Math 

1314 
 
College Algebra 
 
Problems and 
Answers 
 
Fall 2010 
 
LSC – North Harris 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Material taken from: 
 
Weltman, Perez, Tiballi  
unpublished material 
 
“College Algebra” version  7   
3

by Stitz and Zeager 
 
 
Go to LSC‐North Harris Math Department 
website for updated and corrected 
versions of this material. 
 
Math Dept Website:  nhmath.lonestar.edu 
 
Page 13
Page 14
 Section 2.4-Absolute Value

5 5
1. x = 8 or x = −8 3. x = 6 or x = −6 5. x = or x = −
4 4
7
7. x = 4 or x = −3 9. x = 10 or x = −2 11. x = or x = −2
2
−8 10 14
13. x = −2 or x = 15. No solution 17. x = or x = −
3 3 3
8 5 14 8
19. x = 8 or x = − 21. x = − 23. x = or x =
3 2 5 5
4 2 10
25. x = or x = − 27. x = 5 or x = −4 29. x = −2 or x = −
15 3 3
1 17 −13
31. x = 33. No solution 35. x = or x =
3 12 12
11
37. x = 3 or x = −1 39. x = 2 or x = 4 41. x =−
2
5 1 11
43. x = or x = 45. x = 3 or x = −
3 5 7

51. ( −5, 5) 53. ( −∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

55. [ −4, 2] 57. [ −5, 9]

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -6-5-4-3-2-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 x

59. ( −∞,11⎤⎦ ∪[1, ∞) 61. ( −∞, 5⎤⎦ ∪[ 7, ∞)

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 x -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 x

1
63. ( −5, 4 ) 65. x =
3
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x -1 -2 -1 1 2 1 x
3 3 3 3
⎛ 11 ⎞
67. No Solution 69. ⎜ 3, ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ 2 7 8 3 10 11 4 x
3 3 3 3

Page 15
 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
71. ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ (3, ∞ ) 73. x ≠ − or ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ − , ∞ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -2 -3 -1 -1 1 1 3 2 x
2 2 2 2

( −∞, −2⎤⎦ ∪ ⎡⎢ 3 , ∞ ⎞⎟
2
75. ( −∞, ∞ ) 77.
⎣ ⎠
-4 -2 2 4 x
2/3
⎛ −7 ⎞
79. ( 4,8) 81. ⎜ ,1⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 x
-3 -8 -7 -2 -5 -4 -1 -2 -1 12 1 x
3 3 33 33 33

⎛ 9⎤ ⎡7 ⎞
83. ( −∞, −1⎤⎦ ∪[5, ∞) 85. ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟
⎝ 4⎦ ⎣4 ⎠

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x

87. ( −9, −1) 89. ( −1, 5)

x -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

⎛ 10 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎞
91. ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ 93. ( −∞, 0 ) ∪ (1, ∞)
⎝ 3 ⎦ ⎣3 ⎠

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x

Page 16
 Absolute Value Inequalities

Solve the inequalities. Graph your answer on a number line. Write answers
in interval notation.

1. x ≤3 18. 3 x −1 − 2 > 4

2. x <5 19. 9 − 2 x − 2 ≥ −1

3. x +2 ≤7 20. 2 x +4 −5 > 8

4. 3x − 5 < 10 21. 2x − 3 < 12

x −2 22. 2x + 5 ≥ 9
5. <4
3
23. 2 x − 3 + 5 ≤ 13
6. 2x + 3 ≤ 10
24. 4 x − 1 − 7 > 13
7. 4 x +2 −3 < 9
25. 2x + 1 + 12 = 5
8. 3 x − 1 + 7 ≤ 10
26. 4− 5−x =4
9. 1 − 4 x − 7 < −2
27. − 2x − 5 ≤ 6
10. 1 − 2x − 4 ≤ −1
x
28. +1 ≥ 0
11. x ≥4 2
12. x >7 29. 6 + 7x ≤ 0

13. x +1 ≥ 8 30. x+2 +6>3

14. 2x − 1 ≥ 7 31. 6+ 8+ x ≤ 4

x −1 32. x +1 > 0
15. >3
5
33. 3 x +1 + 5 < 5
16. 3x + 4 ≥ 8
34. 47 − x + 9 < 5
17. 2 x + 10 ≥ 16

Page 17
 Absolute Value Inequalities- Answers

1. [ −3,3] 17. ( −∞, −18] ∪ [ −2, ∞ )

2. ( −5,5 ) 18. ( −∞, −1) ∪ (3, ∞ )
3. [ −9,5] 19. ( −∞,4 ] ∪ [5, ∞ )
 5   21   5 
4.  − 3 ,5  20.  −∞, −  ∪  , ∞ 
   2  2 

5. ( −10,14 )  9 15 
21.  − , 
 2 2
 13 7 
6. − 2 , 2  22. ( −∞, −7] ∪ [2, ∞ )
 
7. ( −5,1) 23. [ −1,7]
8. [0,2] 24. ( −∞, −4 ) ∪ ( 6, ∞ )
 3 25. ∅
9.  −1, 2 
  26. x =5
10. [ −1,2] 27. ( −∞, ∞ )
11. ( −∞, −4 ] ∪ [4, ∞ ) 28. ( −∞, ∞ )
12. ( −∞, −7 ) ∪ (7, ∞ ) 29. x = −
6
7
13. ( −∞, −9] ∪ [7, ∞ )
30. ( −∞, ∞ )
14. ( −∞, −3] ∪ [4, ∞ )
31. ∅
15. ( −∞, −14 ) ∪ (16, ∞ ) 32. ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( −1, ∞ )
4 
16. ( −∞, −4 ] ∪ ,∞  33. ∅
3 
34. ∅

Page 18
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
 Section 2.5—Quadratic Equations

 1 
1.  ,5 29. 2  2  7 
57. 0, 
 3   2 
 1 
 1 3 31.   i   3  i 
3.  ,    3  59.  
 2 2  2 

1 
33. 2  2  2  5 
5.  , 0  61.  
4   3 
35. 6, 2
7. 2, 2
37. 3  10 63. 4  2
9. 1, 4
4 
39. 5  3i 65.  , 0 
3 
11. 4,5
 5  13 
41.   1  3 
3   67.  
13.   2
2  2 
 2  3 
15. 7,3 43.    1  5i 
69.  
 2   3 
17.  13  5  57   3 7 
45.   71.  
 4   7 
 3 5 
19.  
 5   1  i 59   1  2i 
47.   73.  
 6   3 
 11 
21.  
 2 

49. 1  3   1 
75.  , 3
2 
23. 3  7  51. 4  i
 1  i 
77.  
25. 2,1 5  2 
53.  
2
 3  6 
27.  
 2  55. 3  i 5

Page 34
Page 44
Page 45
 Section 2.7—Miscellaneous Equations

⎧ −2 ⎫
1. ⎨0, ,3⎬
⎩ 5 ⎭
19. {4} 41. {± 2 ± 13 } ⎧ 1 3⎫
59. ⎨− , ⎬
⎩ 3 5⎭
21. {9}
3. {0, −5, −2} ⎧⎪ −7 ± 3 ⎫⎪ 61. {−7,3}
43. ⎨± ⎬
23. {−1} ⎪⎩ 2
⎭⎪
⎧ −3 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
5. ⎨ ,1, −1⎬ 63. ⎨ , 2 ⎬
⎩2 ⎭ 25. {6} ⎧ 1 ⎫
45. ⎨− ,8⎬
⎩2 ⎭
⎩ 27 ⎭
⎧ −2 2 ⎫
7. ⎨ 2, , ⎬ 27. {−1} 65. {−1,15}
⎩ 3 3⎭ ⎧ 27 1 ⎫
47. ⎨ − , − ⎬
29. {32} ⎩ 8 8⎭ 67. {−16,11}
⎧1 ⎫
9. ⎨ , ±2i ⎬
⎩ 3 ⎭
31. {3} ⎧1 ⎫
49. ⎨ , 4 ⎬
69. {−31,33}
⎩4 ⎭
11.
⎧ 80 ⎫
33. {−1} 71. ⎨ ⎬
⎧⎪ −1 i 3 ⎫⎪
⎨−3,1, ± ⎬
51. {9} ⎩3⎭
⎪⎩ 2 2 ⎪⎭
35. {3}
⎧2 ⎫
53. ⎨ , −3⎬
13. ⎩3 ⎭
⎧ 1 ⎫
⎧ 1 ⎫ 37. ⎨± , ±2 ⎬
⎨−2, ,1 ± i 3 ⎬ ⎩ 3 ⎭ ⎧1 ⎫
⎩ 2 ⎭ 55. ⎨ , 2 ⎬
⎩4 ⎭
⎧ 3 ⎫
⎧ −5 ⎫ 39. ⎨± , ±i ⎬
15. ⎨ ⎬ ⎩ 2 ⎭
⎩2⎭ ⎧ 9 15 ⎫
57. ⎨ , ⎬
⎩4 4 ⎭
17. ∅

Page 46
 Quadratic Types of Equations

Find all solutions of the equation.

1. x 4 − 13x 2 + 40 = 0 14. 10x −2 − x −1 − 24 = 0

2. x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0 15. 3x
−2
− 7x −1 − 6 = 0
3. x 6 − 2x 3 − 3 = 0 16. 2x
−2
− 7 x −1 − 4 = 0
4. x 6 + 7x 3 − 8 = 0 17. 7x
−2
+ 19x −1 = 6
−2
5. 3x
2
3
+ 2x
1
3
=5 18. 5x − 43x −1 = 18
−2
4 2 19. 6x + x −1 = 2
6. x 3
− 5x 3
+6 =0
−4
1 1 20. 9x − 35x −2 − 4 = 0
7. x 2
− 2x 4
+1 = 0
( x + 2) + 7 ( x + 2 ) + 12 = 0
2
1 1
21.
8. x 2
− 4x 4
+4 =0
( 2 x + 5 ) − ( 2x + 5 ) − 6 = 0
2
1 1 22.
9. 4x 2
− 9x 4
+2=0
( ) − 6 ( 3x + 4 ) + 9 = 0
2
1 1 23. 3x + 4
10. x 2
− 3x 4
+2=0
(2 − x ) + ( 2 − x ) − 20 = 0
2
2 1 24.
11. 2x 3
− 5x 3
−3 = 0
( ) − 5 ( x + 1) = 3
2
2 1 25. 2 x + 1
12. 3x 3
+ 5x 3
−2 = 0
1 1
( x − 2 ) 2 = 11 ( x − 2 ) 4 − 18
4 2
13. 4 x 3
− 65x 3
+ 16 = 0 26.

Page 47
 Answers

Quadratic Types of Equations

1. x = ±2 2, ± 5 3 1
15. x=− ,
2 3
2. x = ±2, ±1
1
3. x = 3 3, −1 16. x = −2,
4
4. x = −2,1 7 1
17. x= ,−
125 2 3
5. x=− ,1
27 5 1
18. x=− ,
6. x = ±2 2, ±3 3 2 9
7. x =1 3
19. x = 2, −
8. x = 16 2

1 1
9. x= ,16 20. x = ±3i, ±
256 2

10. x = 16,1
21. x = −5, −6

1 7
11. x = − ,27 22. x = −1, −
8 2

1 1
12. x= , −8 23. x=−
27 3

1 24. x = 7, −2
13. x = ± , ±64
8 3
25. x = 2, −
2 5 2
14. x=− ,
3 8 26. x = 6563,18

Page 48
Page 60
Page 61
 Section 2.8-Polynomial and Rational Inequalities

 1
1.  2,  3.  , 4   (5, )
 3

-2 -5 -4 -1 -2 -1 1 2 1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 3 3 3 3 3
 9
5.  ,    ( 0,  ) 7.  1, 5
 2
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5 -9 -4 -7 -3 -5 -2 -3 -1 -1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

9. x 
1
2
11. 2  3, 2  3 
-1 -1 1 1
2 2 2– 3 2+ 3
13.  , 4  2    4  2,  15.  ,  

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
–4 – 2 –4 + 2

17. No Solution 19.  , 5  ( 3, 2)

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

21.  ,1  ( 2, 3) (3, ) 23.  1,  

-1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

 1 3 
25.  0,    ,   27.  , 5   3, 3
 2 2 

-1 -1 1 1 3 2 5 3 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2

29.  3,   31.  2, 5 

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6

Page 62
 1 
33.  , 1  ( 6, ) 35.  , 3   , 
 2 
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -4 -7 -3 -5 -2 -3 -1 -1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2

37.  6, 5  39.  , 6 

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4

41.  2, 4  43.  , 2  ( 4, )

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6

45.  , 10   ( 4, ) 47.  , 6  ( 1, 4)

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 -8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 123456

 13 
49.  , 4   ( 2, ) 51.  ,
 2 
  4,1
-6 -4 -2 2 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2

Page 63
Page 83
Page 84
Page 85
Page 86
 Section 3.1-Relations and Functions
1.

6
5
C 4 A
3
2
D
1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 B

3. d  10, M  (3, 1)

3
5. d  17, M  ( ,1)
2
7. d  2 29, M  (3,3)
 5 1 
9. d  7 2, M   , 
 2 2
109  11 1 
11. d  ,M   , 
12  8 4
13. d  23.05  4.8, M  (0.15, 2)
 5 
15. d  3 13, M   , 2 
 2 
 2x  h 
17. d  h, M   1 , y1 
 2 
19. B  (10,11)
11
21. ( , 6)
2
23. P  10  6 5, A  20
27. (7, 2);(9, 2)
29. (3,12);(3, 2)
31. (0,9);(0, 7)
37. Center  (3, 0); radius  37

Page 87
Page 98
In exercises 25-42 an equation and its graph are given. Find the intercepts of the graph, and
determine whether the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis, and/or the origin.

25. 26. 27.

6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 2 -2 4
-3 y=x -3 y=x y = 3 – |x|

28. 29. 30.

2 y = 2x y = –3x
x=y +2

31. 32. 33.

2 2
x +y =4
2
4x + 9y = 36
2 y=1
x

Page 99
34. 35. 36.

y= 4–x
x = |y| + 3

1
2
x +1

37. 38. 39.

2 2 2 2 2
x –y =1 y –x =1 x=y –4

40. 41. 42.

2 2
y= 4–x y=x +2
2
x= 4–y

Page 100
Page 101
In exercises 69-72, sketch a graph that is symmetric to the given graph with respect to the y-axis.
69. 70.

71. 72.

In exercises 73-76, sketch a graph that is symmetric to the given graph with respect to the x-axis.
73. 74.

Page 102
75. 76.

In exercises 77-80, sketch a graph that is symmetric to the given graph with respect to the origin.
77. 78.

79. 80.

Write Algebra

81. Explain what it means for the graph of an equation to be symmetric with respect to the

y-axis, x-axis, or the origin.

82. How do you find the intercepts of the graph of an equation?

83. Describe a strategy for finding the graph of an equation.

Page 103
 Section 3.2-Graphs of Equations
1. 3. 5.

4 4
3
3 3
2 2
1 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -6
-2 -2
-9
-3 -3
-4 -4 -12

7. 9. 11.

4
3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4

13. 15. 17.

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

Page 104
19. 21. 23.

6 6 4
5 5 3
4 4 2
3 3 1
2 2
1 1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -3
-2 -2 -4

25. (0, 0); symmetric with respect to y-axis
27. (0,3), ( 3, 0), (3, 0); symmetric with respect
to y-axis
29. (0, 0); symmetric with respect to origin
31. (0, 2), (2, 0), (2, 0); symmetric with respect to
y-axis, x-axis, and origin
33. No intercepts; symmetric with respect to origin
35. (3, 0); symmetric with respect to x-axis
37. ( 1, 0); symmetric with respect to y-axis, x-axis,
and origin
39. (0, 2), ( 4, 0); symmetric with respect to x-axis
41. (0, 2); symmetric with respect to y-axis

43. 45. 47.

2 6
1 5
4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 3
-1
2
-2 1
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4 -1

49. 51. 53.

4 4 8
3 3 7
6
2 2
5
1 1 4
3
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2
1
-2 -2
-3 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-4 -4 -2

Page 105
55. 57. 59.

8 4 4
7 3 3
6
2 2
5
4 1 1
3
2 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
1
-2 -2
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3 -3
-2 -4 -4

61. 63. 65.

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

67. 69. 71.

6
5
4
3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2

73.
75. 77.
79.

Page 106
Page 118
 Section 3.4-Relations and Functions
1. Yes, it is a function 15.
3. No, not a function f ( 3)  15
5. Yes, it is a function
7. Yes, it is a function f ( 0)  9
9. f ( 2)  5
f ( 3)  5
f ( x  1)  3x 2  5x  7
f ( 0)  4
f ( x )  f ( 2)
f ( 2)  10  3x  7
x 2
f ( x  1)  3x  1 f ( 3  h)  f ( 3)
 3h  17
f ( x )  f ( 2) h
3
x 2 f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 6x  3h  1
f ( 3  h)  f ( 3) h
3
h
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 17.
3 5
h f ( 3)  
11. 3
f ( 3)  13 f ( 0)  undefined
f ( 0)  5 f ( 2) 
5
f ( 2)  3 2
5
f ( x  1)  2x 2  4x  3 f ( x  1) 
x 1
f ( x )  f ( 2)
 2x  4 f ( x )  f ( 2) 5
x 2 
x 2 2x
f ( 3  h)  f ( 3)
 2h  12 f ( 3  h )  f ( 3) 5
h 
h 3( 3  h)
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 4x  2h f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 5
h 
13. h x ( x  h)
f ( 3)  10 19.
1
f ( 0 )  7 f ( 3)  
6
f ( 2)  5
1
f ( x  1)  x 2  2x  10 f ( 0)  
3
f ( x )  f ( 2) f ( 2)  1
 x 6
x 2 1
f ( 3  h)  f ( 3) f ( x  1) 
h2 x 4
h f ( x )  f ( 2) 1
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
 2x  h  4 x 2 x 3
h f ( 3  h )  f ( 3) 1

h 6( 6  h)
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 1

h ( x  3)( x  h  3)

Page 119
21.  5
f ( 3)  6 27.  , 
 2 
f ( 0)  0
29. ( , 2] [ 5,  )
2
f ( 2) 
3
31.  ,  
2x  2 33.  2,  
f ( x  1) 
x 3 35.  ,  

f (x ) f ( )2 4 37.  , 3  (3, 4) ( 4,  )

x 2 3( x  4)
39.  ,  
f ( 3  h)  f ( 3) 8
 41.  ,  
h (h  1)
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 8 43.  0, 3   3,  

h ( x  4)( x  h  4) 45.  5,  

23.  , 2   ( 2, )

25.  ,  

Page 120
50 Relations and Functions

1.5.1 Exercises
1.Additional Exercises
Suppose f is a function taken
that takes a realfrom
numberStitz and Zeager
x and performs Bookthree steps in
the following
the order given: (1) square root; (2) subtract 13; (3) make the quantity the denominator of
a fraction withproblems
Suggested numerator 4.are
Findp.
an expression
50: 5-10 for f (x) and find its domain.

2. Suppose g is a function that takes a real number x and performs the following three steps in
the order given: (1) subtract 13; (2) square root; (3) make the quantity the denominator of
a fraction with numerator 4. Find an expression for g(x) and find its domain.

3. Suppose h is a function that takes a real number x and performs the following three steps in
the order given: (1) square root; (2) make the quantity the denominator of a fraction with
numerator 4; (3) subtract 13. Find an expression for h(x) and find its domain.

4. Suppose k is a function that takes a real number x and performs the following three steps in
the order given: (1) make the quantity the denominator of a fraction with numerator 4; (2)
square root; (3) subtract 13. Find an expression for k(x) and find its domain.

5. For f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2, find and simplify the following:

(a) f (3) (d) f (4x) (g) f (x − 4)

(b) f (−1) (e) 4f (x) (h) f (x) − 4
(c) f 23 (i) f x2



(f) f (−x)

2
6. Repeat Exercise 5 above for f (x) =
x3
7. Let f (x) = 3x2 + 3x − 2. Find and simplify the following:
2


(a) f (2) (d) 2f (a) (g) f a
(b) f (−2) (e) f (a + 2) f (a)
(h) 2
(c) f (2a) (f) f (a) + f (2) (i) f (a + h)

 √ x + 5,
 x ≤ −3
8. Let f (x) = 2
9 − x , −3 < x ≤ 3

−x + 5, x>3


(a) f (−4) (c) f (3) (e) f (−3.001)

(b) f (−3) (d) f (3.001) (f) f (2)

Page 121
1.5 Function Notation 51


 √
 x2 if x ≤ −1
9. Let f (x) = 1 − x2 if −1 < x ≤ 1 Compute the following function values.

x if x>1


(a) f (4) (d) f (0)

(b) f (−3) (e) f (−1)
(c) f (1) (f) f (−0.999)

10. Find the (implied) domain of the function.

(a) f (x) = x4 − 13x3 + 56x2 − 19 t

(j) s(t) =
t−8
(b) f (x) = x2 + 4 √
x+4 r
(c) f (x) = 2 (k) Q(r) =
x − 36 r−8
√ θ
(d) f (x) = 6x − 2 (l) b(θ) = √
6 θ−8
(e) f (x) = √
y
r
6x − 2 (m) α(y) = 3
√
3 y−8
(f) f (x) = 6x − 2
√ √
6 (n) A(x) = x − 7 + 9 − x
(g) f (x) = √
4 − 6x − 2 1
√ (o) g(v) =
6x − 2 1
(h) f (x) = 2 4− 2
x − 36 v
√3
6x − 2 w−8
(i) f (x) = 2 (p) u(w) = √
x + 36 5− w

11. The population of Sasquatch in Portage County can be modeled by the function P (t) =
150t
, where t = 0 represents the year 1803. What is the applied domain of P ? What range
t + 15
“makes sense” for this function? What does P (0) represent? What does P (205) represent?

12. Recall that the integers is the set of numbers Z = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.8 The
greatest integer of x, bxc, is defined to be the largest integer k with k ≤ x.

(a) Find b0.785c, b117c, b−2.001c, and bπ + 6c

(b) Discuss with your classmates how bxc may be described as a piece-wise defined function.
HINT: There are infinitely many pieces!
(c) Is ba + bc = bac + bbc always true? What if a or b is an integer? Test some values, make
a conjecture, and explain your result.
8
The use of the letter Z for the integers is ostensibly because the German word zahlen means ‘to count.’

Page 122
1.5 Function Notation 53

1.5.2 Answers
4 4
1. f (x) = √ 3. h(x) = √ − 13
x − 13 x
Domain: [0, 169) ∪ (169, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)
r
4 4
2. g(x) = √ 4. k(x) = − 13
x − 13 x
Domain: (13, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)

5. (a) 2 (d) 16x2 − 12x + 2 (g) x2 − 11x + 30

(b) 6 (e) 4x2 − 12x + 8 (h) x2 − 3x − 2
1
(c) − (f) x2 + 3x + 2 (i) x4 − 3x2 + 2
4
2 2
6. (a) (f) −
27 x3
(b) −2 2 2
16 (g) = 3
(c) (x − 4)3 x − 12x2 + 48x − 64
27 2 2 − 4x3
1 (h) 3 − 4 =
(d) x x3
32x3 2
8 (i) 6
(e) x
x3
7. (a) 16 (f) 3a2 + 3a + 14
(b) 4 (g) 12
+ a6 − 2
a2
(c) 12a2 + 6a − 2 3a2 3a
(h) 2 + 2 −1
(d) 6a2 + 6a − 4
(i) 3a2 + 6ah + 3h2 + 3a + 3h − 2
(e) 3a2 + 15a + 16

8. (a) f (−4) = 1 (c) f (3) = 0 (e) f (−3.001) = 1.999

(b) f (−3) = 2 (d) f (3.001) = 1.999 √
(f) f (2) = 5

9. (a) f (4) = 4 (d) f (0) = 1

(b) f (−3) = 9 (e) f (−1) = 1
(c) f (1) = 0 (f) f (−0.999) ≈ 0.0447101778

Page 123
54 Relations and Functions

10. (a) (−∞, ∞) (i) (−∞, ∞)

(b) (−∞, ∞) (j) (−∞, 8) ∪ (8, ∞)
(c) (−∞, −6) ∪ (−6, 6) ∪ (6, ∞) (k) [0, 8) ∪ (8, ∞)
(d) 13 , ∞


(l) (8, ∞)
(e) 13 , ∞


(m) (−∞, 8) ∪ (8, ∞)
(f) (−∞, ∞) (n) [7, 9]
(g) 31 , 3 ∪ (3, ∞) (o) −∞, − 12 ∪ − 12 , 0 ∪ 0, 12 ∪ 1






2, ∞
(h) 13 , 6 ∪ (6, ∞)


(p) [0, 25) ∪ (25, ∞)

11. The applied domain of P is [0, ∞). The range is some subset of the natural numbers because
we cannot have fractional Sasquatch. This was a bit of a trick question and we’ll address the
notion of mathematical modeling more thoroughly in later chapters. P (0) = 0 means that
there were no Sasquatch in Portage County in 1803. P (205) ≈ 139.77 would mean there were
139 or 140 Sasquatch in Portage County in 2008.

12. (a) b0.785c = 0, b117c = 117, b−2.001c = −3, and bπ + 6c = 9

Page 124
1.6 Function Arithmetic Taken from Stitz and Zeager 61

f (x + h) − f (x)
4. Find and simplify the difference quotient for the following functions.
h
(a) f (x) = 2x − 5 3
(h) f (x) =
(b) f (x) = −3x + 5 1−x
x
(c) f (x) = 6 (i) f (x) =
x−9
(d) f (x) = 3x2 − x √ 3
(e) f (x) = −x2 + 2x − 1 (j) f (x) = x
(f) f (x) = x3 + 1 (k) f (x) = mx + b where m 6= 0
2
(g) f (x) = (l) f (x) = ax2 + bx + c where a 6= 0
x

3
Rationalize the numerator. It won’t look ‘simplified’ per se, but work through until you can cancel the ‘h’.

Page 125
1.6 Function Arithmetic ANSWERS 63

4. (a) 2 3
(h)
(b) −3 (1 − x − h)(1 − x)
−9
(c) 0 (i)
(x − 9)(x + h − 9)
(d) 6x + 3h − 1
1
(e) −2x − h + 2 (j) √ √
x+h+ x
(f) 3x2 + 3xh + h2
2 (k) m
(g) −
x(x + h) (l) 2ax + ah + b

Page 126
 Domain of a Function

Find the domain of the following (write answers in interval

notation):

2x 5x + 7
1. f (x ) = 2
14. f (x ) =
x + 5x + 6 x2 − 9
x
2. f (x ) = 15. f (x ) = x 2 − 4
9 − x2
3x + 7 16. f ( x ) = 12x 2 + 11x − 5
3. f (x ) = 2
x − 6x − 27
17. f ( x ) = x 2 + 5x + 6
x +8
4. f (x ) =
8 x − 2x 2 − 3 x
3
18. f ( x ) = x 2 − 3x − 4
4x
5. f (x ) = 2
19. f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x − 8
x − 25
6. f ( x ) = 3x − 5 20. f (x ) = 9 − x2

7. f (x ) = x + 5 21. f ( x ) = 100 − x 2

8. f ( x ) = 3x − 7 22. f ( x) = x2 + 4
9. f ( x ) = 12x − 24
23. f ( x ) = 6x 2 − x − 12
10. f ( x ) = −9x + 27
24. f ( x ) = 15x 2 − 4 x − 3
11. f (x ) = 5 x − 2
x −5
1 25. f (x ) = 2
12. f (x ) = x − 121
3x + 1
26. f ( x ) = 4 3x − 15
12x
13. f (x ) =
x −5

Page 127
 Domain of a Function-Answers

1. ( −∞, −3 ) ∪ ( −3, −2 ) ∪ ( −2, ∞ ) 15. ( −∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞ )

2. ( −∞, −3 ) ∪ ( −3,3) ∪ (3, ∞ )  5  1 
16.  −∞, − 4  ∪  3 , ∞ 
   
3. ( −∞, −3 ) ∪ ( −3,9 ) ∪ ( 9, ∞ )
17. ( −∞, −3] ∪ [ −2, ∞ )
 1  1   3 3 
4.  −∞, − 2  ∪  − 2 ,0  ∪  0, 4  ∪  4 , ∞  18. ( −∞, −1] ∪ [4, ∞ )
       
19. ( −∞, −2] ∪ [4, ∞ )
5. ( −∞, −5 ) ∪ ( −5,5) ∪ (5, ∞ ) 20. [ −3,3]
6. ( −∞, ∞ ) 21. [ −10,10]
7. [ −5, ∞ )
22. ( −∞, ∞ )
7 
8. 3 ,∞   4  3 
  23.  −∞, − 3  ∪  2 , ∞ 
   
9. [2, ∞ )
 1  3 
10. ( −∞,3]
24.  −∞, − 3  ∪  5 , ∞ 
   

11. ( −∞, ∞ ) 25. [5,11) ∪ (11,∞ )

 1  26. [5, ∞ )
12.  − , ∞ 
 3 
13. (5,∞ )
14. ( −∞, −3 ) ∪ (3, ∞ )

Page 128
Page 139
Page 140
In exercises 21-38 determine the domain and range of each functions whose graph is given.
Express your answers using interval notation.

21. 22. 23.

6 5
5
4 5 4
3 4 3
2 3 2
1 2 1
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -2
-3 -3
-4 -2 -4
-5 -3 -5

24. 25. 26.

5 4 4
4 3 3
3 2 2
2 1
1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2
-2
-3
-4 -3 -3
-5 -4 -4

27. 28. 29.

4 4
4
3 3
3
2
2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

Page 141
30. 31. 32.

4
4 3
3
3 2
2 1 2
1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2 -3
-3 -4 -2
-4 -3

33. 34. 35.

3 5
5
2 4 4
1 3 3
2 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 1 1
-1
-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-3 -2 -2

36. 37. 38.

5 3 3
4
2 2
3
2 1 1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -1 -1
-1
-2 -2 -2

Page 142
In exercises 39-40, use the graphs to determine the intervals where each function is increasing,
decreasing, or constant. Express your answers using interval notation.

39. 40.
6
6 G(x) F(x)
4
4
2
2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2 -2

-4
-4
-6

Sketch the following piecewise functions:

⎧2x + 1 if x ≤ 0 ⎧2x − 1 if x ≠ 2 ⎧−2x + 5 if x < 0
41. f ( x ) = ⎨ 49. f ( x ) = ⎨ ⎪
⎩5 − x if x > 0 ⎩5 if x = 2 54. f ( x ) = ⎨5 if 0 ≤ x < 4
⎪x − 2 if x ≥ 4
⎧−3 − x if x ≤ 0 ⎧⎪x 2 ⎩
if x ≠ 0
42. f ( x ) = ⎨ 50. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩x + 2 if x > 0 ⎪⎩3 if x = 0 ⎧−1 if x < −1
⎪
55. f ( x ) = ⎨x if − 1 ≤ x < 1
⎧ x + 1 if x ≤ 2 ⎧x 2 if x ≠ 1 ⎪1
43. f ( x ) = ⎨ 51. f ( x ) = ⎨ ⎩ if x ≥ 1
⎩ −3x + 9 if x > 2 ⎩4 if x = 1
⎧−x + 1 if x ≤ −2
⎧3 − x if x ≤ 2 ⎧1 ⎪
44. f ( x ) = ⎨ 56. f ( x ) = ⎨3 if − 2 < x < 3
⎩3x − 5 if x > 2 ⎪ 2 x + 5 if x < −2
⎪ ⎪
52. f ( x ) = ⎨ −3x + 7 if − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⎩−2x + 9 if x ≥ 3
⎧⎪3x if x ≤ 1 ⎪x + 1
45. f ( x ) = ⎨ 2 if x > 3 ⎧2x + 4 if x ≤ −1
⎪⎩ x if x > 1 ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 57. f ( x ) = ⎨2 if − 1 < x < 2
⎧4 if x ≤ −2 ⎪−x + 4 if x ≥ 2
46. f ( x ) = ⎨ ⎧x + 6 if x < −4 ⎩
⎩2 − x if x > −2 ⎪
⎪1
53. f ( x ) = ⎨ x + 7 if − 4 ≤ x ≤ 2
⎧3x + 5 if x ≤ −2 ⎪2
47. f ( x ) = ⎨ ⎪⎩−x + 5 if x > 2
⎩−1 if x > −2

⎧ x + 4 if x ≠ 1
48. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩ −1 if x = 1

Page 143
 Section 3.5-Interpreting Graphs

1. 3 D = ( −∞, ∞ )
27.
3. 3 R = [ −4, ∞ )
5. 1 D = [ −3, 3]
29.
7. −2 R = [ −1, 2]
9. −4 D = ( −∞, ∞ )
31.
11. Yes, it is a function R = {All integers}
13. No, not a function
15. Yes, it is a function D = ( −∞, ∞ )
17. Yes, it is a function 33.
R = ⎡⎣ −1⎤⎦ ∪[ 0, ∞ )
19. No, not a function
D = ( −∞, ∞ )
D = ( −∞, ∞ ) 35.
21. R = ( −∞, 2)∪ ( 2, ∞ )
R = [ −4, ∞ )
D = [ 0, 4]
D = ( −∞, ∞ ) 37.
23. R = [ 0, 2]
R = [ 0, ∞ )
Intervals of Increasing: ( −4, −1)
D = ( −∞, ∞ )
25. 39. Intervals of Decreasing: ( 2, ∞ )
R = ( −∞, ∞ )
Intervals of Constant: ( −∞, −4 ) ∪ ( −1, 2)

⎧2x + 1 if x ≤ 0 ⎧x + 1 if x ≤ 2 ⎧3x if x ≤ 1
41. f ( x ) = ⎨ 43. f ( x ) = ⎨ 45. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩5 − x if x > 0 ⎩−3x + 9 if x > 2
2
⎩x if x > 1

Page 144
 ⎧3x + 5 if x ≤ −2 ⎧2x − 1 if x ≠ 2 ⎧x 2 if x ≠ 1
47. f ( x ) = ⎨ 49. f ( x ) = ⎨ 51. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩−1 if x > −2 ⎩5 if x = 2 ⎩4 if x = 1

⎧x + 6 if x < −4
⎪ ⎧−1 if x < −1
⎪1 ⎪
53. f ( x ) = ⎨ x + 7 if − 4 ≤ x ≤ 2 55. f ( x ) = ⎨ x if − 1 ≤ x < 1
⎪2 ⎪1 if x ≥ 1
⎪⎩−x + 5 if x > 2 ⎩

⎧2x + 4 if x ≤ −1
⎪
57. f ( x ) = ⎨2 if − 1 < x < 2
⎪−x + 4 if x ≥ 2
⎩

Page 145
 1.7 Graphs of Functions 73

Example 1.7.4. Given the graph of y = f (x) below, answer all of the following questions.
y
4
(0, 3)
3

1
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1

−2

−3
(−4, −3) (4, −3)
−4

1. Find the domain of f . 9. List the intervals on which f is increasing.

2. Find the range of f .
10. List the intervals on which f is decreasing.
3. Determine f (2).
11. List the local maximums, if any exist.
4. List the x-intercepts, if any exist.
5. List the y-intercepts, if any exist. 12. List the local minimums, if any exist.

6. Find the zeros of f . 13. Find the maximum, if it exists.

7. Solve f (x) < 0.
14. Find the minimum, if it exists.
8. Determine the number of solutions to the
equation f (x) = 1. 15. Does f appear to be even, odd, or neither?

Additional
Solution. problems taken from Stitz and Zeager

Suggested
1. To find assignment:
the domain of f , p.
we 73: 1-10
proceed as in Section 1.4. By projecting the graph to the x-axis,
we see the portion of the x-axis which corresponds to a point on the graph is everything from
−4 to 4, inclusive. Hence, the domain is [−4, 4].

2. To find the range, we project the graph to the y-axis. We see that the y values from −3 to
3, inclusive, constitute the range of f . Hence, our answer is [−3, 3].

3. Since the graph of f is the graph of the equation y = f (x), f (2) is the y-coordinate of the
point which corresponds to x = 2. Since the point (2, 0) is on the graph, we have f (2) = 0.

Page 146
 1.7 Graphs of Functions 77

Additional problems taken from Stitz and Zeager

1.7.2 Exercises
1. Sketch the graphs of the following functions. State the domain of the function, identify any
Suggested assignment:
intercepts p. 77: 3 (a-j)
and test for symmetry.
x−2 √ √ 1
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = 5−x (c) f (x) = 3
x (d) f (x) =
3 x2 + 1

2. Analytically determine if the following functions are even, odd or neither.

(a) f (x) = 7x (d) f (x) = 4 (h) f (x) = x4 +x3 +x2 +x+1

(b) f (x) = 7x + 2 (e) f (x) = 0 √
(i) f (x) = 5 − x
(f) f (x) = x6 − x4 + x2 + 9
1
(c) f (x) = (g) f (x) = −x5 − x3 + x (j) f (x) = x2 − x − 6
x3

3. Given the graph of y = f (x) below, answer all of the following questions.

y
5
4
3
2
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

(a) Find the domain of f . (i) List the intervals where f is increasing.
(b) Find the range of f . (j) List the intervals where f is decreasing.
(c) Determine f (−2).
(k) List the local maximums, if any exist.
(d) List the x-intercepts, if any exist.
(e) List the y-intercepts, if any exist. (l) List the local minimums, if any exist.
(f) Find the zeros of f . (m) Find the maximum, if it exists.
(g) Solve f (x) ≥ 0.
(n) Find the minimum, if it exists.
(h) Determine the number of solutions to the
equation f (x) = 2. (o) Is f even, odd, or neither?

Page 147
1.7 Graphs of Functions—Stitz and Zeager Book
ANSWERS p. 73:1-15

1. [ −4, 4]
2. [ −3, 3]
3. f ( 2) = 0
4. ( −2, 0),( 2, 0)
5. ( 0, 3)
6. x = −2, 2
7. [ −4, −2]∪ ( 2, 4]
8. 2 solutions
9. [ −4, 0)
10. ( 0, 4]
11. ( 0, 3)
12. none
13. 3
14. −3
15. yes, even

p. 77: 3 (a-j) ANSWERS

Page 148
 3.6—Additional Graphing Techniques

In problems 1-40 use the techniques of shifting, reflecting, and stretching to sketch the
graph of the following functions.

1. f ( x)  ( x  1) 2  3 2. f ( x)  ( x  1) 2  4
3. f ( x)  x  1  2 4. f ( x)  x  2  1
5. f ( x)    x  3  2 6. f ( x)  2  x  2   1
3 3

7. f ( x)  x  4  4 8. f ( x)  2 x  3  3
9. f ( x)  3 x  2  3 10. f ( x)  3 x  1  2
11. f ( x)  2 x  1  1 12. f ( x)  2  x  3  2
2

13. f ( x)  3 x 2 14. f ( x) 
1 2
x
4
15. f ( x)  x  3 16. f ( x)  x  1
17. f ( x)  x  4 18. f ( x)  x  1
1 1
19. f ( x)  x3 3 20. f ( x)  x  2 1
2 2
21. f ( x)   x  1  3 1
22. f ( x)  x  1  4
2
23. f ( x)  2  x  1  2 24. f ( x)   x  3
3

26. f ( x)    x  3
3
13
25. f ( x)  x  2 1
2
27. f ( x)  2  x  3  5
2
13
28. f ( x)  x 1  4
2
29. f ( x)  2 3 x  1  2 30. f ( x)  2 3 x  3
1
31. f ( x)  x  3  2 32. f ( x)  2 x  1  1
2
1 1
33. f ( x)   x  1  3 34. f ( x)   x4 2
3

2 2
35. f ( x)   3 x  2  1 36. f ( x) 
1
 x  4 1
3

2
37. f ( x)   x  4   1 38. f ( x)   3 x  3  1
3

39. f ( x)  2 x  3  1 40. f ( x)   x  5   3
3

Page 162
Page 163
Page 164
Page 165
Page 166
 Section 3.6-Graphing Techniques
1. 3. 5.

5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4
-5 -5 -5

7. 7 9. 11. 5
5
6 4 4
5 3 3
4 2 2
3 1 1
2
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -2
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3 -3
-2 -4 -4
-3 -5 -5

13. 15. 17.

5 4 5
4 3 4
3 3
2
2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -2
-2
-3 -3
-4 -3 -4
-5 -4 -5
19. 21. 23.

8 8 4
7 7 3
6 6
2
5 5
4 4 1
3 3
2 2 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2
1 1
-2
-1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -3
-2 -2 -4

Page 167
25. 27. 29.
4 1 4
3 3
2 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2
1 -2 1
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 -4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3
-2 -5 -2
-3 -6 -3
-4 -7 -4
-5 -8 -5

31. 33. 35.

4 7 4
3 6 3
5 2
2
4 1
1 3
2 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2
1 -2
-2 -3
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 -4
-3
-4 -2 -5
37. 39. 41i.

4 4 6
3 3 5
4
2 2 3
1 1 2
1
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-2 -2 -3
-3 -3 -4
-5
-4 -4 -6

41ii. 41iii. 41iv.

6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4
-5 -5 -5
-6 -6 -6

Page 168
41v. 41vi. 41vii.

6 6 5
5 5 4
4 4 3
3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6-5-4-3-2-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4 -3
-5 -5 -4
-6 -6 -5

41viii. 43i. 43ii.

4 6 6
3 5 5
2
1 4 4
3 3
-1 1 2 3
-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 2 2
-2 1 1
-3
-4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-6 -2 -2
-7
-8 -3 -3
-9 -4 -4

43iii. 43iv. 43v.

6 4 6
5 3 5
4 2 4
3 1 3
2 2
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -3 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2 -4 -2
-3 -5 -3
-4 -6 -4

Page 169
43vi. 43vii. 43viii.

6 4 6
5 3 5
4 2 4
3 1 3
2 2
1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
-2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2 -4 -2
-3 -5 -3
-4 -6 -4

45. even 49. odd 53. odd 57. even 63. even
47. neither 51. neither 55. even 61. neither 65. odd

67. 69. 71.

2
5 5
4 4
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2 -2

73. 75. 77.

4 5 4
3 4 3
3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2
-2 -3 -2
-3 -4 -3
-4 -5 -4

Page 170
104 Taken from Stitz and Zeager Relations and Functions

1.8.1 Exercises
1. The complete graph of y = f (x) is given below. Use it to graph the following functions.

4 (0, 4)
3
2
1

x
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
(−2, 0) −1 (2, 0)
−2
(4, −2)
−3
−4

The graph of y = f (x)

(a) y = f (x) − 1 (d) y = f (2x) (g) y = f (x + 1) − 1

(b) y = f (x + 1) (e) y = −f (x) (h) y = 1 − f (x)
1
(c) y = 2 f (x) (f) y = f (−x) (i) y = 12 f (x + 1) − 1

2. The complete graph of y = S(x) is given below. Use it to graph the following functions.

y
(1, 3)
3

1
(−2, 0)
(0, 0)
−2 −1 1 x
(2, 0)
−1

−2

−3
(−1, −3)

The graph of y = S(x)

(a) y = S(x + 1) (c) y = 21 S(−x + 1)

(b) y = S(−x + 1) (d) y = 12 S(−x + 1) + 1

Page 171
1.8 Transformations 105

3. The complete graph of y = f (x) is given below. Use it to graph the following functions.

y
(0, 3)
3

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
(−3, 0) −1 (3, 0)

(a) g(x) = f (x) + 3 (g) d(x) = −2f (x)

1
(h) k(x) = f 32 x


(b) h(x) = f (x) − 2
2
(i) m(x) = − 14 f (3x)


(c) j(x) = f x − 3
(d) a(x) = f (x + 4) (j) n(x) = 4f (x − 3) − 6
(e) b(x) = f (x + 1) − 1 (k) p(x) = 4 + f (1 − 2x)
3
(l) q(x) = − 12 f x+4


(f) c(x) = 5 f (x) 2 −3

√
4. The graph of y = f (x) = 3 x is given below on the left and the graph of y = g(x) is given
on the right. Find a formula for g based on transformations of the graph of f . Check your
answer by confirming that the points shown on the graph of g satisfy the equation y = g(x).

y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−11
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x −11
−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5 −5

√
y= 3x y = g(x)

5. For many common functions, the properties of algebra make a horizontal scaling the same
as
√ a vertical scaling by (possibly) a different factor. For example, we stated earlier that
√
9x = 3 x. With the help of your classmates, find the equivalent vertical scaling produced
√
2
by the horizontal scalings y = (2x)3 , y = |5x|, y = 3 27x and y = 12 x . What about
√
2
y = (−2x)3 , y = | − 5x|, y = 3 −27x and y = − 12 x ?

Page 172
1.8 Transformations 107

1.8.2 Answers

1. (a) y = f (x) − 1 (d) y = f (2x)

y
y
4 (0, 4)
4
3
3 (0, 3)
2
2
1
1 (1, 0)
x
x −4 −3 −2 (−1, 0) 2 3 4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
(−2, −1) (2, −1) −2
−2 (2, −2)
−3
−3
(4, −3) −4
−4

(e) y = −f (x)
(b) y = f (x + 1) y
y 4
(−1, 4) 4 3
(4, 2)
3 2
2 1
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x −1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
(−3, 0) −1 (1, 0) −2
−2 −3
(3, −2)
−3 −4 (0, −4)
−4

(f) y = f (−x)
(c) y = 12 f (x) y
y 4 (0, 4)
4 3
3 2
2 (0, 2) 1
1 x
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
x (−2, 0) −1 (2, 0)
(−2, 0) −1 (2, 0) (4, −1) −2
(−4, −2)
−2 −3
−3 −4
−4

Page 173
108 Relations and Functions

(g) y = f (x + 1) − 1 (i) y = 12 f (x + 1) − 1
y y
4 4
(−1, 3) 3 3
2 2
1 (−1, 1) 1

x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 (1, −1) −1 (1, −1)
(−3, −1)
(−3, −1) −2 −2
(3, −2)
−3 −3
(3, −3)
−4 −4

(h) y = 1 − f (x)
y

4
(4, 3)
3

(−2, 1) 2 (2, 1)
1

x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3 (0, −3)
−4

2. (a) y = S(x + 1) (b) y = S(−x + 1)

y y

3 (0, 3) 3 (0, 3)

2 2

1 1
(−3, 0) (−1, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0)

−3 −2 −1 x 1 2 3 x
(1, 0) (−1, 0)
−1 −1

−2 −2

−3 −3
(−2, −3) (2, −3)

Page 174
1.8 Transformations 109

(c) y = 21 S(−x + 1) (d) y = 12 S(−x + 1) + 1

y y

2 3
3 5



0, 2
0, 2
1 2
(1, 0) (3, 0) (1, 1) (3, 1)
1
1 2 3 x
(−1, 0) (−1, 1)
−1
−1 1 3 x
2, − 23 2, − 12



−2 −1

3. (a) g(x) = f (x) + 3 (d) a(x) = f (x + 4)

y y
(0, 6) (−4, 3)
6 3

5 2

4 1

3
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 x
(−3, 3) 2 (3, 3) (−7, 0) (−1, 0)

1
(e) b(x) = f (x + 1) − 1
y
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x (−1, 2)
−1 2

1 1
(b) h(x) = f (x) − 2
y
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 x
 
5
0, 2 −1
3
(−4, −1) (2, −1)
2

1 (f) c(x) = 35 f (x)

y
 
0, 9
 −3 −2  −1 1 2 3 x
2 5
−3, − 1
2
−1 3, − 1
2
1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
(−3, 0) −1 (3, 0)
2


(c) j(x) = f x − 3
y 
2,3
3
3

−3
 −2 −1 1 2 3
 x
−7
3
,0 −1 11 , 0
3

Page 175
110 Relations and Functions

(g) d(x) = −2f (x) (j) n(x) = 4f (x − 3) − 6

y y
(−3, 0) (3, 0) (3, 6)
6
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1 5

−2 4

−3 3

−4 2

−5 1

−6
(0, −6) 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6
2 (0, −6) (6, −6)


(h) k(x) = f 3x
y
3
(0, 3)
(k) p(x) = 4 + f (1 − 2x) = f (−2x + 1) + 4
y
 
2 1,7
7 2

1
6

5
 −4  −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−9
2
,0 −1 9,0
2 4
(−1, 4) (2, 4)

(i) m(x) = − 14 f (3x)

3

y 2

1
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
−1 1 x −1 1 2 x
−1

0, − 34


−1
(l) q(x) = − 21 f x+4
− 3 = − 12 f 1



2 2x +2 −3
y

−10−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 x
−1
−2
(−10, −3) (2, −3)
−3
−4
 
9
−4, − 2

√ √
4. g(x) = −2 3 x + 3 − 1 or g(x) = 2 3 −x − 3 − 1

Page 176
 Piecewise Functions

Graph the following:

− x + 1 if x ≤1
2x if x ≠ 0 10. f ( x ) =  2
1. f ( x ) =   x −1 if x >1
1 if x = 0
− x − 1 if x < -1

3x if x ≥ 0 11. f ( x ) =  0 if −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2. f ( x ) =   x −1
−4 if x < 0  if x >1

 −2 x + 3 if x < 1  x − 1 if x≤0
3. f ( x ) =  12. f ( x ) = 
3x − 2 if x ≥ 1  −1 if x>0

1 + x if x < 0  x −1 if x≤3
4. f ( x ) =  2 13. f ( x ) = 
x if x ≥ 0 −2 x + 8 if x>3

 x if − 2 ≤ x < 0  x if x <1

 14. f ( x ) =  0 if x =1
5. f ( x ) = −3 if x = 0
− x + 2 if x >1
x 3 if x > 0 

−2 x + 4 if x <1
x + 3 if − 3 ≤ x < 0 
 15. f ( x ) =  4 if x =1
6. f ( x ) = 2 if x = 0  x + 1 if

2
x >1

 x if x > 0
x if x≠0
 3 x + 1 if x > 0 16. f ( x ) = 
7. f ( x ) =  1 if x=0
3
− x if x ≤ 0
 x − 1 if x ≠1
17. f ( x ) = 
x if x<0 2 if x =1
8. f ( x ) = 
 2 x + 1 if x≥0

 4 − x if x<2
9. f ( x ) = 
2 x − 2 if x≥2

Page 177
 Piecewise Functions

⎧2 x if x ≠ 0 ⎧3x if x ≥ 0 ⎧ −2 x + 3 if x < 1
1. f ( x ) = ⎨ 2. f ( x ) = ⎨ 3. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩1 if x = 0 ⎩ −4 if x < 0 ⎩3x − 2 if x ≥ 1

⎧ x if − 2 ≤ x < 0 ⎧x + 3 if − 3 ≤ x < 0
⎧1 + x if x < 0 ⎪ ⎪
4. f ( x ) = ⎨ 2 5. f ( x ) = ⎨ −3 if x = 0 6. f ( x ) = ⎨2 if x = 0
⎩x if x ≥ 0 ⎪x 3 if x > 0 ⎪
⎩ ⎩ x if x > 0

⎧⎪ 3 x + 1 if x > 0 ⎧x if x<0 ⎧ 4 − x if x<2

7. f ( x ) = ⎨ 8. f ( x ) = ⎨ 9. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎪⎩− x
3
if x ≤ 0 ⎩ 2 x + 1 if x≥0 ⎩2 x − 2 if x≥2

Page 178
 ⎧− x − 1 if x < -1
⎧− x + 1 if x ≤1 ⎪ ⎧ x − 1 if x≤0
10. f ( x ) = ⎨ 2 1 11. f ( x ) = ⎨ 0 if −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 12. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩ x − 1 if x >1 ⎪ x − 1 if x >1 ⎩ −1 if x>0
⎩

⎧ x if x <1 ⎧−2 x + 4 if x <1

⎧ x −1 if x≤3 ⎪ ⎪
13. f ( x ) = ⎨ 14. f ( x ) = ⎨ 0 if x =1 15. f ( x ) = ⎨ 4 if x =1
⎩−2 x + 8 if x>3 ⎪ ⎪ x + 1 if
⎩− x + 2 if x >1 x >1
2
⎩

⎧x if x≠0 ⎧ x − 1 if x ≠1
16. f ( x ) = ⎨ 17. f ( x ) = ⎨
⎩1 if x=0 ⎩2 if x =1

Page 179
Page 196
Page 197
Page 198
Page 199
 Section 3.7-Linear Functions
1. 3. 5.

y = 3x x=3

y = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ x + 3
⎝ 2⎠

7. 9.
f(x) = 2x – 4

y=0

−5 15. m = undefined
11. m=
4
17. m = 2
2
13. m = 19. m = −1
9

21. 23. 25.

y = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ x – 14
⎝ 3⎠ 3 y = –2x + 7

y = -3

Page 200
27. 1 14 2 1
29. y = x− 39. y = x−
3 3 9 9
31. y = −2x + 7 41. x = 4
x = –4 33. y = −3 43. y = 2
35. x = −4 2
45. y = x − 2
−5 29 5
37. y= x+
4 4

3
m = −2 m= m=0
47. 49. 5 51.
b=7 b=4
b = −2

y = –2x + 7
y = ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ x – 2
⎝ 5⎠
y=4

m = undefined 1 57. y = 4x + 1
53. m=
b = none 55. 2 −3 9
59. y= x+
b=3 5 5
4 8
61. y= x+
3 3
x = –2 63. x = −3
65. y=5
−1 21
y = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ x + 3 67. y= x+
⎝ 2⎠ 4 4
5 19
69. y= x+
3 3
−3 31
71. y= x−
4 4
73. y=4
75. x =3

Page 201
Page 211
Page 212
Page 213
 Section 3.8—Circles

1. 3. 5.
2 2
4 6 (x – 1) + (y + 1) = 16
3 5 4
4 3
2 3 2
1 2 1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -2
-2 -2 -3
2 2
x + y = 1 -3 -3 -4
2 2
-4 -4 (x – 5) + (y – 2) = 9 -5
-6

7. 9. 11.
2 2
⎛ x + 1⎞ + ⎛ y – 5⎞ = 9 2
(x + 3) + (y + 4) =25
2 2
(x – 1) + (y – 3) = 20
2
⎜ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ 4 1 8
4 7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 6
3 5
-2
2 -3 4
-4 3
1 2
-5 1
-6
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -7 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 -1
-2
-2
13. 15. 17.
2 2
2 (x + 2) + (y – 5) = 41 2 2
2 2
(x + 2) + (y + 5) =15 (x + 3) + (y10
– 2) = 25
12
10 8
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2
8 6
-2
-3 6 4
-4 4 2
-5 2
-6 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
-7 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2 -4

Page 214
19. 21. 12 23. C=( -2 , -3 )
11 r= 7 1
1 10
9 -6 -4 -2 2
-2 2 4 6 8 -1
-1
7
-2 6 -2
-3 5 -3
-4 4
3 -4
-5 r = 13 2 C=( 0 , 7 )
r=2 -5
-6 C=( 5 , -3 )
1
-7 -6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-8

25. C=( 0 , -2 ) 27. 29. No graph

r= 6 2
r=5
10
C=( 3 , 2 ) 31. (−5,3)
1 8

-4 -2 2 4 6
-1
4
-2
2
-3
-4 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-5 -2
-6 -4

⎛ 1 −5 ⎞
33. 35. ⎜ , ⎟ 37.
⎝3 3 ⎠

r=1 8 C=(1/2,5/2)
r = 70
C=(-3,1)
6
2 2
7 5
6 4
5 3
2
4
1
3
2 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2
1 -2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -4

39. No graph
41. ( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = 25
43. ( x − 6) 2 + ( y + 6) 2 = 36
−3 25
45. y = x+
4 4

Page 215
 Circles

Complete the square and write the equation in standard form. Then
give the center and radius of each circle.

41
1. x 2 + y 2 + 5x − 8 y + =0
4
3 295
2. x 2 + y2 − x + 2 y − =0
2 16
45
3. x 2 + y2 − x + 3 y − =0
2
21
4. x 2 + y2 − 6 x + 7 y + =0
4
79
5. x 2 + y2 + 4 x − y − =0
4
27
6. x 2 + y2 − 9 x − 3 y + =0
2
1 2 2567
7. x 2 + y2 + x+ y− =0
2 3 144
10 35
8. x 2 + y2 + x + −y − =0
3 36
Find an equation of the circle that satisfies the given conditions.

9. Center ( 8, −3 ) ; tangent to the x-axis.

10. Center ( −4,5 ) ; tangent to the x-axis.

11. Center ( 8, −3 ) ; tangent to the y-axis.

12. Center ( −4,5 ) ; tangent to the y-axis.

13. Center at the origin; passes through ( 5, −3 )

14. Center at the origin; passes through ( −2,7 )

15. Endpoints of the diameter are P ( −1,1) and Q ( 5,5 )

16. Endpoints of the diameter are P ( −1,3 ) and Q (7, −5 )

17. Endpoints of the diameter are P ( 3,4 ) and Q ( 5,1 )

18. Endpoints of the diameter are P ( −3, −8 ) and Q ( 6,6 )

Page 216
 Circles-Answers

2
 5 2  5 
1.  x + 2  + ( y − 4 ) = 12 ; Center =  − 2 ,4  ; r= 2 3
   
2
 3 2 3 
2.  x − 4  + ( y + 1 ) = 20 ; Center =  4 , −1  ; r= 2 5
   
2 2
 1  3 1 3
3.  x − 2  +  y + 2  = 25 ; Center =  2 , − 2  ; r= 5
     
2
2  7  7
4. ( x − 3) +  y +  = 16 ; Center =  3, − 2  ; r= 4
 2  
2
1  1
5. ( x + 2 )2 +  y −  = 24 ; Center =  −2, 2  ; r= 2 6
 2  
2 2
 9  3 9 3
6.  x − 2  +  y − 2  = 9 ; Center =  2 , 2  ; r= 3
     
2 2
 1  1  1 1
7.  x + 4  +  y + 3  = 18 ; Center =  − , −  ; r= 3 2
     4 3
2 2
 5  1  5 1
8.  x + 3  +  y − 2  = 4 ; Center =  − 3 , 2  ; r= 2
     
9. ( x − 8 )2 + ( y + 3)2 = 9
10. ( x + 4 )2 + ( y − 5 )2 = 25
11. ( x − 8 )2 + ( y + 3 )2 = 64
12. ( x + 4 )2 + ( y − 5 )2 = 16
13. x 2 + y2 = 34
14. x 2 + y2 = 53
15. ( x − 2 )2 + ( y − 3 )2 = 13
16. ( x − 3 )2 + ( y + 1)2 = 32
2
2  3 13
17. (x − 4) +y−  =
 2 4
2
 3 2 277
18.  x − 2  + ( y + 1) = 4
 

Page 217
Page 230
Page 231
Page 232
 In problems 61-66, use the given functions f and g to find the indicated function values.
y y

g(x)

f(x)
x x

61. ( f D g )(−3) 62. ( g D f )(1)

63. ( f D g )(3) 64. ( f D g )(7)

65. ( g D f )(−5) 66. ( g D f )(3)

Additional problems :

A. ( f D g )(0) B. ( g D f )(9)

C. ( f D g )(−10) D. ( f D g )(−1)

E. ( g D f )(3) F. ( g D f )(6)

Page 233
 Section 3.9-Operations on Functions
⎛f ⎞ 3x + 1
1. ( f + g )( x ) = 5x − 2; ( f − g )( x ) = x + 4; ( fg )( x ) = 6x 2 − 7 x − 3; ⎜ ⎟ (x ) =
⎝g⎠ 2x − 3
⎛f ⎞ 2x − 4
3. ( f + g )( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 1; ( f − g )( x ) = − x 2 + 2x − 7; ( fg )( x ) = 2x 3 − 4x 2 + 6x − 12; ⎜ ⎟ (x ) = 2
⎝g⎠ x +3
⎛f ⎞ x 2 + 5x + 2
5. ( f + g )( x ) = x 2 + 6x − 4; ( f − g )( x ) = x 2 + 4x + 8; ( fg )( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 28x − 12; ⎜ ⎟ ( x ) =
⎝g⎠ x −6
3x + 1 x+7 2 ⎛f ⎞ 2x + 4
7. ( f + g )( x ) = ; ( f − g )( x ) = ; ( fg )( x ) = ; ⎜ ⎟ (x ) =
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ⎝ g ⎠ ( x − 3)
⎛f ⎞ x 2 + x − 20
9. ( f + g )( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 15; ( f − g )( x ) = x 2 − 25; ( fg )( x ) = x 3 + 6x 2 − 15x − 100; ⎜ ⎟ ( x ) =
⎝g⎠ x +5
⎛f ⎞ x
11. ( f + g )( x ) = x + x 2 − 4; ( f − g )( x ) = x − x 2 + 4; ( fg )( x ) = x ( x 2 − 4); ⎜ ⎟ ( x ) = 2
⎝g⎠ ( x − 4)
13. ( f D g )( x ) = 18x − 48x + 39; ( g D f )( x ) = 6x + 17
2 2

15. ( f D g )( x ) = x − 10x + 24; ( g D f )( x ) = x + 4x − 4

2 2

17. ( f D g )( x ) = x − 2; ( g D f )( x ) = x2 − 2
3x + 1 1
19. ( f D g )( x ) = ; ( g D f )( x ) =
x x +3
3x + 3 4x − 8
21. ( f D g )( x ) = ; ( g D f )( x ) =
−2x + 2 x +1
1 1
23. ( f D g )( x ) = ; ( g D f )( x ) =
x −3 x −3
25. 9x + 4
27. −32
29. ( −∞, ∞ )
31. −2
33. 36x 2 − 42x + 16
35. 76
37. −3

47. ( f D ( g D h ))( x ) = (( f D g ) D h ))( x ) = 2x − 37

2

49. 1
51. 1
53. −8
55. 2
57. 3
59. 4
61. −1
63. −1
65. 1

Page 234
60 Taken from Stitz and Zeager Relations and Functions

1.6.1 Exercises
√ 1
1. Let f (x) = x, g(x) = x + 10 and h(x) = .
x

(a) Compute the following function values.

 
i. (f + g)(4) ii. (g − h)(7) iii. (f h)(25) h
iv. (3)
g

(b) Find the domain of the following functions then simplify their expressions.
g
i. (f + g)(x) iii. 
(f h)(x) v. (x)
h
 h
ii. (g − h)(x) iv. (x) vi. (h − f )(x)
g

√ 3
2. Let f (x) = 3 x − 1, g(x) = 2x2 − 3x − 2 and h(x) = .
2−x

(a) Compute the following function values.

 
i. (f + g)(4) ii. (g − h)(1) iii. (f h)(0) h
iv. (−1)
g

(b) Find the domain of the following functions then simplify their expressions.
   
i. (f − g)(x) ii. (gh)(x) f f
iii. (x) iv. (x)
g h
√ 1
3. Let f (x) = 6x − 2, g(x) = x2 − 36, and h(x) = .
x−4

(a) Compute the following function values.

 
i. (f + g)(3) f v. (g + h)(−4)
iii. (4)
g
 
h
ii. (g − h)(8) iv. (f h)(8) vi. (−12)
g

(b) Find the domain of the following functions and simplify their expressions.
 
i. (f + g)(x) f v. (g + h)(x)
iii. (x)
g
 
h
ii. (g − h)(x) iv. (f h)(x) vi. (x)
g

Page 235
62 Relations and Functions

1.6.2 Answers
118 1
 
1. (a) i. (f + g)(4) = 16 h 1
ii. (g−h)(7) = iii. (f h)(25) = iv. (3) =
7 5 g 39
√  
h 1
(b) i. (f + g)(x) = x + x + 10 iv. (x) =
Domain: [0, ∞) g x(x + 10)
1 Domain: (−∞, −10)∪(−10, 0)∪(0, ∞)
ii. (g − h)(x) = x + 10 − g
x v. (x) = x(x + 10)
Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) h
1 Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
iii. (f h)(x) = √ 1 √
x vi. (h − f )(x) = − x
x
Domain: (0, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)

3
 
2. (a) i. (f + g)(4) = 23 ii. (g − h)(1) = −6 h 1
iii. (f h)(0) = − iv. (−1) =
2 g 3
√   √
(b) i. (f − g)(x) = −2x2 + 3x + 3 x + 1 f 3 x−1
iii. (x) = 2
Domain: [0, ∞) g 2x − 3x − 2
ii. (gh)(x) = −6x − 3 Domain: [0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
√ √
 
f
Domain: (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) iv. (x) = −x x + 13 x + 2 x − 2
3
h
Domain: [0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
√
3. (a) i. (f + g)(3) = −23
 
f 22 161
iii. (4) = − v. (g + h)(−4) = −
g 20 8
√  
111 46 h 1
ii. (g − h)(8) = iv. (f h)(8) = vi. (−12) = −
4 4 g 1728
√ √
(b) i. (f + g)(x) = x2 − 36 + 6x − 2 6x − 2
iv. (f h)(x) =

1
 x−4
Domain: ,∞ 
1

3 Domain: , 4 ∪ (4, ∞)
1 3
ii. (g − h)(x) = x2 − 36 − 1
x−4 v. (g + h)(x) = x2 − 36 +
Domain: (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞) x−4
  √ Domain: (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
f 6x − 2
iii. (x) = 2
 
h 1
g x − 36 vi. (x) =
  g (x − 4) (x2 − 36)
1
Domain: , 6 ∪ (6, ∞) Domain:
3
(−∞, −6) ∪ (−6, 4) ∪ (4, 6) ∪ (6, ∞)

Page 236
Page 250
Page 251
Page 252
Page 253
 Section 3.10—Inverse Functions
1. one-to-one 9. not one-to-one 17. not one-to-one 25. not inverses
3. not one-to-one 11. one-to-one 19. inverses 27. inverses
5. one-to-one 13. not one-to-one 21. not inverses 29. inverses
7. one-to-one 15. not one-to-one 23. not inverses 31. not inverses

33. f (x) = x + 4 35. 37.

-1

4 4 8
f (x) = x – 5 7
-1
3 3
2 2 6
2 5
1 1 4
3
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 2
-2 1
-2
-3 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-4 -4 -2
-1 2
f (x) = x + 4;x ≥ 0

39. 41. 43.

-1
f ( x) = x – 2 4 6
-1 3 4 5
f ( x) = x – 2 3 4
3 2 3
2 1 2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -2
-2 -3
-2 -4
-3 -5
-3 -4 -6
-4

45. 47. −1 3 3 61. not one-to-one

4 4 49. f ( x) =
x+ 63. not one-to-one
3
2 4 65.
3
2 −1 x+4 f −1 ( x) = ( x − 1)
3
2 51. f ( x ) = 3
1 1 5 67.
53. not one-to-one
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 2x +1
-1 55. f −1 ( x) =
-2 -2 f −1 ( x) = x 2 − 4, x ≥ 0 x
-3 -3
69.
−1
-4 57. f ( x) = x + 2 C ( x) − 4000
-4
−1
x=
59. f ( x) = − x − 1 900

Page 254
Page 265
Page 266
Page 267
 Section 4.1-Quadratic Functions
1. 2 29. Axis: x  2 ; 35. x-int(s): x  1  6
3. 38 Range: [2, ) f ( x)  ( x  1) 2  6
5. 29
7. 51 4
2
11. yes 3 1

13. no 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
15. no -1
Vertex 1
3 13 ( -2 , 2 ) -2
17. x  , -3
2 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
-4 Vertex
19. x  3 -1 ( -1 , -6 )
-5
21. x  1  3 -2
-6
23. Axis: x  0 ; 1 -7

Range: (, 0] 31. Axis: x  ; -8

2
2 Range: (,1] 37. x-int(s): none
1 f ( x)  ( x  1) 2  7
2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
1 2
-1

-2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
Vertex -3 -2Vertex
-1 1 2 3
-3 (0,0) (1/2,1) -2
-1
-4 -4
-2

25. Axis: x  0 ; -3
Vertex
-6 ( -1 , -7 )

Range: [3, ) -8
33. Axis: x  5 ;
2
Range: [2, ) -10

1
-12
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 2 39. x-int(s): x  0, 2
-2
Vertex
( 0 , -3 ) 1 f ( x)  ( x  1) 2  4
-3
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 6
-4
-1
5
27. Axis: x  2 ; -2 4
Range: (, 0]
Vertex
( -5 , -2 ) -3 Vertex
( 1 , 4 )3

2 2

1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2
-2
Vertex -3
(2,0)
-4

Page 268
41. x-int(s): x  4 3  19 53. x-int(s): x  5, 4 ,
f ( x)  ( x  4) 2 47. x-int(s): x 
2 81
Minimum value =
3 19 4
3 f ( x)  ( x  ) 2 
2 2 3
55. x-int(s): x   ,
2 2
2
Minimum value = 9
1
3
57. x-int(s): x   ,
Vertex -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
(4,0)
-2 2
Maximum value = 0
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-4
-1
-6
Vertex 59. x-int(s): none,
-2
Maximum value = 2
(-3/2,-19/2) -8

43. x-int(s): none -10

f ( x)  ( x  4) 2  1 61. x-int(s): x  0,9 ,

2
49. x-int(s): x  4, 405
3 Maximum value =
4
5 49
3
f ( x)  ( x  )2  1
63. f ( x)    x  1  2
2
3 3
2 4
Vertex
( -4 1, 1 )
16 Vertex 65. c  8
(-5/3,49/3)
14
12
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
10
-1 8
6
-2
4

45. x-int(s): none

2

1 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
f ( x)  ( x  )2  -2
2 4 -4

3 51. x-int(s): x  0,9

9 27
2
f ( x)  ( x  )2 
2 2
1
Vertex
(1/2,3/4) 16
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 14 Vertex
(9/2,27/2)
-1 12
10
-2 8
6
4
2

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
-4

Page 269
Page 283
Page 284
Page 285
 Section 4.2-Graphs of Higher Degree Polynomial Functions
1. Yes, Degree= 1 ; 17. 17.
Leading coefficient= 5 (b) (e)
3. Yes, Degree= 2 ;
Leading coefficient= 1
4 8
7
5. No 3
6
7. Yes, Degree= 3 ; 2
5
Leading coefficient= 1 1 4

9. Yes, Degree= 4 ; -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
3

Leading coefficient= 30 -1 2

11. -2
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-3 -1
4
-4 -2
3

1 (c) 19.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
4 8
-1
3 7
-2 6
2
-3 5
1 4
-4
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 2

13. (a) even (b) neither -2

1

(c) even (d) odd -3

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

15. a = 2
-1
-4 -2
17. (a)
(d)
4
21.
3 4

2 3 8
7
1 2
6
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 -1 3
2
-3 -2
1
-4 -3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4 -1
-2

Page 286
 23. 25. 4 27. 8
2
3 7
1
6
2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 1 4
-2
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-1 2
-4
1
-5 -2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-6 -3 -1
-7
-4 -2
-8

29. 31. 33.

6 6
4
3 5 5
2
4 4
1
3 3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
2 2
-2
-3 1 1
-4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-6 -1 -1
-7
-2 -2
35.
-8
37. 39.
3
6 3
5 2
4 2
3 1
2 1
1 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -1
-1
-2 -1
-3 -2
-4 -2
-5 -3
-6 -3
41. 4
43. 6
45. 4

3 3
2 5
2
1
4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 1
-1 3
-2
2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-3
-4 -1
-5 1
-2
-6
-7 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3
-8 -1
-9 -4
-10 -2

Page 287
47. 49. 51. 4
6 6
3
5 5
2
4 4
1
3 3

2 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
1 1
-2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -3
-1 -1
-4
-2 -2

53. 55. (−∞,1)∪ (1, ∞)

8
3
7
6
5 2
4
3
2 1
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-2
-3 -1
-4
-5
-6 -2
-7
-8
-3
-9

Page 288
Page 297
Page 298
Page 299
 Section 4.3-Division of Polynomials

6 3
1. 2x − 1 + 29. x − 1 +
x +5 x −2
3. 3x + 6 17
31. 2x − 4 +
5. 9x − 8 x+2
2 6
7. 5x 2 + 4 + 33. 2x 2 − x − 4 −
3x − 1 x −3
5 2
9. 9x 2 − 7 x − 2 − 35. x 2 − 2x − 3 +
x −5 x+2
3 4
11. 2x − 6 + 37. 3x 2 − x − 1 +
x +3 x+4
13. 3x + 2 3
5 39. 4x 2 − 2x − 4 +
15. 2x 2 + 3x + 4 + 1
x+
2x − 3 2
17. 2x 3 − x 2 + 3x + 1 −
5 41. 2 x 3 − x 2 − 4x − 6
2x + 6 5
2x − 1 43. 16x 3 − 12x 2 + 4 −
19. 2x 2 − x + 4 + 2 3
x+
x +x −3 4
21. x3 + x2 + x +1 45. x 2 − 5x + 25
23. 2x + 1 − 2
4 47. x 5 + 2x 4 + 4x 3 + 8x 2 + 16x + 32
2x − x + 3 49. x + 3
3x + 5
25. x 2 − 6x + 2 + 2 51. x 3 − 2x 2 + 2x − 2 2 −
12
2x − 4
x+ 2
2
27. 2x − x + 2x − x + 3 −
4 3 2
53. yes;
3x 2 + 1
55. no
57. a=9

Page 300
Page 310
Page 311
Page 312
 Section 4.4—The Remainder and Factor Theorems

1. 34
3. 316
5. 0
310
7.
81
9. 11
11. 174
13. 5  2 2
15. 8
17. Yes, it is a zero
19. No, it is not a zero
21. No, it is not a zero
23. No, it is not a zero
25. No, it is not a zero
27. Yes, it is a zero
29. No, it is not a factor
31. No, it is not a factor
33. Yes, it is a factor
35. Yes, it is a factor
37. ( x  2)(3x  1)( x  1)
39. ( x  5)2 ( 2x  3)( x  1)
41. ( 4x  3)( x  1)3
43. ( x 2  1)( x  2)( x  1)
45. x 3  2x 2  29x  30
1 3
47. x 3  x 2  3x  or 2x 3  x 2  6x  3
2 2
14
49. x 4  x 3  x 2  12x or 3x 4  14x 3  3x 2  36x
3
27
53. k
2
55. k  2

Page 313
Page 323
 For an alternate method for
29-48 please see page 337

Page 324
Page 325
 Section 4.5—Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions

5 1
1. (a) x  1, 3, ,(b) x  4, , (c) x  0,  2 (d) x  1  3
2 3
21. 1, 3, 9
1 2 5
23. 1, 2, 5,  ,  , 
3 3 3
1 3
25. 1, 2, 3, 6,  , 
2 2
1 1 1
27. 1, 2,   , 
8 2 4
29. ( x  5)( x  2)( x  1)
31. ( x  1)( 2x  1)( x  1)
33. ( x  2)2 ( x  1)
35. ( x  2)( x  2)( 2x  1)  3x  1
37. x ( x  1)2 ( 2x  3)2
1
39. x   6 , 
2
41. x  1  5 , 2
2
43. x  1  2 , 1,
3
45. x  5 , 2
3

1  5 1
47. x  , 1,
2 4
51. ( x  6)( 2x  1)
2

53. ( x 2  2x  4)( x  2)
55. ( x 2  2x  1)( x  1)  3x  2 

Page 326
 For an alternate method for
1-20, please see page 337

f(x) = x3 − 10x − 12

f(x) = 4x3 − 11x − 7

f(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 + x2 − 20x − 20

Page 334
Page 335
Page 336
 Section 4.6—Complex Zeros of Polynomial Functions

9
1. x 
5
1  17
3. x 
4
5. x  1, 3i
7. x  0, i 3
9. x  2,1  7
1 2 2
11. x  , 1
2
5  i 55
13. x  , 0, 2
4
15. x  3,1,1  i 2
3
17. x  i,
2
19. x  2, i, 3
21. x 2

 9 ( x  1)  ( x  1)( x  3i )( x  3i )
 5 i 55   5 i 55 
 
23. x ( x  2) 2x 2  5x  10  x ( x  2)  x  
 4
 
4  
x 
4

4 

25. x 2

 1 ( 2x  3)  ( 2x  3)( x  i )( x  i )
27. x 2
 5  x 2

 1  ( x  5 )( x  5 )( x  i )( x  i )
29. x 2
 
 2x  2 x 2  4  ( x  1  i )( x  1  i )( x  2i )( x  2i )
31. x 2

 10x  26  x  1  ( x  1)( x  5  i )( x  5  i )
33. x 3  x 2  16x  16
35. x 4  10x 3  38x 2  64x  40
37. x 4  14x 3  98x 2  406x  841
39. x 4  8x 2  16

Page 339
Exercises 4.5—Graphical Approach-Alternate Method
In exercises 29-47, use the Rational Zeros Theorem, the given graph, and
synthetic division to find all zeros of each polynomial function.
29. f ( x)  x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 31. f ( x)  2 x3  x 2  2 x  1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

33. f ( x)  x3  3 x 2  4 35. f ( x)  6 x 4  x 3  25 x 2  4 x  4

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

37. f ( x)  4 x 5  8 x 4  7 x3  17 x 2  3 x  9 39. f ( x)  2 x 3  x 2  12 x  6

-2 -1 1 2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

41. f ( x)  x3  4 x 2  8 43. f ( x)  3 x 4  5 x3  7 x 2  3 x  2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3

Page 337
45. f ( x)  x 4  2 x 3  5 x  10 47. f ( x)  4 x 4  7 x3  2 x 2  4 x  1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

Exercises 4.6— Graphical Approach-Alternate Method

In exercises 9-19, use the Rational Zeros Theorem, the given graph, and
synthetic division to find all zeros of each polynomial function.
9. f ( x)  x 3  10 x 2  12 11. f ( x)  4 x 3  11x  7

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

13. f ( x)  2 x 4  3 x 3  x 2  20 x  20 15. f ( x)  4 x 4  4 x 2  12 x  9

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

17. f ( x)  4 x 4  12 x 3  13 x 2  12 x  9 19. f ( x)  x 5  3 x 4  3 x 3  9 x 2  4 x  12

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

Page 338
Page 351
Extra Problems:

Page 352
Page 353
 Section 4.8—Rational Functions
1. Rational
3. Not
5. Not
7. Rational
1
9. x 
3
1
11. x  
2
13.  ,  
15. x  1, 2
17. Vertical: x  3 ; Horizontal: y5
19. Vertical: x  2 ; Horizontal: none

21. Vertical: none; Horizontal: y0

2 1
23. Vertical: x   ,1 ; Horizontal: y 
3 3
25. Vertical: x  4 ; Horizontal: 27. Vertical: x  1 ; Horizontal: 29. Vertical: x  2 ;
 1 y  3 ; Intercepts:  0, 0  Horizontal: y  0 ;
y  0 ; Intercepts:  0, 
 2 6
Intercepts:  0, 0 
6 4
5
5
4 3
4
3
3 2
2
2 1
1
1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -1
-1 -1
-2
-2 -2
-3
-3
-4 -3
-4
-5
-5 -4
-6
-6

31. Vertical: none; Horizontal: 33. Vertical: x  3, 1 ; 35. Vertical: x  0 ;

y  0 ; Intercepts:  0, 0  Horizontal: y  2 ; Intercepts: Horizontal: y  1 ;
2
 0, 0  6 Intercepts:
2
 2, 0 
5
4
1 1
3
2
1 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1
-1
-2 -2
-1 -3
-4 -3

-5
-2 -6 -4

Page 354
37. Vertical: x  1 ; Horizontal: 39. Vertical: none; Horizontal:
y  0 ; Intercepts:  0, 0  y  1 ; Intercepts:  0, 0 
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-5
-5
-6
-6

47. 49. 51.

4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4

53. y 55. y

4
4

3 3

2 2

1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4
-4

Page 355
Exercises 4.9—Ellipse and Hyperbola

In exercises 1-16, find the vertices and foci for each ellipse. Graph each
ellipse.

x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
1.  1 2.  1 3.  1
16 4 25 16 9 36
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
4.  1 5.  1 6.  1
16 49 25 16 49 36
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x2 y2
7.  1 8.  1 9.  1
49 81 64 100 81 25
4 16
x2 y2
10.  1 11. 25x 2  4 y 2  100 12. 9x 2  4 y 2  36
9 25
4 4
13. 4x  49 y  196 4x 2  25 y 2  100
2 2
14.
15. 2x 2  y 2  4 16. 8x 2  9 y 2  72

In exercises 17-20, find the standard form of the equation of each ellipse
and give the location of its foci.
y y
17. 18.
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
19. y 20. y

5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6

Page 370
In exercises 21-32, find the standard form of the equation of each ellipse
satisfying the given information.

21. Vertices:  3, 0  ; minor axis of length 2 .

22. Vertices:  0,5 ; minor axis of length 4.
23. Vertices:  0, 4  ; and passing through the point (1, 3) .
24. Vertices:  3, 0  ; and passing through the point ( 2,1) .
25. Major axis is horizontal with length 8 ; length of minor axis = 4 ;
center is ( 0, 0)
26. Major axis is horizontal with length 12 ; length of minor axis = 6 ;
center is ( 0, 0)
27. Vertices:  8, 0  ; Foci:  5, 0 
28. Vertices:  6, 0  ; Foci:  2, 0 

29. Vertices:  0, 7  ; Foci:  0, 4 

30. Vertices:  0, 4  ; Foci:  0, 3
31. Foci:  2, 0  ; y-intercepts: 3 and 3

32. Foci:  0, 2  ; x-intercepts: 2 and 2

In exercises 33-46, find the vertices, asymptotes, and foci for each
hyperbola. Graph each hyperbola.

x 2 y2 x 2 y2
33.  1 34.  1
9 25 16 25

x 2 y2 x 2 y2
35.  1 36.  1
100 64 144 81

y2 x 2 y2 x 2
37.  1 38.  1
25 64 9 64

y2 x 2 y2 x 2
39.  1 40.  1
49 16 100 5

41. 4 y 2  x 2  36 42. 16 y 2  x 2  64

43. 9x 2  4 y 2  36 44. 4x 2  25 y 2  100

45. 9 y 2  25x 2  225 46. 16x 2  9 y 2  144

Page 371
In exercises 47-50, find the standard form of the equation of each hyperbola
and give the location of its foci. y
y

47. 4 48. 5
3 4
3
2
2
1 1

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -1
-1
-2
-2 -3
-3 -4
-5
-4
-6
y
y
49. 8 50.
5
7
6 4
5 3
4
3 2
2 1
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 x -1
-2 -2
-3
-4 -3
-5 -4
-6
-7 -5
-8 -6
-9

In exercises 51-58, find the standard form of the equation of each hyperbola
satisfying the given information.

51. Vertices:  3, 0  ; Foci:  4, 0 

52. Vertices:  5, 0  ; Foci:   7, 0 
53. Vertices:  0, 1 ; Foci:  0, 3
54. Vertices:  0, 2  ; Foci:  0, 6 
55. Foci:  6, 0  ; Endpoints of conjugate axis: 0, 3  
56. Foci:  0, 4  ; Endpoints of conjugate axis:  2, 0 
57. Transverse axis is horizontal with length 8 ;
length of conjugate axis = 4 ; center is ( 0, 0)
58. Transverse axis is vertical with length 6 ;
length of conjugate axis = 14 ; center is ( 0, 0)

Page 372
 4.9—Ellipse and Hyperbola

1. Vertices:  4, 0  ; 3. Vertices:  0, 6  ; 5. Vertices:  5, 0  ;

Foci:  2 3, 0  Foci:  0, 3 3  Foci:  3, 0 
8 6
5
5
4 6
4
3
4 3
2 2
1 2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 -1
-2 -2
-2
-3 -4 -3
-4 -4
-6
-5 -5
-6 -8 -6

 9 
7. Vertices:  0, 9  ; 9. Vertices:   ,0  ; 11. Vertices:  0, 5 ;
 2 
 299 
Foci:  0, 4 2  Foci:  
 4
,0 

Foci:  0,  21 
10
  6
2
5
8
4
6
3
1
4 2
2 1

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-2
-4
-1 -3
-6 -4
-8 -5
-2 -6
-10

13. Vertices:   7, 0  ; 15. Vertices:  0, 2  ; 17.

x2
4
 y 2  1 ; Foci:  3 , 0  
Foci:  3
4
5, 0  Foci:  0,  2  19.
x 2 y2
9 25
  1 ; Foci:  0, 4 
4
x 2 y2
3 3 21.  1
2 2
9 1
x2 y2
1 1 23.  1
16 16
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 7
-1 -1
x 2
y2
-2 -2
25.  1
16 4
-3 -3
-4 -4

Page 373
 x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
27.  1 29.  1 31.  1
64 39 33 49 13 9
33. Vertices:  3, 0  ; 35. Vertices:  10, 0  ; 37. Vertices:  0, 5 ;
Foci:  34 , 0  Foci:  2 41, 0  Foci:  0,  89 
5 4 5
Asymptotes: y   x Asymptotes: y   x Asymptotes: y   x
3 5 8
10 8
5 7
8 6
4
6 5
3 4
2 4 3
2
1 2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -12-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2-1 2 4 6 8 10
-1 -2 -2
-2 -3
-4
-3 -4
-6 -5
-4 -6
-8
-5 -7
-6 -10 -8
-9

39. Vertices:  0, 7  ; 41. Vertices:  0, 3 ; 43. Vertices:  2, 0  ;

Foci:  0,  65  Foci:  0, 3 5  Foci:  13 , 0 
7 1 3
Asymptotes: y   x Asymptotes: y   x Asymptotes: y   x
4 2 2
12 8 6
10
6
8 4
6 4
4 2
2
2

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
-2
-4 -2
-6 -4
-8 -4
-6
-10
-12 -8 -6

x 2 y2
 
8
45. Vertices:  0, 5 ; 6 47.   1 ; Foci:  13 , 0
9 4

 0,  34  y2 x 2
4
Foci: 45. 2 49.   1 ; Foci:  0, 5 
16 9
5 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
Asymptotes: y   x -2 51.   1 55.  1
3 9 7 27 9
-4
y2 x 2 x 2 y2
-6 53.   1 57.  1
1 8 16 4
-8

Page 374
Exercises 5.1 and 5.2—Exponential Functions

In exercises 1-8, graph each function by making a table of coordinates.

x
1
1. f ( x )  5x 2. f ( x )  4x 3. f (x )   
3
x x x
1 3 4
4. f (x )    5. f (x )    6. f (x )   
2 2 3
f ( x )   0.6  f ( x )   0.9 
x x
7. 8.

x
By translating, reflecting, and stretching the graph of f ( x )  2 , obtain the
graphs of the following functions. Give the domain, range, and equation of
any asymptotes of the function.
9. f ( x )  2x 1 10. f ( x )  2x  2 11. f ( x )  2x  2
12. f ( x )  2x  1 13. f ( x )  2x  2  3 14. f ( x )  2x 1  3
15. f ( x )  2 x 16. f ( x )  2 x  1 17. f ( x )  2 x
18. f ( x )  2x 1 19. f ( x )  2x 1 20. f ( x )  2x 1  3
1 1
21. f ( x )  2x  3 22. f ( x )  2x 1 23. f ( x )  22x 1  1
2 2
x
By translating, reflecting, and stretching the graph of f ( x )  3 , obtain the
graphs of the following functions. Give the domain, range, and equation of
any asymptotes of the function.

24. f ( x )  3x  2 25. f ( x )  3x 1 26. f ( x )  3x  1

27. f ( x )  3x  2 28. f ( x )  3x 1  3 29. f ( x )  3x  2  3
30. f ( x )  3 x 31. f ( x )  3 x  1 32. f ( x )  3x
33. f ( x )  3x 1 34. f ( x )  3x 1 35. f ( x )  3x 1  2
1
36. f ( x )  3x  3 37. f ( x )  23x 1 38. f ( x )  23x 1  1
2
x
By translating, reflecting, and stretching the graph of f ( x )  e , obtain the
graphs of the following functions. Give the domain, range, and equation of
any asymptotes of the function.

39. f ( x )  e x 1 40. f ( x )  ex 2 41. f (x )  ex  2

42. f (x )  ex  1 43. f ( x )  e x 1  2 44. f ( x )  e x 2  1
45. f (x )  ex 46. f (x )  ex  2 47. f ( x )  e x
48. f ( x )  e x 1 49. f ( x )  e x  2 50. f ( x )  e x  2  1
1 1
51. f ( x )  2e x  3 52. f ( x )  e x 1 53. f ( x )  e x 1  1
2 2

Page 392
In exercises 54-77, solve each exponential equation in by expressing each
side as a power of the same base and then equating the exponents.
1
54. 4x  8 55. 3x 1  81 56. 2x 
8
1
57. 103x 1  58. 52x  125 59. 32x  81
100
x
3x 5 x 4 x 1 1
60. 4 8 61. 16 4 62. 36   
6
1 1
63. 251 x  64. e2x 1  e  e x 2
e2
65.
5
1 x
66. 9 x  274 67. 8 2  4 x 1 68. 22x  8  83x 1
6x 4
32x  81
2
x
69. 70. 125  0.2 71. 9  3x
x 3 x 2
72. 9x 1  27 73.  
6 4  6 74. 7  6  7
1 1 1
75. 4x  76. 9x  77. ex 4 
33
2 e2 x

In exercises 78-86, solve the following by using the appropriate formulas.

nt
 r
A(t )  A0 1   or A(t )  A0 ert
 n
78. If Manhattan Island had been purchased from Native Americans in 1626 for
$24, and if that $24 was immediately deposited in an account that paid
interest at the rate of 5% compounded yearly, what would be the value of
the investment in 1998? What would be the value of the investment if
the interest rate were 6%?

79. Find the value of a $5000 investment for 10 years at an annual interest
rate of 6% if interest is compounded:
a) annually
b) monthly
c) daily
d) each minute
e) continuously

80. Find the value on an investment after 8 years if $3500 is invested at an

annual interest rate of 4.5% compounded quarterly.

Page 393
81. Find the value on an investment after 30 months if $1200 is invested at
an annual interest rate of 5.25% compounded daily.

82. An investor with $2000 to invest for 3 years may invest this money at an
annual rate of 8% compounded monthly or at an annual rate of 6%
compounded continuously. Which strategy is better? How much more money
is made by following the better strategy?

83. Find the value on an investment after 8 years if $1500 is invested at an

annual interest rate of 4% compounded continuously.

84. Find the value on an investment after 5 years if $10,000 is invested at

an annual interest rate of 8% compounded continuously.

85. How much must be invested initially at 5% compounded continuously if the

value of the investment is to be $4,200 after 7 years?

86. Determine the annual interest rate r if an initial investment of $1000

is to grow to $1,250 in 3 years if interest is compounded monthly.

Page 394
 Section 5.1 and 5.2—Exponential Functions
1. 3. 5.

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

7. 9. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 11. D: (, ) , R: (0, )

Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  2

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

13. D: (, ) , R: (3, ) 15. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 17. D: (, ) , R: (, 0)

Asymptote: y  3 Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  0

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

Page 395
19. D: (, ) , R: (, 0) 21. D: (, ) , R: (3, ) 23. D: (, ) , R: (1, )
Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  3 Asymptote: y  1

4 2 6
3 1 5
2 4
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 3
-2 2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -3 1
-2 -4
-3 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-4 -6 -2

25. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 27. D: (, ) , R: (2, ) 29. D: (, ) , R: (3, )

Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  2 Asymptote: y  3

4 6 4
3 5 3
2 4 2
1 3 1
2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -2
-3 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -3
-4 -2 -4

31. D: (, ) , R: (1, ) 33. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 35. D: (, ) , R: (, 2)

Asymptote: y  1 Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  2

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

Page 396
37. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 39. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 41. D: (, ) , R: (2, )
Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  2

6 4 4
5 3 3
4 2 2
3 1 1
2
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -3 -3
-2 -4 -4

43. D: (, ) , R: (2, ) 45. D: (, ) , R: (0, ) 47. D: (, ) , R: (, 0)

Asymptote: y  2 Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  0

6 4 4
5 3 3
4 2 2
3 1 1
2
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -3 -3
-2 -4 -4

49. D: (, ) , R: (, 0) 51. D: (, ) , R: (3, ) 53. D: (, ) , R: (1, )

Asymptote: y  0 Asymptote: y  3 Asymptote: y  1

4 2 4
3 1 3
2 2
1 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 1
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -3 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4
-2 -4 -2
-3 -5 -3
-4 -6 -4

Page 397
55. 3
57. 1

59. 2

3
61.  
8 
3
63.  
2
5
65.  
2
67. 4


69.  2 
71. 0, 4
73. 5

 1 
75.  
4
 4 
77.  
3
79. a) $8954.24 b) $9096.98 c) $9110.14 d) $9110.58 e) $9110.60 f) $9110.60
80. $5006.58
82. Compounded monthly, $146.04 more
84. $14918.25
86. 7.5%

Page 398
Page 407
Page 408
Page 409
 Section 5.3—Logarithms
1. log(100, 000) = 5 1
51. 2(log a ( x + 4)) − log a ( x + 1)
2

⎛1⎞ 2
3. log 3 ⎜ ⎟ = −2
⎝9⎠ 53. log a ( x
2
x + 1)

5. log 36 6 =( ) 2
1 y4 3 x
55. log a
z
7. log e ( P ) = t or ln ( P ) = t x
57. log a
1
2
1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
9. =
2 4
−1 1
11. 10 =
10
13. e = 1
0

15. 3N = t
17. 0
19. −3
21. −2
23. 12
1
25.
2
1
27.
9
27. 1.857
29. −.223
31. 0.861
33. 1.365
35. a) log 3 27 = 3 and log 4 16 = 2
b) log 6 40 = 2.0588 and log 4 16 = 2
37. a) x = 243 b) x = 2 c) x = −2,1
39. a) log 0.8 = −.0969 ; log 80 = 1.9031 ;
b) 10 times
41. a) 5.1293 b) 1.0995 c) 2.9887
d) −7.9367 e) −.44453
1
45. 3(log a x + log a y ) − log a z
2
47. ( 2 log a w + 4 log a z ) − (log a 3 + 6 log a x )
1
49. (log a x + 1 log a y ) − ( 3 log a z + log a w )
3 4

Page 410
 Taken from Stitz and Zeager
342 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6.1.1 Exercises
1. Evaluate the expression.
1
(s) log36 36216



(a) log3 (27) (j)log 1000000
(b) log6 (216) (k) log(0.01) (t) ln e5


√
ln e3


(c) log2 (32) (l) 9

1

(u) log 1011
(d) log6 36 (m) log4 (8) √ 
3
(e) log8 (4) (n) log6 (1) (v) log 105
√

(f) log36 (216) (o) log13 13
 
√ (w) ln √1e
(g) log 1 (625) 4


5
(p) log36 36
(x) log5 3log3 (5)


(h) log 1 (216) (q) 7log7 (3)
6
(y) log eln(100)


(i) log36 (36) (r) 36log36 (216)

2. Find the domain of the function.

f (x) = ln(x2 + 1) (i) f (x) = log x2 + x + 1

(a)
(b) f (x) = log7 (4x + 8)
p
(j) f (x) = 4 log4 (x)
(c) f (x) = ln(4x − 20) (k) f (x) = log9 (|x + 3| − 4)
f (x) = log x2 + 9x + 18 √


(d)
  (l) f (x) = ln( x − 4 − 3)
x+2
(e) f (x) = log 1
x2 − 1 (m) f (x) =
 2 3 − log5 (x)
√

x + 9x + 18
(f) f (x) = log −1 − x
4x − 20 (n) f (x) =
log 1 (x)
(g) f (x) = ln(7 − x) + ln(x − 4) 2

f (x) = ln(4x − 20) + ln x2 + 9x + 18 (o) f (x) = ln(−2x3 − x2 + 13x − 6)

(h)

3. For each function given below, find its inverse from the ‘procedural perspective’ discussed in
Example 6.1.5 and graph the function and its inverse on the same set of axes.

(a) f (x) = 3x+2 − 4 (c) f (x) = −2−x + 1

(b) f (x) = log4 (x − 1) (d) f (x) = 5 log(x) − 2

4. Show that logb 1 = 0 and logb b = 1 for every b > 0, b 6= 1.

5. (Crazy bonus question) Without using your calculator, determine which is larger: eπ or π e .

6. (The Logarithmic Scales) There are three widely used measurement scales which involve
common logarithms: the Richter scale, the decibel scale and the pH scale. The computations
involved in all three scales are nearly identical so pay close attention to the subtle differences.

Page 411
6.1 Introduction to Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 345
Taken from Stitz and Zeager
6.1.2 Answers
1
(s) log36 36216 = 216


1. (a) log3 (27) = 3 (j)
log 1000000 = −6
(b) log6 (216) = 3 (k)log(0.01) = −2 (t) ln(e5 ) = 5
√
ln e3 = 3


(c) log2 (32) = 5 (l)

9
(u) log 1011 = 119
1


(d) log6 36 = −2 (m) log4 (8) = 23 √ 
3
(e) log8 (4) = 23 (n)log6 (1) = 0 (v) log 105 = 35
√
1
(f) log36 (216) = 32 (o)log13 13 = 2
 
√ (w) ln √1e = − 12
(g) log 1 (625) = −4 (p) log36 4 36 = 14


5
(x) log5 3log3 5 = 1


(h) log 1 (216) = −3 (q) 7log7 (3) = 3
6
(y) log eln(100) = 2


(i) log36 (36) = 1 (r) 36log36 (216) = 216

2. (a) (−∞, ∞) (f) (−6, −3) ∪ (5, ∞) (k) (−∞, −7) ∪ (1, ∞)
(b) (−2, ∞) (g) (4, 7) (l) (13, ∞)
(c) (5, ∞) (h) (5, ∞) (m) (0, 125) ∪ (125, ∞)
(d) (−∞, −6) ∪ (−3, ∞) (i) (−∞, ∞) (n) No domain
1


(e) (−2, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) (j) [1, ∞) (o) (−∞, −3) ∪ 2, 2

3. (a) f (x) = 3x+2 − 4 (b) f (x) = log4 (x − 1)

f −1 (x) = log3 (x + 4) − 2 f −1 (x) = 4x + 1
y y
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3
−4 y = f (x) = log4 (x − 1)
y = f −1 (x) = 4x + 1
y = f (x) = 3x+2 − 4
y = f −1 (x) = log3 (x + 4) − 2

Page 412
6.2 Properties of Logarithms Taken from Stitz and Zeager 355

6.2.1 Exercises
1. Expand the following using the properties of logarithms and simplify. Assume when necessary
that all quantities represent positive real numbers.

(a) ln(x3 y 2 ) (h) log 1 (9x(y 3 − 8))

  3
128 (i) log 1000x3 y 5


(b) log2
x2 + 4  2 
x
 z 3 (j) log3
(c) log5 81y 4
25 r 
xy
(d) log(1.23 × 1037 ) (k) ln 4
√  ez
z
(e) ln 216 4
 
xy (l) log6
x3 y
(f) log5 x2 − 25


 √ 
3
x
(g) log√2 4x3 (m) ln √


10 yz

2. Use the properties of logarithms to write the following as a single logarithm.

(a) 4 ln(x) + 2 ln(y) (h) − 31 ln(x) − 13 ln(y) + 31 ln(z)

(b) 3 − log(x) (i) log2 (x) + log 1 (x − 1)
2
(c) log2 (x) + log2 (y) − log2 (z)
(j) log2 (x) + log4 (x − 1)
(d) log3 (x) − 2 log3 (y)
1 (k) log5 (x) − 3
(e) 2 log3 (x) − 2 log3 (y) − log3 (z)
(l) log7 (x) + log7 (x − 3) − 2
(f) 2 ln(x) − 3 ln(y) − 4 ln(z)
1
(g) log(x) − 13 log(z) + 12 log(y) (m) ln(x) + 2

3. Use an appropriate change of base formula to convert the following expressions to ones with
the indicated base.
 x
(a) 7x−1 to base e 2
(c) to base e
(b) log3 (x + 2) to base 10 3
(d) log(x2 + 1) to base e

4. Use the appropriate change of base formula to approximate the following logarithms.
 
(a) log3 (12) 1
(d) log4
(b) log5 (80) 10
(e) log 3 (1000)
(c) log6 (72) 5
(f) log 2 (50)
3

Page 413
6.2 Properties of Logarithms Taken from Stitz and Zeager 357

6.2.2 Answers

1. (a) 3 ln(x) + 2 ln(y) (h) −2+log 31 (x)+log 13 (y −2)+log 13 (y 2 +2y +4)

(b) 7 − log2 (x2 + 4) (i) 3 + 3 log(x) + 5 log(y)
(c) 3 log5 (z) − 6 (j) 2 log3 (x) − 4 − 4 log3 (y)
(d) log(1.23) + 37 1
1
(k) 4 ln(x) + 14 ln(y) − 1
4 − 14 ln(z)
(e) 2 ln(z) − ln(x) − ln(y)
(l) 12 − 12 log6 (x) − 4 log6 (y)
(f) log5 (x − 5) + log5 (x + 5)
1
(m) ln(x) − ln(10) − 12 ln(y) − 12 ln(z)
(g) 3 log√2 (x) + 4 3

 √ 
2. (a) ln(x4 y 2 ) x y
(g) log √

1000
 3
z
(b) log r 
z
x (h) ln 3
 xy  xy
(c) log2
z 
 
x
x (i) log2
(d) log3 x−1
y2 √

√  (j) log2 x x − 1
x  x 
(e) log3 (k) log5
y2z
125 
 2 
x x(x − 3)
(f) ln (l) log7
y3z4 49
√
(m) ln (x e)
 x
3. (a) 7x−1 = e(x−1) ln(7) 2 2
(c) = ex ln( 3 )
log(x + 2) 3
(b) log3 (x + 2) = ln(x2 + 1)
log(3) (d) log(x2 + 1) =
ln(10)
 
4. (a) log3 (12) ≈ 2.26186 1
(d) log4 ≈ −1.66096
(b) log5 (80) ≈ 2.72271 10
(e) log 3 (1000) ≈ −13.52273
(c) log6 (72) ≈ 2.38685 5
(f) log 2 (50) ≈ −9.64824
3

Page 414
Exercises 5.4—Logarithmic Functions

In exercises 1-8, sketch the graphs of each pair of functions on the same set
of axes. Label all asymptotes.

1. f ( x )  5x and g ( x )  log 5 x
2. f ( x )  4x and g ( x )  log 4 x
x
1
3. f (x )    and g ( x )  log 1 x
4 4
x
1
4. f ( x )    and g ( x )  log 1 x
2 2
x
5. f ( x )  e and g ( x )  ln x
6. f ( x )  10x and g ( x )  log x

By translating, reflecting, and stretching the graph of f ( x )  log x , obtain

the graphs of the following functions. Give the domain, range, and equation
of any asymptotes of the function.

7. f ( x )  log( x  1) 8. f ( x )  log( x  2)
9. f ( x )  log x  1 10. f ( x )  log x  2
11. f ( x )  log( x  2)  3 12. f ( x )  log( x  1)  4
13. f ( x )   log x 14. f ( x )  2 log x
15. f ( x )  1  log x 16. f ( x )  2  log x
17. f ( x )  2  log( x  1) 18. f ( x )  3  log( x  2)

By translating, reflecting, and stretching the graph of f ( x )  ln x , obtain the

graphs of the following functions. Give the domain, range, and equation of
any asymptotes of the function.

19. f ( x)  ln( x  1) 20. f ( x)  ln( x  3)

21. f ( x )  ln x  4 22. f ( x)  lnx  3
23. f ( x)  ln( x  2)  1 24. f ( x)  ln( x  2)  4
25. f ( x )   ln x 26. f ( x )  1 log x
2
27. f ( x )  3  ln( x  2) 28. f ( x )  2  ln( x  1)

Page 421
 Section 5.4—Logarithmic Functions
1. 3. 5.

4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

-4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4

-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

7. D: (1, ) , R: (, ) 9. D: (0, ) , R: (, ) 11. D: (2, ) , R: (, )

Asymptote: x  1 Asymptote: x  0 Asymptote: x  2

4 4 2
3 3 1
2 2
1 1 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3
-2 -2 -4
-3 -3 -5
-4 -4 -6

13. D: (0, ) , R: (, ) 15. D: (0, ) , R: (, ) 17. D: (1, ) , R: (, )

Asymptote: x  0 Asymptote: x  0 Asymptote: x  1

4 4 6
3 3 5
2 2 4
1 1 3
2
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
-2 -2
-3 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-4 -4 -2

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19. D: (1, ) , R: (, ) 21. D: (0, ) , R: (, ) 23. D: (2, ) , R: (, )
Asymptote: x  1 Asymptote: x  0 Asymptote: x  2

4 6 4
3 5 3
2 4 2
1 3 1
2
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 -2
-3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3
-4 -2 -4

25. D: (0, ) , R: (, ) 27. D: (2, ) , R: (, )

Asymptote: x  0 Asymptote: x  2

4 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
2
-2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
-2
-3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-4 -2

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Page 431
Page 432
 Section 5.5—Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
1. a) x = 1

3
b) x = 0,
2
c) x = 0, 3

d) x = 0
3. x ≈ 1.8
5. x ≈ −0.58

( )
7. x ≈ −1.20 or ln P = t

9. x ≈ 0.29
11. x = 0 and x ≈ 2.81
13. x ≈ −0.18
15. x ≈ 0.21

1
17. x =
216
1
19. x =
10
21. x = 3
23. x = 4

9
25. x =
2
27. x = −1
29. x = 4
31. x = 0, 5

6
33. x =
5
3
35. x =
2
37. x = 1 and 10000
39. x = 10000
41. x = 2

Page 433
 Exponential Equations

Solve. Round answers to 3 decimal places.

1. 4 x  21

2. 7x  35

3. 25x  11

4. 7x 1  20

5. 3x 1  16

6. 53x  2  7

7. 9x 2  17  6

8. e4 x 1  11

9. 9e x  107

10. 3e5x  25

11. 4e2x 3  120

12. 1000e3x 4  3000

13. 3e4 x 1  1  19

14. 3(2  92x )  11

15. e3 4 x  23

16. 3x 1  72x 5

17. 28x  2  35x 2

18. 53x 1  75x  4

Page 434
 Exponential Equations-Answers

ln 21
1. x   2.196
ln 4
ln 35
2. x   1.827
ln7
ln11
3. x   0.692
5ln 2
ln 20
4. x   1  0.540
ln7
ln16
5. x   1  1.524
ln 3
ln7  2ln 5
6. x   0.264
3 ln 5
ln 23
7. x   2  3.427
ln 9
1  ln11
8. x   0.349
4
 107 
9. x  ln    2.476
 9 
1  25 
10. x  ln    0.424
5  3 
3  ln 30
11. x   3.201
2
4  ln 3
12. x   1.700
3
1  ln 6
13. x   0.198
4

14. x 
 
ln 5
3  0.116
2ln 9
3  ln 23
15. x    0.034
4
 ln 3  5ln7
16. x   3.877
ln 3  2ln7
2ln 3  2ln 2
17. x    68.760
8 ln 2  5 ln 3
4 ln7  ln 5
18. x    1.260
3ln 5  5ln7

Page 435
 Logarithm Equations

Solve the following: (Check your solutions!)

1. log3 (4 x − 7) = 2 14. log 7 ( x + 1) + log 7 ( x − 5) = 1

2. log 2 (4 x − 7) = 3 15. log 6 3x + log 6 4 = log 6 24

3. ln(5 − 2x ) = 2 16. log 2 ( x + 5) − log 2 x = log 2 4

4. log3 x + log3 ( x + 2) = 1 17. log 8 ( x + 1) − log 8 x = log 8 4

5. log4 x + log4 ( x − 12) = 3 1

18. log( x − 4) − log(3x − 10) = log
x
6. log3 x + log3 ( x − 24) = 4
19. log3 x + log3 ( x + 6) = log3 27
7. log 4 ( x + 3) + log 4 ( x − 3) = 2
20. log3 ( x + 9) + log3 ( x − 6) = log3 126
8. log5 (4 x + 15) + log5 x = 2
21. log7 x + log7 (3x − 11) = log7 4
9. log 4 ( x + 2) − log 4 ( x − 1) = 1
1 1
10. log 2 (4 x + 10) − log 2 ( x + 1) = 3 22. log6 x = log6 9 + log6 27
2 3
11. log 4 (3x − 1) − log 4 ( x + 1) = 1 23. ln( x + 2) = ln( x − 4) + ln 3
12. log(3x + 2) − log( x − 1) = 1 24. 2log x − log 5 = log1000
13. log(2x − 1) − log( x − 3) = 1 25. log x + log( x + 7) = 3log 2

Page 436
 Logarithm Equations-Answers

1. x =4 29
13. x =
15 8
2. x=
4 14. x = 6
5 − e2 15. x = 2
3. x= ≈ −1.195
2 5
16. x =
4. x =1 3
5. x = 16 1
17. x =
3
6. x = 27
18. x = 5
7. x =5
19. x = 3
5
8. x=
4 20. x = 12
9. x =2 21. x = 4
1 22. x = 9
10. x =
2 23. x = 7
11. No Solution 24. x = 50 2
12
12. x = 25. x = 1
7

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Page 461
Page 462
Page 463
 Section 6.1—Linear Systems in Two Variables
1. ( 2, 3) ⎛ 11 15 ⎞
45. ⎜ , ⎟
3. ( 0, 4) ⎝ 16 8 ⎠
5. ∅ 47. ( x , −3x + 4 )
⎛ 2 1⎞ 49. ( −6, −4)
7. ⎜ x , x− ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛ 2 −1 ⎞
9. ( −6, −2)
51. ⎜ , ⎟
⎝3 4 ⎠
11. ( 7, −1) 53. ( 2, −6)
13. ∅
⎛ 59 36 ⎞
55. ⎜ − ,− ⎟
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎝ 22 11 ⎠
15. ⎜ − ,4⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛1 ⎞
57. ⎜ ,1⎟
17. ( x , −2x + 3) ⎝3 ⎠
19. ( 6, −1) 59. ( −1, 3)

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
21. ⎜ − ,0 ⎟ 61. ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 23 16 ⎠
⎛ 13 17 ⎞
23. ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 5 5⎠
25. ( −2, −4)
27. ∅

⎛ 13 −4 ⎞
29. ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 14 7 ⎠
31. ( x , 3x − 5)
⎛ 7 5⎞
33. ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
35. ∅
37. ( −1, −4)
39. ( 2 y + 5, y )

41. ( −2, 4)
43. ∅

Page 464
Page 483
Page 484
Page 485
Page 486
Page 487
Page 488
 Section 6.3—Solving Linear Systems using Matrices
1. 3 x 3 47. ( −3 y + 2, y )
3. 2 x 3
1
5. 6 49. ( −2,1, − )
2
7. 2
⎛ 3 −5 1 ⎞
9. −3 51. ⎜ 2, 2 ,2⎟
⎝ ⎠
11. e
53. ∅
13. π
3
55. ( −5z + 5, 2z + 1, z )
15.
4 57. ( −2, 2, 4 )
17. ( −3, −1) 59. (1,1, 3)
⎛ 3 −5 ⎞ ( −5, −3)
19. ⎜ , ⎟ 61.
⎝2 3 ⎠
⎛ 3 −4 ⎞
21. ( y − 7, y ) 63. ⎜5, 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
23. ∅
⎛ y+3 ⎞
25. (1, 3, 4) 65. ⎜ 2 ,y⎟
⎝ ⎠
27. ( −3, −1, 5)
67. ∅
29. ( 2z − 4, − z + 3, z )
69. ( 3,1,−2 )
31. ( 4, −3,1)
33. ( −3, 5, −2)
71. ( 2, −1, 3)
35. ( 0, 2, 3) 73. ( −2, 5, 0 )
37. ⎛ 1 3 ⎞
75. ⎜ − 2 , 2 ,1⎟
3x − 2 y = 4 ⎝ ⎠
5x + y = 9 77. ( 5z + 1, 2z − 1, z )
39.
79. ∅
5x − y + 3z = 8
2x − 4 y − z = 6 81. ( 3, 2,1)
−8x + z = 4 83. ( 2, 3, −2,1)
41. ( −2, −3)
85. small = 35 ¢, medium = 45 ¢, large = 60 ¢
43. ∅ 87. 200 gal-special blend, 100 gal-deep freeze,
45. ( −1, 5) 300 gal-Lite

Page 489
Page 502
Page 503
 Section 6.7—Non-Linear Systems of Equations

1. {( 0, 2 ) ,( 2, 0 )} 39. {( 4,±2 2 )}
⎧⎛ 6 8 ⎞ ⎫
3. ⎨⎜ , ⎟ , ( −2, 0 ) ⎬ 41. {( 0, 0 ) , (1,1)}
⎩⎝ 5 5 ⎠ ⎭
{( 2,8)}
{( 2, 4 )}
43.
5.

7. No Real Solutions
45. {( 2, 2 ) ,( −2, 2 )}
9. {( 4, 2 )} 47. {( 2,1) ,( −2, −1) , (1, 2 ) , ( −1, −2 )}
11. {( −1, −4 ) , ( −2, −2 )} ⎧ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
( )(
49. ⎨ 3,1 , −3, −1 , ⎜ ) , 6 ⎟ , ⎜ − , −6 ⎟ ⎬
⎩ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
13. ⎨⎜ 2, ⎟ , ⎜ − , −3 ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎭ ⎧⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎫
51. ⎨⎜ , 2 ⎟⎬
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎫
15. ⎨⎜ −4, , 3, ⎬
⎩⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎭
17. No Real Solutions

19. {( 7, 4 ) , ( −5, −21)}

⎧⎛ 3 5 ⎞ ⎫
21. ⎨⎜ , ⎟ , ( 0, −1) ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎭
23. {( 5, 2 )}
25. {( −1, −1) , ( 2,8)}
⎧⎛ 4 4 ⎞ ⎫
27. ⎨⎜ , ⎟ , ( −4, 4 ) ⎬
⎩⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎭

29. {( 2 )( )( )(
2 , 2 , 2 2 , −2 , −2 2 , 2 , −2 2 , −2 )}
31. {(1,1) , (1, −1) ,( −1,1) , ( −1, −1)}
33. No Real Solutions

⎧⎪⎛ 1 7 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − 7 ⎞ ⎫⎪
35. ⎨⎜ −
⎜
, ⎟⎟ , ⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟ , ( −1,1) , ( −1, −1) ⎬
⎪⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎪⎭

37. {( 0,1)}

Page 504