Final Step-B Solutions

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Solutions to Final Step | Part - B | Physics

Electrostatics
1.(A)
Fe qE
tan    ;
mg mg
q / 2 0 q
tan   
mg 20 mg
qE 1 2 q 2 E 2t 2
2.(C) v  u  at , u  0 ; v  t ; mv 
m 2 2m
3.(D) Since, the surface densities are equal, hence
q1 q q1 q2 q1  q2 Q
 2 (where (q1  q2  Q) Or   
4r 2 4R 2 r2 R2 r 2  R2 r 2  R2
Q Q
 q1  2 2
 r2 and q2   R2
r R r  R2
2
So, potential at the common centre,

q q2 1  q1 q2 
V  1     
40 r 4 0 R 40  r R
1  Q r2 Q R2  1 Q( R  r )
  2 2   2 2    2 2
40  R  r r R r R  4  0 (R  r )
4.(CD) Only option C and D are true
1 q2 1 q2 F k
5.(B) In air, F1  ; In medium  k  , F2   1 
40 r 2 4 0 k r 2 F2 1
6.(D) Let, the third charge  q is placed at a distance of ‘x’ from the charge 2q . Then P.E. of the system is :
  2q 8q   2q  q  8q  q  
U  k   
 r x  r  x  
2q 2 8  q 2 dy r d2 y
U is minimum, when  is maximum ; Solve for 0  x ,   ve
x rx dx 3 dx 2
r
i.e. at x  , y is minimum or U is maximum. So, there can’t be any point between them where P.E. is
3
minimum.
7.(C) When the two are joined by a metal wire, they become a single conductor. As charge can reside only on the outer
surface of a conductor, the entire charge Q must flow to the outer sphere.
8.(D) Let an element of length dx, charge dq, at distance x from point O
dq
dV  k
x
Q
Q 2L kdq 2L  L  dx
Where, dq  dx  V  L  L k 
L x x
VMC | Final Step| Part-B 1 Class XII | Physics

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Q 2L  1  Q Q
2L
=
4 0 L L  x  dx  4 L [log e x ]L = 4 L [log e 2 L  loge L]
  0 0
Q  L  Q
 log e  ln(2)
4 0 L  L  4 0 L
9.(AB) Since V  0 , there must be charges on the surface or inside itself.
10.(C) With each rotation, charge Q crosses any fixed point P near the ring. Number of rotations per second   / 2 .
Q
 Charge crossing P per second current
2
 1 Q 2 2Q 2
11.(C)  
W   Q  V    Q V f  Vi   Q  0  Vi  , W  Q. 
 4
. 
a 
4 
0 a
 0
12.(B) fnet  2F cos 

q
2kq  
2 y
 Fnet   . [Negative sign indicate the net force is towards the mean position]
2
 y2  a2  y  a2 2
 
 
q
2 kq   y
2 kq 2 y
Fnet   3/ 2
  y
a3

y 2  a2 
dv
13.(A) E x    , Ex   2  2 x  , at x  1E x  1  0
dx
dv
14.(BC) E   , since v is constant, E  0 Since E  0 , there is no charge inside the region 15.(C)
dr
16.(B) Force on  q1
1 q1q2 1 q1q3
F  i [sin i  cos j ]
40 b 2 40 a 2
From above, x component of force is :
q1  q2 q3 
fx   2  2 sin  
4 0  b a 
q q 
Fx   2  3 sin  
2 2
b a 
17.(D) 18.(C)
q q
19.(C) Complete the cube, adding five other faces. cube  , face 
0 60
20.(C) At P due to shell, potential
q
V1 
40 R
At P due to Q, potential
Q 2Q
V2  
R 40 R
40
2
q 2Q
 Net potential at P, V  V1  V2  
40 R 40 R

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B
21.(BC) Work done an equipotential surface is zero also W   E.dl 
A
1  Q 2Q  1 2Q 1 3Q Q
22.(B) VA    VB  , V A  VB 
4 0  R 2 R  40 R 4 0 2 R 80 R
23.(A) Using Gaussls theorem for radius r

 1

E . ds 
0
(Q  q )
1
 E  4 r 2  (Q  q ) . . . . .(i)
0
q = charge enclosed between x = a and x = r.
r r
A
q 4 x 2 dx  4 A xdx
 
x
a a
r
 x2 
 4 A    2 A(r 2  a 2 )
 2  a
Putting the value of q in equation (i), we get
1 
E  4 r 2  Q  2 A(r 2  a 2 ) 
0  
1 Q 2 Aa 2 
E  2  2 A  
4 0  r r 2 
Q 2 Aa 2 Q
E will be constant if it is independent of r   or A
2 2
r r 2 a 2

24.(B) Consider a point in the emptied space whose position vector is r from the centre of the given sphere. Let the

position vector of this point from the centre of cavity be r2 . Let the position vector of the centre of cavity from
 
the centre of the sphere be r1 . Clearly r1 is constant. Consider the uniformly charged sphere without cavity.

Electric field at r can be obtained using Gauss law.
E13  4r 2   r 3

E1  r
3
 
The direction of E1 vector is along r , so we can write
 
E1   r2
3
Superposition of the two charges from the emptied space.
To get the net electric field due to actual charge distribution superimpose
the above two fields.
   
E  E1  E 2  r1
3
This implies that the electric field in the emptied region is non-zero and uniform.

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25.(C) We know
dV
E
dr
Here, ΔV and Δr are same for any pair of surfaces.
So, E = constant
Now, electric field inside the spherical charge distribution,
 1
E r ; E would be constant if  r  constant   (r ) 
3 0 r
26.(BD) According to gauss law option B and D are correct
27.(C) The electric field lines around the cylinder must resemble that due to a dipole.
28.(C) Electric field due to complete disc (R = 2a),

   
  x   1  h 
E1  1
2 0  2 
R  x  2 0
2  4a 2  h 2 
 
  h 
 1 ( h  a )
2 0  2a 
Electric field due to disc (R = a),
  h
E2  1 
2 0  a
Hence, electric field due to given disc,
h 
E  E1  E2   C
4 0 a 4a 0
29.(D) Let a particle of charge q having velocity v approaches Q upto a closest distance r and if the velocity becomes 2v,
the closest distance will be r .
The law of conservation of energy yields, kinetic energy of particle = electric potential energy between them at
closest distance of approach.
1 2 1 Qq 1 2 kQq  1 
Or mv  Or mv  . . . . .(i)  k  constant  
2 4 0 r 2 r  4 0 
1 kQq
and m( 2v )2 
2 r
1 2 kQq
mv
2 1 r r
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we get :  r    r 
1 2 kQq 4 r 4
m( 2v )
2 r
30.(C) On outer surface there will be no charge.
So, Q2   2  0
On inner surface total charge will be zero but charge distribution will be there so
Q1  0 and 1  0
On inner surface total charge will be zero but charge distribution will be there so
Q1  0 and  1  0

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qine Q  2Q Q
31.(AC) ACC. To Gauss law     no contribution of charge 5Q in the flex through Gaussian surface
  
as it is not enclosed by it.
q
32.(B) Electric flux  
0
where q = total charge enclosed by closed surface
1.25  7  1  0.4
 
0
8.85 C

8.885  1012 C 2 N 1m 2
 1012 N  m 2 / C
33.(B) VA = Potential due to charge +q on ring A + Potential due to charge –q on ring B

 
1 q q  1 q  q  [ d  R 2  d 2 ]
     1 . . . . . (i)
40  R d1  40 R 2 2 
 R d 
 
1  q q 
Similarly, VB   
40  R R 2
 d 2 
 
Potential difference, VA  VB
   
1 q q  1  q  q 
 
4 0  R 2 
R  d  40
2  R
R2  d 2

  
 
1 q 1 q 1 q 1 q q 1 1 
     
4 0 R 40 R 40 R2  d 2 40 R2  d 2 2 0  R R2  d 2

 
34.(ABCD)
Q
35.(D) The flux passing through any enclosed area 
0
Q
For a Gaussian surface,  E  ds  0
Q Q
or E  4r 2  or E
0 0 i 2
As flux is the total number of lines passing through the surface, for a given charge, it is always the charge
enclosed Q / 0   . If area is doubled, the field will be half but the flux remains to same.
36.(C) In the given situation, it is a thick shell and not thin shell. So we have to consider line effect of induced charges.
1 q q q  1  5q 
potential center v   R  2r  3R   4   6 R 
4     
37.(A) 38.(D) 39.(A)
40.(–80) As we know, potential difference VA  V0 is :

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dV = –Edx
VA 2
2
V0 dV   0 30 x dx
2
 x3 
VA  V0   30     10  [23  (0)3 ]   10  8   80 volt
 3 0
1 q Q  q 
41.(2) F 
40 r2
dF
For maximum repulsion force  Q  2q  0
dq
Q 2
 2
q 1
42.(0)
q
43.(0.25) Given E 
40 x 2
Hence, the magnitude of the electric intensity at a distance 2x from charge q is
q q 1 E
E    
2 2 4 4
4   2 x  0 4 0 x
qE
Therefore, the force experienced by a similar charge q at a distance 2x is F  qE  
4
44.(–8)
1 q2
45.(0.44) In vacuum, F  . . . . (i)
40 r 2
Suppose force between the charges is same when charges are r distance apart in dielectric
1 q2
 F  . . . . .(ii)
40 kr 2
From eqns. (i) and (ii)
kr 2  r 2 or r  k r
In the given situation, force between the charges would be,
1 q2 4 q2 4F
F  2
  2

4 0  r r 9 40 r 9
  4 
2 2
46.(–110) Change in potential in an electric field is given by :
 
dV   E . dr
 
 
dV   E.d r

Here, d r  dxi  dy j

E  (25i  30 j ) NC 1
 dV    (25i  30 j)  (dxi  dy j)

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V 2 2 
 
 
dV    25dx  30 dy 
 0 

0 0
 2
V  0   25  x 0  30  y 0
2

V   25  2  30  2 V   110 V   110 J / C
47.(0) A  2 , 2  and  4 , 1
 4 , 1  4 , 1  4 , 1
y i  x j  dx i  dy j  dz k  
4, 1
VB  VA         y dx  xdy     d  xy     xy 2 , 2  0
 2, 2  2, 2   2, 2
WA B  0
48.(2) When joined by a wire, the two spheres attain common potential V.
1 qA
 Intensity, E A 
40 R A2
C AV 40 R AV V
  
40 R A2 40 R A2 RA
V
Similarly, EB 
RB
EA R 
  B
EB RA 1
49.(–18) Work done = QV where Q = 2e for  -particle
 (2e)  25  2 1.6  1019  25  8 1018 J
50.(32)
DC Circuits
3
1.(B) Volume  Al  3  A 
l
l 9 3
Now R    l2   l
A  
2.(C) This is condition for balance wheatstone bridge
R1 R
 3  R1R4  R2 R3
R2 R4
3.(C) For series connection, x  nR
R
For parallel connection, y 
n
R
Therefore, xy  nR   R2
n
16 4
4.(B)  ,X  2
X 1/ 2

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V2
5. (D) P
R
Resistance of the bulb,
120  120
R  240 
60
Req  240  6  246 
V 120
 I1  
Req 246
120
V1  I1 R1   240 = 117.073 V
246
V 2 120  120
Resistance of the heater    60
P 240
240  60
As bulb and heater are connected in parallel. Net resistance   48 
300
Total resistance R2  48  6  54
Total current, I 2  V / R2  120 / 54
Potential across heater = Potential across bulb
120
V2   48  106.66V
54
V1  V2  117.073  106.66  10.04 V
6.(A) Use formula for combinations of cells in parallel.
r 2R  r E 2 Em
7.(D) Reff  R   , Eeff  Em , I  eff 
2 2 Reff 2R  r
5
8.(A) Applying Kirchhoff’s law, I 3  A
11
1/ 5 R R 2
9.(B)  0 , RQ  JB   1.5, RQ  3
RAJ RJB RAJ 1
4R
10.(C) In figure, Reff 
5
11.(A) Only drift velocity of electrons determines the current in a conductor.
d 
12.(C) For neutral temperature,  0    2T  0 . Then, T  
dT 2
13.(C)
14.(A)
10
Equivalent circuit is balanced wheatstone bridge as shown R AB  
3

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15.(C) Resistance of the part AC

RAC  0.1 40  4 and RCB  0.1  60  6
X 4
In balanced condition,   X  4
6 6
5
Equivalent resistance Req  5 so current drawn from battery i   1A
3
16.(B) 17.(C)
18.(B) V0  10  5  10  Vx  Vx  15V 19.(A) Use symmetry
20.(A) Let the source voltage be V.

Equivalent resistance of the circuit when r = fR
rR fR (2 f  1) R V (2 f  1) R
Req  R  R    Current in the circuit, I  
r R f 1 ( f  1) Req R (2 f  1)
I V
Current in the resistance r ( = fR) ; I2  
f  1 R (2 f  1)
Now, heat generated per unit time in r
V dH
H  I 22 r  ; For maximum H , 0
2 df
2(2 f  1)
V2  1 4f  1
    0 or 2 f  1 4 f 0  f 
R  (2 f  1) 2 (2 f  1)3  2
R1 R2
21.(A) Let resistance be R1 and R2. Then, S  R1  R2 and P 
R1  R2
n  R1 R2
 ( R1  R2 )  [ S  nP]
R1  R2
 R 2  R2  2 R R   R1 R 
Or (R1 + R2)2 = nR1R2  n  1 2 1 2 
   2  2
 R1R2   R2 R1 
We know,
Arithmetic Mean  Geometric Mean
R1 R2

R2 R1 R1 R2 R1 R
    2 2
2 R2 R1 R2 R1
So, n(minimum value) = 2 + 2 = 4
22.(D) Here, R (T )  R0 [1   (T  T0 )]
At T0  300 K , R0  100Ω ; T  500 K , R  120 Ω
6 1
 120 = 100(1 +  (200))  200   1     103 C 1
5 5
Temperature of the toaster is raised at constant rate from 300 K to 500 K is 30 s.
(500  300) 20
So, incensement in the temperature in time t  t ; ΔT  t
30 3
Total work done in raising the temperature

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t t 30 30
V2 V2 (200)2 dt
  R(t )
dt   R0 (1   ΔT )
dt   100 1  103  20 t  dt  400   1  1 
t
0 0 0   0 
 3   150 
30
  t    30   6
 400  150 ln 1 
150    60000  ln 1  150   ln1  60000 ln  5  J
   0      
23.(B) V = IR
l l V
As I = neAvd and R   V  neAvd  or  
A A nevd l
Here, V = 5, n = 8 × 1028m–3, vd = 2.5 10–4ms–1, l = 0.1 m, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
5
    0.156  10 4 Ω m  1.6  105 Ωm
28 19 4
8  10  1.6  10  2.5  10  0.1
24.(A) Applying KVL in loop PQCDP
–1I2 –3I1 + 9 –2I1 = 0  5I1 + I2 = 9 . . . (i)
Applying KVL in loop PQBAP
–1I2 + 3(I1 – I2) – 6 = 0  3I1 – 4I2 = 6 . . . .(ii)
Solving eqn. (i) and (ii), we get :
I1 = 1.83 A, I2 = –0.13 A
 The current in the 1Ω resistor is 0.13 A, from Q to P.
25.(C) Given vd  E
V
We know, and E
l
or, E V So I  V ; I 2 V
5
26.(C) Current in the circuit, I 
1.6
50 25
  A
16 8
Reading of the voltmeter
25 15
V  15   0.6  15   13.1V
8 8
R L1 100
27.(A)   L1  cm
S 100  L1 3
28.(C) Current in 4Ω is zero
Applying KVl in loop EBCDE,
VEB + VBC + VCD + VDE = 0
– 4 + 3 + VCD + 0 = 0
VCD = 1 volt
 VA  VD  9  3  1  5V
29.(B) Let resistance of bulb filament be R0 at 0°C , then from expression.

R  R0 [1  ]
We have, 100  R0 [1  0.005  100]
and 200  R0 [1  0.005  x]

Vidyamandir Classes
where, x is temperature in °C at which resistance become 200

200 1  0.005 x
  x = 400°C 30.(AD)
100 1  0.005  100
31.(C) From Rt  R0 (1  t )
 5  R0 (1  50 ) ….(i)
5 1  50 1
and 6  R0 (1  100) ….(ii)   Or 
6 1  100 200
 1 
Putting the value of  in Eq. (i), we get : 5  R0 1  50  or R0  4
 200 
32.(8) In series, currents are equal. So, heat generated is proportional to resistance.
1 L  (2 L) 1
 R1  R2   2  8
 (2d )2   d 2  2
   
 4   4 
33.(6) The diagonal resistance of 2  is part of a balanced Wheatstone network, and hence can be removed.
(6)(9)
 RAB  2.4   6
69
E
34.(12) Current in the circuit, i 
Rr
Er ER
Potential difference across the battery, VB  E  ir  E  
Rr Rr
Solving, we get E  12 V and r  1.5 
12
35.(16) Current through 4  resistance, i  2A
2 4
So, rate of heat dissipation, H  i 2 R  (2)2 (4)  16W
36.(285) Maximum measurable voltage for the voltmeter, V  iG (G  R )
 3  (0.01)(15  R)  R  285 
37.(20) When switch is open, net resistance of circuit, R  r  3 .
60 1
 i  18 A  r 
r 3 3
8 60
When switch is closed, net resistance of circuit, R  r   3   i  20 A
3 3
38.(25) i  nAevd
V
Also, i  V  n e l vd
 l 
 
 A
V 96
 vd    25 mm / s
n e l 8  10 28
  
1.6  10 16 1.5 108  2 
48
39.(12) Current in branch containing P, i1  8A
6
48
Current in branch containing Q, i1  6A
8
VP  VQ  3(8)  2(6)  12 V

Vidyamandir Classes
1  R2  1  0.07  4
40.(35) R2  R1 (1  T )     1     3.5  10
T R
 1  10  20.00 
V2
41.(12) In series, total power produced, P1 
R1  R2
H H  R1  R2 
So, t1  
P1 V2
2
In parallel, total power produced,
V2 V2 V  R1  R2 
P2   
R1 R2 R1 R2
H HR1 R2
So, t2  
P2 V 2  R1  R2 
R2
t2 R1 R2 R1
12
Now,   
t1  R  R  2  R 2 169
1 2 2
1 
 R1 
R x 12
Let 2  x  2
  x  12
R1 1  x  169
ER1 E 1 L1 E L 2
42.(32) Potential difference across conductor A: V1     E  8V
R1  R2 1 L1  2 L2 5  7
L      2 L 
4 
V1 8
Electric field in conductor A: EA    32 N / C
L 0.25
43.(40) Let resistance of AB  R

40
Then, i 
R2
 1 R   5 R   40 
and i    32      32  R  48 
 1.2   6  R2
So, resistance per unit length
48
  40  / m.
1.2
44.(25) Let EMF of battery = V
V V
i1   5.6 ; i2   10.5
R1 ( R1  2 R1 ) R2 ( R2  2 R1 )
2 R1  2 R2 2 R1  2 R2
Dividing the equations to eliminate V,
2 R1
1
R2 ( R2  2 R1 ) 8 R2 8
  
R1 ( R1  2 R2 ) 15  R1   R1  15
   2
 R2   R2 
R1
Let x  15  30 x  8 x 2  16 x
R2
5
8 x 2  14 x  15  0  x
2
Vidyamandir Classes
45.(3) V A  VB  4 V  2(2)  8  r (2)  1(2)  4

 r  3
220 2 220 2
46.(55) R A  and RB 
40 120
220
In series, i
R A  RB
Potential difference across bulb B, VB  iRB  55V
Capacitors
d1 d2  d1  d2  K1 K 2  d1  d 2 
1.(C)   ; K eq 
K1 A 0 K 2 A 0 Keq A 0 K1d 2  d1K 2
C
2.(D) Charge on capacitor C between MN is = 60   30C
2
30C
 VMN   30V
C
3.(C) Distance between plates halved capacitance becomes doubled also charge becomes doubled,
Force of attraction Q 2 .Force of attraction four time

4.(A) Electric field inside dielectric,  3  10 4    2.2  8.58  1012  3  104
K0
= 6.6  8.85  108 =– 5.841  107  6  107 C / m 2
3 6
5.(A) Since  , the circuit is treated as balanced wheatstone bridge.
2 4
3 6 2  4 8 20 10
 Ceq    2   F
36 2 4 6 6 3
4 0 ab
6.(B) When inner sphere is earthed C1 
ba
When outer sphere is earthed
4 0 ab 4 0 b 2
C2   4 0 b 
ba ba
C1 a

C2 b
7.(ACD) Charge on capacitor C1 after K1 is closed is C1E . After K1 is opened and K 2 is closed, this charge gets
redistributed between the capacitors such that the potential difference across both capacitors becomes equal.
 (i) C1V1 + C2V2 = C1E (by conservation of charge)
(ii) V1 = V2
Q1 Q2
(iii) 
C1 C2

Vidyamandir Classes
8.(C)
q1 q1
  10 ; q1  24C
4 6
9.(C)
3
Reduced circuit is, Ceq  C
2
A 
k2
V1 2 d  k2  3
10.(D) 
V2  A 2k1 2
k1 
d
6 3
11.(B) In steady state, current through battery I   1.5 A I 2   1.5  0.9 A
2.8  1.2 23
V 10
12.(B) d  2cm  2  102 m, V  10 Volt , E    500 N / C
d 2  10 2
 11  CC C
13.(B) Ce  1     1.5F 14.(B) Capacitors in series, Ce  1 2 
 11 C1  C2 3
15.(CD) Basic Question

C1C2
16.(A) Cparallel  C1  C2 , Cseries 
C1  C2
25 C2 3
Given Cparallel  Cseries and C2  C1 Solving 
6 C1 2
1 1 3 10
17.(A)   C0  C0
Ce 2C0 5C0 11
18.(C) Q   kCV  CV    k  1 CV  2CV ,W  QV  2CV 2
19.(A) Since, V2 > V1, so electric field will point from plate 2 to plate 1.
The electron will experience an electric force, opposite to the direction of
electric field and hence move towards the plate 2.
Use work-energy theorem to find speed of electron when it strikes the plate 2.
me v 2
  0  e (V2  V1 ) where, v is the required speed.
2
9.11  1031 2 1.6  10 19  40
 v  1.6  1019  20 or v  2.65  106 ms 1
2 31
9.11  10
20.(C) 21.(B) 22.(B)

Vidyamandir Classes
0 A 4C 0 A 4 d 2d
23.(A) C ,  ,  , 2d   3d , k  2
d 3  d d  3 d d k
 d   
 2 2k  2 2k
24.(C) 3 F and 9  F are in parallel combination so that equivalent capacitance  (3  9)  12  F
4  12
Now 4  F and 12 F are in series so their equivalent capacitance   3 F
16
Charge on 3 F   (8V )  24  C
 charge on 4  F and 12 are same (24  C ) as they are in series.
 9 
Charge of 9  F     24  C  18 C
 9 3 
Required charge Q = Charge on 4  F + Charge on 9  F
Q  (24  18)  C  42 C
1 Q 2  10 6
Required electric field, E   ; E  9  109   420 NC 1
4  0 r 2 (30)2
q2 1
25.(C) Energy stored in capacitor, U   (q0 e t /  ) 2
2C 2C
q02 2t / 
 e [where,  = CR)
2C
U = U i e 1t1 / 
1 2t / 
Ui  U i e 1
2
1 
 e2t1 /   t1  ln 2
2 2
Now, q  q0 et / 
1
q0  q0 e t2 / 
4
t1 1
t2   ln 4  2 ln 2  
t2 4
1 1 1 1 3 4
26.(D) a:      Ca   F b : Cb  4  4  4  12  F
Ca 4 4 4 4 3
(4  4)  4 8 44
c :Cc   F d :Cd   4  6 F
(4  4)  4 3 4 4

Vidyamandir Classes
27.(A)
32
C
9  32 32C 23 32 32
Here C AB  1  F  C   C  C F
32 9 9 9 9 23
C
9
1  2 2 W
28.(B) W  C 40  20  C
2   600
1  W  3
W   C 502  402   450 C  450   W
2    600  4
29.(B) For potential to be made zero after connection, the
charge of both capacitors are equal.
 q1 = q2
 C1V1 = C2V2
 120Cl = 200 C2  3C1 = 5C2
30.(D) Equivalent capacitance of the circuit

1 1 1 1 1 3C
    or Ceq 
Ceq C (1  2) C 3 C3
3CE
Total charge in the circuit, Q  Ceq E 
C 3
Charge on the  F capacitor,
2 2 3CE 2CE 2E dQ2 6E
Q2  Q    or Q2  and 
3 3 (C  3) C  3 1
3 dC (C  3) 2
C
As C increase, Q2 increases and slope of Q2 – C curve decreases. Hence graph (d) represents the correct variation.
6
31.(A) For upper and lower links, Ceq   F  Qupper  Qlower 12  C
5

Vidyamandir Classes
On closing switch, charge on 2  F is 10 C and that on 3 F is 15 C

At a q1   12  12  0
q f 15  10  5 C  Charge 5 C flows from b to a
32.(A) The circuit can be reduced as :

10
V   5 volt
2
q   4  F  5v   20  c
33.(B) One capacitor is short circuited and the other two are in parallel.
34.(A) As initially charge is maximum q = q0 cos t

dq
 i    q0 sin  t
dt
 1   q2 
Given, energy stored in inductor  U  Li 2  is equal to energy stored in capacitor U  
 2   2C 

1 2 q2 1  q cos  t )2
 Li   L(  q0 sin  t )2  0
2 2C 2 2C
1   
But   tan t  1  t   t  LC
LC 4 4 4
35.(10) i  i0 et / RC
i0
i  t  2 RC
e2
 2(103 )(5  106 )
= 10 ms.
36.(4) Let C A  C  CB  3C
Now, in series, charge same
V0
 C AVA  CBVB and VA  VB  V0  4
VB
37.(5) After battery is removed, charge on capacitor C1  Q  C1V .
Now after connection of C2
Q1 Q2
V1  V2  
C1 C2
C12V
and Q1  Q2  Q  C1V  Q1 
C1  C2
Q1 C1V V C1 1 C2
So, V1       5
C1 C1  C2 6 C1  C2 6 C1
V
38.(18) i   v  3  6  18 volts.
24

Vidyamandir Classes
39.(7) i  i0 et / RC
i0
i  t  1  3RC log e 2
8
i0
i  t  2  4 RC log e 2
16
1 3 2  1
   7
2 4 2  1
C0 (2C0 ) 2
40.(4) C  C0
C  2C0 3
C0 [( K  1)C0 ] ( K  1)
C   C0
C0  ( K  1)C0 ( K  2)
C 5 K 1 5
    K 4
C 4 K 2 6
41.(2) V  Ed  10(0.2  103 )
 2  103 V
1 1
42.(400) Vc  V (1  e t / Rc )  Uc  CVc2  CV 2 (1  e t / RC )2
2 2
2 2
1  1  1
U 2  U1  CV 2 [1    1   ]
2  4  2
5
 CV 2  400J
32
1 1 Q Q
43.(6) Potential difference, V  | Q1  Q2 |  
2C 2C  3  6C
Q2
44.(1) Force between the plates of a capacitor, F 
2 0 A
Since the capacitors were identical, the area of the plates is same for both capacitors. And in series, charge on the
capacitors is also equal. Hence, the force between the plates is same for both capacitors.
45.(200) When a capacitor of capacitance C is connected in series with a battery of EMF V and a resistance R, the charge
on the positive plate of the capacitor is given by:
t

q (t )  CVe RC
Comparing with the given equation, we get C  10 5 F and R  200 

46.(54) Let the common potential be V.
1 1 3
Ui  CV 2   2C V 2  CV 2
2 2 2
Let the final charge on the capacitors be Q1 and Q2 .
By charge conservation: Q1  Q2  CV  2CV
Q1 Q2
Applying KVL in the loop:  0
C 2C
CV 2CV
Solving, we get: Q1   and Q2 
3 3

Vidyamandir Classes
2 2
1 2 1 2 1  CV  1  2CV  5
Total potential energy: Uf  Q1  Q2    CV 2
2C 2C 2C  3  2C  3  18
Ui 27
 
Uf 5
1
47.(4) U  CV 2
2
Heat dissipated in resistance = Loss in potential energy of capacitor
2
1 1 V  1  N 2 1   N 2 1 
 H CV 2  C     2
 CV   U
2 2 N 
2 N  2 2 
 N 
15
Now, H U  N 4
16
0 A
48.(6) C  2 F
d
 d   2d 
1 3  3 
     d  C'
30 A
 3C  6 F
C ' 20 A 4 0 A 30 A d
 1  V 2  1
49.(9) U S  3  C     CV 2
2  3  6
 
1  3 UP
U P  3  CV 2   CV 2  9
2  2 US
Magnetic Effect of Current

2m1v1 2m2 v2
1.(D) P1  P2   0
q1 B q2 B
2.(A) Magnetic force on the circular arc

F  I (2 R sin 0 ) B
For the arc to be in equilibrium, F  2T sin  0
 2T sin 0  2 IR sin  0 BT  IRB
  EB
3.(A)  
0  q V  B  qE  V  B  E  V  4.(A)
B2
5.(D) When the currents are parallel, I1I2 is positive and the force between them is attractive (i.e. negative). Similarly
when currents are antiparallel, I1I2 is negative and the force between them is repulsive (i. e. positive). So option
(d) satisfies the condition.
 I1I 2
6.(B) F  . …….(i)
2 d
 2 I1 I 2
F    …….(ii)
2 3d

Vidyamandir Classes
2
 F   F 7.(A)
3
MB
8.(B) W  MB 1  cos   or W  …….(i)
2
3
  MB sin 60   2 w   3w
2
9.(B) Force exerted on a current carrying conductor,
Fext  B( x ) / L
Work done
Average power =
Time taken
1 2 1 2 1 2
4 0.2 x
P
t 0 Fext . dx  t 0 B( x ) / Ldx  5 103 0 3  10 e  10  3dx
 1 
 9 1  e 0.4   9 1  0.4   2.967  2.97 W
   e 
10.(C) The component dl cos  of element dl is parallel to the length of the wire-1. Hence force on this elemental
 2 I1 I 2
component is F   dl cos  
4 r
mv2 mv2
11.(D) qE   r1  12.(D)
r1 qE
mv r1 Bv
r2    
qB r2 E
1 2
13.(C) Energy of proton  mv  qV
2
2qV
v
m
mv 2
Magnetic force, qvbin90 
R
mv
R
qB
d dqB dqB m
sin    
R mv m 2qV
q
sin   Bd
2mV

14.(A) 
I 12 A, B  0.3kT
A  10  5 cm 2  50  104 m 2
M  IAn 12  50 10 4 nAm

 2  6  102 nAm
 2
 
 m2 , M  6  102 k Am 2
Here, M1  6  10 2 iA 2
 
M 3   6  10 j Am , M 4   6  102 k Am2
2  2

Vidyamandir Classes
 
M 2 is parallel to B , it means potential energy is minimum, therefore in orientation (2) the loop is in stable
equilibrium.
 
M 4 is anti-parallel to B , it means potential energy is maximum, therefore in orientation (4) the loop is in
unstable equilibrium.
15.(B) Magnetic field due to the loop is in  direction or along  z direction. Now we can find the direction of magnetic
 
force F  q V  B from Fleming’s left hand rule.
 NI
16.(A) BA 
2R
 N  2 I   NI BA
BB    1
2  2R 2R BB
 I
17.(B) The magnetic field at the centre of circular coil is B 
2r
  I
r  B  ……..(i)
2 
When wire of length  bents into a circular loops of n turns, then

  n  2 r1  r1 
n  2
 nI
B1    n 2 B
2 r1
18.(D) Let R be the radius of the loop. Then

A
A   R2 or R

 i 2BR
B or i
2R 
2 BRA 2 BA A
And M  iA  
  
19.(A) Cyclotron is used to accelerate the charged particle.
20.(C) Magnetic needle placed in non-uniform magnetic field. It may experience force and torque both due to unequal
forces acting on poles.
1
21.(B) mu 2  qV 22.(C) Formula based question
2
23.(D) Let the length of right wire be l, then its mass is l .
Force acting on this wire are tension (T), weight ( lg) and force of repulsion due to other wire (F).
From figure, T cos   lg . . . . (i)
T sin   F . . . . (ii)
0 I 2l
Here, F 
2 (2 L, sin 
0 I 2l
Or T sin   (Using (ii))
2 (2 L sin  )

Vidyamandir Classes
 g  I 2l
Or sin   0 (Using (i))
cos  2 (2 L sin  )
4 L sin 2  g  gL
 I   2sin 
0 cos  0 cos 
24.(B) When particle describes circulars path in a magnetic field, its velocity is always perpendicular to the magnetic
force.
Power P  F  V 25.(D)
Here   90  P0
Also w  P  t  w0
26.(A) Let the current which produces full scale defection in the galvanometer be I g 
Then according to question
4 V 2
Ig   . . . (i)
5 G  R G  2400
2 2
Ig  . . . (ii)
5 G  4900
4 G  4900
From eqns. (i) and (ii),   G  100 Ω
2 G  2400
Putting G in eq. (i)
4 2 25
Ig   Ig  1mA
5 100  2400 4  2500
For a deflection of 10 divisions
1 V 1 2
Ig    103   R  9900 Ω
5 G R 5 100  R
Ig 1mA
Now, current sensitivity    20  A / division
n 50div
27.(D) Current in the circuit without ammeter
V 5V
I    0.1 A  Allowed current with ammeter, I   0.099 A
R 50Ω
V 100rs
Also I   where Req  50 
Req 100  rs
5 100 rs 5
 0.099  or 50  
100 rs 100  rs 0.099
50 
100  rs
100 rs 50
  0.5  100rs  50  0.5 rs or rs   0.5 Ω
100  rs 99.5
28.(A) Neutron has no charge, others have charge
29.(B) The magnetic dipole attains stable equilibrium under the influence of these two fields making an angle i  30
with B1 and  2  75  30  45 B2.
For stable equilibrium, net torque acting on
dipole mass be zero, i.e., 1   2  0 or 1  r2
sin 1 sin 30 1
Or mB1  15mT   15 mT   2  10.6 mT  11 mT
sin  2 sin 45 2

Vidyamandir Classes
30.(BCD) 31.(ABD)
32.(D)  
qE   q V  B on solving
B  103Wb / m 2
33.(D) Wire A is bent into a circle of radius R,
l
l  2 R  R 
2
0 I 0 I  I
BA    0
2R  l  l
2 
 2  
l
Wire B is bent into a square of side a ; l  4a  a
4
 0 I 
BB  4   (sin 45  sin 45 
 4 ( a / 2) 
2 0 I 2 16 0 I
  
a 2 2 l
BA 0 I / l 2
  
BB 16 0 I / 2  l 8 2
34.(A) Given ig  1mA, G 100Ω, i  10 A, S  ?
(i  ig ) S  ig G
ig G 1  10 3  100
 S   10 2 Ω  0.01Ω
i  ig (10  103 )
2 m
35.(D) T 
q B
VE
36.(A) Case I: IG  . . . .(i)
R G
VE
Case II: I  . . . .(ii)
GS
R
G S
IG IS
I G   . . . . (iii)
2 GS
V (G  S ) S
 From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get :  
2( R  G ) ( RG  RS  GS ) (G  S )
 RG + RS + GS = 2RS + 2GS  RS + GS = RG or S(R + G) = RG
37.(C) Both magnetic fields are perpendicular to each-other
Bresultant  B12  B22
0 I 0.08  10 3
38.(400) B   I  400 A
2R 2  107
0 IR 2
39.(9) B with x  R
2( R 2  x 2 )
L E  r 2  i er 2 
40.(2) Resistance  2
 and B  0
i 41.(24) M 
r L 2 R 2
42.(10) For equilibrium mg  I ( B sin )  2R  B  0.64 T .

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43.(0) B is independent of the distance from the “current sheet”.

4
44.(400) M  IA  1      4 Am 2    MB sin 90  4  100  1  40 Nm
 
 I 7 I
45.(48) BP  0 (sin 37  sin 53)  0
4d 48x
E V
46.(1) v  and E 
B d
 dQ  2 1
47.(6) dM    x Or M  QwL2
 T  6
mg  0 i1i2
48.(98) 
 2d
49.(19) 5G  95s
0 ir 0i
50.(1) Bin  and Bout 
2R 2 2r
1 2
51.(30) mv  qV
2
 mv
sin   and R 
R qB
52.(6) B  B1  B2  4200
N 0 i
B for circular coils
2R
Electromagnetic Induction
1.(C)
  
   B 2 ˆi  3 ˆj  4kˆ    L2 kˆ   4B L2 Wb
  
2.(D)  Induced emf is rate of change of magnetic flux,
3l
e  Bvdx [ v  x]  e 2l (x). B. dx
3l
n xn  1  x2 
Using  x dx 
n 1
 e  B  
 2  2l
[(3l )2  (2l ) 2 ] 5 Bl 2 
e  B 
2 2
3.(D) As there is no change in flux, so induced current is zero.
4.(D) 
  20t ˆi  10t 2 ˆj  50kˆ  2kˆ  
d
  100    0
dt
5.(A) When the electron moves from X to Y, the flux linked with the
coil abcd (which is into the page) will first increase and then
decrease as the electron passes by. So the induced current in
the coil will be first anticlockwise and will reverse its
direction (i.e. will become clockwise) as the electron goes past
the coil.

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6.(C) P.d .  B  2 R   2 BR

Positive charge will accumulate at Q and negative charges at M.
7.(D) Rise of current in L-R circuit is given by

E 5
where I0    1A
R 5
L 10
Now,   2s
R 5
After 2s, i.e., at t = 2s

Rise of current I  1  e 1 A 
8.(BC) 9.(B) 10.(AD)
di
11.(D) | VL |  L
dt
12.(C) Choke coil should have high inductance and low resistance.
13.(C) Module based Question
di
14.(A) Induced emf, e   L
dt
T
For 0t  ,
4
i  t graph is a straight line with positive constant slope.
di
  constant
dt
T
 e   ve and constant For 0  t 
4
T T di
For  t  i is constant  0
4 2 dt
T T
 e0 For t 
4 2
T 3T
For t 
2 4
i-t graph is a straight line with negative constant slope.
di
  constant
dt
T 3T
 e   ve and constant For t 
2 4
3T di 3T
For  t  T , T is zero  0  e0 For t T
4 dt 4
From this analysis, the variation of induced emf with time as shown in figure below.
15.(C) i  i0 e t /  L
18  20e2 /  L
2
Solving this, we get :  L 
ln 10 9 

Vidyamandir Classes
 Magnetic flux   Magnetic field   B 

16.(B)     
 Electric flux   Electric field   E 
E 1  magnetic flux   1  1

 B  has the dimensions of velocity. i.e., [ LT ]      [TL ]
   electric flux   velocity 
L L
17.(B) During charging  L1  and during discharging  L2 
2R 3R
 L1 L / 2R 3
  
 L2 L / 3R 2
0 N 2 A
18.(B) L

  d  dB
19.(A) For r  R :  E . dl 
dt
or E (2r )  (r 2 )
dt
or E r
i.e., E – r graph is a straight line passing through origin.

For x  R
  d   dB 
 E . dl  or E (2r )  (R 2 )  
dt  dt 
1
i.e., E or E-r graph is a rectangular hyperbola.
r
20.(ABD)
d Weber
21.(A) e  Volt   T  m2 / s 22.(A) 23.(ABC) 24.(D)
dt S
25.(C) During the entry and exit of the bar magnet in the coil, the polarity charges. The only option is (C).
26.(C) 27.(A) 28.(D)
29.(B) The flux associated with coil of area A and magnetic induction B is :
1  1 2
  BA cos   B r 2 cos  t  A   r 
2  2 
d d 1 2  1 2
 einduced     B r cos  t   B r  sin  t
dt dt  2  2
2
einduced B 2 2 r 4 2 sin 2  t
 Power P  
R 4R
Hence, Pmean   P 
B 2 2 r 2 2 1  1
 .   sin  t   
4R 2  2
( Br 2 )2

8R
30.(A) Maximum field lines will pass in situation (i).
31.(A) I1 is in the direction ba and I 2 in the direction dc 32.(C) 33.(B)

Vidyamandir Classes
 0 N1  N 2  A
34.(D) M
l
where N1 = 300 turns and N2 = 400 turns,
A = 10 cm2 and l = 20 cm
Substituting the values in the given formula, we get M  2.4  104 H .
35.(B) Here, B  B0 et 
Area of the circular loop, A   r 2 . Flux linked with the loop at any time t.
  BA   r 2 B0 e t 
d 1
Emf induced in the loop ,      r 2 B0 e t 
dt 
Net heat generated in the loop

  2t   2t 
2  2 r 4 B02    2 r 4 B02 1  2 r 4 B02  2 r 4 B02
  dt  
e dt    e      (0  1) 
R  2R 0  2R     2 2 R 2 R
0    0
 
36.(D) length of the line plane, I = 20 m
Wing span, l   15m
Height of plane, h = 5 m
Velocity of plane = 240 m s–1 towards east
2
sin   , B  5  105 T , VB  ?, Vw  ?
3
VB = Voltage developed between lower and upper side of the plane
 vh B cos 
5 5
 240  5  105   44.72 105 
3 3
 44.72  103 V  45 mV
Bv  B sin 
2 1
 5 10 5    104 T
3 3
Vw = Voltage developed between tips of the wings
1
 Wv l v  10 4  15  240 1200 104  120 mV
3
37.(B) Magnetic force on electron in the metal sheet,
  
Fm   e(v  B)
At equilibrium,
Fm = Fe (induced) and  2   1
 
evB  e e     0 vB   1
0 0
 2    0 vB

Vidyamandir Classes
38.(A) For RC circuit :

E t / RC
i e
R
For RL circuit :
E
i (1  et ( L / R )
R
39.(2) Use   B  A
10
40.(8) i1  1 A (iL  0)
64
10 10 i1
i2   A   0.8
62 8 i2
41.(104) In step up,
VS N
 S 8
VP NP
10 4
 VS  8VP  PS  I S (960) or I S   10.4 A
960
42.(10)
di
43.(16) Potential difference across coil is V  L or V = (2) (4) = 8V
dt
Now energy stored per unit time = Power = Vi = (8) (2) = 16J/s
di di
44.(512) v  L  4t  L
dt dt
1 4 i
L 0 4t dt  0 di  i  32 A
1 1
Energy stored, U  Li 2   1  322  512 J
2 2
45.(4) The emf induced across the rod AB is e  Bv  l
Here, v  v sin 30 = component of velocity perpendicular to length
1
 e  Bvl sin 30  (2)(4) (1)    4V
 2
 
The free electrons of the rod shift towards right due to the force q (v  B ) . Thus, the left side of the rod is at
higher potential.
or VA – VB = 4V
0.1
46.(51) eAB 
0.07 (2) (10 r) dr  0.051V
Vidyamandir Classes
d
47.(10)  i    20t  50 At t = 3s,  i  10V
dt
48.(1) Use : I  I 0 (1  e t /  )
49.(167) I1  5 A, I 2  2 A
ΔI  2  5   3 A
Δt  0.1 s
  50V
ΔI  3 
As,    L ; 50   L   ; 50  30 L
Δt  0.1 
5
L  1.67 H
3
dI
50.(8) VA  IR  E  L  VB  VA  5  1  8  5  103 (103 )  VB  VB  VA  8V
dt
51.(6) From Energy conservation :
1 1 1 1
CV02  CV 2   LI 2   2 10 6  122
2 2 2 2
1 1
  10 6  6 2   6  106 I 2  I  6A
2 2
dI
52.(4) e M  M (4t )  20t
dt
2
e 20t
i 
R 10
 2t, q  Idt  2tdt  4C  
0
2
53.(4) I  2 sin t A
L  2H
dI  2 cos t 2  2tdt  4t cos t 2 dt

When I = 0, t = 0

When I  2, t 
2
2 2
E  LIdI  L 2sin t 2 dt
 
0 0
/2
L  8t sin t 2 cos t 2 dt
0
2
Let t  x, so 2tdt  dx
/ 2 / 2
E L  4sin x cos xdx  2 L  sin 2 xdx
0 0
/ 2
  cos 2 x  2L
 2L     4J
 2 0 2

Vidyamandir Classes
AC Circuits
1.(B) Use I  I sin t

 XC
2.(B) tan   XC  R
4 R
XL XL
tan 1 (2)  or 2  X L  2R
R R
Now, in L-C-R circuit Z  R 2  ( X C  X L )2  2R
R 1
 Power factor = cos    3.(C)
Z 2
12 1
4.(A) I rms   A
24 2
1 1
I Peak  2   A
2 2
5.(A) Time constant  is the duration when the value of potential drops by 63% of its initial maximum value
(i.e., V0/e). Here, 37% of 25 V = 9.25 V which lies between 150 s to 200 s in the graph.
6.(AD) LC or RLC
7.(C) The full cycle of alternating current consists of two half cycles. For one half, current is negative. Therefore, for an
AC cycle, the net value of ammeter, read the average value. Hence, the alternating current cannot be measured by
DC ammeter.
8.(CD) RC or C-only 9.(A) Fact based Question 10.(ABD)

11.(D) The emf generated would be maximum when flux (cutting) would be maximum i.e., angle between area vector of
coil and magnetic field is 0. The emf generated is given by [As a function of time]
e  NBA cos t  emax  NAB
12.(ABC) Formula based Question 13.(A)
1
14.(C) In the condition of resonance XL = XC or L
C
Since, resonant frequency remains unchanged, so
LC  constant or LC = constant
L
 L1C1  L2 C2 or L  C  L2  2C or L2  15.(D)
2

16.(C) (A) In a circuit having C alone, the voltage lags the current by .
2
 
(B) In circuit containing C and L, the voltage leads the current by or lags by .
2 2

(C) In LR circuit, the phase difference between current and voltage can have any value between 0 to
2

depending on the values of L and R but not or 0.
2

(D) In a circuit containing L alone, the voltage leads the current by .
2
Hence, the option (C) is correct.

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
17.(AD) The power line is AC so average power is 0 and the line consists of RLC so phase difference is less then
2
V
18.(C) Case I: P  Vrms I rms  Vrms  rms
R
V 2 rms 2
P  Vrms  PR … (i)
R
Case II: Power drawn in LR circuit
Vrms R 2 R R
P   Vrms I rms cos   Vrms    Vrms  PR  [Using equation (i)]
2
Z Z Z Z2
R2
P  P
Z2
19.(B) Here,
Efficiency of the transformer,   90%
Input power, Pin  3kW  3  103W  3000W
Voltage across the primary coil, V p  200V
Current in the secondary coil, I s  6 A
Pin 3000W
As Pin  I PVP  Current in the primary coil, I p    15 A
Vp 200V
Pout VI 90 6V 90  3000
Efficiency of the transformer,    s s   or Vs   450V
Pin Vp I p 100 3000 100  6
20.(C) When L is removed, the phase difference between the voltage and current is
X  X
tan 1  C ; tan  C or X C  R tan 60 or X C  3 R
R 3 R
When C is removed, the phase difference between the voltage and current is:
X  X
tan 2  L tan  L or X L  R tan 60  3 R
R 3 R
As X L  X C , the series LCR circuit is in resonance.
2 R R
Impedance of the circuit, Z  R 2   X L  X C   R  X L  X C  Power factor, cos    1
Z R
1
21.(D) Frequency of LC oscillation 
2 LC
1/ 2
f1  L2 C2   2 L  4C  1/ 2 f1 f f
Or,      8   2 2  f2  1 or, f2   f1  f 
f2  L1C1   LC  f2 2 2 2 2
1
 L
XC  XL    C
22.(D) tan   ; tan   
R 4 R
1 1 1
R  L or R  2 fL  or C
C 2fC 2f  R  2fL 
L
23.(D) From the relation, tan  
R
1 1 R
Power factor, cos    
2
1  tan 2   L  R 2   2 L2
1  
 R 

Vidyamandir Classes
24.(A) In an A.C. circuit with inductance coil, the voltage V leads the current I by a phase difference of 90 . Or the
current I lags behind the voltage V by a phase difference of 90 . Thus the voltage goes on decreasing with the
increase in time as shown in the graph (a).
25.(D) In case of oscillatory discharge of a capacitor through an inductor, charge at instant t is given by q  q0 cos t
1
Where,   … (i)
LC
q CV2 V2
 cos t     q  CV 
q0 CV1 V1
Current through the inductor
dq d
I    q0 cos t    q0  sin t
dt dt
1  12
1  CV1 1  cos2 t 
LC  
1/ 2 1/ 2
V1
C   V 2 
1   2   

C V 2 V 2
1 2   (Using (i))
L   V1    L 
   
1 1 I 2  I 22
26.(C) 2
I mean  I12 cos 2 t  I 22 sin 2  t  2 I1I 2 cos  t sin t  I12   I 22   2 I1 I 2  0  1
2 2 2
I12  I 22
I mean 
2
V0  
27.(D) Current in LR circuit is I  sin  t   , i.e., it is sinusoidal in nature.
2
R ω L  2 2 2
28.(B) At any time t, the equation of the given circuit is

d 2q dq 1
L R  q0 . . . .(i)
dt 2 dt C
which is equivalent to that of a damped pendulum. The solution to eqn. (i) is
q  Q0 e  Rt / 2 L cos(ωt   )
2
1  R 
Where ω  
LC  2 L 
The square of maximum charge on capacitor at any time t
2
Qmax  Q02 e  Rt / L cos 2 (ωt   )
 It decays exponentially with time.
For L2 ( L2  L1 ) , the curve is more steep.
29.(D) Since power factor has to be made 1.
 Effective capacitance should be increased thus connecting in parallel.
 cos   I   0
I 1 1
IωL  or C  C    C  C
ω(C  C ) ω2 L ω2 L
1  ω2 LC
C 
ω2 L

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
30.(0) For given circuit current is lagging the voltage by , so circuit is purely inductive and there is no power
2
consumption in the circuit. The work done by battery is stored as magnetic energy in the induction.
31.(1) Given, L = 10 H, f = 50 Hz
For maximum power
1 1
XC = XL or  L or C
C 2
 L
1
 C or C  0.1  10 5 F  1  F
2
4  50  50 10
1
32.(250) At resonance,  L 
C
VR 100
Current flowing through the circuit, I    0.1A
R 1000
So, voltage across L is given by VL  I X L  I  L
1 I 0 .1
But L   VL    250 volt
C C 200  2  10 6
33.(2) Given : Ip = 4 A, Np = 140 and Ns = 280
Ip Ns 4 280
From the formula  or  So, Is = 2A
Is Np Is 140
R
34.(100) Power factor 
Z
1 1
Pi   Z  2R ; Pf   Z  4R
2 4
35.(200) V 2  VR2  (VL  VC ) 2

Here, VL  VC  100 V  VR  V  200V
R 60
36.(60) Power factor, cos    = 0.6
Z (60)  (100  20)2
2
37.(2) In the LC circuit the energy oscillates between inductor (in the magnetic field) and capacitor (in the electric
field).
Q2
U Emax [Maximum energy stored in capacitor] =
2C
li02
U Bmax [Maximum energy stored in inductor] 
2
where, i0 is the current at this time.
For the given instant, UE = UB
q2 Li 2
i.e., 
2C 2
2q 2 Q2 Q
From energy conservation U E  U B  U Emax  U Bmax   or q
2C 2C 2

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R 12 4
38.(8) Power factor  cos      0.8
Z 15 5
T T
39.(2) V  V0 for 0  t  V  0 For t T
2 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
T T 2 T
2
 V02 dt    0 dt
V dt
0 T 2 V 2 T 2 
1/ 2
V 2  T 
12
V 2 
12
V0
Vrms  0    0 t 0    0    0  Vrms 
T T
 T   T  2    2  2
 dt  dt
0 0
2
 I  I2R
40.(4) P  I 2R     R  
 2 2
41.(0) In an LCR series AC circuit, the voltage across inductor L leads the current by 90 and the voltage across capacitor
C lags behind the current by 90.
Hence, the voltage across LC combination will be zero.
42.(50)   25 Hz . In one cycle ac current becomes zero twice
V2
43.(242) The given circuit is under resonance as XL = XC. Hence, power dissipated in the circuit is : P   242W
R
44.(65) For a dc source
I = 10 A, V = 80 V
Resistance of the arc lamp.
V 80
R   8Ω
I 10
For an ac source.
 rms  220V
v = 50 Hz
ω  2  50  100 rads 1
2
 rms  
Arc lamp will glow if I = 10A  I  or , Z 2   rms 
2 2 2
R  L  I 
2
 220  22 2  82 30  14
or, 82  (100 )2 L2    or , L2   L  0.065 H
 10  (100  )2 100

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Light & Interference
1.(B) According to lens maker’s formula, when the lens in the air.
1 3  1 1  1 1
  1       f  2x
f  2   R1 R2  f 2x
1 1 1
Here,   , x is positive for convex lens.
x R1 R2
4 5
In case of liquid, where refractive indices are and , we get :
3 3
Focal length in first liquid,

1  s   1 1 
   
 
f1   s1   R1 R2 
1  3/ 2 1
  1  f1 is positive,
f1  4 / 3 x
1 1 1 1
Nature of lens does not change,     f1  4 f
f1 8x 4  2x 4f
3 
1    1 1  1 2  1
  s  1        1    f2 is negative.
f2  / 2  1R R2 f2  5   x 

3 
Nature of lens change i.e. convex behave as diverging lens.
2.(B) As beam of light in incident normally on the face AB of the right

angled prism ABC, so no refraction occurs at face AB and it
passes straight and strikes the face AC at an angle of incidence
i  45 .
For total reflection to take place at face AC,
i  ic or sin i  sin ic
Where ic is the critical angle.
1 1 1
 sin 45  or  Or   2  1.414
 2 
As  red   1.39      1.414  while  green   1.44  and blue   1.47      1.414  , so only red colour
will be transmitted through face AC while green and blue colour will suffer total internal reflection.
So the prism will separate red colour from the green and blue colours as shown in the following figure.
3.(B) I  4 I 0 cos 2  / 2  I1  4 I 0 cos 2 0 / 2  4 I0 (  x  0)

2 2  
Now,    x    
  4 2
2  2 
and I 2  4 I 0 cos  2 I0   x  I1 : I 2  2 :1
4   
VMC | Final Step | Part-B 35 Class XII | Physics

Vidyamandir Classes
4.(A) The situation is shown in the figure.

In figure A and B represent the edges of the slit AB of width a and C represents the midpoint of the slit.
For the first minimum at P,
a sin    …(i)
Where  is the wavelength of light.
The path difference between the wavelets from A to C is
a 1
x  sin    a sin  
2 2

 (Using (i))
2
2 2 
The corresponding phase difference  is   x   
  2
5.(B) The situation is shown in the figure.
Let fo and f e be the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece respectively.
For normal adjustment distance of the objective from the eyepiece (tube length)  fo  fe .
Treating the line on the objective as the object and eyepiece as the lens.
 u    f o  f e  and f  f e
1 1 1
As  
v u f
1 1 1
  
v   fo  fe  fe
1 1 1 f  fe  fe fo
   o 
v fe fo  fe fe  fo  fe  fe  fo  f e 
fe  fo  fe 
Or v
fo
fe  fo  fe 
I v fo fe
Thus,   
L u  fo  fe  fo
fo L
Or  … (i)
fe I
fo L
 The magnification of the telescope in normal adjustment is m   (Using (i))
fe I
 1   1   1   1 
6.(C)  h   1 h ;  h k  1   h 2  h   h    h k   1   h 1  1  h
   1    1   2  2
 1  2     
7.(C) Given situation is shown in the figure.

For central maxima, sin  
a
y
Also,  is very –very small so sin   tan  
D
y  D
  ,y 
D a a
2D
Width of central maxima  2 y  8.(A)
a

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9.(C) Scattering for blue light is largest and it is polarized by scattering.
Also for polarized light I  I 0 cos 2 

 A   A  
sin   sin  
 2  cot A   2   A
10.(D) As  
 A 2  A    cot 2 
sin   sin    
2
  2
 A  A  
cos   sin  
2   2  sin    A   sin  A    ;  A A 
  
2 2  2 2
 A  A     2 2 2 2
2 2
    2 A  180  2 A
11.(C) For double slit experiment,
d  1 mm  1 103 m, D  1m,   500  10 9 m
D
Fringe width  
d
Width of central maxima in a single slit
As per question, with of central maxima of single slit pattern = width of 10 maxima of double slit pattern
2D  D  2d 2  103
 10   a   0.2  10 3 m  0.2mm
a  d  10 10
1 b
12.(B) Here, sin C  and nwater  a 
nwater 2
If frequency is less, then  is greater and hence RI

n( water ) is less and therefore critical angle increases.
So, they do not suffer total internal reflection and
come out at angle less than 90° in the air medium.

13.(C) Intensity at any point on the screen is I  4 I0 cos 2
2
Where I 0 is the intensity of either wave and  is the phase difference between two waves.
2
Phase difference,    path difference

2
When path difference is , then      2

 2 
 I  4 I 0 cos 2  2
  4 I 0 cos     4 I 0  K … (i)
 2 
 2    K
When path difference is , then      I  4 I 0 cos 2    2 I 0 
4  4 2 4 2
14.(A) Note As refractive index for z  0 and z  0 is different X-Y plane should be boundary between two media.
Az 1
Angle of incidence, cos i  
Ax2  Ay2  Az2 2
 i  60

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sin i 3
From Snell’s law 
sin r 2
 r  45
 L  D 
15.(D) Magnifying power of a microscope, m    
 fo  fe 
Where fo and fe are the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece respectively and L is the distance between
their focal points and D is the least distance of distinct vision.
If fo increases, then m will decrease.
f0
Magnifying power of a telescope, m 
fe
Where fo and fe are the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece respectively.
If fo increase, then m will increase.
16.(B)
On reflection from silvered surface, the incident ray will retrace its path, if it falls normally on the surface.
By geometry, r  A
sin i sin 2 A
Applying snell’s law at surface PQ, 1sin i   sin r     2 cos A
sin r sin A
17.(B) Both statements I and II are correct but statement II does not explain statement I.
18.(A) The combination of two lenses 1 and 2 is as shown in figure.

1 1 1
  
f f1 f 2
According to lens maker’s formula
1 1 1   1  1 1  1 1
  1  1    ;    2  1   
f1   R  R f2  R  
 1
   2  1     
 2  1 
1  1  1   2  1 1  1   2 
  
 R R f R R f R
R
f 
 1  2 
19.(A) Converging power of cornea, Pc   40 D
Least converging power of eye lens, Pc   20 D
Power of the eye-lens, P  Pc  Pe  40 D  20 D  60 D
1
Power of the eye lens P 
Focal length of the lens ( f )
1 1 1 100 5
f    m cm  cm
P 60 D 60 60 3
5
Distance between the retina and cornea-eye lens = focal length of the eye lens  cm  1.67 cm
3

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1 1 1 1 du 1 dv dv v 2  du 
20.(A)      0   2 
u v f u 2 dt v 2 dt dt u  dt 
2 2
v f dv  f   du   0.2  1 1
But           15  ms
u u f dt  u  f   dt   2.8  0.2  15
3 3 1770
21.(C) 3 1  4 2   2   1   590   442.5 nm
4 4 4
22.(C) For the second minimum,
Path difference  2
2 2
Therefore, corresponding value of phase difference is    path difference     2  4
 
23.(A) As the emergent ray emerges normally from the opposite face,
 e  0, r2  0 as r1  r2  A  r1  A
Applying snell’s law for incident ray
sin i
1sin i   sin r1   sin A or  
sin A
i
For small angle, sin i  i,sin A  A   or i  A
A
24.(D) By law of Malus i.e., I  I 0 cos2 
Now, I A  I A cos 2 30
I B  I B cos 2 60
As, I A  I B
IA cos230° = IB cos260°
3 1 IA 1
 IA  IB  
4 4 IB 3
1 1 1
25.(C)    constant, so (C) is the correct graph.
v u f
26.(C)
d  2 f1  f 2
27.(A) It is possible when object kept at centre of curvature.

u=v
u = 2f, v = 2f
 A  m   A A
 2    2   sin A (    A (Given))
28.(B) As   m
 A  A  A
sin   sin   sin  
2 2 2

Vidyamandir Classes
 A  A
2sin   cos  
 2  2   2 cos  A 
2
 A  
sin  
2
As   i  e  A
At minimum deviation,   m , i  e
 m  2i  A ; 2i  m  A
m  A A  A
i   A (  m  A given))
2 2
imin  0  Amin  0
   
Then,  max   Amax   imax   Amax 
2 2 2 2
1
Then,  min  2 cos 45  2   2
2
So refractive index lies between 2 and 2
3
29.(C) Let  
2
1  1 1 
According to lens maker’s formula     1   
f R
 1 R2
For biconvex lens, R1   20cm, R2   20cm
1  3  1 1  1
  1   or f  20 cm
f  2   20 20  20
1 1 1
According to thin lens formula,  
f  u
Here, u   30cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
        60cm
20  30  20 30
The image is formed at a distance of 60 cm on the right hand side of the lens. It is a real image.
 h
Magnification, m   1
u h0
60cm h
 1  h1   4cm
30cm 2cm
ve sign shows that image is inverted.
The image is real, inverted and height of 4 cm as shown in figure.
3
30.(D) sin C  ....(i)
2
1
sin r  sin  90  C   cos C  C
2
sin   2

sin r  1
2 1  1 
sin    ;   sin 1  
3 2  3
31.(C) For dispersion without deviation 1   2  0

Vidyamandir Classes
 1  1 A1
 1  1 A1   2  1 A2  0 A2  
 2  1
1.5  115
Substituting the given values, we get, A2    10
1, 75  1
ve sign shows that two prisms must be joined in opposition
2  
32.(D)   
 6 3
  I   I   3
As. I  I max cos 2   or  cos 2   or  cos 2   
2 I max  2 I0 6 4
33.(C) For total internal reflection, sin i  sin C

Where,
i = angle of incidence, C = critical angle
1 1 1 1
But, sin C   sin i  or    ( i = 45 (Given))
  sin i sin 45
 2
1 1 1 f f
34.(B)   ;  Power P = 1 2 35.(A)
f f1 f 2 f1 f 2
3 3
36.(D) From figure, sin C  
5
 4 2   3  2
Where C is the critical angle.
Also, sin C  l  a
1  1 
sin C 
a
since l  a  a 
l  l 
a velocity of light in air  c 

Also l 
velocity of light in liquid  v 
v v 3
 sin C   or v  3  108   1.8  108 ms 1
c 3  108 5
37.(B) The situation is shown in figure.

1 AB
sin  C  ; tan  C 
 OA
 AB  OA tan  C
OA 12 36
or AB   
2 2 7
 1 4
  1
3
1.22 1.22  5000  108
38.(C) R.P  1/  The angular resolution,     6.1 104  10 4
D 0.1
2
 sin     y 
39.(C) I  I0   and   
     d 
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For principal maximum y = 0   0

Hence, intensity will remain same.
40.(C) Relation between intensities is :

I  2 I0 1 I0
Ir  0  cos (45)  2  2  4
 2 
41.(A) r  30 (using law of triangle)

sin i
 
sin r
 2  sin 30  sin i
1
 sin i   i  45
2
y  yd
42.(A) We know  1.22  D
D d 1.22
103  3  10 3
 D 5m  Dmax  5m
1.22  5  107
43.(C) Applying snell’s law of refraction at a, we get

sin i sin 45
   sin r  1/ 2
sin r sin r
 1 
 r  sin 1   …. (i)
 2 
Applying the condition of total internal reflection at B, we get
ic  sin 1 1/   … (ii)
Where ic is the critical angle.
Now, r  ic  90   / 2
1 1 1 1
 sin 1  cos 1 Or, sin 1  cos 1
2  2 
1 2  1 1
  or   2  1.    3/ 2
2  2
44.(A) D     1 A For blue light  is greater than that for red light so D 2  D1 .
45.(B) For total internal reflection from glass-air interface, critical angle C
must be less than angle of incidence.
i.e., Ci
or C  45 ( i  45)
1 1
But n   sin 1  
sin C n
1 1
or sin 1    45 or  sin 45
n n

Vidyamandir Classes
1 1
or n or n or n 2
sin 45 1 / 2 
46.(B)  is the critical angle.
   sin 1 1/    sin 1  3 / 5 
Or sin   3 / 5  tan   3 / 4  r / 4 or, r  3 m.
1 2 2
47.(A)   ...(i) ( R  2 f m )
F f R
1 1 1  1 0 .5 1
  1.5  1    or   or f  60cm
f   30  f 30 60
Hence, from equation (i)
1 2 2 6
  
F 60 30 60
F = 10 cm
O=I
v I v
 m    1 or v  u
u O u
1 1 1
Thus, from lens formula  
F v u
1 1 1
 
10 u u
1 2
  u  20 cm
10 u
Hence, to get a real image, object must be placed at a distance 20 cm on the left side of lens.
48.(C) Total apparent depth, y  y1  y2  5  2  7cm

If x is real depth = thickness of slab. Then as
real depth x
  or, x  y  1.5  7  10.5 cm.
apparent depth y
49.(D) For bright fringes, S1 P  S2 P  n
So, fringes are concentric circle (centre of origin). [ Due to point source, wave fronts will be spherical]
50.(B) The minimum mirror length should be half of the height of man.
51.(A) I  I 0 cos 2 
I0
Intensity of polarized light 
2
I0
 Intensity of un-transmitted light 
2

Vidyamandir Classes
52.(D) The particular angle of incidence for which reflected light is totally polarized for reflection from air to glass, is
called the angle of polarisation (ip) (Brewster’s law)
Accordingly, n = tan ip
 i p  tan 1  n 
where n is refractive index of glass.
1 1 1
53.(A) For lens,   u   30, f  20, v  60 cm
v u f
To have an upright image of the object, coincide with it, image should tend to from at centre of curvature of
convex mirror. Therefore, the distance of convex mirror from the lens  60  10  50 cm.
54.(C) For possible interference maxima on the screen the condition is :
d sin   n ...(i)
Given, d  slit  width  2  2 sin   n or 2 sin   n
The maximum value of sin  is 1, hence, n  2 1  2
Thus, equation (i) must be satisfied by 5 integer value i.e., 2 ,  1, 0 , 1, 2. Hence, the maximum number of
maxima corresponding to n   2 & n  2 are practically not possible.
sin r sin 90

55.(C) n i.e., n   n 2
sin i sin 45
56.(C) Objective of compound microscope is a convex lens. Convex lens forms real and enlarged image when an object
is placed between its focus and lens.
distance t t t
57.(B) Time    
velocity v c /  c
3  c
58.(C) n
2  n  v 
 
32 + (R – 3mm)2 = R2  32 + R2 – 2R(3mm) + 3mm)2 = R2
 R = 15cm
1 3  1 
    1  
f 2   15 
 1  1 1 
  (n  1)   
 f  R1 R2 
and R  , R   15 
 1 2 
 f = 30 cm
59.(C) By displacement method, size of object  O   I1  I 2

Therefore area of source of light  A   A1 A2
60.(B) 61.(A)
62.(D) Separations between the slits  d1   16 cm and  d 2   9 cm
Actual distance of separation  d   d1d 2  16  9  12 cm
c 3  108 x 4  103
63.(C) vg    2  108 m / s t    2  10 11 s
 3 vg 8
2  10
2

Vidyamandir Classes
64.(C) We know that the angle of deviation depends upon the

angle of incidence. If we determine experimentally, the
angles of deviation corresponding to different angles of
incidence and then plot i(on x – axis) and  (on y-axis),
we get a curve as shown in figure.
Clearly, if angle of incidence is gradually increased form a small value, the angle of deviation first decreases,
becomes minimum for a particular angle of incidence and then begins to increase.
 0.4
65.(A)     0.3 mm
 4
3
66.(C) At Brewster’s angle, i  tan 1 ( ) , the reflected light is completely
polarized, whereas refracted light is partially polarized. Thus the
reflected ray will have lesser intensity compared to refracted ray.
I0
 I reflected 
2
1
67.(D) Resolving power of an optical instruments is inversely proportional to  i.e. RP 

Resolving power at  1 2 5000
    5:4
Resolving power at  2 1 4000
68.(D) Telescope resolves and brings the objects closer which is far away from the telescope. Hence for telescope with
magnifying power 20, the tree appears 20 times nearer.
69.(C) Size of spot, b


= Geometrical spread + diffraction spread  baL
a
db
Now, value of b would be minimum if 0
da
  
1 L  0  a2   L  a   L
2 
 a 
L
 bmin  L   2  L  4 L
L
70.(A) For convex lens.

u1 = –60 cm, f1 = 30 cm
1 1 1 1 1 2
     or v2  60 cm
v2 f 2 u1 120 40 120
For plane mirror, virtual object 10 cm behind the mirror. Hence, real image 10 cm in front of the mirror.
Now, again for concave lens, u2 = 40 cm i.e., light rays from the object retrace their path after striking the plane
mirror. Hence the final image is formed at the object itself.
71.(C)

Vidyamandir Classes
72.(B) Here, R = –10 cm

Object distance from mirror, u = (10 – 6) = 4 cm
R 10
Focal length of mirror, f      5cm
2 2
Image distance = v = ?
Using mirror formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
    
v u f v 4 5
1 1 1 1
   
v 4 5 20
v = 20 cm
Now, I1 acts as object for plane glass surface,
R  v 30
 Apparent depth =   20cm
 1.5
Hence, the position of the image of the air bubble made by the mirror is seen 20 cm below the flat surface.
73.(A) Hence   600 nm  6  107 m

D  30 cm  30  10 2 m  0.3m
R  10ly  10  9.46  1015 m

l ?
The limit of resolution of a telescope
1.22 l
Δ  
D R
1.22 R 1.22  6  107  10  9.46  1015
l   2.31  108 km
D 0.3
74.(D) Given, wavelength of light,   500 nm  500  109 m . Least distance of distinct vision,
D = 25 cm = 25 × 10–2 m
Radius of pupil, r = 0.25 cm
 Diameter of pupil, d = 2r = 0./50 cm = 0.50 × 10–2 m
1.22  500  109
  1.22  104 rad  Minimum separation that eye can resolve,
0.50  10 2
x  Δ D  1.22  104  25  102
 30.5  10 6 m  30  m
75.(B) Consider a plane wavefront travelling horizontally. As refractive

index of air increases with height, so speed of wavefront decreases
with height. Hence, the light beam bends upwards.
76.(C) According to Snell’s law

sin    sin r1
sin 
 sin r1 


Vidyamandir Classes
 sin  
or r1  sin 1  
  
 sin  
Now, A = r1 + r2  r2  A  r1  A  sin 1   . . . .(i)
  
For the ray to get transmitted through the face AC, r2 must be less than critical angle.
1
i.e., r2  sin 1  

 sin   1  1 
or A  sin 1    sin   (Using (i))
   
 sin   1  1 
 s sin 1    A  sin  
   
sin    1       
  sin  A  sin 1       sin 1   sin  A  sin 1   
          
77.(C) Here, u = 10 cm, v = +15 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 2 300
  or    or   ; R  60 cm
v u f 15 10 f R 150 R 5
78.(C)
f 0 150
79.(D) Angular magnification m    30
fe 5
tan 
So,  30
tan 
 50  15 2 3
tan   tan   30     30 ;   ;   tan 1        60
 10000  10 w3 2
80.(B) This combination will behave like a mirror of power
Peq  2 PL  PM
1
Peq  2 0
f
f
feq  
2
f
So the behaviour of the system, will be like a mirror of focal length 
2
1 1 1
Using mirror equation  
v u f eq
Here, u   a, v   a / 3, feq   f / 2
1 1 1 4 2
  ;  or a = 2f
a / 3 a f /2 a f
81.(B) Intensity at any point on the screen is given by

 
I  4 I 0 cos2  
2

Vidyamandir Classes
I max  4 I 0
I max  
Now,  2 I0  4 I0 cos2  
2 2
  1   
cos      ; 
2 2 2 4 2
2  
Also Δx  ; Δx 
 2 4
d  D 
y   y 
D 4 4d 4
82.(14)
d 1
 tan 30 
0.2 3
0.2
 d
3
1.6
N  8 3  13.85
d
Therefore, actual number of reflections required are 14.
83.(6)
Insect can see the image of source S in mirror, so far as it remains in field of view of image overlapping with the
road.
Shaped portion is the field of view, which overlaps with the road upto length PQ.
By geometry we can see that, PQ  3 AB  60 cm
Distance 60
 t   6s
Speed 10
1 1 1
84.(90) Using mirror formula   for concave mirror first, we have
v u f
1 1 1  R
   f  
v 60  40  2
or v   120 cm

Vidyamandir Classes
First image I1 at 120 cm concave mirror will act as virtual object for plane mirror. Plane mirror will from real
image of I1 at S.
Ray diagram is shown in figure.

Distance between two mirrors is 90 cm.
3
85.(14) For plane surface, happ  h   10  15 cm
2
This first image is at a distance, (15  3)cm from the plane mirror. So, mirror will make it second image at a
distance 18cm below the mirror or 21cm below the plane surface.
d 21
Now further applying, d app    14 cm below the plane surface.
 1.5
dy
86.(9) Given,   4 cm / s
dt
Distance of bird as observed by fish
4
Z  y  x  y  x
3
 dZ  dy 4   dx 
     ... (i)
dt dt 3  dt 
 dZ
Given,  16 cm / s
dt
Substituting in Eq. (i), we get
 dx
 9 cm / s
dt
87.(3)
sin 60
  3
sin 30
88.(74) i1  r1  0
r 2  90    53
1
C  sin 1    37

Since, r 2  C , T / R will take place on the face AB
   AC   AB  0  180  2r 2  180  2  53  74

Vidyamandir Classes
89.(0.186) PO  OQ
 OPQ  OQP  r (say)
Also, i  r  r  2r
In POR, h  OP sin i  0.1sin t  0.1sin 2 r
or h  0.2sin r cos r ... (i)
sin i 2 sin r cos r
Also, 3   2 cos r
sin r sin r
 r  30
Substituting in Eq. (i), we get
1 3
h  0.2    0.086 m
2 2
Hence, height from mirror is 0.1  0.086  0.186m
90.(4) For the lens, u   2.0 m, f   1.5 m
1 1 1
   or v  6.0 m
v  2.0 1.5
6.0
m   3.0
 2.0
Therefore, y-coordinate of image formed by lens is
m(0.1)   0.3 m
0.3
 tan   0.3
NP
 NP  MP  1.0 m
or d  6.0  1.0  0.5 m
and x-coordinate of final image I 2 is
x  d  1.0  4.0 m
91.(16) Amax  5  3  8 units
Amin  5  3  2 units
Amax I max
4   (4)2  16
Amin I min

92.(1) Wavelength in water,  

 D D
Fringe width,   
d d
(700 106 )(0.48)
 3
 103 m  1m m
(4 / 3)(0.25  10 )

Vidyamandir Classes
93.(90)
From the figure it is clear that the angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray is 90 .
94.(16) The apparent position of ball form the surface of water as seen by fish at any time t is.
4 gt 2 
y   y  20  
3 2 
dy  4  2 gt 
 
dt 3  2 
gt 2 10t 2
To get t, use 20  12.8 or, 7.2 
2 2
14.4
or  t 2 or t  1.44  1.2 s
10
4
So, required speed v  [ 10  1.2 j  16 m / s
3
95.(20) When magnification is +2 ;
u   x, v   2x , f   20
1 1 1
Using  
v u f
1 1 1
We have   
2 x x 20
Or x = 10 cm
To have a magnification of –2
u  y m v  2y and f   20
1 1 1
   or y  30 cm  y  x  20 cm
2 y 2 20
Modern Physics
mv r 2 e2 B 2 m2 v 2
1.(B) When an electron moves in a circular path, then Radius, r   
eB 2 2
(mv)2 r 2e2 B 2
KEmax    ( KE )max
2m 2m
Work function of the metal (W),
i.e., W = hv – KEmax
r 2e2 B 2 1 r 2 eB 2
1.89    eV  eV [ hv  1.89 eV , for the transition on from third to second orbit of H-atom]
2m 2 2m

Vidyamandir Classes
100  106  16  1019  9  108


2  9.1  1031
1.6  9
  1.89   1.89  0.79  1.1 eV
2  9.1
2.(C) Let 0 be the work function of the surface of the material. Then,
According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons in the
hc hc 2 hc
first case is K max1   0 and that in the second is K max 2   0   0
  
2
2hc  hc 
But K max 2  K max1 (Given)   0  3   0 
   
2hc 3hc 3hc 2hc
 0   30 ; 30  0  
   
hc hc
20  or 0 
 2
h 1
3.(D) de-Broglie wavelength,   or   , p  constant. This represents a rectangular hyperbola 4.(D)
p p
5.(C) K max  eV0  h  v  v0 

If v  2v
   eV0  h  2v  v0   2 K max  hv0
K max    2 K max and
K max  v0  2v0
h
6.(D) de-Broglie wavelength of neutrons in thermal equilibrium at temperature T is   where m is the mass
2mk BT
of the neutron
k B is the Boltzmann constant
h is the Plank’s constant
Here, m  1.67  10 27 kg
k B  1.38  1023 JK 1
h  6.63  10 34 J s
6.63 10 34 3.08  10 34  1025 30.8  1010 30.8
   m  Å
 27  23 T T T
2  1.67  10 1.38  10 T
1.227
7.(B) The de-Broglie wavelength  associated with the electrons is   nm where V is the accelerating potential
V
in volts.
1
or 
V
1 V2 100  103 
    2 or  2  1
2 V1 3 2
25  10
hc hc 1240
8.(B)  KE max        KE max    1.68    1.42 eV
  400

Vidyamandir Classes
9.(D) When a beam of cathode rays (or electrons) are subjected to crossed electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields, the beam
is not deflected, if
Force on electron due to magnetic field = Force on electron due to electric field
E
Be  eE or   …… (i)
B
If V is the potential difference between the anode and the cathode, then
1
 m2  eV
2
e 2
 …… (ii)
m 2V
e E2
Substituting the value of  from the equation (i) in equation (ii), we get 
m 2VB 2
e E2
Specific charge of the cathode rays 
m 2VB 2
h
10.(C) We know  
mv
1  mv 2
and K mv 2   mv  2mK
2 2m
h 1
Thus,   
2 mK K
2 K1 K1
    K 2  2 K1 
1 K2 2K 2
2 1 1
or  or 2 
1 2 2
11.(A)
(a) and (b) represent radiations of the same frequency because their kinetic energies are the same. But satuation
photocurrents are different. Therefore intensities are different.
12.(D) Power of monochromic light beam is P  Nh where N is the number of photons emitted per second.
Power P  2  10  3 W
Energy of one photon E  h  6.63  1034  6  1014 J
Number of photons emitted per second,
2  10 3
N  P/E   0.05  1017  5 1015
6.63  1034  6  1014
13.(C) K.E.  h  W
1 2
i.e. mvmax  h  W
2
Vidyamandir Classes
1 2 1 2

2
 
m  4  106  2 h0  h0 or m  4  106
2
   2 h0
Another case, 2h0  5hv0
1 2
mvmax  4h0
2
1 2 1 2

2
mv  4   m  4  106
2
   2
vmax  64  1012  vmax  8 106 m / s
14.(D) As  is increased, there will be value of  and which photoelectron will be cease to come out, so photocurrent
will becomes zero.
15.(A)
16.(D) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation,

1 2 hc hc 1 2 1 2 hc 41 
mv   W0 or  mv  W0 and mv1   W0   mv 2  W0   W0
2 W  2 2 3 / 4 32 
1/ 2
So, v 1 is greater than v  4 / 3  .
17.(D) Einstein’s photoelectric equation is

KEmax  hv   ...(i)
The equation of line is
y  mx  c
Comparing above two equations
m  h, c  
Hence, slope of graph is equal to Planck’s constant (non-variable)
and does not depend on intensity of radiation.
18.(C) Kinetic energy  E   100 eV ;
Mass of electron  m   9.1 10 31 kg ;
1 eV  1.6  10 19 J and Plank’s constant  h   6.6  10  34 J - s.
Energy of an electron  E   100  1.6  1019 J  

h 6.6  10 34
or    1.2  10 10 m  1.2 Å
2mE 2  9.1 1031 100  1.6  10 19
1 2 eV
19.(A) The kinetic energy of an electron  mv 2  eV or final velocity of electron  v   .
2 m
20.(D) Momentum of electrons  pe   2 meV and momentum for proton p p    2 MeV
p h / pp 2 meV m
Therefore,     
e h / pe 2 MeV M 
m 
Therefore  p    .
M 

Vidyamandir Classes
21.(B) The photoelectric effect is an instantaneous phenomenon (experimentally proved). It takes approximate time of
the order of 1010 s.
hc 103 c 103  3  108

22.(B) Here,  103 eV and h  106 eV . Hence,     2.4  1020 Hz
  1.24  10 9
hc hc .6  10 34  3  108

23.(C)   max  
0  4  1.6  1019
h c h
24.(A) Momentum of the photon    
c  p
c cp 3.3  1029
   3  108   1.5  1013 Hz
 h 6.6  1034
Where,   frequency of radiation
25.(C) For hydrogen atom, we get :

1 1 1  1 3 1  3
 R Z2      R (1) 2     R (1)2  
  12 22  1 4 2  4
1 3 1 3
  R (2)2     R (3)2  
3 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
   
1 43 9 4  2
26.(A) 27.(B)
2
I2  r1   1 
28.(B)   as I  2 
I1  r2 2  r 
I2 12
   I2 = 4I1
I1 2
1
 
 2
Now, since number of electrons emitted per second is directly proportional to intensity, so number of electrons
emitted by photocathode would increase by a factor of 4.
h h
29.(A) de-Broglie wavelength,   
p mv
1  1 1 
30.(B) The wavelength of a spectral line in the Lyman series is  R   , n  2, 3, 4, ..... and that in the
2
L 1 n2 
1  1 1 
Balmer series is  R   , n  3, 4, 5, .....
2
B 2 n2 
For the longest wavelength in the Lyman series, n  2
1  1 1  1 1   4  1  3R 1 4
  R 
2 2   R    R   or 
L 1 2  1 4   4  4 L 3R
For the longest wavelength in Balmer series, n  3

Vidyamandir Classes
1  1 1  1 1  9  4  5R 36
  R
2
   R    R
2   or  B 
B 2 3  4 9  36  36 5R
L 4 5R 5
Thus,   
 B 3R 36 27
1/ 3
RAl  AAl 
31.(D) Radius of the nucleus R  R 0 A1/ 3   
RTe  ATe 
Here, AAl  27, ATe  125, RTe  ?
1/ 3
RAl  27  3 5
   RTe  RAl
RTe  125  5 3
Z2 4 4
32.(D) Energy of electron in He  3rd orbit E3   13.6  eV   13.6  eV   13.6   1.6  1019 J  9.7  1019 J
2 9 9
n
As per Bohr’s model,
1
Kinetic energy of electron in the 3rd orbit   E3  9.7  1019  mev 2
2
2  9.7  10 19
v  1.46  106 ms 1
31
9.1 10
hc
33.(C) Work function, W  [Here they are interested in asking threshold wavelength]

where, h = Planck’s constant,
c = velocity of light
WNa Cu Na WCu 4.5
Therefore,  or    2  nearly 
WCu Na Na WNa 2.3
7
34.(D) Binding energy of 3 Li nucleus  7  5.60 MeV  39.2 MeV
4
Binding energy of 2 He nucleus  4  7.06 MeV  28.24 MeV
The reaction is 7 1
3 Li  1H 2  He   Q
4
2
 
Q  2 BE of 2
4 He    BE of Li   2  28.24 MeV  39.2 MeV
7
3
 56.48 MeV  39.2 MeV  17.28 MeV
35.(D) E  hv where, E is energy of radiation, h is Plank’s constant and v is frequency.
E  1 1  k 2n 2k 1
 v  k    2 2

3

h  (n  1)
2 2
n  n (n 1) n n3
36.(C) Nuclear radius, R  R0 A1/ 3 where R0 is a constant and A is the mass number
1/ 3

RAl

 27   3 or 4 4
1/ 3
RCu   RAl   3.6 fermi  4.8 fermi
RCu  64 4 3 3

Vidyamandir Classes
37.(A) In steady state, electric force on drop = weight of drop

i.e., qE = mg
mg
 q
E
9.9  1015  10
  3.3  1018 C
4
3  10
38.(B) According to radioactive decay law N  N0 e t where N 0  Number of radioactive nuclei at time t  0
N  Number of radioactive nuclei left undecayed at any time t
  decay constant
2
At time t 2 , of the sample had decayed
3
1 1  t
 N  N0  N0  N 0 e 2 …… (i)
3 3
1
At time t 1 , of the sample had decayed,
3
2 2 t
 N  N0  N0  N 0 e 1 …… (ii)
3 3
Divide (i) by (ii), we get
 t
1 e 2

2 e  t 1
1   t 2  t 1 
e
2

 t 2  t 1  ln 2 
ln 2 ln 2  ln 2 
t 2  t1      
  ln 2   T1/ 2 
 
 T1/ 2 
 T1/ 2  50 days
39.(C) P Q
Number of nuclei, at t  0 4N0 N0
Half-life 1 min 2 min
Number of nuclei after NP NQ
time t
Let after t min the number of nuclei of P and Q are equal.
t /1 t/2
1 1
 N P  4 N0   and NQ  N0  
 2  2
As N P  NQ
t /1 t/2
1 1
 4 N0    N0  
2 2

Vidyamandir Classes
4 1 2t t
 or 4  or 4  2t / 2 or 2 2  2t / 2 or  2 or t  4 min
t /1 t /2
2 2 2t / 2 2
After 4 minutes, both P and Q have equal number of nuclei.
 N   N  15 N 0 3 N 0 9 N 0
 Number of nuclei of R   4 N0  0    N0  0    
 4   4  4 4 2
40.(A) Formation of covalent bonds due to the wave nature of particle is done in compounds.
41.(D) According to activity law
R  R0 e t …… (i)
Where,
R0  initial activity at t  0
R  activity at time t
  decay constant
According to given problem,
R0  N 0 counts per minute
N0
R counts per minute
e
t  5 minutes
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
N0
 N 0 e  5
e
e1  e  5
1
5  1 or   per minute
5
R0
At t  T1/ 2 , the activity R reduces to .
2
Where T1/ 2  half life of a radioactive sample
From equation (i), we get :
R0
 R0 eT1/ 2
2
eT1/ 2  2
Taking natural logarithms of both sides of above equation, we get
log e 2 log e 2
T1/ 2  log 2 or T1/ 2    5log e 2 minutes
 1
 
5
n( n  1) 4(4  1)
42.(D) In emission spectrum, number of bright lines is given by  6
2 2
43.(C) At the distance of closest approach d,
Kinetic energy = potential energy
1 2 1  2 e  Ze 
mv 
2 40 d
Where,

Vidyamandir Classes
Ze  charge of target nucleus

2e  charge of alpha nucleus
1 2
mv  kinetic energy of alpha nucleus of mass m moving with velocity v
2
2 Ze 2 1
or d   d
1  m
40  mv 2 
2 
44.(A)
B.E B.E
45.(C) ZM P   A  Z  M n  M  A, Z   mass effect   M  A, Z   ZM P   A  Z  M n 
2
c c2
46.(A) X 1  N 0 e1t ; X 2  N0 e 2t
X1 1 1 1
 e1  e(  1   2 ) t ; e1  e(  1   2) t  t  
X2 1   2  5     4
47.(A) hv0 = 6.2 eV, eV0 = 5 eV
From Einstein’s photoelectric equation hv  hv0  eV0  6.2  5  11.2 eV
hc hc
  11.2 eV or   1108.9 Å
 11.2
Which belongs to ultraviolet region.
48.(A) According to Einstein’s photoelectric effect maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron.

1 hc
KE  mv 2  
2 
According to question, for incident radiation of wavelength  maximum speed of photoelectron is v.
1 2 hc
 mv   . . . . .(i)
2 
3
Assume speed of fastest photoelectron is v when incident photon has wavelength
4
1 4 hc 1 4  1 
 mv   or, mv2   mv 2     
2 3 2 32 
1 2  4 2 2 4
or, mv2  mv 2  or v  v   v  v
2 3 3 3 3m 3
49.(D) Half life of A, T1/2(A) = 20 min ; Half life of B, T1/2(B) = 40 min
Number of active nuclei after four half lives of A,
N N
NA  
4 16
2
15
 Number of decayed nuclei = N  N A  N
16
N N
Number of active nuclei after two half lives of B, N B  
22 4
15
N
3 5
 Number of decayed nuclei = N  N B  N  Required ratio  16 
4 3 4
N
4

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50.(B) Energy of emitted photon

1 1  3
E     13.6 eV  4  13.6eV
12 22 
Energy required to completely remove the electron from nth excited state of doubly ionized lithium,
13.6 Z 2 13.6  9
E  eV  eV
2
n n2
As E  E
3 13.6  9
  13.6   n 2  3  4 or n  12  3.5
4 n2
Least quantum number for the excited state = 4
51.(D) Let the threshold wavelength for sphere be 0 . According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
hc hc
eVs  
 0
hc hc
 eV   . . . (i)
1 0
hc hc
3eV   . . . (ii)
2 0
hc hc
eV    . . . .(iii)
3 0
From eqns. (i) and (ii)
2hc 3hc hc hc 3hc hc
  or  
0 1 22 0 21 2 2
Substituting in eqn. (iii)
hc 3hc hc hc  1 3 1 
eV     or V     
3 1 22 e  3 21 22 
52.(A) Using conservation of linear momentum, Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
mv  ( m  m) v
v
v 
2
2
1 1 v 1 2
Loss in kinetic energy during the process, ΔK  mv 2  (2m)  2   4 mv
2 2  
2
1 2 1 v 1
 mv  (2m)    mv 2
2 2 2
  4
For minimum kinetic energy of neutron, lost kinetic energy should be used by the electron to jump from first orbit
to second orbit.
1 2
 mv  (13.6  3.4) eV  10.2 eV
4
1 2
 mv  20.4 eV = K.E. of neutron for inelastic collision.
2
53.(A) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, Maximum energy of photoelectrons
( KE )max  hv  0

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hc
( KE )max   0

hc
First case. K   0 . . . . (i)

2 hc
Second case, 3K   0 . . . . (ii)

From equations (i) and (ii)
 hc  2hc 3hc 2hc hc hc
3  0    0  20     0 
       2
54.(A) Franck – Hertz Experiment – Discrete energy levels of atom.

Photo – electric experiment – Particle nature of light.
Davision – Germer Experiment – Wave nature of electron.
55.(C) Momentum p  2mE and E  eV

So, de-Broglie wavelength of the electron is given by,
h h h
  
p 2mE 2meV
6.6  10 34
  1.7  10 10 m  1.7 Å
31 19
2 x 9.1  10  1.6 10  50
h
56.(B) de-Broglie wavelength of electron,  
mv
nh
Also mvr 
2
2 r

n
 r  n2  l n
For n  44  4 i.e, the de-Broglie wavelength is four times that of ground state.
57.(C) For an electron in nth excited state of hydrogen atom,

e2
kinetic energy =
8 0 n 2 a0
e 2
potential energy =
4 0 n 2 a0
e 2
and total energy 
8 0 n 2 a0
where a0 is Bohr radius.
As electron makes a transition from an excited state to the ground state, n decreases. Therefore kinetic energy
increase but potential energy and total energy decrease.
nh
58.(B) mvR  . . . . (i)
2
mv 2 mv
and qvB  ; qB  . . . . .(ii)
R R
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
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 nh 
qB    mv
 2 mv 
1 2 1
mv  nhqB
2 4 m
1 2 1  hqB 
mv  nhqB  E n 
2 4 m  4 m 
0.693
59.(B) Half life = 15 hrs.     0.0462hr 1

1
N0  moles of Na, t = 7.5 hrs.
24
Number of  - particles disintegrated N   N0 (1  e t )
 1   1 
  moles  (1  e(0.0462)  7.5 )   moles  (1  e 0.35 )
 24   24 
 0.0122 moles  0.0122  6.023  10 23  N   7.4  1021
1 K (2e)2e 1 (82e)  2e
60.(7) m v 2  
2 r 40 r
r  2.82 × 10 –14 m
1 1 
61.(2.86) E  13.6  Z 2  2  2  eV
 n1 n2 
ln 2
62.(9) A  N   8  1012
3.8  24  60
A  1.01  109 dps
ln 2
  24
14 7
63.(13) N  8  10  e
 7.43  1013
ln 2 3
 3 1
t1/ 2 3
64.(1.00) N  N 0 e t  0.25  2  e  0.25  2  2  2 2  2 t1/ 2
t1/ 2
3 3
 2  1    3  t / 2  1hr
t /2 t /3
65.(1.6) The energy of photon of wavelength 4.36  107 m,
hc (6.6 1034 )  (3  108 )
E  hv  
 4.36  107
 4.54 10 19 J
4.54  1019
or E  2.84 eV
1.6 10 19
Now, according to Einstein equation for photoelectric effect
K max  hv    2.84  1.24  1.6 eV

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And as in terms of stopping potential

K max  eVS ; 1.6 eV  eVS
i.e., VS  1.6 V
15 15 0
66. (6) 8 O 
 7 N  1 P
A  A0 e t  N
ln 2
A  0.2  106  3.7  1010  N  N 1.30  106
122
67.(2) | TE |  ( BE )  PE  2[TE ]
13.6  12
TE  (eV )   3.4 eV
22
PE  2  (TE )  2  (TE )   6.8eV
KE  | TE |  3.4 eV
hc
68.(6)  0  ( KE ) max … (i)

hc 12400
E   401
 3000
From equation (i)
( KE )  4.1  1  3.1
1 2
( KE )  mv
2
69. (98.5) A  N
ln 2 0.80  106
   6  1023  98.5mCi
8.1  24  3600 131
1 2
70.(2) mv1  hv1  0  1  0.5  0.5 eV
2
1 2
mv2  hv2  0  2.5  0.5  2.0 eV
2
Dividing,
v1 0.5 1 1
  
v2 2.0 4 2
71.(2) 0.048 A0  A0 e t

ln 2
 t
0.048  e 5700
 ln 2
ln 0.048  t  t  2.5 10 4 year
5700
h 6.6 1034 150

72.(150)     Å
2mqV 2  9.1  10 31
 1.6  10 19
V V
ln 2
73.(4.2) A  N
t1/ 2

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ln 2 0.01
   6.023  1023
5.25  365  24  3600 60
 4.2 1011 Bq
74.(7.43) N  N 0 (1  et )
N 0   24  104  3.7
24  3.7 10 4  29
N0 
ln 2
t  365  24  60  60sec
Hence, no nuclei decayed  ( N0  N )
Semiconductor Electronic
1.(C)
The potential difference across the resistance R is V  3.5V  0.5V  3V

By Ohm’s law,
V 3V
The current in the circuit is I    3  10 2 A  30  10 3 A  30 mA
R 100 
2.(A)
The Boolean expression of this arrangement is Y  A  B  A  B  A  B

Thus, the combination represents AND gate.
3.(A) The V-I characteristic for a solar cell is as shown in figure.
4.(D) The barrier potential depends on type of semiconductor (For Si, Vb  0.7 V and for Ge, Vb  0.3V ), amount of
doping and also on the temperature.
5.(A) The output of the given logic gate is C  A  B  A  B
It is the Boolean expression AND gate. Hence, The resulting gate is AND gate.
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6.(B) The emitter injects electrons into the base region of the n-p-n transition and holes into the base region of p-n-p
transistor.
7.(D) In the given circuit the upper diode D1 is forward biased and the lower diode D 2 is reverse biased. So, the
current supplied by the battery is :
5V 1
I   A  0.5 A
10  2
8.(C) The electronic configuration of carbon (6 C ) is 1s 2 2 s 2 3 p 2 . The electronic configuration of silicon (14 Si) is
1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 2 . Hence, the four bonding electrons of C and Si respectively lie in second and third orbit.
9.(B) In the given graph

Region (I) – Cutoff region
Region (II) – Active region
Region (III) – Saturation region
Using transistor as a switch it is used in cutoff region or saturation region.
Using transistor as a amplifier it is used in active region.
10.(A) The truth table of given waveform is as shown in the table.

Time interval Input A Input B Output C
0 to t 1 0 0 0
t to t 2 1 0 1
t 2 to t 3 1 1 1
t 3 to t 4 0 1 1
t 4 to t 5 0 0 0
t 5 to t 6 1 0 1
 t6 0 1 1
11.(A) Here,
Input resistance, R i  100 
Change in base current,  I B  40 A
Change in collector current, I c  2mA
Load resistance, RL  4 k   4  103 

 IC 2 mA 2  103 A
Current gain,      50
 IB 40 A 40  106 A
RL 4  103
Voltage gain of the amplifier is AV    50   2000
Ri 100
12.(A) The voltage drop across 1k   Vz  15V
The current through 1k is

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15V
I   15  10 3 A  15 mA
1 103 
The voltage drop across 250   20 V  15V  5V
The current through 250  is
5V
I   0.02 A  20 mA
250 
The current through the zener diode is I Z  I  I    20  15  mA  5 mA
13.(A) p-type semiconductor is obtained when Si or Ge doped with a trivalent impurity like aluminium (Al), boron (B),
indium (In) etc,
Here, ni  1.5  1016 m 3
nh  4.5 1022 m3
As ne nh  n 2i
2
ne 
n 2i

1.5 10
16
m 3   5  109 m3
nh 22 3
4.5  10 m
14.(C) Here, Voltage gain  50
Input resistance, Ri  100  ; Output resistance, Ro  200 
Ro 200   Voltage gain 2 50  50

Resistance gain   2 ; Power gain    1250
Ri 100  Resistance gain 2
15.(D) It is clear from given logic circuit, that out put Y is low when both the inputs are high, otherwise it is high. Thus
logic circuit is NAND gate.
A B Y
1 1 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
16.(A)
NOR NAND NOT
A B Y1 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y
A B
0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
Same as NOR Gate

NOR Gate

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0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
17.(C) Y  A B  Y  A  B  A  B.
Truth able of the given circuit is given by
A B Y Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
18.(B) The truth table corresponding to waveform is given by

A B C
1 1 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
 The given logic circuit gate is AND gate.
19.(B) D1  reverse biased & D 2  forward biased.
Equivalent circuit is
5V 5
I   A.
30  20  50
IC I  Ic Ic Ic / I e 
20.(A)    0.98, C     49 21.(B)    
IE IB 1  Ib I e  Ic 1   I c / Ie  1  
22.(B) As soon as the p-n junction is formed, there is an immediate diffusion of the charge carrier across the junction due
to thermal agitation. After diffusion, these charge carriers combine with their counterparts and neutralise each
other. Therefore correct direction of flow carriers is depicted in the figure (B).
23.(C) Output (x is high when atleast one of the inputs is high. Hence, x is the output of OR gate. 24.(A)
Ic I
25.(BD) We know   ,  c
Ie Ib

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 Ib   1 1
    or ,  1
Ib  I c 1  I c / I b 1    
Hence options (b) and (d) are incorrect
26.(B) p – n – p transistor :
Positive at terminal 2 and negative at terminal 1 implies p
– n junction is reverse biased and hence offers high
resistance.
27.(B) Potential drop across Zener diode

VZ = V – IR = V 100 I
 Power, P = VZIZ = (V – 100 I)I
But P = 1 W (given)
 (V  100 I ) I  1
or 100 I 2  VI  I  0
For I to be real, V 2  4  100  1  0 or V  20V
28.(A) The given truth table represents OR gate

Output resistance(r0 )
29.(B) R  1  10
Inputresistance(ri )
30.(C) Output Y = (a + b) . c
Y = 1 if c = 1 and a = 0, b = 1 or a = 1, b = 0
31.(C) For common emitter configuration, the input characteristic :

ΔV
ri  BE
I B
1 dI B
 = Slope of (IB – VBE) curve
ri dVBE
Slope of the input characteristic is almost constant upto knee voltage
(0.7 V). Then it increases sharply. Hence option (C) is the correct choice.
32.(A) Carrier wave : yc  Ac sin ωct
Message single : ym  Am sin ωmt
Amplitude modulated carrier wave :
y  ( Ac  Am sin ωm t ) sin ωc 33.(C)
34.(B) Here, Cm (t )  30sin(300 t )  10(cos(200 t )  cos(400 t ))

Compare this equation with standard equation of amplitude modulated wave,
 Ac  Ac
Cm (t )  Ac sin ωc t  cos(ωc  ωm ) t  cos(ωc  ωm ) t
2 2
Ac  30V , ωc  300  2 fc  300  fc  150 Hz

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ωc  ωm  200  fc  fω  100 Hz  fω  150  100  50 Hz

 Ac 10 2
 10, Ac  30   
2 15 3
35.(C) Electron concentration in n-region is more as compared to that in p – region. So electrons diffuse from n – side to
p – side.
36.(C) Voltage drop across Zener diode is VL so voltage drop across Rs is

VR s Vi  VL  ( n  1) I L Rs
Vi  VL
 Rs 
(n  1) I L
37.(B) When positive terminal of battery is connected to A current passes through diode D1.
2V
 Current supplied =  0.4 A
5Ω
2V
When positive terminal is connected to B current passes though D2.  Current supplied   0.2 A
10Ω
38.(D) Intensity of light, I  uav c
P 1 P 1 2P
Also, I  and uav   0 E02    0 E02 c or E2 
4 r 2 2 4 r 2 2 4 0 r 2 c
Here, P = 0.1 W, r = 1m, c = 3 × 108 ms–1
1 2  0.1  9  109
 9  109 NC 2 m 2  E0   6  2.45 V m 1
4 r 2 12  3  108
39.(A) Given, vm  5kHz, vc  2 MHz  2000 kHz

The frequencies of the resultant signal are
vc  vm  (2000  5) kHz  2005 kHz ; vc  2000 kHz and vc  vm  (2000  5) kHz  1995kHz
40.(C) 41.(D) 42.(B) 43.(C) 44.(B) 45.(B)
46.(348) The impurity provided impurity levels close to the conduction band and a number of electrons form the impurity
level will populate the conduction band. Thus, the majority carries are electrons and the material is n -type
According to the questions, Kt = 30 meV
30meV
Or T 
k
0.03eV
  348 K
8.62  105 eV / K
hc
47.(81) The energy of the photon is E 

1242 eV  nm
  2.1 eV
589 nm
Thus the band gap is 2.1 eV. This is also the minimum energy E required to push an electorn from the valence
band into the conduction band. Hence, the minimum energy required to create a hole – electron pair is 2.1 eV

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At T  300 K
kT  (8.62  105 eV / K ) (300 K )
 25.86 10 3 eV
E 2.1 eV
Thus   81
kT 25.86  103 eV
So, it is difficult for the thermal energy to create the hole-electron pair but a photon of light can do it easily.
48.(127) The number of charge carriers in an intrinsic semiconductor is double the number of hole-electron pairs. If N1 be
the number of charge carriers at temperature T1 and N 2 at T2 we have.
N1  N 0 e  E / 2kT2
and N 2  N 0 e  E / 2 kT2
The percentage increase as the temperature is raised from T1 to T2 is
N 2  N1 N 
f   100   2  1  100
N1  N1 
 E  1 
1  
k T T2 
 100 e  1  1
E  1 1 
Now 
2k  T1 T2 
0.68 eV  1 1 
   
2  8.62  105 eV / K  300 K 320 K 
 0.82
Thus, f  100  [e0.82 1] 127
Thus, the number of charge carriers increases by about 127%.

49.(18) The number of charge carriers before doping is equal to the number of holes plus the number of conduction
electrons. Thus, the number of charge carriers per cubic meter before doping.
 2  7  1015  14 1016
Since antimony is doped in a proportion of 1 in 107 , the number of antimony atoms per cubic meter is number of
antimony atoms per cubic is 107  5  1028  5  1021 . As half of these atoms contribute electrons to the
conduction band, the number of extra conduction electrons produced is 2.5  1021 per cubic metre. Thus, the
number of charge carries per cubic meter after the doping is
2.5  10 21  14  1015
 2.5  1021

Vidyamandir Classes
The factor by which the number of charge carriers is increased
2.5  10 21
 16
 1.8  108  18 107
14  10
In fact, as the n-type impurity is doped, the number of holes will decrease. This is because the product of the
concentrations of holes and conduction electrons remains almost the same. However, this does not affect, our
result as the number of holes is anyway too small as compared to the number of conduction electrons.
50.(2) When the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the point. A, the diode D1 is forward-biased and D2 is
reverse-biased. The resistance of the diode D1 is zero, and it can be replaced by a resistanceless wire. Similarly,
the resistance of the diode D2 is infinity, and it can be replaced by a broken wire. The equivalent circuit is shown
in figure. The current supplied by the battery is i1  2 /10  0.2 A
(b) When the positive terminal of the battery is concerted to the point B, the diode D2 is forward-biased and
D1 is reverse biased. The equivalent circuit is shown in figure. The current through the battery is
i1
i2  2V / 20  0.1 A 2
i2
51.( 4.996) Using KVL ; 5  iR  Vdiode ; Vdiode  5  iR  4.996Volt
52.(20) 53.(50) 54.(5) 55.(1)
56.(1) Forward bias i = 1 A
q ne t i 20 10 6 5
57.(125) i        1014  125  1012
t t n e 1.6  10 19 4

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Electromagnetic waves
hc
1.(C) As  
E
Where the symbols have their usual meanings
Here, E  15 keV  15  103V
And hc  1240 eV nm
1240eVnm
   0.083 nm
15  103 eV
As the wavelength range of X-rays in from 1 nm to 103 nm, so this wavelength belongs to X-rays.
hC
2.(D) Energy of radiation, E  h 

h E E
Also, its momentum p    p1 pr   pi  
 C C
E  E  2E
So, momentum transferred to the surface  pi  pr    
C  C  C
3.(B) Here,
Energy flux, I  25  104 Wm 2
Area, A  15cm 2  15  104 m 2
Speed of light, c  3  109 m s 1
For a perfectly reflecting surface, the average force exerted on the surface is
2 IA 2  25  104 Wm2  15  10 4 m2
F    250  108 N  2.50  10 6 N
c 3  108 m s 1
4.(C) In microwave oven the frequency of the microwaves must match the resonant frequency of water molecules so
that energy from the waves is transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of the molecules.
5.(B) Frequency of electromagnetic wave does not change with change in medium but wavelength and velocity of wave
changes with change in medium.
Velocity of electromagnetic wave in vacuum
1
c   vacuum … (i)
0 0
1 c
Velocity of electromagnetic wave in the medium vmedium  
0  r 0 r  r t
Where , and r , be relative permeability and relative permittivity of the medium.
c
For dielectric medium,  r  1  vmedium 
r
c c
Here, r  4.0  vmedium   …. (ii)
4 2
vmedium c 
Wavelength of the wave in medium  medium    vacuum (Using (i) and (ii))
 2 2
6.(A) Compare the given equation with

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E  E0 cos  kz  t 
We get,   6  108 s 1
 6  108 s 1
Wave vector, k    2m 1
c 3  108 m s 1
7.(B) The amplitude of magnetic field and electric field for an electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum are related
as E0  B0 C
B0 1
Where c is the speed of light in vacuum.  
E0 c
8.(A) The electromagnetic wave is propagating along the  z axis.
Since the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of wave.
 
Also, E  B given the direction of wave propagation.

 E  E iˆ, B  B ˆj
0 0 
 iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
9.(A) The decreasing order of wavelength of the given electromagnetic waves is as follows:
 Microwave   Infrared   Ultraviolet   Gamma rays
10.(C) In an electromagnetic wave both electric and magnetic vectors are perpendicular to each other as well as
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave.

11.(D) As given , E  10 cos 107 t  kx  … (i)
Comparing it with standard equation of e.m. wave,

E  E0 cos  t  kx 

Amplitude E0  10V / m and   107 rad / s  c   
2
2c 2 3  108   107
Or    188.4m ; Also, c  or k    0.033
 107 k c 3  108
The wave is propagating along y direction.
 rad   rad  
12.(B) E y  2.5  2  106  t     10 2 x
 m   x  
E2  0
The wave is moving in the positive direction of x.
This is the from E y  E0  t  kx    2  106
2  2 106    106 Hz

2 2 2
k     102    2  102  200 m
   10 2
1
13.(A) The velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum is , where 0 and 0 are the permeability and
 3 0
permittivity of vacuum.
14.(C) In electromagnetic wave, electric and magnetic field are in phase and perpendicular to each other and also
perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave.

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15.(B)  m   v   x . In spectrum X-rays has minimum wavelength and microwave has maximum wavelength
16.(A) Every body at all time. All al temperatures emit radiation (except at T = 0), which fall in the infrared region.
17.(C)
18.(B) According to Maxwell, the electromagnetic waves are those waves in which there are sinusoidal variation of
electric and magnetic field vectors at to the direction of wave propagation.
 
If the electric field E and magnetic field  B and vibrating along Y and Z direction, propagation of
electromagnetic wave will be along the X-axis. Therefore, the velocity of electromagnetic wave is parallel to
 
EB .
19.(A) As the electromagnetic radiations from sun pass through the atmosphere, some of them are absorbed by it while
other reach the surface of earth, the range of wavelength which reaches earth lies in infrared region. This part of
the radiation from the sum has shorter wavelength and can penetrate through the layer of gases line CO2 and
reach earth surface. But the radiation from the earth being of longer wavelength can't escapes through this layer.
As a result the earth surface gets warm. This is known as green house effect.
20.(A) The ozone layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from sun. 21.(A)
22.(D) The range is from 380nm to even 200nm to 120nm
3  108
23.(B)   3  106 m
100 Hz
1 1 c 
24.(B) c (free space) v  (medium)    
0  0  v 0  0
25.(B) 26.(D) 27.(B) X-rays are used for the investigation of structure of solids.
28.(B) The wave length of radiation used should be less than the size of the particle
c 3  1010
Size of particle    3  104  or   1014 hertz
 
However, when frequency is higher than this, wavelength is still smaller, Resolution becomes better.
29.(D) Rays wave length [Range in m]
X-rays 1 1011 to 3  108
  rays 6  1014 to 1 1011
Microwaves 103 to 0.3
Radiowaves 10 to 104
30.(A) Eradiowave  E yellow  Eblue  E x  ray 31.(A)
(D) (B) ( A) (C )

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32.(D) An electromagnetic wave propagating in + x direction means electric field and magnetic field should be function
of x and t.
 
Also,  B
E  B or E  i.e. ; ( y  z )  ( y  z )  y  y  z  z  0
33.(D) v  2  1014 Hz
E0  27Vm1
E0 27
We know, c ; So B0   9  108 T
B0 3  108
c 3  108
  1.5  10 6 m
v 2  1014
x   x 
B  B0 sin 2   vt  ; B  (9  108 T ) sin 2  2  1014 t 
    1.5  106 
 
 
Oscillation of B can be along either j or k direction.
 
34.(B) For electromagnetic wave, direction of propagation, E and B are transverse in nature.
According to questions,
 
E  B = direction of propagation = +z direction. Only option (b) satisfies both conditions
   
(i) E  B  0 (ii) ( E  B ) directed along the z-axis.
35.(2) For partially absorbed and reflected
1  dE 
F (2r  a)
c  dt 
But r  a  1  r  1  a
1 dE 1 dE
F [2(1  a)  a ]  [2  a]
c dt c dt
E SA (2  f ) S
Radiation pressure    (2  f )
A c A c
36.(13) P  100 W
r  2m
D  Diameter of Pupil  4  10 3 m
  600  10 9 m
hc
Pn ; n  no. of photons/sec

P P
No. of photons per unit by source  
hc Ahc
A

P  D 2  2
 No. of photons entering the eye    Here, A  (2)
A hc  4 
600  109  100 (4  103 )2
N  no. of photons entering the eye    7.55 1013
(2)2  6.62  1034  3  108 4
37.(19) Energy absorbed  mCdT

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hc
n  mCdT

Here, n = no. of photons
hc
n  Vol.   CdT

Vol.   CdT   106  1000  1 1  575 109
n 
hc 6.62  10 34  3  108
n  1.2 1019
38.(2) Rad. Of capacitor = 0.12
Capacitance, C  5 106 F
Resistance, R  4  105 
0 d E 0 A dV CdV
ID     5  106  2000  0.01 A
dt d dt dt
39.(5) I  220 W / m 2
R  0.3 m
dP 1 dE IA
F  (2r  a )  (2r  a )
dt c dt c
IA 220  (0.3)2
dp  (2r  a )  dt  8
[2  0.4  0.6]  5  60  8.71  105 kg m / s
c 3  10
40.(3) r = distance = 6m
E0  electric field amplitude = 10 V/m
E0 E0 10
c  B0    3.33  108 T
B0 c 3  108
P 1
41.( 500) 2
 0 E 2 c
4R 2
2P
R
40 Ec2
On substitution, we get R  5.00 m
42.(714) Erms   0 CI
R 2 I
43.(18) F = Projected Area × radiation pressure 
C
Number of photons P
44.( 13)   6 1013 cm 2 s 1
Area s 4 hcr 2
12400 12400
45.(2) E eV   2eV
Å 6000
46.(2) E  2.5 cos(2106 t   10 2 x)

Comparing with
E  E0 cos(t  kx )

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k    10 2
2
 102

  200 m  (100 x ) meter
Where, x = 2
1  8.854 1012  (38.8)2  3 108
47.(2) I av   0 E02  c 
2  2
 2 watt / m 2
c 3  108
48.(4)    40m
J 7.5  106
E0 120
49.(4) B0   8
 4 107 T  n 4
c 3  10

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Solutions to Final Step | Part - B | Physics

So, potential at the common centre,

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 1 Class XII | Physics

9.(AB) Since V  0 , there must be charges on the surface or inside itself.

12.(B) fnet  2F cos 

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 2 Class XII | Physics

23.(A) Using Gaussls theorem for radius r

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 3 Class XII | Physics

28.(C) Electric field due to complete disc (R = 2a),

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 4 Class XII | Physics

33.(B) VA = Potential due to charge +q on ring A + Potential due to charge –q on ring B

40.(–80) As we know, potential difference VA  V0 is :

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 5 Class XII | Physics

 dV    (25i  30 j)  (dxi  dy j)

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 6 Class XII | Physics

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 7 Class XII | Physics

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 8 Class XII | Physics

15.(C) Resistance of the part AC

20.(A) Let the source voltage be V.

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 9 Class XII | Physics

29.(B) Let resistance of bulb filament be R0 at 0°C , then from expression.

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 10 Class XII | Physics

where, x is temperature in °C at which resistance become 200

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 11 Class XII | Physics

43.(40) Let resistance of AB  R

45.(3) V A  VB  4 V  2(2)  8  r (2)  1(2)  4

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 13 Class XII | Physics

15.(CD) Basic Question

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 14 Class XII | Physics

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 15 Class XII | Physics

30.(D) Equivalent capacitance of the circuit

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 16 Class XII | Physics

On closing switch, charge on 2  F is 10 C and that on 3 F is 15 C

32.(A) The circuit can be reduced as :

34.(A) As initially charge is maximum q = q0 cos t

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 17 Class XII | Physics

Comparing with the given equation, we get C  10 5 F and R  200 

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 18 Class XII | Physics

Magnetic Effect of Current

2.(A) Magnetic force on the circular arc

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 19 Class XII | Physics

M  IAn 12  50 10 4 nAm

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 20 Class XII | Physics

18.(D) Let R be the radius of the loop. Then

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 21 Class XII | Physics

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 22 Class XII | Physics

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 23 Class XII | Physics

43.(0) B is independent of the distance from the “current sheet”.

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 24 Class XII | Physics

6.(C) P.d .  B  2 R   2 BR

7.(D) Rise of current in L-R circuit is given by

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 25 Class XII | Physics

 Magnetic flux   Magnetic field   B 

E 1  magnetic flux   1  1

i.e., E – r graph is a straight line passing through origin.

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 26 Class XII | Physics

35.(B) Here, B  B0 et 

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 27 Class XII | Physics

38.(A) For RC circuit :

dI  2 cos t 2  2tdt  4t cos t 2 dt

VMC | Final Step| Part-B 29 Class XII | Physics

1.(B) Use I  I sin t

8.(CD) RC or C-only 9.(A) Fact based Question 10.(ABD)