FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

1
CHAPTER
FUNCTIONS

Focus STPM 1
1 (a) g(x) = 16 − x2
For g(x) to be defined, 16 − x2  0
3 First, consider only g(x) = 1 x − 2 . The
2  
(4 + x)(4 − x)  0 graph of g(x) is as shown below.
y

y=− 1x+2
2
x y= 1x−2
−4 4 2
2
Hence, the domain of g is x
O 4
{x | - 4  x  4, x P }. −2
(b) y The graph of g(x) is
actually part of a circle

5
with the equation
y 2 = 16 − x 2 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = 42. − 1 x + 2,  x < 4,
2
4 Thus, g(x) =
2
1 x − 2,  x  4.
y = 16 − x
2
−4 O 4
x
Next, consider only h(x) = 1 x + 2 . The
2  
graph of h(x) is as shown below.
(c) The range is { y | 0  y  4, y P }. y
y= 1x+2
2
2 (a) f : x  x2 − 9
y=− 1x−2
2
f (x) = x2 − 9
2
For f (x) to be defined, x2 − 9  0
x
(x + 3)(x − 3)  0 −4 O

5
− 1 x − 2,  x < − 4,
2
x Thus, h(x) =
−3 3 1 x + 2,  x  − 4.
Hence, the domain of f  is 2
{x | x  -3 or x  3, x P }. Therefore,
(b) y

y = x2 − 9
• for x < − 4, f (x) = − 1x + 2 − − 1x − 2
2 2 1 2
=4
−3 O 3
x 1
2
1
• for − 4  x < 4, f (x) = − x + 2 − x + 2
2 1 2
(c) The range is { y | y  0, y P }. = −x

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 1

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Chapter 1.indd 1 7/1/2015 9:11:16 AM

 • for x  4, f (x) = 1x − 2 − 1x + 2
2 2 1 2 The range of g is
{ y | y  , y ≠ 0}.
= − 4 (b) g ° f  = g[f (x)]
4,   x < - 4, = g[(x + 1)2 + 2]

5
Hence, f (x) = - x,   - 4  x < 4,
- 4,  x  4.
= 1
(x + 1)2 + 2 − 2
= 1 , x ≠ -1
(a) The graph of f (x) is as shown below. (x + 1)2
y The domain of g ° f is
{x | x  , x ≠ -1}.
y=4
4 The range of g ° f is { y | y > 0, y P }.
y

y = −x
4
x
−4 O y = g f(x)

= 1
(x + 1)2
x
−4 −1 O
y = −4

(b) The range of f is 5 (a) (i) f (x) = x − 2

{y | - 4  y  4, y P }. y

4 (a) (i) f (x) = (x + 1)2 + 2 y= x−2

y
x
O 2
y = (x + 1)2 + 2
3
The domain of f is
(−1, 2)
x
{x | x  2, x P }.
O The range of f is
{ y | y  0, y P }.
The domain of f is {x | x  }. (ii) g(x) = x2 − 3
The range of f is y
{ y | y  2, y P }.

(ii) g(x) = 1
x−2
y x
O
y = x2 − 3
−3
y= 1
x−2
x The domain of g is
O
−1
2
2
{x | x  }.
The range of g is
{ y | y  -3, y P }.
The domain of g is (b) g ° f  exists because Rf  Dg.
{x | x  , x ≠ 2}.
g ° f  = g[f(x)]

2 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

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Chapter 1.indd 2 7/1/2015 9:11:24 AM

 = g1  x − 22 7 (a) (i) f (x) = 1
= 1 x − 2 22 − 3 x−2
y
=x-5
(c) For f ° g  to be defined, Rg  Df  .
Rg Df 

{
{
x2 − 3  2
x2 − 5  0 −1
O 2
x

2
1x + 521x − 52  0
Hence, the required set of values of x is
{x | x  - 5 or x  5, x P }.
The domain of f is
6 (a) (i) f (x) = 25 − x2
{x | x  , x ≠ 2}.
y
The range of f is
{ y | y  , y ≠ 0}.
5
(ii) g(x) = 2
x+4
y = 25 − x 2 y

x
−5 O 5

1
2 x
The domain of f is −4 O
{x | -5  x  5, x P }.
The range of f is
{ y | 0  y  5, y P }. The domain of g is
(ii) g (x) = x2 − 5
{x | x  , x ≠ - 4}. ... 1
y
The range of g is
{ y | y  , y ≠ 0}.
(b) f ° g = f  [g(x)]

O
x = f   2 1
x+4 2
y = x2 − 5 = 1
−5

The domain of g is {x | x  }.

1
 
2 −2
x+4 2
x+4
The range of g is =
{y | y  -5, y P }. 2 − 2(x + 4)
x+4 x+4 ,
(b) f ° g does not exist because Rg  Df  . =  = -   x ≠ -3 ... 2
-6 - 2x 2x + 6
(c) For f ° g to be defined, Rg  Df  . Combining 1 and 2 , the domain of
Df Rg Df f ° g is {x | x  R, x ≠ - 4, x ≠ -3}.
}
}
}

−5  x − 5  5
2
x
0   x2   10 8 (a) For f: x  , the domain is
x +1
Hence, the required set of values of x is
{x | -  10  x  10, x P }. { x | x ∈ , x ≠ -1}.

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 3

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Chapter 1.indd 3 7/1/2015 9:11:32 AM

 x+2 (d) h ≠ g  f because the domain and the range
For g: x  , the domain is
x of g  f are not the same as the domain and
the range of h.
{ x | x ∈, x ≠ 0}.

(b) g  f = g f ( x ) = g
x
x -1
  9 f: x 
1
x
, x ∈  \ {0} means  ≠ 0

x g : x  2 x − 1, x ∈ 
+2
= x +1 f  g = fg ( x )
x
= f ( 2 x - 1)
x +1
1 1
x + 2 ( x + 1) = ,x¹
= 2x - 1 2
x
3x + 2 ì 1ü
= The domain of f  g is í x | x ∈ , x ≠ ý .
x î 2þ
2
= 3+ ,x ≠ 0 10 (a) Let  y = f  −1(x)
x
f (y) = x
Other than x ≠ 0, the domain of g  f 2+ y−1 =x
also has to follow the domain of f, i.e.
y−1=x−2
x ∈ , x ≠ −1. y − 1 = (x − 2)2
Hence, the domain of g  f is y − 1 = x2 − 4x + 4
y = x2 − 4x + 5
{ x x ∈, x ≠ 0, x ≠ -1}. [ f   (x) = x2 - 4x + 5
-1

2 The domain of f  −1 is the same as the

If x ≠ −1, then g f ( x ) ≠ 3 + , i.e.
( −1) range of f, i.e. {x | x  2, x P }.
g f ( x ) ≠ 1. The range of f  −1 is the same as the
domain of f, i.e. {y | y  1, y P }.
Thus, the range of g  f cannot take (b) The graphs of y = f (x) and y = f  −1(x)
the value 1. Other than that, based on are as shown below.
the graph in (c), the range of g  f also y
cannot take the value 3. Hence, the y = f −1(x)
range of g  f if { y | y ∈ , y ≠ 1, y ≠ 3} .
5
y = f (x)
2 4
(c) For h : x → 3 + , the domain is 3 The graph of y = f −1(x) is
x the reflection of the graph of
{ x x ∈, x ≠ 0} and the range is
2
y = f (x) in the straight line y = x.
1
x

{ y y ∈ , y ≠ 3}.
O1 2 3 4 5

x
=
y y

2
h(x) = 3 +
x
The point of intersection of the graphs of
3 y = f (x) and y = f  −1(x) is the same as the
point of intersection of the curve y = f  −1(x)
2 O
x = x2 − 4x + 5 and the straight line y = x.
−
3 y = x2 − 4x + 5 ... 1
y = x... 2

4 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

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Chapter 1.indd 4 7/1/2015 9:12:03 AM

 x2 − 4x + 5 = x p(x) has a remainder of −12 when it is

x2 − 5x + 5 = 0 divided by (x + 1).
x = −(−5) ± (−5) − 4(1)(5) p(−1) = −12
2

2(1) q(−1) − r(−1) − 1 − 2 = 0

3 2

5± 5 −q − r = 3
x= ... 2
2 1 − 2:
x = 1.38 or 3.62
2q − r = 0
x = 1.38 is not accepted
 x = 3.62 − −q − r = 3
 y = x = 3.62 3q = −3
Hence, the required point of q = -1
intersection is (3.62, 3.62). From 1 , 2(−1) − r = 0
r = -2
11 (a) The graph of y = f (x) = x2 − 3x is as  p(x) = −x3 + 2x2 + x − 2
shown below.
y 13 Since q(x) is divisible by x2 + x − 6 =
(x −2)(x + 3), then it is also divisible by
y = f(x) = x 2 − 3x (x − 2) and (x + 3).
x
q(2) = 0
O 3 m(2)3 − 5(2)2 + k(2) + 54 = 0
8m + 2k = −34
(112 , −2 14 ) 4m + k = −17... 1
q(−3) = 0
f  −1 does not exist because f is not a
m(−3)3 − 5(−3)2 + k(−3) + 54 = 0
one-to-one function.
−27m − 3k = −9
(b) In order for f −1 to exist, the domain of f 9m + k = 3 ... 2
must be restricted to only 2 − 1 : 5m = 20 ⇒ m = 4
5 x | x  1 1 , x P  .
2 6 From 1 , 4(4) + k = −17 ⇒ k = -33
Let y = f  −1(x)
14 Since (x + 2) is a factor of p(x), then
f (y) = x
 p(−2) = 0
y2 − 3y = x
(−2)3 + 4(−2)2 − h(−2) + k = 0
y2 − 3y − x = 0
−(−3) + (−3)2 − 4(1)(−x) 2h + k = −8
y=  k = −2h − 8 ... 1
2(1)
3 + 9 + 4x When p(x) is divided by (x − h), the
y= remainder is h3.
2
p(h) = h3
3 + 9 + 4x
[ f -1(x) = h3 + 4h2 − h2 + k = h3
2
3h2 + k = 0 ... 2
The domain of f  −1 is the same as the Substituting 1 into 2 ,
5 4 6
range of f, i.e. x | x  -2 1 , x P  . 3h2 − 2h − 8 = 0
(3h + 4)(h − 2) = 0
12 Since (x − 2) is a factor of
p(x) = qx3 − rx2 + x − 2, h = - 4 or 2
3
p(2) = 0
q(2)3 − r(2)2 + 2 − 2 = 0
8q − 4r = 0 3 3 1 2
When h = − 4 , k = −2 − 4 − 8 = - 16
3
2q − r = 0 ... 1 When h = 2, k = −2(2) − 8 = -12

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 5

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Chapter 1.indd 5 7/1/2015 9:12:05 AM

 15 When a polynomial p(x) of degree n  2 Since (x − 1) and (x + 1) are factors of
is divided by 2x2 + 3x − 2 = (2x − 1)(x + 2), p(x), then (x − 1)(x + 1) = x2 − 1 is a
the remainder is an expression in the form factor of p(x).
ax + b, where a and b are constants. i.e. (b) When m = 8, p(x) = x2n − (8 + 2)x2 + 8 + 1
p(x) = (2x − 1)(x + 2)q(x) + (ax + b) = x2n − 10x2 + 9
When p(x) is divided by (2x − 1), the Since (x − 3) is a factor, then
remainder is 3 . p(3) = 0
2 32n − 10(3)2 + 9 = 0
p 1 2
1
2 2 1 2
= (0) + 2 q(x) + 1 a + b = 3
1
2 2
32n = 81
32n = 34
a + 2b = 3 ... 1
2n = 4
When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), the n=2
remainder is −1.
Hence, p(x) = x − 10x2 + 9 = (x2 − 9)(x2 − 1)
4
p(−2) = [2 × (−2) − 1](0)q(x) + (−2a + b) = −1
= (x + 3)(x - 3)(x + 1)(x - 1)
−2a + b = −1... 2
Solving 1 and 2 , a = 1, b = 1. 18 (a) p ( x ) = x 4 + ax 3 − 7 x 2 − 4 ax + b
Hence, the remainder when p(x) is divided Since x + 3 is a factor of p(x), p(−3) = 0
by 2x2 + 3x − 2 is ax + b = x + 1.
( −3)4 + a ( −3)3 − 7 ( −3)2 − 4a ( −3) + b = 0
16 x3 + x − 2 81 − 27a − 63 + 12a + b = 0
x − 4 2 x − 3x3 − 2x2 − 4x + 8
2 5
−15a + b = −18 ... 1
x5 − 4x3
x3 − 2x2 − 4x + 8 When p(x) is divided by ( x − 3) , the
x3 − 4x remainder is 60.
− 2x2 +8 Therefore, p (3) = 60
− 2x2 +8
34 + a (3) − 7 (3) − 4 a (3) + b = 60
3 2

0
The remainder is 0. 81 + 27a − 63 − 12a + b = 60
Since the remainder is 0, (x2 − 4) is a factor 15a + b = 42 ... 2
of p(x). 1 + 2 , 2b = 24  
 p(x) = (x2 − 4)(x3 + x − 2) b = 12
Let q(x) = x3 + x − 2. From 1 , -15a + 12 = -18
If x = 1, q(x) = 13 + 1 − 2 = 0 a=2
 (x − 1) is a factor of q(x). ∴ p( x ) = x + 2 x − 7 x 2 − 8 x + 12
4 3

 p(x) = (x2 − 4)(x − 1)(x2 + x + 2)

When p(x) = 0, x3 − x 2 − 4 x + 4


x2 − 4 = 0  or  x − 1 = 0  or  x2 + x + 2 = 0
x = ± 2, x = 1,
)
(b) x + 3 x 4 + 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 − 8 x + 12

x2 + x + 2 = 0 has no real solutions because (

− x 4 + 3x 3 )
b2 − 4ac = 12 − 4(1)(2) = −7 (< 0) − x − 7x2
3

The roots of p(x) are ±2 and 1.

(
− − x 3 − 3x 2 )
17 (a) x − 1 = (x − 1)(x + 1)
2

p(1) = 12n − (m + 2)(1)2 + m + 1 − 4 x 2 − 8x

=1−m−2+m+1=0 (
− −4 x 2 − 12 x )
Thus, (x − 1) is a factor of p(x).
4 x + 12
p(−1) = (−1)2n − (m + 2)(−1)2 + m + 1
=1−m−2+m+1=0 − ( 4 x + 12)
Thus, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x). 0

6 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

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Chapter 1.indd 6 7/1/2015 9:12:16 AM

 Let f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2 − 4 x + 4
f (1) = 1 − 1 − 4 (1) + 4 = 0
3 2
Hence, p( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 x 2 + 2 x − 3
2

Therefore, ( x − 1) is another factor of p(x).
x2 - 4
= ( x + 1)  4x2 + 4x − 3
2

)
x - 1 x3 - x 2 - 4 x + 4 1
= ( x + 1)(2 x + 3)(2 x - 1)
(
- x3 - x 2 ) 2

- 4x + 4 20 (a) Since ( x + 2) is a factor, then

- ( -4 x + 4 ) p ( −2) = 0
6 ( −2) − a ( −2) − b ( −2) +
4 3 2
0
Hence,
28 ( −2) + 12 = 0
p ( x ) = ( x + 3) ( x − 1) x 2 − 4 ( )
96 + 8a − 4b − 56 + 12 = 0
= ( x + 3)( x - 1)( x + 2)( x - 2)
8a − 4b = −52
1 2a − b = −13  ... 1
19 (a) p ( x ) = 2 x + 4 x + x−k
3 2

2 Since ( x − 2) is a factor, then

Since ( x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then p ( 2) = 0
p ( −1) = 0
6 ( 2) − a ( 2) − b ( 2) +
4 3 2

1
2( -1) + 4 ( -1) + ( -1) - k = 0 28 ( 2) + 12 = 0
3 2

2
1 96 − 8a − 4b + 56 + 12 = 0
-2 + 4 - - k = 0
2 −8a − 4b = −164
3 2a + b = 41 ... 2
-k=0
2 1 + 2: 4 a = 28

3 a= 7
k=
2
From 1 , 2( 7 ) - b = -13
1 3
(b) p ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 + x − b = 27
2 2
p ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x − 2) g ( x )
3
2x2 + 2x −
6x2 − 7x − 3

)
2
x + 1 2x + 4x + x −
3 2 1 3
2
)
x − 4 6 x − 7 x − 27 x 2 + 28 x + 12
4 3

2 2 (−)6 x 4
2
− 24 x
(
− 2x + 2x
3 2
) − 7 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 28 x + 12
1
2x2 +
x (−) − 7 x3 + 28 x
2
(
− 2x2 + 2x ) − 3x 2 + 12
( − ) − 3x 2
+ 12
3 3
− x− 0
2 2

 3
− − x−
2
3
2
 (
p ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x − 2) 6 x 2 − 7 x − 3
= ( x + 2)( x - 2)(2 x - 3)( 3 x + 1)
)
0
ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 7
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Chapter 1.indd 7 7/1/2015 9:12:44 AM

 (b) p ( x ) = ( x + 2) ( x − 2) ( 2 x − 3) (3 x + 1)
Since the remainders when p(x) is divided
by (x + 1) is 0, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x).
= ( 2 x − 3)( x + 2)( x − 2)(3 x + 1) 
x2 + 5x + 10
( )
= ( 2 x − 3)  x 2 − 4 (3 x + 1) x + 12 x + 6x2 + 15x + 10
3

x3 + x2
(
= ( 2 x − 3) 3 x 3 + x 2 − 12 x − 4 ) 5x2 + 15x
5x2 + 5x
= ( 2 x − 3) (3 x 3 − 41 + 37
 +x
2
−
 12x )
10x + 10
q( x )
10x + 10
q ( x ) = x 2 - 12 x + 37 0
 p(x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10)
= x 2 - 12 x + ( -6 ) - ( -6 ) + 37
2 2

x+7 x+7
≡
= ( x - 6) + 1
2
p(x) (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10)
Bx + C
≡ A + 2
4x2 − x + 3 x+1 x + 5x + 10
21 4x 3− x + 3 ≡
2

x −1 (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) x + 7 ≡ A(x + 5x + 10) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

2

A Bx + C Letting x = −1, 6 = 6A ⇒ A = 1
≡ + Letting x = 0, 7 = 10A + C
x − 1 x2 + x + 1
4x2 − x + 3 ≡ A(x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1) 7 = 10(1) + C
Letting x = 1, 6 = 3A ⇒ A = 2 C = −3
Letting x = 0, 3 = A + C(−1) Letting x = 1, 8 = 16A + 2B + 2C
3=2−C 8 = 16(1) + 2B + 2(−3)
C = −1 2B = −2
Letting x = −1, 8 = A + (−B + C)(−2) B = −1
8 = 2 + (−B − 1)(−2)  x + 7 ≡ 1 + −x − 3
(x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10) x + 1 x2 + 5x + 10
8 = 2 + 2B + 2
2B = 4 ≡ 1 − 2 x+3
x + 1 x + 5x + 10
B=2
4x2 − x + 3
+ 22x - 1 23 −16  x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 16  0
2
 ≡
x −1
3
x-1 x +x+1 When     −16  x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 16,
x3 − 4x2 + 4x  0
22 Since the remainders when p(x) is divided x(x2 − 4x + 4)  0
by (x + 1) is 0, p(−1) = 0. x(x − 2)2  0
p(−1) = 0 Since (x − 2)2  0,
(−1) + m(−1) + 15(−1) + k = 0
3 2
in order that x(x − 2)2  0, then x  0 … 1
−1 + m − 15 + k = 0 When x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 16  0,
m + k = 16 … 1 we let f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 16.
Since the remainders when p(x) is divided f (4) = 43 − 4(4)2 + 4(4) − 16 = 0
by (x + 2) is − 4, p(−2) = − 4. Thus, (x − 4) is a factor of f (x).
p(−2) = − 4 x2 + 4
(−2) + m(−2) + 15(−2) + k = − 4
3 2 x − 42 x − 4x2 + 4x − 16
3

−8 + 4m − 30 + k = − 4 x3 − 4x2
4x − 16
4m + k = 34 … 2
4x − 16
2 − 1 : 3m = 18 ⇒ m = 6
0
From 1 : 6 + k = 16 ⇒ k = 10
x − 4x + 4x − 16  0
3 2
 p(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 15x + 10
   (x − 4)(x2 + 4)  0

8 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

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Chapter 1.indd 8 7/1/2015 9:12:47 AM

 Since x2 + 4 > 0, " x, Alternative method
in order that (x − 4)(x2 + 4)  0, then
− 4 < x < 4
x − 4  0 ⇒ x  4 …2 x−3
Combining 1 and 2 , For the left-end For the right-end
the required set of values of x is inequality, inequality,
{x | 0  x  4}.
− 4 < x x <4
3x − 5 x−3 x−3
24 x−3
x x + 4 0 x −4<0
>
3x − 5 x−3 x−3
−x+30
x 4(x − 3) x − 4(x − 3)
+
x
3x − 5 − x2 + 3x > 0 <0
0 x−3 x−3
x x 4x − 12 −3x + 12 < 0
−x + 6x − 5
2 + > 0
0 x−3 x−3
x 5x − 12 0 3(−x + 4) < 0
x − 6x + 5
2 >
0 x−3 x−3
x
(x − 1)(x − 5)
0 − − +
x−30 + + −
x −x + 4  0
− − − + − + + − + +
x−5 0 5x − 12  0 x−30
− − + + x−1 0 x x
12 3 3 4
+ − + − + −
− + + + 5
x  0

 x < 12 or x > 3 … 1
x
− 0 + 1 − 5 +  x < 3 or x > 4 … 2
5
The required set of values of x is Combining 1 and 2 :
{x | x < 0 or 1  x  5}. x < 3 or x > 4

x < 12 or x > 3
5
We write ‘<’ and not x
12 3 4
‘’ because x ≠ 0. 5

The required set of values of x is

25 x −x 3 < 4 5
x | x < 12 or x > 4 . 6
|x| 5
<4
|x − 3| 1
|x| < 4|x − 3| 26 The graphs of y = |x + 2| and y = is as
shown below. x+1
x2 < 16(x − 3)2
x2 < 16x2 − 96x + 144 y
0 < 15x2 − 96x + 144 y=x+2
0 < 5x2 − 32x + 48 y = −x − 2
2
0 < (x − 4)(5x − 12) A y= 1
x+1
x
−2 −1 O
− + +
5x − 12  0
− − +
x−4 0
x
+ 12 − 4 +
5 y = x + 2 …1
Hence, the required set of values of x is y = 1 … 2
x+1
5
x | x < 12 or x > 4 .
5 6 Substituting 1 into 2 ,

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 9

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 9 7/1/2015 9:12:56 AM

      x + 2 = 1 28 p(x) = 2x3 + hx2 + kx + 36
x+1 Since (x − 3) is a factor, then
x2 + 3x + 2 = 1 p(3) = 0
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 2(3)3 + h(3)2 + k(3) + 36 = 0
−3 ± 32 − 4(1)(1) 9h + 3k = −90
        x = 3h + k = −30… 1
2(1)
−3 ± 5 p(x) = (x + 2) f (x) − 30 means that the
        x =
2 remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 2)
The x-coordinate of point A is is −30.
−3 + 5 p(−2) = −30
        x = . 2(−2) + h(−2) + k(−2) + 36 = −30
3 2
2
Based on the graphs, the solution set of x 4h − 2k = −50
for which |x + 2| > 1 is 2h − k = −25… 2
x+1 1 + 2 : 5h = −55 ⇒ h = -11
-3 + 5 From 1 : 3(−11) + k = −30
5
x | x < -1 or x >
2
. 6 k=3
Therefore, p(x) = 2x − 11x2 + 3x + 36.
3

This is the set of values of x where the

graph of y = |x + 2| is above the graph of
2x2 − 5x − 12
1 x − 32 2x − 11x2 + 3x + 36
3
y= .
x+1 2x3 − 6x2
−5x2 + 3x
−5x2 + 15x
27 y
−12x + 36
−12x + 36
y=x−1 0
y = −x − 1 y= x +1
1
A Therefore, p(x) = (x − 3)(2x2 − 5x − 12)
x = (x - 3)(2x + 3)(x - 4)
−1 O 1 3
−1

To determine the x-coordinate of point −3 3 4

x

A, solve 2

        y = x − 1 …1 The sets of values of x such that p(x)  0

        y = x + 1 … 2
Substituting 1 into 2 ,
5
is x | - 3  x  3 or x  4 .
2 6
29 p(x) = 2x3 + px2 + qx + 6
x−1= x+1
Since (2x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then
(x − 1)2 = x + 1
x2 − 2x + 1 = x + 1 1 2
p − 1 = 0
2
x2 − 3x = 0 3 2

x(x − 3) = 0 1 21
2 1 2 1
2 1 2
1
 2 −  + p −  + q −  + 6 = 0
2
Thus, the x-coordinate of point A is x = 3. 1 1 1
−  +  p −  q + 6 = 0
The part of the x-axis where the graph of 4 4 2
y = x + 1 is above the graph of y = |x| − 1 − 1 + p − 2q + 24 = 0
is −1  x  3. p − 2q = −23 … 1
Hence, the required set of values of x is When p(x) is divided by (x + 3), the
{x | -1  x  3}. remainder is −15.

10 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 10 7/1/2015 9:12:59 AM

 p(−3) = −15 To determine the x-coordinates of the
2(−3) + p(−3) + q(−3) + 6 = −15
3 2 points of intersection of the graphs of
9p − 3q = 33 1
y = x − 2 and y = , solve the following
3p − q = 11 …2 x
         p − 2q = −23 … 1 simultaneous equations.
        −6p − 2q = 22 …2 ×2 Case 1 (for point P)
        −5p     = − 45 1
y= ... 1
         p       = 9 x
From 1 : 9 − 2q = −23 ⇒ q = 16 y = − x + 2 ... 2
 p(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 16x + 6 Substituting 1 into 2 :
x2 + 4x + 6 1
= −x + 2
2x + 12 2x + 9x2 + 16x + 6
3 x
2x3 + x2 1 = − x2 + 2x
8x2 + 16x x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
8x2 + 4x
12x + 6
( x − 1)2 = 0
12x + 6 x =1
0 Case 2 (for point Q)
Let q(x) = x + 4x + 6
2 1
y= ... 1
2 2 x
2 212 12
= x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 + 6 y = x −2 ... 3
= (x + 2) + 2 [> 0]
2
[Shown] Substituting 1 into 3 :
p(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 6) 1
= x−2
x
Since x2 + 4x + 6 is positive for all real
values of x, then p(x) < 0 only if 1 = x2 − 2x
x2 − 2x − 1 = 0
2x + 1 < 0 ⇒ x < − 1.
2
− ( −2) ± ( −2)2 − 4 (1) ( −1)
Hence, the solution set is x | x < - 1 .
2 5 6 x=
2 (1)

1 2± 8 2±2 2
30 Sketch the graphs of y = x − 2 and y = . = =
x 2 2
y
= 1± 2
1
y=
x x = 1 − 2 is not accepted because x must
y = −x + 2 be positive.
2 y=x−2
∴ x = 1+ 2
P
Q
Hence, the solution set for the inequality
O 1 2
x 1
{
x − 2 < is x | 0 < x < 1 + 2 , x ≠ 1 .
x
}
1
y= 1+ 2
x
This is the range of values of x where
the graph of y = |x - 2| is below the
1
graph of y = .
x

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 11

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 11 7/1/2015 9:13:13 AM

 4 3
= 3− x
x −1
4 3x − 3
= x
x −1

31 y =
4 (3x − 3) ( x − 1) = 4 x
x −1 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 − 4 x = 0
 4 3 x 2 − 10 x + 3 = 0
 x − 1, x > 1.
 (3x − 1) ( x − 3) = 0
 
y=
 − 4 , x < 1. 1
 x = or 3
x−1 3
As y → ±∞, x − 1 → 0 1
x= is not accepted.
x →1 3
Thus, x = 3
Thus, x = 1 is the asymptote. 4 3
The solution set for which > 3−
As x → ±∞ , y → 0. x −1 x
3 is given by the part of the graph where
y = 3− 4
x the curve y = is above the curve
As y → ±∞ , x → 0. x −1
3
Thus, x = 0 (the y-axis) is the asymptote. y = 3 − , that is { x 0 < x < 1or1 < x < 3} .
x
As x → ±∞ , y → 3.
Thus, y = 3 is the asymptote. x 1
32 
y x+1 x+1 − − + x−1≥0
x 1 − + +
4 − 0 x+1>0
y=
x−1 x+1 x+1 x
−1 − 1
x−1 + +
3 0
y=3−
x x+1
4
Hence, the required set of values of x is
{ x | x < -1or x 1} .
3 A 3
4 y=3−
y=− x
x−1

x
33 y
O 1 3

y = e −x
2 y = 2e − x
1
x
−1 O
The x-coordinate of point A is obtained
−2 y = −e −x − 1
by solving the following equations
simultaneously. y = −e −x

4
y=  ... 1
x −1 34 (a) y

3
y = 3−  ... 2
x y = |ln x|
4 3
= 3− x O
x
x −1 1

4 3x − 3
= x
x −1
(3x − 3) ( x − 1) = 4 x
12 x 2 − 6Mathematics
ACE3AHEAD x + 3 − 4 x(T)=First
0 Term Second Edition
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015
3 x 2 − 10 x + 3 = 0
Chapter 1.indd 12 (3x − 1) ( x − 3) = 0 7/1/2015 9:13:37 AM
 (b)
(c) g  f −1 = g f −1 ( x )
y

y = ln (−x) y = ln x (
= g ex − 1 )
x = ex − 1 + 1
−1 O 1
1
x
= e2
The domain of g  f −1 is the same as the
(c) y domain of f −1, i.e. { x | x ∈ } .

The range of g  f −1 is { y y ≥ 0, y ∈ } .
y
1
x x
O y = e2
−1
1
y = −ln (−x) x
O

35 (a) The graph of y = f ( x ) = ln ( x + 1) is as 36 (a) f  g = f g ( x )

 
shown below.  
x −1
y = f ln 
 2 

= 1+ 2e
ln  x 2−1
y = f (x) = ln (x + 1)
= 1+ 2   x −1
2
O
x =x
−1
Since it is known that ff −1 ( x ) = x, by

comparison f −1 ( x ) = g ( x ) = ln
x -1
2
.  
f −1 exists because f is a one-to-one and (b) The domain of f −1 is the same as the
an onto function. range of f, i.e. { x x ≥ 1, x ∈ } .
The range of f −1 is the same as the
(b) Let y = f −1 ( x ) domain of f, i.e. { y y ∈ } .
f ( y) = x (c) The graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = f −1 ( x )
ln ( y + 1) = x are as shown below.
y

y +1= e x

y = ex −1 x
=

(x) = e
y
−1
f x
−1
3
y = f(x) = 1 + 2e x
The domain of f −1 is the same as the
range of f, i.e. { x x ∈ } .
−1
x
O1 3

The range of f −1 is the same as the y = f −1(x) = ln x − 1 ( )

domain of f, i.e. { y y ≥ −1, y ∈ }
2

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 13

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 13 7/1/2015 9:13:59 AM

 1
When h = − 1, y 2 − 1 y + 2 − 1 − 3 = 0 1 2
− 
37 x 2
+ 2x−1 = 15
1 2
4 4 4
+ 2 1x 2
1
−  − 
 x 2 2
= 15 4y 2 − y − 14 = 0
− 
1 (4y + 7)(y − 2) = 0
Let x =u 2

u + 2u2 = 15 y = − 7 or 2
4
2u2 + u − 15 = 0 Given y = log2 x, then x = 2y.
(2u − 5)(u + 3) = 0 − 
7

When y = − 7, x = 2 4 = 0.297.

u = 5 or u = −3 4
2 When y = 2, x = 22 = 4.
When u = 5, When u = −3,
2
1 1
x 2 = 5
−  − 
x 2 = −3 40 2 logc x − 3 logx c = 5
2 logc c
x−1 = 5
2
[Not possible because
− 
1
12
2 logc x − 3 1
logc x
=5 2
2 x 2 > 0 for all real
1 = 25 values of x.] 2 logc x − 3 1 1
logc x
=5 2
x 4
Let logc x = u
x= 4
25 2u − 3 1 = 5
u 12
38 8 + 6(8 ) = 5
x −x 2u2 − 3 = 5u
2u2 − 5u − 3 = 0
8x + 6x = 5
8 (2u + 1)(u − 3) = 0
Let 8x = u u = − 1     or u=3
2
u+ 6 =5
u logc x = − 1 logc x = 3
u2 + 6 = 5u 2
1
u2 − 5u + 6 = 0 −  1
x = c 2 = x = c3
(u − 2)(u − 3) = 0 c
u = 2 or u=3
8x = 2 8x = 3 2
23x = 21 x lg 8 = lg 3 41 Simplify first.
log 2 a
3x = 1 x = lg 3
lg 8 2 2
=
x = 1 x = 0.528 log 2 a 1
3
log a 2
39 log2 x − logx 8 + 2log2  h + h logx 4 = 0
= 2 log a 2
log2 8 log2 4
log2 x −
log2 x
+ h + h 
log2 x
=0 1 2 = log a 22
= log a 4
log2 23 log2 22
y−
y
+ h + h 
y 1 =0 2 log a (3 x − 4 a ) + log a 3 x =
2
log 2 a
y−3+h+h 2 =0
y y 12 + log a (1 − 2a )
y − 3 + hy + 2h = 0 log a (3 x − 4 a ) + log a 3 x = log a 4
2

y 2 + hy + 2h - 3 = 0 [Shown] + log a (1 − 2a )
log a 3 x (3 x − 4 a ) = log a 4 (1 − 2a )
14 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 3 x (3 x − 4 a ) = 4 (1 − 2a )
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015
9 x − 12ax + 8a − 4 = 0
2

Chapter 1.indd 14 7/1/2015 9:14:03 AM

 log a (3 x − 4 a ) + log a 3 x =
log 2 a
+ log a (1 − 2a )
log a (3 x − 4 a ) + log a 3 x = log a 4
+ log a (1 − 2a )
log a 3 x (3 x − 4 a ) = log a 4 (1 − 2a ) 43 (a) The graph of y = |sin x| is as shown
below.
3 x (3 x − 4 a ) = 4 (1 − 2a )
In the non-modulus form,
9 x − 12ax + 8a − 4 = 0
2
y
y = |sin x| is

sin x, 0  x  p,
− ( −12a ) ± ( −12a) − 4 (9) (8a − 4 )
2
y = sin x y = −sin x f(x) =
x= −sin x, p  x  2p.
2 (9) 1

12a ± 144 a 2 − 288a + 144

= O
p p
x
18 2
3
p
2p
2

12a ± (12a − 12)2

= The graph of y = sin x for 0 < x < 2p
18
is as shown below.
12a ± (12a − 12)
= y
18
24 a − 12 12 1
= or
18 18
4a − 2 2 O x
= or p p 3 2p
3 3 2 2
p

1 4a − 2 –1
For 0 < a < , x = is not accepted
2 3
because when it is substituted into the given Hence, the function f (x) = |sin x| − sin x
equation, it produces log a ( − ve ) which is in the non-modulus form is:
undefined.
∴x =
2 f (x) = {
sin x − sin x, 0 < x < p
−sin x − sin x, p < x < 2p
3
f (x) = {
0, 0 < x < p

42 log a x
a2
= 3 log a 2 − log a ( x − 2a )
-2 sin x, p < x < 2p
(b) Hence, the graph of y = f (x) = |sin x| −

log a a
x
2
= log a 23 − log a ( x − 2a )
sin x for 0 < x < 2p is as shown below.
y

log a 
x
a2
+ log a ( x − 2a ) = log a 8
2

 (
y = f(x )
 x 
log a  2 x − 2a ) = log a 8
 a  O x
p p
x 3 2p
( x − 2a ) = 8 2 2
p
a2
x ( x − 2 a ) = 8a 2 The range of f (x) is
{y | 0 < y < 2, y P }.
x 2 − 2ax − 8a 2 = 0
(c) By using the horizontal-line test, there
( x + 2a ) ( x − 4 a ) = 0 are two intersection points between the
x = −2a or 4 a horizontal line and the graph of
x = −2a (is not accepted) y = f (x) = |sin x| − sin x. Hence, f (x) is
∴ x = 4a not a one-to-one function.

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 15

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 15 7/1/2015 9:14:16 AM

 = 1 + cos q
y
Two intersection points
sin q
2 1 + cos q tan q
= ×
sin q tan q
tan q + sin q
y = f (x) =
sin q tan q
O x = RHS
p p 3 2p
p
2 2 sin q tan q tan q + sin q
[  [Proven]
tan q - sin q sin q tan q
44 (a) LHS = cos4 q + sin2 q
= 1cos2 q22 + sin2 q 46 LHS = tan (P + Q) − tan P

= 11 − sin2 q22 + sin2 q sin (P + Q) sin P

= −
= 1 − 2 sin2 q + sin4 q + sin2 q cos (P + Q) cos P
= sin4 q + 1 − sin2 q cos P sin (P + Q) − sin P cos (P + Q)
=
= sin4 q + cos2 q cos P cos (P + Q)
= RHS cos P (sin P cos Q + cos P sin Q) −
[ cos4 q + sin2 q  sin4 q + cos2 q sin P (cos P cos Q − sin P sin Q)
 [Proven] =
cos P cos (P + Q)
(b) LHS = sin (q + a) + cos (q − a)
cos P sin P cos Q + cos2 P sin Q −
= sin q cos a + cos q sin a +
sin P cos P cos Q + sin2 P sin Q
cos q cos a + sin q sin a =
cos P cos (P + Q)
= sin q cos a + cos q cos a +
sin q sin a + cos q sin a cos2 P sin Q + sin2 P sin Q
=
= cos a(sin q + cos q) + cos P cos (P + Q)
sin a(sin q + cos q) sin Q (cos2 P + sin2 P)
=
= (sin q + cos q)(cos a + sin a) cos P cos (P + Q)
= RHS sin Q ? (l)
=
[ sin (q + a) + cos(q - a) cos P cos (P + Q)
 (sin q + cos q)(cos a + sin a) sin Q
 [Proven] =
cos P cos (P + Q)
sin q tan q = RHS
45 LHS =
tan q − sin q \ tan (P + Q) – tan P
sin q
1
sin q 
cos q 2 
sin Q
 [Proven]
= cos P cos (P + Q)
sin q
− sin q
cos q 47 LHS = csc 2q − cot 2q
sin q
2
1 − cos 2q
= =
sin q − sin q cos q sin 2q sin 2q
1 − cos2 q 1 − cos 2q
=
sin q (1 − cos q) =
sin 2q
(1 + cos q)(1 − cos q)
= = 1 − (1 − 2 sin q)
2
sin q (1 − cos q)
sin 2q

16 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 16 7/1/2015 9:14:19 AM

 sin C (cos C + cos A cos B )
=
cos A cos B cos C
sin C{cos [180° − ( A + B )]
+ cos A cos B}
=
cos A cos B cos C
=
2 sin2 q sin C{− cos ( A + B ) + cos Accos B}
2 sin q cos q =
cos A cos B cos C
sin q sin C (sin A sin B − cos A cos B +
=
cos q
cos A cos B )
= tan q =
cos A cos B cos C
= RHS sin A sin B sin C
=
[ csc 2q - cot 2q  tan q [Proven] cos A cos B cos C
tan 22.5° = csc 2(22.5°) − cot 2(22.5°)
= tan A tan B tan C [Shown]
= 1 − 1 (b) sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C
sin 45° tan 45°
= sin 2 A + sin 2C + sin 2 B
= 1 −1
1
2
1 = 2 sin  2 A + 2C
2
cos  
2 A − 2C
2
+ 
sin 2 B
= 2 - 1[Shown] = 2 sin ( A + C ) cos ( A − C ) + sin 2 B
= 2 sin (180° − B ) cos ( A − C ) + sin 2 B
48 Since A, B and C are angles of a triangle,
then A + B + C = 180°. = 2 sin B cos ( A − C ) + sin 2 B
= 2 sin B cos ( A − C ) + 2 sin B cos B
(a) tan A + tan B + tan C

= 2 sin B[cos ( A − C ) + cos B]

 
sin A sin B sin C 
= + + A−C + B
cos A cos B cos C = 2 sin B  2 cos
 2
sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos A cos C

=
+ sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
cos 
A− B −C 
2



cos C (sin A cos B + sin B cos A)

=
+ sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C

= 2 sin B  2 cos


A+ B −C
2

=
cos C sin ( A + B ) + sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
cos 
A − (B + C ) 
2



cos C sin (180° − C )

=
+ sin C cos A cos B

= 2 sin B  2 cos


180° − C − C
2

 
cos A cos B cos C
cos C sin C + sin C cos A cos B A − (180° − A) 
= cos 
cos A cos B cos C 2 
sin C (cos C + cos A cos B )
=
cos A cos B cos C
sin C{cos [180° − ( A + B )]

= 2 sin B  2 cos


180° − 2C
2

=
+ cos A cos B}
cos A cos B cos C
cos 
2 A − 180° 
2



sin C{− cos ( A + B ) + cos Accos B} = 4 sin B cos (90° − C ) cos ( A − 90°)
=
cos A cos B cos C
sin C (sin A sin B − cos A cos B +
ACE=AHEAD [
4 sin BMathematics ]
sin C sin(T)AFirst Term Second Edition
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015
17

cos A cos B ) = 4sin A sin B sinC [Shown ]

Chapter 1.indd 17
= 7/1/2015 9:14:26 AM
cos A cos B cos C
 
= 2 sin B  2 cos


180° − 2C
2

cos 
2 A − 180° 
2



When cos x = 1,
= 4 sin B cos (90° − C ) cos ( A − 90°)
x = 0°, 360°
= 4 sin B [sin C sin A]
[ x = 0°, 90°, 138.6°, 221.4°, 270°, 360°
= 4sin A sin B sinC [Shown ]
51 sin 3q + sin2 q = 2
p p
49 (a) LHS = 2 sin A +
4 1
cos A +
42 1 2 sin 3q = 3 sin q − 4 sin3 q
p (3 sin q − 4 sin3 q) + sin2 q − 2 = 0
= sin 2 A +
4 1 2 4 sin3 q − sin2 q − 3 sin q + 2 = 0
p (sin q + 1)(4 sin2 q − 5 sin q + 2) = 0
= sin 2A +
2 1 2 sin q + 1 = 0 or 4 sin2 q − 5 sin q + 2 = 0
p p
= sin 2A cos + cos 2A sin When sin q + 1 = 0
2 2
         sin q = −1
= (sin 2A)(0) + (cos 2A)(1)
            q = 270°
= cos 2A
For 4 sin2 q − 5 sin q + 2 = 0, there are no
= RHS
real roots because b2 − 4ac = (−5)2 − 4(4)(2)
p p

\ 2 sin A +
4+cos A +4
; cos 2A + = −7 (< 0)
[ q = 270°
[Proven] 4 sin2 q − 5 sin q + 2
p p
(b) LHS = 2 cos B +
1
4
cos B − 2
4 1 2 sin q + 1 2 4 sin3 q − sin2 q − 3 sin q + 2
(−) 4 sin3 q + 4 sin2 q
p p
1
= cos B + + B −
4 4
+ 2 −5 sin2 q − 3 sin q
(−) −5 sin2 q − 5 sin q
p p
3
cos B + − B −
4 4 1 24 2 sin q + 2
p (−) 2 sin q + 2
= cos 2B + cos 0
2
= cos 2B + 0
= cos 2B 52 tan x + cot x = 8 cos 2 x
= RHS sin x cos x
p p + = 8 cos 2 x

\ 2 cos B +
4
cos B -+ 4 
; cos 2B + cos x sin x
[Proven] sin 2 x + cos 2 x
= 8 cos 2 x
sin x cos x
50 cos 3x = cos2 x 1
= 8 cos 2 x
4 cos3 x − 3 cos x = cos2 x sin x cos x
4 cos x − cos2 x − 3 cos x = 0
3
2
= 8 cos 2 x
cos x (4 cos2 x − cos x − 3) = 0 2 sin x cos x
cos x (4 cos x + 3)(cos x − 1) = 0 2
= 8 cos 2 x
cos x = 0, − 3 , 1 sin 2 x
4
1 = 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x
When cos x = 0,
x = 90°, 270° 1 = 2 ( 2 sinn 2 x cos 2 x )
1 = 2 sin 4 x
When cos x = − 3 ,
4 1
sin 4 x =
x = 138.6°, 221.4° 2
p
Basic ∠ =
18 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition
6
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015 1 5 13 17
4x = p , p , p , p
6 6 6 6
Chapter 1.indd 18 7/1/2015 9:14:29 AM
1 5 13 17
 1 = 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2 sin A cos A
2
1 = 2 ( 2 sinn 2 x cos 2 x ) cos 2 A
=
1 = 2 sin 4 x sin A
1 cos 2 A − sin 2 A
sin 4 x = =
2 sin A
p If 0 < x < p, then cos 2 A sin 2 A
Basic ∠ = = −
6 0 < 4x < 4p sin A sin A
1 5 13 17 cos A
4x = p , p , p , p = cos A − sin A
6 6 6 6 sin A
1 5 13 17 = cot A cos A − sin A
x = p, p, p, p
24 24 24 24 = RHS
5 3
cos A + cos A
53 sin 3 x sec x = 2 tan x 2 2
∴ ≡ cot A cos A - sin A
sin 2 x sin x  
1
cos x
= 2 tan x
3
[Proven]
2
1
sin A + sin A
2
sin 2 x tan x = 2 tan x
sin 2 x tan x − 2 tan x = 0 cos 2 A − 2 cos 4 A + cos 6 A
55 LHS =
(
tan x sin x − 2 = 0
2
) cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A + cos 6 A
tan x = 0 or sin x = 2 2 cos 6 A + cos 2 A − 2 cos 4 A
=
cos 6 A + cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A

   
When tan x = 0,
6A + 2A 6A − 2A
x = 0 or p 2 cos cos
2 2
When sin x = 2,
2
− 2 cos 4 A
=
sin x = ± 2

[sin x = ± 2 is not possible because it is

2 cos 
6A + 2A
2
 
cos
6A − 2A
2

+ 2 cos 4 A
out of the range of −1  sin x  1].
2 cos 4 A cos 2 A − 2 cos 4 A
=
Hence, x = 0 or p. 2 cos 4 A cos 2 A + 2 cos 4 A
2 cos 4 A (cos 2 A − 1)
=
5 3 2 cos 4 A (cos 2 A + 1)
cos A + cos A
54 LHS = 2 2 cos 2 A − 1
3 A =
sin A + sin cos 2 A + 1
2 2
1 − 2 sin 2 A − 1

   
=
1 5 3 1 5 3 2 cos 2 A − 1 + 1
2 cos A + A cos A− A
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 −2 sin 2 A

   
=
1 3 1 1 3 1 2 cos 2 A
2 sin A + A cos A− A
2 2 2 2 2 2 − sin 2 A
=
1 cos 2 A
2 cos 2 A cos A
= 2 = − tan 2 A
1
2 sin A cos A = RHS
2
cos 2 A cos 2 A - 2cos 4 A + cos 6 A
= \ = - tan 2 A
sin A cos 2 A + 2cos 4 A + cos 6 A
cos 2 A − sin 2 A [Proven]
=
sin A 
cos A sin 2 A
2
= −
sin A sin A ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 19
cos A © Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015
= cos A − sin A
sin A
Chapter 1.indd 19
= cot A cos A − sin A 7/1/2015 9:14:46 AM
 56 sin x − sin 3x + sin 5x = 0 = t − 2t + 1
2

sin 5x + sin x − sin 3x = 0 1 − t2

5x − x (t − 1)2
2 sin 5x + x cos
1 2 1 2
− sin 3x = 0 =
2 2 (1 + t)(1 − t)
2 sin 3x cos 2x − sin 3x = 0 (1 − t)2
=
sin 3x (2 cos 2x − 1) = 0 (1 + t)(1 − t)
sin 3x = 0  or  cos 2x = 1 1−t
=
2 1+t
When sin 3x = 0 p q
3x = 0°, 180°, 360°, 540° tan − tan
4 2
x = 0°, 60°, 120°, 180° =
p q
1 + tan tan
When cos 2x = 1 , 4 2
2 p q
2x = 60°, 300° = tan 14 2
− 2
x = 30°, 150° = RHS
[ x = 0°, 30°, 60°, 120°, 150°, 180°
p q
[ x = 0, 1 p, 1 p, 2 p , 5 p, p
[ sec q - tan q ; tan 4 - 2+
6 3 3 6
csc q − cot q = sec q − tan q
q p q
x° = x ×
p
180
rad. First quadrant tan 2 = tan 4 − 2 1 2
q p q q p q
57
= − or = p +
2 4 2 2
−
4 2 1 2
Third quadrant
p
1 + t2 q= or q = 5 p
2t 4 4

q
58 8 sin q − 3 cos q = r sin (q − a)
= r(sin q cos a − cos q sin a)
1 − t2
= r sin q cos a − r cos q sin a
(a) LHS = csc q − cot q By comparison,
1 t2 1 − t2 r cos a = 8 …1
= + − r sin a = 3 …2
2t 2t
1 t − 1 + t2 Squaring and adding 1 and 2 :
= +
2

2t r 2 (cos2 a + sin2 a) = 82 + 32
2t 2 r 2(1) = 73
=
2t r = 73
=t
2 r sin a 3
q : =
= tan 1 r cos a 8
2
= RHS
q tan a = 3
[ csc q - cot q ; tan 8
2
(b) LHS = sec q − tan q
12
a = tan−1 3
8
= 20.56°
= + 2 − 2t 2
1 t2
1−t 1−t [ 8 sin q − 3 cos q = 73 sin (q − 20.56°)
1 t − 2t
= +
2
= 73 sin (q - 20.6°)
1 − t2 [Correct to the nearest 0.1°]

20 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 20 7/1/2015 9:14:48 AM

 The maximum value of 8 sin q − 3 cos q 1
is 73. when cos 2 x =
2
The minimum value of 8 sin q − 3 cos q
is −  73. p p
2x = , 2p −
4 4
8 sin q − 3 cos q = 73 p 7p
4 x= ,
8 8
73 sin (q − 20.56°) = 73
4
∴ Solution set is
sin (q − 20.56°) = 1
4 p 7p
{x 0  x  ,  x p}
q − 20.56° = 14.48°, 165.52° 8 8
q = 35.0°, 168.1°
[Correct to the nearest 0.1°] 61 (a) y

59 Let 4 sin q − 3 cos q ; r sin (q − a)

r = 42 + (−3)2 = 5

12
a = tan−1 3 = 36.87°
1
x
4 O

[ 4 sin q − 3 cos q = 5 sin (q - 36.9°)

4 sin q − 3 cos q = 3
As f is not a one-to-one function, f has
5 sin (q − 36.87°) = 3 no inverse.
sin (q − 36.87°) = 3 (b) k = 1
5
(c) L etLfet-1f( x )( =x )a=Þ f ( af )(=
a )x= x
-1
q − 36.87° = 36.87°, 143.13° aÞ
q = 73.7°, 180.0° 1 1
60 ( ( ) )
e a +e ae+- ae -=a x= x
2 2
y
e a +e ae+- ae=- a2=x 2 x
e 2 ae-2 a2-xe2ax+e a1+=10= 0
2 x 2±x ±4 x 24 -
x 24- 4
ea =
ea =
y = cos 2x
2 2
1
y= 1 e a x=+x +x 2 -
ea = x 21- 1
2
x é x +x 2 -
a =a1n= é1xn + ù 1ù
x 21-
O π
8
π
4
π
2
3π 7π
4 8
π ë ë û û

−1 f −1 ( x ) = ln  x + x 2 − 1  , x ∈ , x ≥ 1
 

cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x − 1 e x − e− x e2 x − 1
62 (a) f ( x ) = = ,
2 cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x e x + e− x e2 x + 1
2 2 cos 2 x = 2 + 2 cos 2 x as x → −∞,f ( x ) → −1
e x − e − x 1 − e −2 x
2 2 cos 2 x  1 + 2 becomes f (x) = = ,
e x + e − x 1 + e −2 x
2 + 2 cos 2 x  1 + 2
as x → ∞,f ( x ) → 1
1
cos 2 x  The range of f = { y | −1 < y < 1}.
2

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 21

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 21 7/1/2015 9:14:58 AM

   
= x+
1
2
2

−
1
2
2

+3

(b)
y

 
= x+
1
2
2

+
11
4

x ∴ q(x) > 0 ∀ x

O

Minimum value of q(x) is 11 when

4
1
f is a one-to-one function, f has an x=−
inverse. 2
−1
Let fLet
(c) (fx−)1 =( xa) ⇒ (a)f =(ax) = x
= af⇒ (b)  p(x) < 2x − 5
e a −eea −−a e − a
=x=x (x 2
)( ( 2 2
)) (
− 4 x 2 +xx +− 34 +x( 2+x −x 5+)3 + ( 2 x − 5))
e a +eea −+a e − a − ( 2 x − 5) < 0− ( 2 x − 5) < 0
e 2 a −e 21a − 1
=x=x
e 2 a +e 21a + 1
(x 2
)( ( 2 2
)) (
− 4 x 2 +xx +− 34 <x0 + x + 3 < 0 )
As q(x) > 0, x 2 − 4 > 0
(1 − (x1)−e 2xa)=e 21a +=x1 + x
Solution set is {x − 2 < x < 2, x ∈ }
e 2 a −e 21a =− x1e=2 ax+e 2xa + x
1 + x1 + x
e 2 a =e 2 a = 64 (a) p(x) = ax4 + bx2 + 2x − 2
1 − x1 − x
p (1) = 0, a + b = 0
  
…1
1 11 + x1 + x
a=a=
ln ln p ( 2) = −10, 4 a + b = −3 …2
2 21 − x1 − x

  
a = −1, b = 1
1 1 1 + x
1 + x
f (fx−)1 =
−1
( x2) =ln 1ln− x , x ∈, ,
x ,∈−,
1 ,<−x1 < 1x < 1
2 1− x (b) p(x) = −x4 + x2 + 2x − 2

63 By carry out long division

(
= ( x − 1) − x 3 − x 2 + 2 )
x + x+3 2
2
(
= − ( x − 1) x 2 + 2 x + 2 )
)
x 2 − 4 x 4 + x 3 − x 2 − 2 x − 17 (c) Quadratic factor is −(x2 + 2x − 2)
(
− x4 − 4x2 ) (i) − (x 2 + 2 x + 2) = − [(x + 1)2 + 1] < 0 ∀ x
(ii) The maximum value is −1 when
x 3 + 3x 2 − 2 x x = −1
(
− x3 − 4x )
( x)))(>(x1(−−x16−)2x1())12−(16−x6) x )
( x1)) 2> p1( (x−xp−6)(1> 2
3 x 2 + 2 x − 17 (d) p( x ) > ( xp−
(
− 3x 2 − 12 ) (
−( x − 1) 2−(xx2 −+12−) x( x−+x(−2x1+−
2 2
( ) (( ( ))
2 22 2− ( x − 1)
)−221)xx2 +−x+12+x2+x2+ − ) )
2
2 (−x (−x1−) 1)
2 2

2x − 5 (1 − 6 x ) >(10− 6 x()1>−(106−x6) >x )0> 0

( x − 1)3 ((xx−−31))<((x0x(−−x1−3) )1(<)x 0(−x3−) <3)0< 0
3
3 3
∴ p(x) = (x2 − 4)(x2 + x + 3) − (2x − 5)
Solution set is {x 1 < x < 3, x ∈}
(a) q(x) = x2 + x + 3

  
= x+
1
2
2

−
1
2
2

+3 65 2 − x 2 = 2 x − 1 ⇒ 2 − x 2 = 2 x − 1
2 − x 2 = − ( 2 x − 1)
  2 or
1 11
= x+ +
2 4
22 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 22 7/1/2015 9:15:12 AM

 y
x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 x2 − 2x − 1 = 0 66
2± 8
( x + 3) ( x − 1) = 0 x= y = | cos 2x |
2 2
1
x =1 x =1− 2 1 y= 1
2 2
x
O π π 3π π
Solution set is {x 1 − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ∈} 4 2 4

1
y cos 2 x =
2
y = | 2x −1|
p p p p
2 2 x = , p − , p + , 2p −
3 3 3 3
p p 2 5
x = , , p, p
6 3 3 6
x
O 1 Solution set is
2
p p 2 5
{x 0 < x < , < x < p , p < x < p }
y = 2 − x2 6 3 6 6

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Second Edition 23

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 2015

Chapter 1.indd 23 7/1/2015 9:15:19 AM