COM 215

COMPUTER PACKAGES II
Semester: 1

WEEK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.

1. Understanding common graphics packages
2. Understanding the concept of computer aided design
3. Understanding database management
4. Understanding a data analysis package
 WEEK – ONE
Graphics Packages
Graphics (from Greek word graphikos, "belonging to drawing") are visual images or
designs on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to inform
illustrate, or entertain. In contemporary usage it includes: a pictorial representation
of data, as in computer-aided design and manufacture, in typesetting and the graphic
arts, and in educational and recreational software. Images that are generated by a
computer are called computer graphics.
Examples are photographs, drawings, Line art, graphs, diagrams, typography,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images.
Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the
deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure,
flyer, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective
communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may
be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.
History
The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric periods are cave
paintings and markings on boulders, bone, ivory, and antlers, which were created
during the Upper Palaeolithic period from 40,000 – 10,000 B.C. or earlier. Many of
these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some
of the earliest graphics and drawings are known to the modern world, from almost
6,000 years ago, are that of engraved stone tablets and ceramic cylinder seals,
marking the beginning of the historical periods and the keeping of records for
accounting and inventory purposes. Records from Egypt predate these and papyrus
was used by the Egyptians as a material on which to plan the building of pyramids;
they also used slabs of limestone and wood. From 600–250 BC, the Greeks played a
major role in geometry. They used graphics to represent their mathematical theories
such as the Circle Theorem and the Pythagorean theorem.
In art, "graphics" is often used to distinguish work in a monotone and made up of lines,
as opposed to painting.
 Types of graphic representation
1. Drawing
Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a
tool, or moving a tool across a surface. In which a tool is always used as if there were
no tools it would be art. Graphical drawing is an instrumental guided drawing.
2. Printmaking
The activity or occupation of making pictures or designs by printing them from
specially prepared plates or blocks. Woodblock printing, including images came up in
China after paper was invented (about A.D 105). In the West the main techniques
have been woodcut, engraving and etching, but there are many others.
3. Etching
Etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised into the
surface of a metal plate using an acid. The acid eats the metal, leaving behind
roughened areas, or, if the surface exposed to the acid is very thin, burning a line into
the plate. The use of the process in printmaking is believed to have been invented by
Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470–1536) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armour in this
way.
Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and semiconductor
devices.
4. Line art
Line art is a rather non-specific term sometimes used for any image that consists of
distinct straight and curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without
gradations in shade (darkness) or hue (color) to represent two-dimensional or three-
dimensional objects. Line art is usually monochromatic, although lines may be of
different colors.
 5. Illustration
An illustration is a visual representation such as a drawing, painting or other work of
art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or
decorate a story, poem or piece of textual information (such as a newspaper article),
traditionally by providing a visual representation of something described in the text.
Illustrations can be used to display a wide range of subject matter and serve a variety
of functions, such as:
• giving faces to characters in a story
• displaying a number of examples of an item described in an academic textbook
• visualizing step-wise sets of instructions in a technical manual
• communicating subtle thematic tone in a narrative
• linking brands to the ideas of human expression, individuality and creativity
• making a reader laugh or smile
• for fun (to make laugh) funny

6. Graph
A graph or chart is an information graphic that represents tabular, numeric data.
Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the
relationships between different parts of the data.
7. Diagrams
A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas,
constructions, relations, statistical data, etc., used to visualize and clarify the topic.
8. Symbols
A symbol, in its basic sense, is a representation of a concept or quantity; i.e., an idea,
object, concept, quality, etc. In more psychological and philosophical terms, all
concepts are symbolic in nature, and representations for these concepts are simply
token artifacts that are allegorical to (but do not directly codify) a symbolic meaning,
or symbolism.
 9. Maps
A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations
between objects within that space. Usually, a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically
accurate representation of a three-dimensional space.
One of the first 'modern' maps was made by Waldseemüller.
10. Photography
Photography is the art or practice of taking and processing photographs.
One difference between photography and other forms of graphics is that a
photographer, in principle, just records a single moment in reality, with seemingly no
interpretation. However, a photographer can choose the field of view and angle, and
may also use other techniques, such as various lenses to distort the view or filters to
change the colors. In recent times, digital photography has opened the way to an
infinite number of fast, but strong, manipulations. Even in the early days of
photography, there was controversy over photographs of enacted scenes that were
presented as 'real life' (especially in war photography, where it can be very difficult to
record the original events). Shifting the viewer's eyes ever so slightly with simple
pinpricks in the negative could have a dramatic effect.
11. Engineering Drawing
An engineering drawing is a type of drawing and is technical in nature, used to fully
and clearly define requirements for engineered items. It is usually created in
accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation,
appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc.
12. Computer Graphics
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term
refers to computer-generated image data created with the help of a specialized
graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recently developed area of computer
science. Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data
effectively and meaningfully to the consumer. It is also used for processing image data
received from the physical world. Computer graphics development has a significant
impact on many types of media and has revolutionized animation, movies,
advertising, video games, and graphic design in general.

Assignment
Instructions:
i. Time duration: 2 weeks
ii. To be submitted in a flash drive
iii. Filename should be your matriculation number
iv. Group submission in a single flash drive is allowed but each are to be separated using
your matriculation number and coping each other’s work is not allowed, the work of
any student found guilty would be canceled.

1. Write a note on the history of computer graphics.

 WEEK – TWO
Graphics Packages
A graphics package is an application that can be used to create and manipulate images
on a computer.
There are two main types of graphics package:
1. painting packages
2. drawing packages

1. Painting packages
A painting package produces images by changing the color of pixels on the screen,
these are coded as a pattern of bits to create a bitmapped graphics file. Bitmapped
graphics are used for images such as scanned photographs or pictures taken with a
digital camera.
Advantages
• The main advantage offered by this type of graphic is that individual pixels can
be changed which makes a very detailed editing possible.
Disadvantages
• Individual parts of an image cannot be resized;
• Only the whole picture can be increased or decreased in size.
• Information has to be stored about every pixel in an image which produces files
that use large amounts of backing storage space.
Examples of graphics packages that produce bitmapped images includes:- MS Paint,
PC Paintbrush, Adobe Photoshop and JASC’s Paint Shop Pro.
2. Drawing packages
A drawing package produces images that are made up from coloured lines and shapes
such as circles, squares and rectangles. When an image is saved it is stored in a vector
graphics file as a series of instructions, which can be used to recreate it.
Advantages
• They use less storage space than bitmap graphics;
• Each part of an image is treated as a separate object, which means that
individual parts can be easily modified.
Disadvantages
• They don’t look as realistic as bitmap graphics.
Examples of drawing graphics packages includes:- CorelDraw, Micrographix
Designer and computer aided design (CAD) packages such as AutoCAD.

Common features of graphics packages

• Drawing straight lines and ‘freehand’ lines;
• Drawing regular pre-defined shapes like squares, rectangles and circles using a
special ‘tool’;
• Entering text and changing the style and size of font;
• Changing the size of an object, or scaling;
• Rotating objects in either clockwise or anticlockwise by specifying the direction
and angle of rotation;
• Stretching objects either horizontally or vertically. ‘Flipping’ an object either
horizontally or vertically.
• A paint palette from which different colours and patterns can be chosen.
• A fill option for colouring in a shape or area on the screen with a colour or
pattern from the paint palette.
• Most graphics packages have a built-in library of clipart pictures.
 • Zoom or magnify is a feature that allows an area of the screen to be seen close
up for detailed work.
• Special brushes such as an airbrush can be used to achieve different paint
effects on the screen.
• In most graphics these features are chosen from a toolbar or tool palette where
they are displayed as icons.
• Exporting is a special way of saving a file produced using a graphics package so
that it can be used in another application package.

Computer-aided design (CAD)

Computer-aided design, or CAD, is the use of a computer to display designs, accept
any changes to them, calculate and display the results.
CAD has many different applications, which includes: -
• Designing new cars;
• Bridge and building design and testing;
• Printed circuit board (PCB) design;
• Designing new aircraft;
• Designing fitted kitchens.
Making changes to a design requires a large number of complex calculations. These
need to be performed as quickly as possible so that their effect can be viewed straight
away.
A powerful processor is required for this. A CAD system also needs a high-resolution
monitor so that clear close-up detail can be seen on the screen.
Input to CAD systems is normally given using a mouse and keyboard but other input
devices such as graphic tablets and scanners are also used.
Output from a CAD system is produced using a high quality printer such as a laser
printer or a plotter.
Advantages of CAD systems
• Changes to a design can be made quickly and their effects seen straight away;
• Designs can be viewed from any angle without being re-drawn;
• Designs can be tested without the need to build expensive models or
prototypes;
• Drawings can be stored on disk and re-used at any time;
• Designs can be instantly sent anywhere in the world using electronic
communications;
• Designs can be used directly in computer aided manufacturing processes.

Computer-aided manufacture (CAM)

Computer-aided manufacture, or CAM, is the use of a computer to control all or part
of a manufacturing process.
Some examples of CAM include the production of printed circuit boards, car
manufacture, pattern cutting for clothing manufacture and making postage stamps.
Very often a CAM process follows directly from a CAD process, in such cases the
complete design and manufacture process is called CAD/CAM.
The main advantage of this approach is that the CAD design can be used to generate
the program which will control the manufacturing process.
Advantages of CAM systems
• Products can be made very accurately and consistently;
• Around the clock production is much cheaper;
• A product's design can be modified without the need to bring production to a
complete standstill;
• Waste can be kept to a minimum
Chart
A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by
symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart
can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure
and provides different info.
Charts are often used to ease understanding of large quantities of data and the
relationships between parts of the data. Charts can usually be read more quickly than
the raw data. They are used in a wide variety of fields, and can be created by hand
(often on graph paper) or by computer using a charting application. Certain types of
charts are more useful for presenting a given data set than others. For example, data
that presents percentage in different groups (such as "satisfied, not satisfied, unsure")
are often displayed in a pie chart, but may be more easily understood when presented
in a horizontal bar chart. On the other hand, data that represents numbers that
change over a period of time (such as "annual revenue from 1990 to 2000") might be
best shown as a line chart.
Types of Charts

Four of the most common charts are:

1. A histogram chart consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles,

erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the
observations in the interval.
2. A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the
values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
3. A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie; first introduced by
William Playfair.
4. A line chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the
observations are connected following their order.
 Difference Between DTP and CAD
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Is a sophisticated type of application software that assists a professional user in
creating engineering, architectural, and scientific designs. For example, engineers
create design plans for vehicles and security systems. Architects design building
structures and floor plans. Scientists design drawings of molecular structures.
Desktop Publishing Software (DTP)
Includes the materials that looks professionally published. Desktop publishing (DTP)
software enables professional designers to create sophisticated documents that
contain text, graphics, and many colors. Professional DTP software is ideal for the
production of high-quality color documents such as textbooks, corporate
newsletters, marketing literature, product catalogs, and annual reports. Designers
and graphic artists can print finished publications on a color printer, take them to a
professional printer, or post them on the Web in a format that can be viewed by those
without DTP software.
Assignment
Instructions:
i. Time duration: To be submitted in our next class
ii. To be submitted in a flash drive. FILE FORMAT: JPEG, JPG, PNG
iii. Filename should be your matriculation number
iv. Group submission in a single flash drive is allowed but each are to be separated using
your matriculation number and coping each other’s work is not allowed, the work of
any student found guilty would be canceled.

1. Select and design a product from the items listed below:

Newsletter, Flyer, Certificate, Brochure, Letter Head, Greeting Cards, Invitation.
 WEEK – SEVEN
Computer Aided Design
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software
application, developed and marketed by Autodesk. AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran
on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working
at a separate graphics terminal.
AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers,
engineers, graphic designers, town planners and many other professionals. It was
supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994.
Difference between AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT, are both leading design and engineering software
programs. Both offer 2D drafting and documentation along with dozens of design,
connectivity and customization features. The primary difference between the two
versions is that AutoCAD capabilities include 3D modeling and collaboration tools,
along with several other special features.
Some Guides to AutoCAD Basics
Some comprehensive technical AutoCAD tutorial which includes all the basic
commands you will need when creating 2D drawings with AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT.
Basic:
This section reviews the basic AutoCAD controls. AutoCAD has a standard tabbed
ribbon across the top of the drawing area. You can access nearly all the commands
from the Home tab. In addition, the Quick Access toolbar shows familiar commands
such as New, Open, Save, Print, Undo, and so on.
Viewing:
Pan and zoom in a drawing, control the order of overlapping objects. The easiest way
to change your view is by using the mouse wheel.
- Zoom in or out by rolling the wheel.
- Pan a view in any direction by holding the wheel down while moving your
mouse.
- Zoom in on a specific area for greater detail holding your mouse over the area
and clicking the wheel twice.
Geometry:
Create basic geometric objects such as lines, circles, and hatched areas. You can
create many different types of geometric objects in AutoCAD, but you only need to
know a few of them for most 2D drawings.
Layers:
Organize your drawing by assigning objects to layers. When a drawing becomes
visually complex, you can hide objects that you currently do not need to see. You gain
this level of control by organizing the objects in your drawing on layers that are
associated with a specific function or purpose. It might be helpful to think of layers as
clear plastic sheets. With layers, you can:
- Associate objects by their function or location
- Display or hide all objects related to a single operation
- Enforce linetype, color, and other property standards for each layer
Modifying:
- Perform editing operations such as: To erase an object, use the ERASE
command.
- Select multiple objects
- Move, copy or create multiple copies
- Trim, Extend and Stretch.
 WEEK – TEN
Database Management System
Database is a collection of related data and data is a collection of facts and figures
that can be processed to produce information.
A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to
retrieve, manipulate, and produce information.
Characteristics of DBMS
- Real-world entity: A modern DBMS is more realistic and uses real-world
entities to design its architecture. It uses the behavior and attributes too. For
example, a school database may use students as an entity and their age as an
attribute.
- Relation-based tables: DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form
tables. A user can understand the architecture of a database just by looking at
the table names.
- Solation of data and application: A database system is entirely different than
its data. A database is an active entity, whereas data is said to be passive, on
which the database works and organizes. DBMS also stores metadata, which is
data about data, to ease its own process.
- Less redundancy: DBMS follows the rules of normalization, which splits a
relation when any of its attributes is having redundancy in values.
Normalization is a mathematically rich and scientific process that reduces data
redundancy.
- Consistency: Consistency is a state where every relation in a database remains
consistent. There exist methods and techniques, which can detect attempt of
leaving database in an inconsistent state. A DBMS can provide greater
consistency as compared to earlier forms of data storing applications like file-
processing systems.
- Query Language: DBMS is equipped with query language, which makes it more
efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. A user can apply as many and as
 different filtering options as required to retrieve a set of data. Traditionally it
was not possible where file-processing system was used.
- ACID Properties: DBMS follows the concepts of Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, and Durability (normally shortened as ACID). These concepts are
applied on transactions, which manipulate data in a database. ACID properties
help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional environments and in case
of failure.
- Multiuser and Concurrent Access: DBMS supports multi-user environment
and allows them to access and manipulate data in parallel. Though there are
restrictions on transactions when users attempt to handle the same data item,
but users are always unaware of them.
- Multiple views: DBMS offers multiple views for different users. A user who is in
the Sales department will have a different view of the database than a person
working in the Production department. This feature enables the users to have a
concentrate view of the database according to their requirements.
- Security: Features like multiple views offer security to some extent where users
are unable to access data of other users and departments. DBMS offers
methods to impose constraints while entering data into the database and
retrieving the same at a later stage. DBMS offers many different levels of
security features, which enables multiple users to have different views with
different features. For example, a user in the Sales department cannot see the
data that belongs to the Purchase department.
Users of a DBMS
- Administrators: Administrators maintain the DBMS and are responsible for
administrating the database. They are responsible to look after its usage and by
whom it should be used. They create access profiles for users and apply
limitations to maintain isolation and force security.
Administrators also look after DBMS resources like system license, required
tools, and other software and hardware related maintenance.

- Designers: Designers are the group of people who actually work on the design
part of the database. They keep a close watch on what data should be kept and
in what format. They identify and design the whole set of entities, relations,
constraints, and views.

- End Users: End users are those who actually reap the benefits of having a
DBMS. End users can range from simple viewers who pay attention to the logs
or market rates to sophisticated users such as business analysts.

Data Model
Data models define how the logical structure of a database is modeled. Data Models
are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data models define how
data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the
system.
Types of Data Model
1. Entity-Relationship Model
Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on the notion of real-world entities and
relationships among them. While formulating real-world scenario into the
database model, the ER Model creates entity set, relationship set, general
attributes, and constraints.
 ER Model is based on:
o Entities and their attribute
o Relationships among entities

An Entity in an ER Model is a real-world entity having properties called

attributes. Every attribute is defined by its set of values called domain. For
example, in a school database, a student is considered as an entity. Student has
various attributes like name, age, class, etc.

The logical association among entities is called relationship. Relationships are

mapped with entities in various ways. Mapping cardinalities define the number
of association between two entities.
Mapping cardinalities:
o one to one
o one to many
o many to one
o many to many

2. Relational Model
The most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model. It is more
scientific a model than others. This model is based on first-order predicate logic
and defines a table as an n-array relation.
The main highlights of this model are:
o Data is stored in tables called relations.
o Relations can be normalized.
o In normalized relations, values saved are atomic values.
o Each row in a relation contains a unique value.
o Each column in a relation contains values from a same domain.
Data Independence
Data Independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized
DBMS. Data independence is the idea that generated and stored data should be kept
separate from applications that use the data for computing and presentation. It refers
to being able to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema
definition in the next higher level.

Types of Data Independence

1. Physical data independence is the ability to modify the physical schema
without causing application programs to be rewritten. Modifications at the
physical level are occasionally necessary to improve performance. It means we
change the physical storage/level without affecting the conceptual or external
view of the data. The new changes are absorbed by mapping techniques.
2. Logical data independence is the ability to modify the logical schema without
causing application program to be rewritten. Modifications at the logical level
are necessary whenever the logical structure of the database is altered (for
example, when money-market accounts are added to banking system).
Difference between Physical and Logical Data Independence
Logical data independence is more difficult to achieve than physical data
independence, since application programs are heavily dependent on the logical
structure of the data that they access.

Structure Query Language (SQL)

SQL is a programming language for relational database. SQL is a domain-specific

language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational
database management system (RDBMS), it is particularly useful in handling
structured data where there are relations between different entities/variables of the
data.
Data Definition Language
SQL uses the following set of commands to define database schema:
- CREATE
Creates new databases, tables, and views from RDBMS.
Examples:
ü Create database tutorialspoint;
ü Create table article;
ü Create view for_students;

- DROP
Drops commands, views, tables, and databases from RDBMS.
Examples:
ü Drop object_type object_name;
ü Drop database tutorialspoint;
ü Drop table article;
ü Drop view for_students;

- ALTER
Modifies database schema
Examples:
ü Alter object_type object_name parameters;
ü Alter table article add subject varchar;
Data Manipulation Language
SQL is equipped with data manipulation language (DML). DML modifies the database
instance by inserting, updating, and deleting its data. DML is responsible for all forms
data modification in a database. SQL contains the following set of commands in its
DML section:
- SELECT/FROM/WHERE
- INSERT INTO/VALUES
- UPDATE/SET/WHERE
- DELETE FROM/WHERE
These basic constructs allow database programmers and users to enter data
and information into the database and retrieve efficiently using a number of
filter options.
- SELECT/FROM/WHERE
o SELECT
This is one of the fundamental query command of SQL. It is similar to the
projection operation of relational algebra. It selects the attributes based
on the condition described by WHERE clause.
o FROM
This clause takes a relation name as an argument from which attributes
are to be selected/projected. In case more than one relation names are
given, this clause corresponds to Cartesian product.
o WHERE
This clause defines predicate or conditions, which must match in order to
qualify the attributes to be projected.
For Examples:
ü Select author_name From book_author Where age > 50;
This command will yield the names of authors from the relation book_author
whose age is greater than 50.
- INSERT INTO/VALUES
This command is used for inserting values into the rows of a table (relation).
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table (column1 [, column2, column3 ... ]) VALUES (value1 [, value2,
value3 ... ])
Or
INSERT INTO table VALUES (value1, [value2, ... ])
For example:
 INSERT INTO tutorialspoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("anonymous",
"computers");
- DELETE/FROM/WHERE
This command is used for removing one or more rows from a table (relation)
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition]
For example:
DELETE FROM tutorialspoint WHERE Author="unknown";
 WEEK- NINE
Assignment
Instructions:
i. Answer all questions
ii. All assignments are to be submitted before the commencement of your exams
iii. To be submitted in a flash drive (Filename should be your matriculation number)
iv. All assignments are to be done using Microsoft word (well organized and formatted
documentation)
v. Group submission in a single flash drive is allowed but each are to be separated using
your matriculation number and coping each other’s work is not allowed, the work of
any student found guilty would be canceled.

1. a. Explain data analysis

b. Explain data analysis package
c. Explain the various functions of data analysis package

2. Explain:
(a) statistical graphs,
(b) frequency distribution
(c) correlation analysis