For intemal circulation only RAJALAKSHMI | Su @ B a VOL: 1-3 ISSUE: 1 JULY-SEPT 2021 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS EDITORIAL BOARD CHIEF EDITOR Dr. C. Kamalakannan FACULTY EDITOR Mrs. J. Anto Sheeba STUDENT EDITORS ‘Aashish Vibu A-IV BEE Madhusri MS - I EEE Gunasekar - II EEE Indhuja A- Tl EEE Bhavanaa RS - III EEE Sidharth $ - III EEE Gayathri R - Ill EEE Gautham - III EEECONTENTS HOD’S DESK & EDITORIAL DESK e VISION & MISSION PROGRAMME OUTCOMES FACULTY ACTIVITIES STUDENTS ACTIVITIES ARTICLES PHOTO GALLERYHOD’S DESK ‘The department newsletter is the best way to be familiar with the events, achievements and the keen participation of the faculty members and Students. It is splendid accomplishment that this nowsletter is published and unleashed by our EEE department. The newsletter is a grand display ofall activities and achievement of the students and faculty members .I wholeheartedly cherish and appreciate the faculty members,supporting staffs, office workers and my beloved students for their enthusiastic efforts and contributions to the diverse activities held in the department. To more and more great achievements... ALL THE BEST HOD-EEE. EDITORIAL DESK ‘Warm Greetings “Live as if'you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever” ~ Mahatma Gandhi It’s important to seize the day, but always make time to go deeper and wider in your leam- ing Education provides stability in life, and it’s something that no one can ever take away from you. By being well-educated and holding a college degree, you increase your chances for better career opportunities and open up new doors for yourself: There is a famous saying that “If we feed one person, we will eliminate his hunger for only one time. But, if we educate a person, we will change his entire life”. Henceforth he will become capable of eaming a livelihood by himselfVISION To be an international center in education, reseaech and the application of knowledge, to benifit the society globally in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. MISSION 1. To imapart high quality technical education and develope Electrical and Electron- ies Engineers with a sound theoritical combined with practical skills in the area con- cerning the discipiline. 2. To inculcate innovative research capabilities and exemplary professional conduct to lead and to use technology for the progress of our country.PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO’S) Engineering Graduates will be able to: 1, Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engi- neering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. 2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first prin- ciples of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. 3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, so- cietal, and environmental considerations. 4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions 5, Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modem engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to com- plex engincering activities with an understanding of the limitations, 6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual know!- edge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. 7. Environment and sustainal Understand the impact of the professional en- gineering Solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development. 8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and respon- sibilities and norms of the engineering practice. 9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.9, Individual and team work: Function effectively as am individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidiscipilinary settings. 10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. 11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understand- ing of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments. 12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and abili- ty to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of techno- logical change. PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’S) The graduate will be able to PSO 1: Analyse, model and design Electrical and Electronic circuits and Machines. PSO 2: Comprchend the structure of power apparatus and systems and analyze their operation, control, protection and utilization. PSO 3: Use of programmable devices, embedded systems and software tools for the simulation, design and building newer electrical and electronic systems leading to research and invention.FACULTY ACTIVITIES INVITED TALKS: 1. Dr. A. Nazar Ali, delivered a talk at Velammal College of engineering and technology, Mad- urai on the topic "Opportunities and challenges of integrating solar system in smart grid sys- tem"over 100 audience held on 27.09.2021. 2. Dr. P.Sivakumar, delivered a lecture on the topic “Hybrid Charging station with IOT con- trol” at St. Joseph college of Engineering on 28.08.2021. WORKSHOPS, 1. Dr. T. Santhana Krishan, conducted a FDP on the topic "NPTEL Courses- 8 weeks course ‘on Python for data science from Jan 2021 to April 2021. 2. Mrs. R. Padmavathi, conducted a NAAC sponsered seminar and workshop on Qualitative and Quantitative metrics of RAAF and Energy management and Audit organised by Rajal- akshmi engineering college and NIT Trichy held on 17.09.2021 and 24.09.2021 respectively. 3. Dr. S. Rama Reddy, Dean, attended BOS meeting at Anna university for faculty of Electri- cal engineering held on 28.09.2021 4. Mrs. A. Rajalakshmi, conducted Internship Master class on EV Design using MATLAB or- ganised by P-Tech solutions-E-learning from 23.08.2021 to 21.09.2021. 5. Mrs, D. Anitha, conducted a workshop organised by NIT Trichy on topic "Energy manage- ment and Audit" from 20.09.2021 to 24.09.2021 6. Dr. S. Rama reddy, attended syllabus committee meeting at Anna University” on 29.08.2021FACULTY ACTIVITIES 7. Ms. S. Jeny Sophia, attended a National level Workshop on “Centroid of AI &ML Applica- tions "Organized by Sri Venkateswara College of engineering, from 12 AUGUST-2021 to 14-AUGUST-2021. 8. Mrs. A. Rajalakshmi, attended a webinar on the topic “An Intgrated Robust Model Predic- tive Control Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems”, organized by IEEE Industrial Electron- ics Society on 19-AUGUST-2021. 9. Mrs. A. Rajalakshmi, attended a webinar on the topic “Case Studies on Control and Infor- matics for Smart Energy Systems”. 10. Dr. V. Geetha Priya, attended a Faculty development program on the topic “ATAL acade- my online elementary FDP on Embedded Design and development using free/Opensource tools”, organized by CDAC from 9-AUGUST-2021 to 13- AUGUST-2021 11. Dr. V. Geetha Priya, attended a Faculty development program on the topic *Application of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning for Engineers”, organized by SAF India from 19-JULY-2021 TO 13-AUGUST-2021. 12. Mrs. A. Rajalakshmi, attended a webinar on the topic “Adaptive EMC Design for Wide Bandgap Power. 13. Mrs. K. Sudha, attended a workshop on the topic "Solar PV powered EV charging station” through online MATLAB workshop organised by LMS solution on 27-JULY-2021. 14, Ms. S. Jeny Sophia, attended a Faculty Development Program on the topic "Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Engineers" , organised by SAEISS and Ra- jalakshmi Engineering College from 19-JULY- 2021 to 13-AUGUST-202115, Mrs. R. Padmavathi, attended a Faculty Development Program on the topic "Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Engineers" , organised by SAEISS and Ra- jalakshmi Engineering College from 19-JULY-2021 to 13-AUGUST-2021. 16. Dr. V. Geetha Priya, attended a Faculty Development Program on the topic "Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Engineers" , organised by SAEISS and Ra- jalakshmi Engineering College from 19-JULY-2021 to 13-AUGUST-2021. 17. Dr. P. Thirusenthil Kumaran & Dr.A Sangari attended a webinar on the topic “Smart & Sustainable Cities for the Future”, organised by “Confederation of Indian Industry’ on 29-JU- Ly-2021 18. Mrs. J. Antosheeba & DrP.R. Sivaraman attended a webinar on the topic, “Brain Glue Story comes Unstuck”organised by ICT. 19. Dr. M. G. Umamaheswari attended the meeting conducted by Director, Centre for Aca- demic Courses, Anna University,Chennai-25 as a subcommittee member for framing the regulation, curriculum and syllabus for Regulation 2021 for M.E Power Electronics and Drives for the Non-Autonomous-Anna University affiliated colleges, organised by ‘Centre for Academic Courses, Anna University, Chennai’, on 29-JULY-2021.JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS: 1. Sathish babu Pandu, Dr. T. Santhanakrishhnan, Senthil kumar C, Sunderabalan C K, Ven- katachalam V published a paper "Stability Analysis and Region in Control Parameter Space of ‘Thermal System with Constant Delays” in the Journal of Control Engineering and Applied In- formatics with the publisher Politechnical University of Romania on 21.09.2021. 2. Dr. A. Sangari, Mrs. D. Sivamani, Mrs. J. Anto Sheeba, Jayashree K, Dr. A. Nazar Ali A and Dr. J. Kavitha Published a paper "Portable Solar PV Based Water Purification System for Sub- continent Conditions" in the IEEE Xplore Journal with the publisher IEEE on 21.09.2021. 3. Mrs. K. Jayashree, Dr. A. Sangari, Mrs. J. Anto Sheeba, Mrs. D. Sivamani, Mr. D. Shyam and Dr. A. Nazar Ali published a paper"Implementation of Unified Power Flow Conditioner with SMC and ELC for Power Factor Improvement" in the IEEE Xplore Journal with the pub- lisher IEEE on 21.09.2021. 4. Dr. TS. Saravanan, Dr. PR. Sivaraman, Mr. R. Jaiganesh, Dr.Sagayaraj.R.Mrs. D. Sivama- ni published a paper titled “Design and Development of Mobility System for Double Ampu- tees” at the 'Virtual International Conference on Smart Grid and Green Energy Systems-SGG- ES2021’. 5. Mrs. K. Jayashree, Dr. A. Sangari, Mrs. J. Anto Sheba, Mrs. D. Sivamani, Mr. D. Shyam , Dr. A. Nazar Ali, published a paper titled “Implementation of Unified Power Flow Condi- tioner with SMC and FLC for powerfuetor improvement”, at ‘8th International Conference on SmartComputing and Communications-ICSCC2021 - Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science, Kochi, India’, 1-JULY-2021. 6. Dr. A. Sangari, Mrs. D. Sivamani, Mrs. J. Anto Sheeba, Mrs. K. Jayasree, Dr. A. Nazar Ali, Dr. J. Kavitha, published a paper titled “Portable Solar PV based Water Purification System for Subcontinent Conditions” ,at ‘8th International Conference on SmartComputing and Com- munications-ICSCC2021 Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science, Kochi, India’, 1-JU- Ly-2021.7. Dr. R. Sagayaraj, Dr. A.Parimala Gandhi, Dr. A.Nazar Ali & Dr. S. Saravanan publiished a paper titled “Power System Restoration Using Intelligent Integration Of Hybrid System” at 3rd International Conference on Recent Trends in Technology, Engineering and Applied Sci- ence - ICRTTEAS 2021- Dr.7. THIMMATAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Karnataka, India, 19-JULY-2021. 8. Dr. Johny Renoald Albert, Dr. K. Vanchinathan, Dr. R. Sagayaraj, Dr. K. Premkumar, Dr. A Nazar Ali, published a paper titled “Investigation of Super-Lift Multilevel Inverter using Water Pump Irrigation system”, at ‘Virtual International Conference on Smart Grid and Green Energy Systems- SGGES'2021- VIT University, Vellore, India’, 30-JULY-2021 TO 31-JU- LY-2021. 9. Mrs. J. Anto Sheba, Mrs. D. Sivamani D, Mrs. K. Jayashree, Mrs. D. Shyam, Dr. A. San- gari, Dr. A.Nazar Ali published a paper titled “Automated Ploughing Seeding with Water Management System” at ‘Virtual International Conference on Smart Grid and Green Energy Systems-SGGES Multilevel Inverter using Water Pump Irrigation system”, at ‘Virtual International Conference on Smart Grid and Green Energy Systems-SGGES'2021- VIT Uni- versity, Vellore, India’, 30-JULY-2021 TO 31-JULY-2021. 10. Mrs. J. Anto Sheeba, Mrs. R. Seyezhai published a journal in Series: Springer proceedings in energy (Recent Trends in Renewable EnergySources and Power Conversion) titled as “Ex- amination and Analysis of Supply Current Control Strategies for Boost-Flyback PFC Convert- ers”, 7-JULY-2021PATENT FILED: 1. Dr. M. G. Umamaheswari filed a patent for “Automatic Glove Doffing and Hand Sanitizing System and Method There of”, Application number:202 141034495 on 2-AUGUST-2021. 2. Dr. T. Santhana Krishnan & Dr. V. Venkatesh filed a patent titled “Portable Air Conditioner for Vehicles” Application no:201941035581 on 30-JULY-2021 INDUSTRY INTERACTED: 1. Dr.V.Venkatesh, Dr. P. Thirusenthil Kumaran,Dr. P. Chithambara Nathan, Mr. R. Dhanaraj, Mr. S, Paneer Selva visited Indo Tech Transformers and prepared a report on “Reduction of Lead time in transformer manufacturing” on 19-AUGUST-2021 AWARDS: 1, Dr. A. Nazar Ali, has won the Best Paper Award form Dr.T. THIMMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Karnataka, on 20-JULY-2021. 2. Dr. A. Nazar Ali, was appointed as Jury in PROJECTATHON 2021, by Yoganandha Col- lege of Engineering and ‘Technolgy on 16-IULY-2021. 3. Dr.A.Nazar ali acted as_a Session Chair in Virtual International Conference on Smart Grid and Green Energy Systems-SGGES'2021 by VIT Uuniversity, Vellore, on 30-JULY-2021STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Aarthi A, Abinav Sudharsan L R, Janani P, Janani $, Madhumitha V, Mohanapriya S,Pra- sath V, Sai Harish, Srivarshini D R ,Thaniga Kalanidhi $ from Second Year EEE , participat- ed in Smart&Sustainable Cities for the Future conducted by Confederation of Indian Industry on 29.7.2021. 2. Srimathi R 2nd year BEE attended both online and virtual workshop on AUTOCAD 2 and design and development of hybrid organized by ACADD institutions and SKY RIDER insti- tutions respectively on 29.09.2021. 3. Guruprasath $, Adeeth Shanthanu T, Jayanth Barathwaj T $, Gautham.S, Elavaeneil M, Bhavanaa R S, Adithya Tharakesh K S, Abama A, Bala Arun M, Madhumitha V ,Balasubra- manian S, Arun Sajeth E Sriram M, Tamilselvan K, Sandhiya R K Soma Sundaram P, Thani- ga Kalanidhi S, Saro Surya E V Sidharth S, Subhiksha A M from third year EEE participated in webinar on the topic “Digital for Development: Building a Future -Ready Workforce” con- ducted by CI on 27-AUGUST-2021 4, Madhavan T 2nd year EEE won first prize in Engineer’s day celebration on Idea presenta- tion held on 15.09.2021 organized by Rajalakshmi Engineering college. 5. Badrinarayanan K V R .Balaganesh J, Sriram M, Vishwakumar K Sadasivam R of 3rd year EEE first prize in Engineer’s day celebration on Idea presentation held on 15.09.2021 organized by Rajalakshmi Engineering college. 6. Varshini V 2nd year EEE participated in a training program on Cloud Master Class orga- nized by ETHUSNASSCOM Digital Skill Initiative on 29.09.2021. 7. Ajeeth V S 3rd year EEE participated in a Hands Training on Artificial Intelligence using Python organized by Brainovision Solution India Pvt.Ltd., between 14.09.2021 and 19.09.2021 8. Madhavan T 2nd year EEE participated in sharing project through online and Published anarticle “DATA LOGGING WITH RASPBERRY PI PICO” organized by Instuctables online platform on 21.09.2021.ARTICLES REFORMING FUTURE ENERGY SUPPLY Transparent solar panels: New solar panel technologies are set to transform the global solar energy landscape, Some of these promising technologies are already in the advanced stages of development, and could hit the market fairly soon. With these inno- vations, solar is no longer going to require extensive land parcels or unsightly roof spaces. (Aesthetically appealing and highly efficient solar shingles, for example, are already creating attractive solar roofs.) TY) Photovoltaic glass is probably the most cut- ting-edge new solar panel technology that promises to be a game-changer in expand- ing the scope of solar. These are transparent solar panels that can literally generate elec- tricity from windows—in offices, homes, car’s sunroof, or even smartphones. Blinds are another part of a building’s window that can generate electricity. Researchers at Michigan State University (MSU) originally created the first fully trans parent solar concentrator in 2014. This clear solar panel could turn virtually any glass sheet or window into a PV cell. By 2020, the researchers in the U.S. and Europe have al- ready achieved full transparency for the solar glass. These transparent solar panels can be easily deployed in a variety of settings, ranging from skyscrapers with large win- dows to a mobile device such as a phone, a laptop, or an e-reader. As these solar power windows can simply replace the traditional glass windows in offices and homes, the technology holds the potential to virtually turn every building in the United States and the world into a solar producer. A transparent solar panel is essentially a counterintuitive idea because solar cells must absorb sunlight (photons) and convert them into power (electrons). When a solar glass is transparent, the sunlight will pass through the medium and defeat the purpose of utilizing sunlightARTICLES The cell selectively hamesses a portion of the solar spectrum that is invisible to the naked eye, while allowing the normal visible light to pass through. To achieve this technological wonder, the researchers have developed the transparent luminescent solar concentrator (TLSC) rather than trying to do the impossible by creating a trans- parent photovoltaic glass cell The efficiency of transparent solar panels is estimated to be around 10 percent.This may not appear to be an earth-shattering number, but on a national or global scale, when almost every window in a home or office building onsists of clear solar panels, he results can be transformative. ‘As the transparent solar panels cost comes down with their mass production and de- ployment, this non-intrusive technology can be scaled right from commercial and in- dustrial applications to handheld consumer devices, while remaining very affordable. Types of transparent solar panels 1, Partially transparent solar panels 2. Fully transparent solar panels Partially transparent solar panels A German manufacturer, Heliatek Gmb, has developed this partially clear solar panel, which can absorb about 60 percent of the sunlight it receives. Compared to the conven- tional solar PV cells, the partially transparent solar panels have a lower efficiency at 7.2%.ARTICLES Fully transparent solar panels As described in the beginning of this report, researchers at MSU have already achieved a breakthrough to produce fully transparent photovoltaic glass panels that re- semble regular glass. Researchers estimate the efficiency of these fully transparent solar panels to be as high as 10% once their commercial production commences, It’s vital to understand here that when it comes to solar panel windows, efficiency of the panel is not the be all and end all. In practical terms, a less efficient solar window only means that the window has to be larger in size compared to the more efficient panel in order to generate the same amount of electricity. Once fully transparent solar panels get integrated into large windows in buildings, their lower efficiency is bound to be overcompensated by their potential scale of deployment HARIHARAN. S (EEE-A ) FINAL YEAR. SOURCE: wyvw.solarmagazine.comARTICLES BLADELESS WIND TURBINE When it comes to the future of wind power, the giant windfarms that line hills and coastlines are not the only way to harness the power of the wind, say green energy pio- neers who plan to reinvent wind power by forgoing the need for turbine towers, blades —and even wind. We are emerging from the different aspects, especially when it comes to the technology, we are growing towards green energy for the current population growth. Where there’s a wind there is a windmill, but with the only difference they have no blades as the traditional windmills. Bladeless wind turbines do not have re- volving blades and are designed to stand erect and oscillate in reaction to vortices. Bladeless turbines could bring wind power to your home. The bladeless turbines are at 3 meters tall, a cylindrical vertical body fixed with an elastic rod which oscillate in re- action to vortices. How it works? The energy from the wind is captured by a resonance. When the wind passes through phenomenon called vortex. a blunt body, resulting in a cyclical pattern of vortices. The body begins to oscillate and enters into resonance with the wind when the frequency of these forces approaches that of and the cost of operating and maintaining the tur- bine.™They complement cach other well, because solar panels produce electricity during the day while wind speeds tend to be higher at night,”. “But the main benefit of the technol- ogy is in reducing its environmental impact, its visual impact, the body’s structural frequency. Materials used? Current wind turbine technology need to support very different load levels under various wind speeds, which puts high mechanical demands on transmitting components such as gears and brakesARTICLES The moving parts are constantly under wear, which leads to high maintenance costs. Bladeless wind turbines completely eliminates mechanical elements that can suffer wear by friction. The main materials used for manufacturing Vortex turbines are carbon fiber polymers, plastics, steel and copper. eT ~~ > wa Significance Bladeless wind turbines generate electricity for 40% less money as compared to tradition- al wind turbines. Bladeless turbines can be used both on and off the grid, and they can also be used in hybrid wind-solar systems. One of the main advantage, of these turbines are the low cost associated, this will make this technology highly competitive not only against generations of renewable energy, but even to the conventional technologies. Even small wind turbine can provide an impact on local wildlife, especially on birds population is expected to be smaller. Whereas bladeless turbines are less aggressive than the traditional wind turbines, so it does not disturb the wildlife and allow birds to fly easily. Wind energy and birds can share the same wind! Rakshana Maria john , Sujithra G Final year —- EEE. SOURCE: www. voriexbladeless.comARTICLES GREEN POWER GENERATION SYSTEM Electrical utilities or independent power-supply generating facilities that are regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). 1. You are not required to get a license, permit or inspetion. 2. Independent power facilities may be required to substantiate FERC over- sight. Electrical contractors and property owners An electrical permit is required for most new, remodel, and maintenance electrical work. 1. Your best protection is purchasing an electrical permit and having your electrical work inspected, as required by law. 2. You could be subject to civil penalties if you do not obtain the required permits and inspections. 3. You could face a fine of up to $2,000 for failing to obtain a permit before beginning electrical work. Each day and each location on which a violation occurs constitutes a separate violation. 4. Additional penalties can be levied for failure to correct any violations noted during an electrical inspection. 5. Your electrical power might be disconnected if you fail to comply with the law. Work that does not require a permit? A permit is not required for like-in-kind replacement of circuit breakers, fuses, lamps, snap switches, contactors, relays, timers, motor starters and similar control components.ARTICLES Work that requires a permit Ifit is not included in the exemption above, the work requires a permit and inspec- tion. This includes: 1. All new installations, regardless of size or voltage. 2. Repair, replacement and maintenance of: All circuit wiring Inverters Solar pho- to-voltaic systems. Other approval may be required by local building official or planning depart- ment You may need approval from your local building official or planning department to site your installation, and you may need a permit and inspection for the mechanical and structural aspects of your installation. Contact your local city or county building official or planning department before doing any work. How to protect yourself and your propertyfrom fire danger 1. Do electrical work only if you are qualified. If you do not have a good understand ing of electrical wiring and are not qualified, hire a licensed electrical contractor. 2. Get the required permits, inspection and approvals. Electrical permits and inspections 1. You must buy the permit. 2. You may buy your permit online using a credit card.ARTICLES 3. Get a written quote for all the work to be done. 4. The contractor must buy the permit. 5. Check the electrician certificate for each electrician on your job. Electricians should have a current certificate with them at all times. Principles that guide state electrical inspections 1. Public safety: To protect the general public from unsafe living and working condi- tions. 2. Fire safety: Improperly installed components, including electrical, are a leading cause of fires in the state. 3. Consumer protection: Improperly installed electrical work can be costly to a proper- ty owner Your responsibilities 1. You must cither do the work yourself or hire a licensed clectrical contractor to do it. 2. You must provide clear and safe access to the inspection site or the inspection will not be made. If necessary, provide safe access by way of steps, stairs or ladder into the inspection site. Additional fees may be charged for additional trips. 3. The site must be free from any hazards to the electrical inspector. Inspectors will not enter an unsafe work site. Additional fees may be charged for additional trips. SUGAVANASUBRAMANIAN .S EEE-C (FINAL YEAR) SOURCE: www.energy.govARTICLES GRAPHENE AND ITS APPLICATION IN ELECTRONICS Graphene is a revolutionary material made up of a single layer of graphite atoms arranged as a single sheet. It is known as the strongest, lightest, thinnest, and hardest material on the planet and its source is virtually limitless since it’s made of carbon, the fourth most common element in the known universe. Graphene has hundreds of practical applications in fields ranging from the textile industry to aerospace applications, and in computing and electronics in general. As a result, graphene manufacturers are currently working to develop production methods that will allow for the rapid growth and implementation of this miraculous material, Due to its greatly beneficial conductive properties, graphene currently makes its presence most known to the world within the electronics industry. With its incredible strength, high thermal conductivity, and high electron mobility, graphene has the potential to revolutionize th te ei electronics and the way they are manufac- Scstass tured now and well into the fu- ture.Graphene may even replace electronic mainstay silicon in many applications, as its properties surpass the capabilities of silicon in many instances. + Batteries Batteries provide the ability to store electrical energy, whether that energy is generated or cap- tured from sources such as the sun. However, batteries have also served as a limiting factor in the development of desired, beneficial outcomes like solar power proliferation and electric au- tomobiles.ARTICLES For years, all forms of batteries came with tradeoffs regarding performance, capacity, and chargeability. Graphene can be used to produce results superior to current battery types while weighing less and being cheaper to the manufacturer. Also, graphene can be used for battery anodes, which can result in extending the life and capacity of existing battery technologies such as lithium-ion cells. Touchscreens Touchscreens have rapidly evolved over the last decade and are now more sensitive, durable, and affordable than their predecessors. Graphene can further revolutionize touchscreens be- cause it’s thinner and stronger than any other material. It also retains its electrical conductivity, which makes it a nearly perfect fit for the rigors of smartphone screen usage. Graphene could replace the current industry standard, indium tin oxide, sooner rather than later. + Integrated Circuits Graphene has already been tested for use in transistors, though it’s not a natural semicon ductor. When standard silicon was replaced with graphene, the result was a transistor that was twice as fast as the silicon version. Research has continued using graphene transistors linked together into longer circuits, and the results have been promising. Graphene circuits could very well create exponential advances in circuit performance, which will be mirrored by the advances in associated electronic hard- ware.ARTICLES + Solar Power Generation Currently, solar photovoltaic panels utilize silicon crystals in order to translate photons of light into electrical energy. Whether the panels are of the higher-performing monocrystalline vari- cty or the more economical polycrystalline version, a free electron is generated from each photon of light that strikes the silicon crystal. Graphene offers a dramatic improvement to that level of performance, as graphene can generate multiple free electrons per photon of light. It’s also thinner, stronger, more cost-effective, and more readily available than silicon, That means solar panels could be placed virtually anywhere from phone cases to car roofs to sidewalk tiles and they can provide a constant flow of electrical energy. IRCE: www graphene-info.comARTICLES THE EV CHARGING " Transportation is transforming; we need to get ready." For the past few decades, we have been facing issues in climatic changes. The Environmental problems are caused due to excessive usage of fossil fuels, emission of Greenhouse gases, carbon gases, and these affect the lives of urban areas. Electromobility is the best solution for the impact of climatic changes and improving the quality of urban life. In recent years, attrac- tion to Electric vehicles in urban areas are increasing. It can minimize the dependence on fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions and the cost of an electric power system. And widespread adoption of electric vehicles encounters several challenges as well as technological constraints. For example, Along charging time, limited driving range, limited efficiency, high initial invest- ment, ete. We can overcome this by using smart grid and electric grid technologies. And electric vehicles need to be charged quite often. Electric vehicle supply equipment is the basic unit of EV charging infrastructure. It is advisable to use Electric vehicle supply equipment with at least necessary control and management for the charge. Conductive charging and wired charging are the technologies in use. It depends on the vehicle type, battery capacity, and charging method. Electric vehicle charging requirements depend on the specification of EV batteries as power must be supplied to the correct voltage and current. EV charging involves the supply of direct current (DC) to the battery pack. As an elec- tricity distribution system supplies alternating current power, a converter is needed to provide DC power to the battery. Conductive charging can be AC or DC. In this case of an AC Electri- cal Vehicle Supply Equipment, the AC power is transferred to the onboard charger of the EV, which converts it to DC, A DC electrical vehicle supply equipment converts the power exter- nally and DC power directly to the battery, bypassing the onboard charger. Battery swapping is one of the recharging methods that will be of great attention to it. In which a depleted battery is removed from the vehicle and replaced with a fully charged one. It can be of two ways. Manu- ally replaceable and Autonomous.ARTICLES The manually-replaceable method is done by hand. The battery swapping stations occupy a minimal amount of space, also size of the battery is small, so that can be handled by one or two persons. But Robotic way of swapping is used for large and heavier vehicles the size of the bat- tery is huge, and it is more expensive and has a large land requirement. By providing an Electric Vehicle charging point in the location where the vehicles tend to park, users can quickly charge and save time. Electric vehicle supply equipment hardware adhering to requisite specifications, depending on charging demand, charging patterns, ete. The most important thing is the allocation of land and location, Electrical vehicle supply charging requires space to set up an EVSE and to park the vehicle for the charging dura- tion, Network planning and site selection play a role in improving EV charging accessibility city charging demand at a given location will depend on multiple parameters, including popu- lation, employment densities, parking availability, tourist destinations, etc. Site planning is a crucial aspect of integrating EV charging in parking areas. It depends on the type of parking areas with the number and type of EV charging points that need to be supplied at the site. Abhinaya P (EEE Ii YEAR SOURCE: www.infineon.com/ARTICLES A NATIVELY FLEXIBLE 32-BIT ARM MICROPROCESSOR Nearly 50 years ago, Intel created the world’s first commercially produced microproces- sor—the 4004, a modest 4-bit CPU (central processing unit) with 2,300 transistors fabricated using 10 um process technology in silicon and capable only of simple arithmetic calculations. Since this ground-breaking achievement, there has been continuous technological development with increasing sophistication to the stage where state-of-the-art silicon 64-bit microprocessors now have 30 billion transistors. The microprocessor is now so embedded within our culture that it has become a meta-inven- tion—that is, it is a tool that allows other inven- tions to be realized, most recently enabling the big data analysis needed for a COVID-19 vaecine to be developed in record time. A 32-bit Arm micropro- cessor developed with metal-oxide thin-film tran- sistor technology on a flexible substrate Separate from the mainstream semiconductor industry, flexible electronics operate within a domain that seamlessly integrates with everyday objects through a combination of ultrathin form factor, conformability, extreme low cost and potential for mass-scale production. Plasti- cARM pioneers the embedding of billions of low-cost, ultrathin microprocessors into everyday objects. There’s a global shortage in semiconductors, and it’s becoming increasingly serious The automotive sector has been worst affected by the drought, in an era where microchips now form the backbone of most cars. Ford is predicting a 20% slump in production and Tesla shut down its model 3 assembly line for two weeks. In the UK, Honda was forced to temporarily shut its plant as well.ARTICLES Even highly experienced tech companies such as Nvidia and Microsoft are strug- gling to provide a steady stock of graphics cards and Xboxes respectively. It ap- pears that no company, big or small, tech or non-tech, is safe from the wide-ranging impact of the great semiconductor famine of 2021.As much as 70% of the world’s semiconductors are manufactured by just two companies, Taiwan Semiconductor (TSMC) and Samsung. The pandemic has driven unexpectedly high demand for home electronics such as laptops and gaming consoles, as many people started working from home and seck- ing more sources of indoor entertainment. Prices of consumer electronics have shot up, thanks to scalpers who rou- tinely buy graphics cards and con- soles at recommended retail prices and sell them for higher prices on sites like eBay.It is only a matter of time before tech manufacturers and retaile- ts decide to increase prices to match the high demand and low supply of the compo- nents. Expect to sce releases of more expensive variants of existing electronic prod- ucts hitting the market soon. Just like in an actual famine, the end consumers of these goods are going to be significantly worse off, with little or no respite coming their way. SHAHEEN KAUSER G Il B (THIRD YEAR) URCE: www.conversataion.com/ajglakstuni ds (30)