Atomic structure

MCQs = 4

Course Outline

Atomic Structure

• Discovery and properties of proton (positive rays)

• Concept of orbital’s
• Electronic configuration
• Quantum numbers
• Shapes of orbital’s
Learning Outcomes
• Describe discovery and properties of proton (positive rays)
• Define photon as a unit of radiation energy.
• Describe the concept of orbitals.
• Distinguish among principle energy levels, energy sub-levels, and atomic orbitals.
• Describe the general shapes of s, p, and orbitals.
• Describe the hydrogen atom using the quantum theory.
• Use the Aufbau Principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule to write the electronic
configuration of the atoms.
• Write electronic configuration of atoms.
Atom

Correct statement about atom

A) Part of chemical reaction
B) Greeks = Indivisible particle
C) Dalton = Explain laws
D) J.J Thomson = Divisible
E) All are correct

Subatomic Particles

Sr # Properties Proton
1. Discovered By Goldstein
2. Named By Rutherford
3. Experiment Discharge tube

4. Charge +1.6x10-19C
5. Relative change +ive
6. Mass 1.6726x10-27 kg
 7. Relative mass 1.0073 a.m.u
8. Comparative mass 1836 or 1837 times
heavier than
electron
9. Ionization power Low
10. Penetration power Moderate
11. Reaction Oxidation
12. e/m value 9.554x107
13. X-ray production ✗
14. Straight traveling ✓
&
Material Nature
&
Fundamental
particles
15. Deflection E.F & M.F ✔
16. Lightest Canal ray H2

W.O.F particle is present in all nucleus

A) Electron B) Proton C) Neutron D) Both b and c
How many times electron is lighter than H+?
A) 1842 (Neutron) B) 1837 (Proton) C) 7301 (Alpha) D) 1750
Max e/m ratio for the is
A) D+ B) He+1 C) O2+1 D) N2+1
1
e/m  , max e/m = hydrogen gas
Mass
• The ratio of e/m of electron and proton is 1836 : 1
• The ratio of e/m of proton and alpha particle is 2 : 1
Canal rays in discharge tube is consist on protons when………. gas is present in discharge tube
A) Hydrogen B) Neon C) Fluorine D) All
 Discharge tube

Battery Vacuum Pump Electrodes Glass

(Greenish color)
(Voltage ∝ length of tube) (To reduce the pressure)

1
(Voltage  )
Pressure • At ordinary pressure (760mm of Hg) current
cannot pass
• At 0.1 mm of Hg Glow produce
• At 0.01 mm of Hg Glow disappear, Spark
produce

Voltage does not depend

A) Pressure B) Length of tube C) Composition of tube D) Both B and C
Pressure for cathode rays production
A) 760 mm of Hg (Not discharge) B) 10-6 of Hg
C) 0.01 cm of Hg = 0.1mm of Hg (Gas glow) D) 10-2 to 10-3 mm of Hg (Cathode rays)
W.O.F not use for production of cathode rays?
A) H2 B) H2O (g) C) Ar D) None
Planck’s Quantum Theory (3)
• Energy = Travel in discontinuous manners, Photon = packet of energy
• Frequency of radiation  T

• E    v 
1

• E = hv
• v = c/ 
Photon:
• In radiation-matter interaction the radiation act as if made of particles is called photon
• Sunlight come to the wall in the form of wave and act as particle having velocity just before the strike to
the wall
• Packet of energy having frequency and momentum and wavelength
• All the photons of given frequency having the same energy (same colors)
• By increasing the intensity no of photons increase but energy remains the same
• All photons move with same speed as a speed of light
• Frequency of photon give its color (energy)
A photon is: (Eng-2018)
A) A charged particle B) An electron-positron pair C) A packet of energy D) Neutron
The energy of electromagnetic radiation depends on its: (Eng-2015)
A) Frequency B) Wave length C) Wave number D) All of the above
Choose the correct relationship, when E = energy, h = plank's constant, c = velocity of light, v =
frequency,  = wave length: (Med-
2015)
c nλ
A) E = hvc B) E= C) E = hv D) E=
λ c

The frequency of green light is 6 × 1014 Hz. Its wave length is: (Med-2015)
A) 50 nm B) 500 nm C) 5000 nm D) 100 nm

Energy of photon high if

A) v = Lower B) Amplitude = Higher C)  = Higher D)  = Higher
v of wave = 6 × 1015 s-1, v = ?
A) 105 m-1 B) 2 × 10-5 m-1 C) 2 × 107 m-1 D) 2 × 105 m-1
v
Hint : v =
c

Energy of a photon = ? , v = 1.00 cm-1

A) 6.62×10-34 J B) 1.99 × 10-27 J C) 0.5 × 10-32 J D) 1 × 105 J
Hint : E = hv c = 6.62 ×10-34 ×102×3×108 (change cm into m)
 = ? v = 60 MHz
A) 2.0 m B) 6.0 m C) 20 m D) 5.0 m
Hint : v = c / 
o
Energy of photon = ?  = 3000 A
A) 6.63×10-19 J B) 1.5 × 10-32 J C) 5.96 × 10-22 J D) 10 × 105 J

Quantum No
• Set of numerical values
• Use to designate the electron
W.O.F quantum numbers does not follow from Schrödinger wave Equation?
A) Principal quantum number, n
B) Azimuthal quantum number, l
C) Magnetic quantum numbers, m
D) Spin quantum numbers s
None of the four quantum numbers can have a value which is.
A) Negative B) Infinite C) Zero D) Fractional
 Principle Quantum No (Bohr’s)
• Size of orbit
• Distance of electron and orbit from nucleus
• Energy of electron
• No of orbital and sub-shell in orbit
• No of electron = 2n2
• No of orbital = n2
• No of sub-shell = n
• n 0
• n  -ive
• Determine angular momentum
Value of n Shell Electrons(2n2) Orbital(n2) Sub-shell(n)
1 K 2 1 1
2 L 8 4 2
3 M 18 9 3
4 N 32 16 4
Principal quantum no is related to
A) Energy of electron B) Angular momentum of orbit
C) Radius of orbit D) All

Azimuthal Quantum No (Sommerfield)

• Secondary quantum Number
• Angular momentum quantum Number
• Orbital shape quantum number
• “ ”
• =n-l
• Shape of sub shell
• No of es in sub shell = 2 (2 +1)
• No of orbital in sub-shell = 2 +1
• Explain the fine structure of atom(Individual line further divide into lines)

N Possible values L Sub-shell Shape Derived

of n
1 0 0 s Shape Derived
2 0,1 1 p Dumbbell Principle
3 0,1,2 2 d Double Diffuse
dumbbell
4 0,1,2,3 3 f Complicated Fundamental
What are the values of principal quantum number and azimuthal quantum number for the last
electron in Chlorine atom? (Med-2016)
A) 1.6 B) 1.3 C) 3.1 D) 6.1
WOF has non-spherical shell electron?
A) He B) Be C) B D) Li
Magnetic Quantum Number (Land and Zeeman)
• “m”
• Explain Zeeman effect
• No of orbital = value of m
• Explain Total number of space orientation in space
• Directional position of orbital
• Depend upon value of
• n m
• = 0, m = 0 1-orientation, spherical
• =1, m = 0, 1 3-orientation(px,py,pz)
• = 2, m = 0, 1, 2 5-orientation (dxy , dxz , dyz , ,dx2-y2,dz2)
• = 3, m = 0, 1, 2, 3 7-orientation
31
The magnetic quantum no for last sub orbit having 3 electrons in phosphorous 15
P is: (Eng-2018)

A) -1, 0, +1 B) -1, 0, -1 C) 0, -1, +2 D) -1, +1, -2

For principle quantum number n = 3 the value of magnetic quantum number will be: (Med-2015)
A) 3 B) 6 C) 5 D) 7
How many different values can m, assume in the electron sub-shell designated by quantum number
n=5, =4 (Med-2013)
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 9
If the value n = 3, the total possible values for m will be.
A) 6 B) 10 C) 9 D) 12
The following quantum numbers are possible for how many orbitals? n = 3, = 2, m = +2
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Spin Quantum No (Uhlen back and Goud Smith)

• Discovered = independently
• Spin or self-rotation of electron
• Clock wise = -1/2 (spin up)
• Anti-clock wise = +1/2 (spin down)
The maximum number of electrons having s = +1/2 in =2
A) 10 B) 5 C) 14 D) 7
 The number of electrons in Na with s = +1/2 are
A) 11 B) 5 C) 6 D) 10
The fourth electron of Be atom will have W.O.F quantum numbers?
A) 1,0,0,1/2 B) 2,0,0,-1/2 C)2,1,0,+1/2 D) 1,1,1, +1/2
W.O.F sets of quantum numbers is correct for an electron in 4f orbital?
A) n = 4, = 3, m = +4, s = +1/2 B) n = 4, = 4, m = +4, s = +1/2
C) n = 3, = 4, m = +1, s = +1/2 D) n = 3, = 2, m = +4, s = +1/2
Electron with quantum numbers m = +1, s = + ½ not present in
A) s B) p C) d D) f E. None of these
An orbital with quantum no is n = 4, =3, m = +1 can accommodate electrons
A) 14 B) 10 C) 6 D) 2
Quantum number which describes the orientation of orbitals in three-dimensional space is
(Med-2019)
a) Spin quantum number b) Azimuthal quantum number
c) Magnetic quantum number d) Principal quantum number
The relationship between quantum number n and l is:
a. n = l -1 b. l = n-2 c. l = n-1 d. n = l -2
Quantum number values for ‘2p’ orbitals are:
a. n = 2, l = 1 b. n = 1, l = 2 c. n = 1, l = 0 d. n = 2, l = 0

Sr. No Orbit Orbital

Postulated by Bohr’s theory Wave nature of electron

(Robert Mulliken)
Def Definite Path Where max probability of finding
electron
Position of electron Fix Not fix (Wave-nature)

Certainty of electron  
(Position and momentum of
electrons can calculate)
Shape Circular Different
No of electron 2n2 2-electrons

Motion of electron Planar (2-D) 3-D

Describe by P.Q.N M.Q.N

(Zeeman Effect)
Directional × 

Against Heisenberg Bohr’s

Types K, L, M, N Atomic orbital, Molecular orbital

Degenerate orbital, Hybrid orbital
 ➢ Schrodinger wave equation  Not exact position of electron
 Can find the probability of finding electron
 Max probability is at 0.0529 nm
Shapes of Orbitals

s-subshells:
• Spherical, Symmetrical
• Probability of finding electron form nucleus is same
• Size of s-orbital  value of n

p-subshell:
• Dumbell shape
• Orbitals of p-subhell is px, py, pz
• Orbital axis
• Absence of magnetic field all are same in energy
• Degenerate orbital, 3-fold Degenerate or triply Degenerate Orbitals
• All are identical in shape
• Directional and determine the geometry
d-subshell:
• Double dumbbell shape
• Orbitals are dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2 - dy2, dz2
• Not same in shape

• Spread of electronic cloud  Orbital  Electron cloud

Subshell:
• Pathway on which electron revolve around nucleus in the shell
• Explain by Azimuthal quantum number
• Electron accommodate by according to 2(2l + 1)
An orbital of d-subshell can accommodate electrons
A) 14 B) 10 C) 6 D) 2
The number of orbitals present in M-shell (n = 3) are
A) 2 B) 4 C) 9 D) 16
Number of orbital‘s in the 3rd shell are: (Eng-2015)
A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 18
Node
 • Probability of finding the electron is Zero
• Total node = n -1 , Angular (Planar) node = , Radial (spherical) node = n - -1
The number of angular nodal planes in a px orbital is
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 0
Radial nodes present in 3s and 2p orbitals are respectively
A) 0,2 B) 2,0 C) 2,1 D) 1,2
The total number of nodes present in the orbital of 3d sub-shell
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 0
The spherical nodes present in 3p sub-shell
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 0
Electronic Configuration (11)

Nitrogen has the atomic mass of 7.

Which of the following electronic configurations is of a Nitrogen atom in ground state?

A) 1s2 ,2s2 ,2px1,2py1,2pz1

B) 1s2 ,2s2 ,2px2 ,2py1

C) 1s2 ,2s2 ,2py2 ,2pz1

D) 1s2 ,2s2 ,2px2 ,2pz1

W.O.F ions contain one unpaired electron? (Eng-2018)

A) Zn+2 B) K+1 C) Cu+2 D) Na+1

W.O.F electronic configuration is / are correct? (Eng-2017)
(i) 23Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 (ii) 29Cu [Ar] = 4s1 3d10 (iii) 24Cr [Ar] 4s2 3d4
A) I only B) I and III only C) I and II only D) II and III only
W.O.F has the same number of electron as an alpha particle; (Eng-2016)
A) He B) H C) H+ D) Li+
W.O.F elements with given electronic configuration has highest ionization energy? (Eng-2016)
A) 1s2,2s2,2p4 B) 1s2,2s2,2p3 C) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1 D) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3
W.O.F is iso–electronic pair? (Eng-2015)
A) Ne and Na B) Ne and Mg2+ C) Al and C D) Ar and Ca
Stable electronic configuration of Cu (29) is: (Med-2015)
A) [Ar] 4s2,3d4 B) [Ar] 4s0,3d10 C) [Ar] 4s1,3d10 D) [Ar] 4s2,3d7,4p2
Electrons are distributed among the orbitals in such a way to give maximum multiplicity (no of
unpaired electrons) which is according to (Eng-2014)
A) Pauli exclusion principle B) Hund‘s rule C) Aufbau Principle D) Octet rule
What is atomic number of an element that has four unpaired electrons in its ground state? (Eng-2014)
A) 6 B) 14 C) 22 D) 56
The electronic configuration of gallium, atomic number 31, is: (Eng-2013)
A) [Ar] 4s2,3d8,4p3 B) [Kr] 4s2,3d10,4s1 C) [Ar] 4s2,3d10,4p1 D) [Ar] 3s2,3d10,4p1
The atomic number of scandium is 21. What is its ground state electronic configuration (Med-2013)
A) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d3 B) 1s2, 2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d3,4s1
C) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d1,4s2 D) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d3,4p1
Which electronic sub-shell do the Lanthanoids have incompletely filled (Med-2013)
A) 3f B) 4f C) 5f D) 6f

Chromium is represented by the electronic configuration.

A) [Ne]3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 B) [Ne]3s2 3p6 3d1 4s1
C) [Ne]3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 D) [Ne]3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
The atomic number of Ni and Cu are 28 and 29 respectively. The electronic configuration 1s 2 2s22p6 3s2 2p6
3d10 represents.
A) Cu+ B) Cu2+ C) Ni2+ D) Ni
Group Number and Period Number
An element with E.C 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3 the group no and period no is
No of s or p electrons
How many d-electrons are present in Cr2+ion?
A) 5 B) 6 C) 3 D) 4
Which one of the following ions has more electrons than protons and more protons then neutrons?
a) D b) D- c) H- d) He

No of Electrons with Quantum Number

The no of electrons present in Na with = 0
Which electronic configuration show oxidation

Select the electronic configuration which can form easily -3 oxidation state: (Eng-2017)
A) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p1 B) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3 C) 1s2,2s2,2p1 D) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10,4s2
A neutral atom A has the electronic configuration: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1. It will gain or lose electron/s
to form most probably an ion of valence (Med-2013)
A) -2 B) -1 C) +2 D) +1
W.O.F electronic configuration represents an element that form a simple ion with a charge of -3
A) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 B) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
C) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 D) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
A = 19 & Z = 9. Representation of ion is
A) M+ B) M2+ C) M- D) M-2

Formula of Compound with Electronic Configuration

Select the one having half-filled p-orbital‘s on losing an electron: (Eng-2017)
A) Nitrogen B) Lithium C) Oxygen D) Fluorine
Two atoms A and B have the electronic configuration given below: (Med-2015)
(X) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1 (Y) 1s2,2s2,2p5
W.O.F compounds are they likely to form?
A) XY B) XY2 C) X1Y D) XY3

Select the one having Completely-filled p-orbital‘s on gaining an electron:

A) Nitrogen B) Lithium C) Oxygen D) Fluorine
Two atoms A and B have the electronic configuration given below:
(X) 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2, 2p3 (Y) 1s2,2s2,2p4
W.O.F compounds are they likely to form?
A) XY B) XY2 C) X1Y D) X2Y3
Which of the following cannot be described by the following electron configuration 1s2
2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6
A) O2- B) Ca2+ C) Ar D) P3-
No of protons, Electrons and Neutrons
No of electrons, protons and neutrons in Al+3, Na, N-3
Set of iso-electronic species is
A) N2, CO2, CN-1, O B) N, H2S, CO C) N2, CO, CN-1, O2+2 D) Ca, Mg, Cl
Set of iso-electronic species is
A) NO+,C22-,CO2-,CO B) N2, C22-,NO,CO C) CO, NO+,CN-1, C22- D) NO,CN-,N2,O2
Pick out the pair of species that are isoelectronic
(a) SO2 and CO2 (b) CO and NO
-
(c) CO2 and [N3] (d) BF3 and NF3
Which of the following species have the same number of neutron and electron as in C-14: (Eng-2016)
_
(a) 177 N 1 (b) 199 N +1 (c) 168 O +2 28
(d) 14 Si

Auf-Bau principle

• n + l  Energy of orbital

• n  Energy
• 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
• 𝑒̅ 𝑠 are filled in different orbital’s according to increasing energy
• f > d > p > s (order of energy)

• Fully filled and half filled orbital are more stable due to symmetry
 Pauli Exclusion

• Orbit =2𝑒̅ 𝑠 = opposite = anti-parallel spin

• No two 𝑒̅ 𝑠 with same spin in an orbital

Hund Rule

• 𝑒̅ 𝑠 firstly, fill different orbital with same spin

Shown below are portion of orbital diagrams representing the ground state electronic
configuration of certain elements. Which of them obeys the Pauli‘s exclusion principle and Hund‘s
rules? (Med-2016)

( a )   
( b )   
( c )   
( d )   
The rule which explain the abnormal behavior of Cr toward electronic configuration?
A) Hund’s rule B) Auf Bau principle
C) Pauli Exclusion D) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Hint = It violet to the Auf Bau principle

Which of the below explains why the 3d sub-level fills before the 4s sub-level in some cases
A) Octet Rule B) Pauli Exclusion Principle
C) Aufbau Principle D) Hund's Rule