formatting gets copied.

If you are formatting multiple words or lines that are not contiguous to change, double click
the “Format Paint” button. You can now copy the layout as many times as you want, then
click the ‘Format Paint” button to turn it off.

In Word you can easily change lowercase letters into uppercase and vice versa:

 select a word or phrase

 click on “Format” menu in the toolbar

 choose ‘Change Case’

Here you have the choice:

 Fancy formatting (beginning with a capital letter)

 lowercase

 CAPS

 Title formatting

 uPPERCASE wORDS beginning wITH a lOWERCASE lETTER

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make your choice and press OK

Character Formatting
In Word, we have many more ways of formatting text:

Underline:

 First we select the text that we want to underline.

 click on the “Format” menu

 and choose “Font”.

 select the “Font” tab

 click on the arrow next to the “Underline” box.

 review the various options in the “preview”

Graphic effects:
In Word, we now have 4 options for adding graphic effects to text. The fololowing are the
options respectively:

original comments

 Shadow

 Contour

color should be set to white

 Relief

color should be set to white

 Flush

You can apply only one effect to the same text

Borders
In Word’97, we can also add borders to a single text which was not possible in Word’95

 Select the text.

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  Click on the “Format” menu

 Choose “Borders and Shading”.

 Click on the “Borders” tab

 Choose a “Setting”, a “Style”, a “Color” and a “Width”

 In the “Apply To” ( Apply to) box, choose “Text”.

 click OK:

Shade
Setting the Shade of loose text in Word is not a problem.

 click on the “Format” menu

 choose “Borders and Shading”.

 click on the “Shading” tab

 choose a “Style” and “Color”.

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  in the “Apply To” box, choose “Text”

 Click on OK

Inserting a symbol

 click on the “Insert” menu and choose the ‘Symbol’ option

 click on the desired character, and the selected character is displayed larger

 click on ‘Insert’ (you can adjust the size of the symbol)

 to exit the dialog box press ‘Close’

You have yet more options for formatting text.

It is also sometimes necessary for certain characters to be higher or lower than the actual font
locations: H ² O – m²
This is called “Superscript” and “Subscript”

To apply superscript or subscript to text:

 -Select the text

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  -In the ‘Format’ menu, click on ‘Font’

 -In ‘Font’ tab click Superscript or Subscript

 -Click OK to close the dialog

You also have   buttons for these commands, which are not in the standard formatting
toolbar. We will discuss this in Lesson 5 (Customizing Toolbars).

Contains Text and Page formatting features such as: -

(i). Justification of text, which could be Left, Right, Centre, or Full.
(ii). Indents and use of Tabs for text alignment.
(iii). Page Numbering.
(iv). Insert of page Headers and Footer

Check spelling and grammar in Office

Windows

All Microsoft Office programs can check spelling, and most can check grammar.

If you find that spelling or grammar checking isn't working as you'd expect see The spelling
and grammar checker isn't working as expected. If you'd like to check spelling or grammar in
a language other than your default language see Check spelling and grammar in a different
language.

Run the spelling and grammar checker manually

To start a check of the spelling and grammar in your file just press F7 or follow these steps:

1. Open most Office programs, click the Review tab on the ribbon. In Access or InfoPath you
can skip this step. In Project you'll go to the Project tab.

2. Click Spelling or Spelling & Grammar.

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1. If the program finds spelling mistakes, a dialog box appears with the first misspelled word
found by the spelling checker.

2. After you decide how to resolve the misspelling (ignoring it, adding it to the program’s
dictionary, or changing it), the program moves to the next misspelled word.

Most Office programs automatically check for potential spelling and grammatical errors as
you type, so you don't need to do anything to show errors while you work. 
Notes: 
 Automatic spelling and grammar checking is not available in Access, Excel, or Project. You
can manually start a spell check by pressing F7.
 Automatic grammar checking is available only in Outlook, Word, and PowerPoint 2013 (or
newer).
Office marks potential spelling errors with a red squiggly line, and potential grammatical
errors are marked with a blue squiggly line.
If spelling or grammatical errors aren't marked, automatic checking might be turned off. You
can turn on the automatic spelling and grammar checker.
When you see a spelling or grammatical error that you want assistance fixing, right-click on
the underlined word or phrase and choose one of the options to fix the error.
If Office is flagging words as misspelled but you have it spelled the way you want it,
select Add to Dictionary to teach Office not to flag that word as misspelled in the future.
For more information on this see: Add or edit words in a spell check dictionary.

If you don't want Office to mark potential errors with squiggly lines while you are working,
you can turn automatic spelling and grammar checking off:
1. Open the spelling and grammar options:
 In OneNote, PowerPoint, Publisher, Visio, and Word: On the File menu, click Options, and
then click Proofing.
 In InfoPath: On the Home tab, click the arrow next to or under Spelling, and then
click Spelling Options.
 In Outlook: On the File menu, click Options, and click Mail, and then click Spelling and
Autocorrect.
2. Select or clear the Check spelling as you type check box. In programs that have automatic
grammar checking, you may also select or clear the Mark grammar errors as you
type check box.

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Note: In Word, you can turn the spelling checker on or off for only the document you're
currently working with or for all new documents. Select an option in the Exceptions for list,
and then select or clear the Hide spelling errors in this document only and Hide grammar
errors in this document only check boxes. 

If you don't want Office to check grammar at all (either when running a spell check or
automatically as you type), you can turn it off:
1. Open the spelling and grammar options:
 In OneNote, PowerPoint, Publisher, Visio, and Word: On the File menu, click Options, and
then click Proofing.
 In InfoPath: On the Home tab, click the arrow next to or under Spelling, and then
click Spelling Options.
 In Outlook: On the File menu, click Options, and click Mail, and then click Spelling and
Autocorrect.
2. Clear the Mark grammar errors as you type and Check grammar with spelling check
boxes.

Note: Not every Office program will have both of these options.

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 Microsoft PowerPoint (PPT)
Microsoft PowerPoint is powerful presentation software developed by Microsoft. It is a
standard component of the company's Microsoft Office suite software, and is bundled
together with Word, Excel and other Office productivity tools.

Or

PowerPoint is computer software created by Microsoft which allows the user to create
slides with recordings, narrations, transitions and other features in order to present
information. An example of PowerPoint is presentation software made by Microsoft.

The program uses slides to convey information rich in multimedia and is used to create
complex business presentations, simple educational outlines and much more.

PowerPoint allows users to create media-rich presentations constituted by a series of slides.

Since it’s fully integrated with the other tools of the Microsoft Office suite, the user can
import content created with Excel or Word into PowerPoint, as well as other media such as
pictures, audio, and video clips.
To create slides, a series of templates are used to provide the user with pre-defined layouts
for different purposes. Once the theme that will be used in the presentation is set by defining
a standard font, background color, and layout, that slide is saved as “master slide.” The user
can either change each other slide accordingly, or edit the master slide to propagate the
change to all the other slides uniformly.

During a PowerPoint presentation, the presenter has the liberty to define the pace by
controlling the flow manually or having the slide swap at preset intervals, which may also be
different for each slide. Individual elements on a slide may also appear after a certain
command is issued, such as bullet points or videos.

PowerPoint experienced a very significant change in PowerPoint 97, which added predefined
transition effects and allowed the user to time them appropriately so that slides would
transition automatically. This allowed a presenter to follow a predefined progression and go
on with the presentation without pausing to change or read the slides. PowerPoint 2007
introduced the "ribbon" interface, marking a drastic change from the previous interface style.

In older versions of PowerPoint, presentations were saved only as a standard .pptx format.
However, newer versions from 2013 and 2016 allow the users to save presentations in
different common formats such as pictures (JPEG, GIF, PNG, etc.), videos (WMV or
MPEG-4), or text (PDF).

1. Open the Microsoft PowerPoint presentation that you want to edit.

2. Choose from the following tasks:

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Task Steps

Edit text a. Click the 

Edit

 tab.

b. Select the text that you want to edit.

c. Using the tools in the edit toolbar, change the
required formatting including font style,
paragraph alignment, list formatting, and
indentation options.

Insert images, d. Click the 

graphics, or
shapes Insert

 tab.

e. Place your cursor where you want to add an

image.
f. To add an image from your computer, click
Image.
g. Choose the image to add.

Change shape h. Click the 

and line
formatting Format

 tab.

i. Select the shape or line that you want to format.

j. Change the object's fill color, line color, line
weight, or line style.

View slides k. Click the 

Slides

 tab.

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 Task Steps

l. Scroll through the slides.

FEATURES OF MS- POWERPOINTS

Below is a preview of the Microsoft PowerPoint 365 window with terminology to help you
navigate and move around the PowerPoint application.

Title Bar Displays the name of the application and the file currently in use.

The Ribbon Displays the numerous functions and tools available to work with
your presentation.

Quick Access Enables you to customise the toolbar to contain the commands
Toolbar you use most frequently.

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 File tab Provides access to basic commands such as New, Open, Save,
(Backstage Print and Share plus access to customise the application.
View)

Slides pane Displays a thumbnail version of each slide within the

presentation.

Slide The area which will be displayed as full screen when viewed in
Slide Show mode.

Status Bar Provides information relating to features such as slide number,

spell check and shortcuts to Notes, Comments, various different
views and zoom functions.

Placeholders Displayed as dotted lines which allows you to identify where you
can add text, and insert elements such as images or tables.

I hope this has provided an introduction to the elements of the PPT window

Different Uses for PowerPoint

 Use PowerPoint to Make Tutorials. For the purpose of training or educational contexts,
PowerPoint can be easily used to create worksheets and tutorials. ...
 Use PowerPoint Presentations as a Digital Portfolio. ...
 Prepare nice Animations using PowerPoint. ...
 Use PowerPoint as a Photo Slide Show.

Some of the best presentation software include Visme, Haiku Deck, Prezi, Microsoft
Powerpoint, Canva and Google Slides

PowerPoint presentation slides are broadly classified into 3 categories: Text, Visual,
and Mixed slides.
 Text slides. As the name suggests, this category of slides involve words or texts.
 Visual slides. ...
 Mixed slides.
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The definition of a slide is a smooth movement or a surface designed for a smooth
movement. An example of a slide is when a window is pushed up to let in the breeze. An
example of a slide is a piece of playground equipment that children ride down.

Microsoft PowerPoint is a powerful slide show presentation program. It is a standard

component of the company's Microsoft Office suite software, and is bundled together with
Word, Excel, and other office productivity tools. The program uses slides to convey
information rich in multimedia.

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 SPREADSHEET OR EXCEL APPLICATION
Excel is an incredibly powerful tool for getting meaning out of vast amounts of data. But it
also works really well for simple calculations and tracking almost any kind of information.
The key for unlocking all that potential is the grid of cells. Cells can contain numbers, text,
or formulas. You put data in your cells and group them in rows and columns. That allows
you to add up your data, sort and filter it, put it in tables, and build great-looking charts. Let’s
go through the basic steps to get you started.

Opening a spreadsheet
When you first open Excel (by double-clicking the icon or selecting it from the Start menu),
the application will ask what you want to do.

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If you want to open a new spreadsheet, click Blank workbook.

To open an existing spreadsheet (like the example workbook you just downloaded),
click Open Other Workbooks in the lower-left corner, then click Browse on the left side of
the resulting window.

Then use the file explorer to find the workbook you’re looking for, select it, and click Open.

Workbooks vs. spreadsheets

There’s something we should clear up before we move on.

A workbook is an Excel file. It usually has a file extension of .XLSX (if you’re using an
older version of Excel, it could be .XLS).

A spreadsheet is a single sheet inside a workbook. There can be many sheets inside of a
workbook, and they’re accessed via the tabs at the bottom of the screen.

Working with the Ribbon

The Ribbon is the central control panel of Excel. You can do just about everything you need
to directly from the Ribbon.

Where is this powerful tool? At the top of the window:

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There are a number of tabs, including Home, Insert, Data, Review, and a few others. Each
tab contains different buttons.

There’s also a very useful search bar in the Ribbon. It says Tell me what you want to do.
Just type in what you’re looking for, and Excel will help you find it.

Most of the time, you’ll be in the Home tab of the Ribbon. But Formulas and Data are also

very useful (we’ll be talking about formulas shortly).

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 Pro tip: Ribbon sections

In addition to tabs, the Ribbon also has some smaller sections. And when you’re looking for
something specific, those sections can help you find it.

For example, if you’re looking for sorting and filtering options, you don’t want to hover over
dozens of buttons finding out what they do.

Instead, skim through the section names until you find what you’re looking for:

Managing your sheets

As we saw, workbooks can contain multiple sheets.

You can manage those sheets with the sheet tabs near the bottom of the screen. Click a tab to
open that particular worksheet.

If you’re using our example workbook, you’ll see two sheets, called Welcome and Thank
You:

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To add a new worksheet, click the + (plus) button at the end of the list of sheets.

You can also reorder the sheets in your workbook by dragging them to a new location.

And if you right-click a worksheet tab, you’ll get a number of options:

For now, don’t worry too much about these options. Rename and Delete are useful, but the
rest needn’t concern you.

Entering data
Now it’s time to enter some data!

And while entering data is one of the most central and important things you can do in Excel,
it’s almost effortless.

Just click into a blank cell and start typing.

You can also copy (Ctrl + C), cut (Ctrl + X), and paste (Ctrl + V) any data you’d like (or
read our.

Try copying and pasting the data from the example spreadsheet into another column.

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You can also copy data from other programs into Excel.

Try copying this list of numbers and pasting it into your sheet:

 17
 24
 9
 00
 3
 12

Basic calculations
Now that we’ve seen how to get some basic data into our spreadsheet, we’re going to do
some things with it.

Running basic calculations in Excel is easy. First, we’ll look at how to add two numbers.

Important: start calculations with = (equals)

When you’re running a calculation (or a formula, which we’ll discuss next), the first thing
you need to type is an equals sign. This tells Excel to get ready to run some sort of
calculation.

So when you see something like =MEDIAN(A2:A51), make sure you type it exactly as it is
—including the equals sign.

Let’s add 3 and 4. Type the following formula in a blank cell:

=3+4

Then hit Enter.

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When you hit Enter, Excel evaluates your equation and displays the result, 7.

But if you look above at the formula bar, you’ll still see the original formula.

That’s a useful thing to keep in mind, in case you forget what you typed originally.

You can also edit a cell in the formula bar. Click on any cell, then click into the formula bar
and start typing.

Performing subtraction, multiplication, and division is just as easy. Try these formulas:

 =4-6
 =2*5
 =-10/3

Now let’s try something different. Open up the first sheet in the example workbook, click
into cell C1, and type the following:

=A1+B1

Hit Enter.

You should get 82, the sum of the numbers in cells A1 and B1.

Now, change one of the numbers in A1 or B1 and watch what happens:

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Because you’re adding A1 and B1, Excel automatically updates the total when you change
the values in one of those cells.

Try doing different types of arithmetic on the other numbers in columns A and B using this
method.

Unlocking the power of functions

Excel’s greatest power lies in functions. These let you run complex calculations with a few
keypresses.

Many formulas take sets of numbers and give you information about them.

For example, the AVERAGE function gives you the average of a set of numbers. Let’s try
using it.

Click into an empty cell and type the following formula:

=AVERAGE(A1:A4)

Then hit Enter.

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The resulting number, 0.25, is the average of the numbers in cells A1, A2, A3, and A4.

Cell range notation

In the formula above, we used “A1:A4” to tell Excel to look at all the cells between A1 and
A4, including both of those cells. You can read it as “A1 through A4.”

You can also use this to include numbers in different columns. “A5:C7” includes A5, A6,
A7, B5, B6, B7, C5, C6, and C7.

There are also functions that work on text.

Let’s try the CONCATENATE function!

Click into cell C5 and type this formula:

=CONCATENATE(A5, ” “, B5)

Then hit Enter.

You’ll see the message “Welcome to Spreadsheeto” in the cell.

How did this happen? CONCATENATE takes cells with text in them and puts them
together.

We put the contents of A5 and B5 together. But because we also needed a space between
“to” and “Spreadsheeto,” we included a third argument: the space between two quotes.

Excel has dozens of useful functions. To find the function that will solve a particular
problem, head to the Formulas tab and click on one of the icons:

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Scroll through the list of available functions, and select the one you want (you may have to
look around for a while).

Then Excel will help you get the right numbers in the right places:

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If you start typing a formula, starting with the equals sign, Excel will help you by showing
you some possible functions that you might be looking for:

And finally, once you’ve typed the name of a formula and the opening parenthesis, Excel
will tell you which arguments need to go where:

If you’ve never used a function before, it might be difficult to interpret Excel’s reminders.
But once you get more experience, it’ll become clear.

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 Saving and sharing your work
After you’ve done a bunch of work with your spreadsheet, you’re going to want to save your
changes.

Hit Ctrl + S to save. If you haven’t yet saved your spreadsheet, you’ll be asked where you
want to save it and what you want to call it.

You can also click the Save button in the Quick Access Toolbar:

The easiest way to share your spreadsheets is via OneDrive.

Click the Share button in the top-right corner of the window, and Excel will walk you
through sharing your document.

You can also save your document and email it, or use any other cloud service to share it
with others.

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 Computer Networking
Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and
share resources with each other. These networked devices use a system of rules, called
communications protocols, to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies.

How does a computer network work?

Nodes and links are the basic building blocks in computer networking. A network node may
be data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub or, switch, or data terminal
equipment (DTE) such as two or more computers and printers. A link refers to the
transmission media connecting two nodes. Links may be physical, like cable wires or optical
fibers, or free space used by wireless networks.

In a working computer network, nodes follow a set of rules or protocols that define how to
send and receive electronic data via the links. The computer network architecture defines the
design of these physical and logical components. It provides the specifications for the
network’s physical components, functional organization, protocols, and procedures.

What do computer networks do?

Computer networks were first created in the late 1950s for use in the military and defense.
They were initially used to transmit data over telephone lines and had limited commercial
and scientific applications. With the advent of internet technologies, a computer network has
become indispensable for enterprises.
Modern-day network solutions deliver more than connectivity. They are critical for the
digital transformation and success of businesses today. Underlying network capabilities have
become more programmable, automated, and secure.
Modern computer networks can:

Operate virtually
The underlying physical network infrastructure can be logically partitioned to create multiple
"overlay" networks. In an overlay computer network, the nodes are virtually linked, and data
can be transmitted between them through multiple physical paths. For example, many
enterprise networks are overlaid on the internet.

Integrate on a large scale

Modern networking services connect physically distributed computer networks. These
services can optimize network functions through automation and monitoring to create one
large-scale, high-performance network. Network services can be scaled up or down based on
demand.

Respond quickly to changing conditions

Many computer networks are software-defined. Traffic can be routed and controlled centrally
using a digital interface. These computer networks support virtual traffic management.

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Provide data security
All networking solutions come with in-built security features like encryption and access
control. Third-party solutions like antivirus software, firewalls, and antimalware can be
integrated to make the network more secure.

What are the types of computer network architecture?

Computer network design falls under two broad categories:

1. Client-server architecture
In this type of computer network, nodes may be servers or clients. Server nodes provide
resources like memory, processing power, or data to client nodes. Server nodes may also
manage client node behavior. Clients may communicate with each other, but they do not
share resources. For example, some computer devices in enterprise networks store data and
configuration settings. These devices are the servers in the network. Clients may access this
data by making a request to the server machine.

2. Peer-to-peer architecture
In Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture, connected computers have equal powers and privileges.
There is no central server for coordination. Each device in the computer network can act as
either client or server. Each peer may share some of its resources, like memory and
processing power, with the entire computer network. For example, some companies use P2P
architecture to host memory-consuming applications, such as 3-D graphic rendering, across
multiple digital devices.

What is network topology?

The arrangement of nodes and links is called network topology. They can be configured in
different ways to get different outcomes. Some types of network topologies are:

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Bus topology
Each node is linked to one other node only. Data transmission over the network connections
occurs in one direction.

Ring topology
Each node is linked to two other nodes, forming a ring. Data can flow bi-directionally.
However, single node failure can bring down the entire network.

Star topology
A central server node is linked to multiple client network devices. This topology performs
better as data doesn’t have to go through each node. It is also more reliable.

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Mesh topology
Every node is connected to many other nodes. In a full mesh topology, every node is
connected to every other node in the network.

Tree topology
A tree topology is a special type of structure where many connected elements are arranged
like the branches of a tree. For example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize the
computers in a corporate network, or the information in a database.

In a tree topology, there can be only one connection between any two connected nodes.
Because any two nodes can have only one mutual connection, tree topologies create a
natural parent and child hierarchy.

Hybrid Topology

A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more differing
network topologies. These topologies can include a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring
topology, star topology, and tree topology.

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The choice to use a hybrid topology over a standard topology depends on the needs of a
business, school, or the users. The number of computers, their location, and desired network
performance are all factors in the decision.

Types of hybrid topologies

The two most commonly used types of hybrid topologies are the following.

Star-Ring hybrid topology

A star-ring hybrid topology is a combination of the star topology and ring topology. Two or
more star topologies are connected together through a ring topology.

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 Star-Bus hybrid topology
A star-bus hybrid topology is a combination of the star topology and bus topology. Two or more star
topologies are connected together through a bus topology.

What is an enterprise private network?

An enterprise private network is the internal network for any organization. It includes the
physical and virtual network infrastructure that enables organizations to:

 Run cloud-based applications

 Analyze system performance
 Share information internally and externally
 Facilitate communication between employees
 Communicate with external stakeholders

What are the types of enterprise computer networks?

Depending on the organization's size and requirements, there are three common types of
enterprise private networks:

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Local area network (LAN)
A LAN is an interconnected system limited in size and geography. It typically connects
computers and devices within a single office or building. It is used by small companies or as
a test network for small-scale prototyping.

Wide area networks (WAN)

An enterprise network spanning buildings, cities, and even countries, is called a wide area
network (WAN). While local area networks are used to transmit data at higher speeds within
close proximity, WANs are set up for long-distance communication that is secure and
dependable.
SD-WAN or software-defined WAN is virtual WAN architecture controlled by software
technologies. An SD-WAN offers more flexible and dependable connectivity services that
can be controlled at the application level without sacrificing security and quality of service.

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that is larger than a single
building local area network (LAN) but is located in a single geographic area that is smaller
than a wide area network (WAN). Generally, it is several LANs interconnected by
dedicated backbone connections. It may also refer to public use networking infrastructure in
a municipality or region.

Personal Area Networks

A personal area network is a network concerned with the exchange of information
in the vicinity of a person. Typically, these systems are wireless and involve the
transmission of data between devices such as smart phones, personal computers,
tablet computers, etc. The purpose of such a network is usually to allow either
transmission of data or information between such devices or to serve as the network
that allows further up link to the Internet.

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Campus Area Network
A campus area network (CAN) is a network of multiple interconnected local area networks
(LAN) in a limited geographical area. A CAN is smaller than a wide area network (WAN) or
metropolitan area network (MAN).
A CAN is also known as a corporate area network (CAN).

Service provider networks

Service provider networks allow customers to lease network capacity and functionality from
the provider. Network service providers may consist of telecommunications companies, data
carriers, wireless communications providers, Internet service providers, and cable television
operators offering high-speed Internet access.

Cloud networks
Conceptually, a cloud network can be seen as a WAN with its infrastructure delivered by a
cloud-based service. Some or all of an organization’s network capabilities and resources are
hosted in a public or private cloud platform and made available on demand. These network
resources can include virtual routers, firewalls, bandwidth, and network management
software, with other tools and functions available as required.
Businesses today use cloud networks to accelerate time-to-market, increase scale, and
manage costs effectively. The cloud network model has become the standard approach for
building and delivering applications for modern enterprises.

What are AWS (Amazon Web Services) computer networking services?

AWS networking services are designed to provide enterprises with:

Network security
AWS infrastructure is monitored 24/7 to help ensure confidentiality and integrity and to meet
the highest global network security standards.

Network availability
AWS has the global infrastructure required to deliver high availability anywhere in the
world.

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Network performance
AWS network services deliver high-speed performance with minimal lag time.

How to use AWS networking services?

AWS networking services are available for the following use cases:

Networking foundations
These services offer solutions for Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs) and for linking on-premise
networks with VPCs. Amazon VPC, AWS transit gateway, and AWS private link provide
optimized solutions to meet your networking requirements.

Network security
Services like AWS shield, AWS WAF, and AWS firewall manager protect your AWS cloud
network and applications against cyber-attacks.

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