Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.

) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Chapter (15)
CHEMISTRY IN SOCIETY

Chemistry in modern agriculture

Elements required by Plants

Plants required at least 22 elements for their growth. Ten elements
which are required in significant quantities are C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, S,
Mg and Fe. The other elements are required in very small traces.
Sources of Plant Nutrients
Plants get their nutrient elements from three sources; air, water and
soil. Plants get carbon and oxygen from air, hydrogen and oxygen from
water, and other elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, sulphur, etc., from the soil.
How plants obtain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and water
Air is a gaseous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Plants get carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil.

Photosynthesis Reaction
sun light in green plants
6CO2 (g) + H2O (l) → C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)

Sugar is a compound of carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen.
With the exception of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen, all the other
elements are obtained from the soil.

Soil
The soil is the source of plant
nutrients. It supplies water and other
elements to the plants. Plants absorb
their mineral nutrients from the soil
in the form of dissolved salts.

1
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Fertilizers
Fertilizers are substances that supply nutrients to plants. They may
be classified as natural and chemical fertilizers.
Natural Fertilizers
There are two types of natural fertilizers.
- manure and
- humus.
Manure
Manure is obtained by the decomposition of animal dung and urine.
Humus
Humus comes from plant residues.
The Reason of Using Chemically synthesized Fertilizers
Although natural fertilizers are excellent nutrients for plants, these
are not enough for adequate yields. Therefore chemically synthesized
fertilizers are used to supplement this need.

Chemical Fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers are salts and other compounds containing
elements necessary for plant growth. Roots of plants absorb the food from
the soil in the form of soluble salts.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK)
The most important elements required by plants from the soil are
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) because these elements are
essential for the growth of plants. The basic composition of chemical
fertilizers may constitute any one, two or all three of these elements.
Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Plants
Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential and important constituents of
plant’s body. Potassium is not a constituent element of the plant. It occurs
in plants as soluble salts. Its role is catalytic.

NPK Fertilizer Urea Superphosphate Potassium IAA NAA

sulphate

2
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Requirement of NPK by Plants

Nature of plants N P K
leaf crops (cabbage) abundant fair amount not much
root crops (sweet photato) very little fair amount good amount
seed bearing plants little good amount good amount
(peas, beans, tomatoes)
flowering plants (rose) little good amount fair amount
fruit (apple) little - higher amount
seed (sweet pea seed) little - higher amount

Classification of Chemical Fertilizers

Chemical fertilizers are Nitrogen fertilizers, Phosphorus fertilizers
and Phosphorus fertilizers.
Nitrogen Fertilizers
The important nitrogen fertilizers are urea, ammonium sulphate,
ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate.
Urea
Urea, CO(NH2)2, contain 46 % of nitrogen. It has an acid reaction
and the application of urea to the soil increases the acidity of the soil.
Production of Urea
Urea is manufactured on a very large scale by heating ammonia and
carbon dioxide under pressure with a suitable catalyst.
∆ pressure, catalyst
CO2 (g) + 2NH3 (g) → CO(NH2)2 (s) + H2O (l)
The urea fertilizer is produced as white pellets.

Reaction in the soil

In the soil, urea reacts with water to form ammonia and carbon dioxide.
CO(NH2)2 (s) + H2O (l) → CO2 (g) + 2NH3 (g)
The bacteria in the soil converts ammonia to nitrites and then to
nitrates.
bacteria bacteria
ammonia → nitrites → nitrates
The plants absorb soluble nitrogen in the form of NH4+ and NO3-
ions which are dissolved in the soil.
3
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Ammonium Sulphate, (NH4)2SO4

It contains 21 % nitrogen. It has an acid reaction and so it increases
the acidity of the soil.
Ammonium Nitrate, NH4NO3
It contains 34.35 % nitrogen.
Calcium Nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
Commercial calcium nitrate fertilizer contains 13-16% of nitrogen.

Phosphate Fertilizers
Superphosphate
The important phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate.
The formula of superphosphate is Ca(H2PO4).2CaSO4.
Superphosphate is marketed in two grades containing 18 and 42
percent phosphoric acid respectively.
18% superphosphate contains 18 % P4O10 solution in water.
42% superphosphate contains 42 % P4O10 solution in water.
Superphosphate is a white or grey powder or granule.
Bone Meal
It is not a chemical fertilizer. It is prepared by crushing defatted
bones. It contains about 3 % nitrogen and 22 % phosphoric acid.
Therefore it is used as phosphate fertilizer.

Potassium Fertilizers
The important potassium fertilizers are potassium chloride and
potassium sulphate.
Test for Soil Reaction
Soil reaction is easily tested by litmus paper.
Acidity and Alkalinity of the Soil
Acidity and alkalinity of the soil is one of the important factors
because the plants do not grow well on the soil of high acidity and
alkalinity.
Neutralization of Soil Acids
Lime is added to the soil to neutralize the soil acids. Lime is usually
supplied to the soil as limestone(CaCO3), quicklime (CaO) and slaked
lime (Ca(OH)2).
4
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Neutralization of Soil Alkali

Gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O, is added to neutralize soil alkali.
Insecticides
Insecticides are chemicals that kill insects. Example of insecticides
are benzene hexachloride, C6H6Cl6(BHC or Gammaxene), Endrin, Aldrin
and Dieldrin.
BHC is used for cotton. Endrin is toxic to mammals and should be
used with caution. Andrin and Dieldrin are used as soil fumigant.
Growth Substances
Growth substances are used to induce flower initiation, fruit
development, to delay leaf fall and fruits drops and to produce seedless
fruits. e.g- IAA and NAA
Indole acetic acid (IAA) is the principle chemical substance which
activates the growth of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds.
Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) is cheaper than IAA because it could be
manufactured more cheaply. It is successfully used for promoting
simultaneous fruiting in pineapple plantations.

Think thousand times before taking a decision

But after taking decision
Never turn back
Even if you get thousand difficulties.
… Adolf Hitler …

5
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Cement Production

Cement
Cement is a grey powder which is used in construction of building.
It is used as binder in construction works. It is mixed with sand and water,
and sometimes with quicklime, CaO.

Chief Compounds in Cements

The chief compounds in cement are lime, alumina, silica and iron
(III) oxide composed as
(i) tetracalcium alumino ferrate, 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
(ii) dicalcium silicate, 2CaO.SiO2
(iii) tricalcium silicate, 3CaO.SiO2 and
(iv) tricalcium aluminate, 3CaO.Al2O3.

Raw Materials used in Cement

The raw materials used in cement are-
(i) haematite, Fe2O3
(ii) limestone, CaCO3
(iii) clay (silicon dioxide, SiO2 and alumina, Al2O3).
These raw materials are ground and heated in a special furnace
called Rotary Kiln.

Manufacturing Process of Cement

Four main stages in the manufacturing process of cement are-
(i) mixing,
(ii) heating,
(iii) cooling and
(iv) grinding.

Cement Cement POP Gypsum Rotary Kiln

6
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

(i) Mixing
Limestone, haematite and clay are finely ground and mixed in the
right proportions.
(ii) Heating
The ground mixture is fed continuously from the top end of the
Rotary Kiln and heated by the burning gas at the lower end of the Kiln.
As the mixture moves slowly down the inclined Kiln, it meets an
increasingly higher temperature. The roasted product which is called
clinker comes out from the lower end of the Kiln.
(iii) Cooling
The roasted clinker is allowed to cool in a rotation cylinder by cool
air.
(iv) Grinding
After cooling, the clinker is mixed with the right percentage of
gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O, and ground in a grinding mill. The resultant
powder is cement. The gypsum regulates the setting time of cement.

Plaster of Paris (POP)

POP
Plaster of Paris (POP) is a fine white powder which is used for
making cast of various objects and for cementing glass to metals. It is
hydrated calcium sulphate (2CaSO4.H2O).
POP is obtained by heating gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O to about1250C.

∆ 1250 𝐶
2CaSO4.2H2O → 2CaSO4.H2O + 2H2O
gypsum POP

When POP is mixed with water, it forms a paste which hardens

quickly, expanding in the process as a result of crystallization.

Usage of POP
POP is used for making casts and for cementing glass to metals.

7
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Salt Production

Dissolved and Undissolved Substances in Sea Water

Undissolved Substances Dissolved Substances
Suspensions NaCl

solubilities
Al2O3 KCl

Increasing
CaCO3 MgSO4
CaSO4 MgCl2
MgBr2

About 3.5 % by weight of salts are dissolved in sea water out of

which 2.7 % is common salt, NaCl.

Salt Production Areas

The principle areas for the production of salts from sea water are
coastal regions.

Two Types of Salt Production

There are two types of salt production.
- Traditional method of production
- Salt production by solar evaporation

Traditional Method of Production

Common salt obtained by traditional method or production is not
pure, since dissolved substances such as MgSO4 and MgCl2 together with
small amounts of CaSO4 remain mixed with common salt.
Pure sodium chloride is not a deliquescent substance. But it is found
that common salt becomes damp when it is exposed to air for some time.
The dampness is due to the presence of magnesium chloride as one of the
impurities. Magnesium chloride is hygroscopic and can absorb moisture
from the atmosphere.

Disadvantages of traditional method of production

(i) The percentage of impurities is high in the common salt and it
is not very suitable for industrial use.

8
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
(ii) Wood fires are used and considerable areas of forest are
destroyed yearly. Approximately, 15,000 acres of forest are
depleted every year due to the use of firewood in this method.

Prevention of Forest
Prevention of unnecessary wastage of forests may be achieved by
using solar evaporation for production of salt.

Salt Production by Solar Evaporation

The production of salt by solar evaporation may be carried out only
during the dry, hot season (December to middle of May).
A series of impermeable solar ponds, usually 5 in number, is made
on the selected ground.
1st pond undissolved suspensions settle down
2ndpond Al2O3 settle down
3rdpond CaCO3 settle down
4thpond CaSO4 starts to crystallize out
5thpond NaCl crystallizes
In the first three ponds, undissolved particles are removed and
evaporation takes place. In the fourth pond, crystallization of undissolved
substances starts to take place. During the day, evaporation takes place
and crystallization occurs mainly at night when the temperature drops.
After the crystallization of NaCl is complete, the water in which
KCl, MgSO4, MgCl2 and MgBr2 are still dissolved is allowed to flow out
from the pond. The crystals of NaCl are scooped out, washed whith
concentrated salt solution to clean them and dried in the sun.
In this way, 99.5 % of pure solar evaporated sodium chloride is
obtained.

Bittern
The water that flows out from the fifth solar pond consists of
dissolved MgSO4, MgCl2 and MgBr2. This water is called bittern. Bittern
is the source from which MgSO4, MgCl2 and MgBr2 can be extracted.

9
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Plastics and Polymers

All living things contain polymers. Proteins, carbohydrates, wood

and natural rubbers are all polymers.

Synthesis Polymers
Synthesis polymers called plastic are to be found everywhere in
modern technological societies, made into bulky objects, films and fibers.
They have properties to suit particular need, ranging from car and aircraft
components, to packaging and clothing.

Polymers
Polymers are large organic macromolecules. They are made up of
small repeating units known as monomers.

Homopolymers
Homopolymers are polymers just containing one monomer.
Poly(ethene), poly(propene) and poly(chloroethene) are examples of
homopolymers.

Copolymers
Copolymers are made of two or more different types of monomers.
For example, nylon is made from two monomers, and biological proteins
are made from 20 different monomers, the amino acids.

Addition Polymerization
(1) Ethene to Polyethene (Polyethylene)

high pressure
ethene heat,catalyst polyethene
H H H H
high pressure
n C C heat,catalyst C C
H H H H n

10
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

(2) Propene to polypropene (Polypropylene) (PP)

propene polypropene
H H H H
n C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 n

(3) Chloroethene (vinyl chloride) to polychloroethene (polyvinyl

chloride) (PVC)

chloroethene polychloroethene
(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
H H H H
n C C C C
H Cl H Cl n

(4) Tetrafluoroethene to polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE)

tetrafluoroethene poly(tetrafluoroethene)
F F F F
n C C C C
F F H F n

Polymer and Trade Name, their Monomer, Properties and uses

1. Polyethene or polyethylene
monomer - ethene CH2=CH2
properties - tough, durable
uses - plastic bags, bowls, bottles, packaging
2. Polypropene or polypropylene (PP)
monomer - propene CH2-CH=CH2
properties - tough, durable
uses - crates and boxes, plastic rope

11
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
3. Polychloroethene or polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
monomer - vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl
properties - strong, hard
uses - insulation, pipes and guttering
4. Polytetrafluoroethene or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
monomer - tetrafluoroethene CF2=CF2
properties - non-stick surface, withstand high temperature
uses - non-stick frying pans, non-stick taps and joints
5. Polyphenylethene or polystyrene (PS)
monomer - phenylethene or syrene C6H5-CH=CH2
properties - light, poor conductor or heat
uses - insulation, packaging (foam)

Synthesis polymers Polypropene (PP) Crate Non-stick tap Packaging foam

Condensation Polymerization
Nylon (polyamide)
Nylon is a copolymer of two different monomers, a diamine and a
dicarboxylic acid. Each monomer consists of a chain of carbon atoms. At
both ends of the monomers are functional groups. An amine group
(NH2) on the first monomer reacts with a carboxylic acid group ( -COOH)
on the second monomer to make a link between the two molecules. Each
time a link is made, a water molecule is lost:
These type of polymer is known as a condensation polymer.
Because an amide link (or peptide link) is formed during polymerization,
nylon is known as polyamide. A version of nylon polymerization can be
carried out in the laboratory.

Polyethene or Polyethylene (PE) Polypropene or Polypropylene (PP)

12
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Reaction Formation of Polyamide (Nylon)

+ H2O + H2O + H2O

Polyester
Condensation polymerization can also be used to make other
polymer with properties different from those of nylon. Polyester are
condensation copolymers made from two monomers. One monomer has
an alcohol group (-OH) at each end. The other monomer has a carboxylic
acid group (-COOH) at each end. When the monomers react, an ester
link is formed, with water being lost each time.
One such polymer has the trade name of terylene. Like nylon,
terylene can be turned into fibres and woven into clothing. Terylene
clothing is generally softer than that made from nylon.

Polychloroethene or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polytetrafluoroethene (or)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

13
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Reaction Formation of Polyester

Methods for recycling plastic waste:

(a) Thermoplastic polymers
(i) heat at low temperature
(ii) obtain molten of softened polymer
(iii) re-mould into new thermoplastic product(s)
(b) Thermosetting polymers
(i) heat at high temperature (7000C) in the absence of air
(ii) obtain now monomers and other chemicals
(iii) re-polymerize into new product(s)

Soap and Detergents

Soaps
Soap is manufactured by heating natural fats and oils of either plants
on animals with a strong alkali. The fats and oils, called triglycerides, are
complicated ester molecules.
Saponification
Fat is boiled with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form soap. The
esters are broken down in the presence of water-hydrolysed. This type of
reaction is called saponification.

14
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

Reaction between glyceryl tristearate and sodium hydroxide

H35C17-COOCH2 HO-CH2
H35C17-COOCH + 3NaOH → 3C17H135COONa + HO-CH
H35C17-COOCH2 HO-CH2

Cleaning Action of soap

The cleaning properties of the soap or detergent depend on its
structure and bonding. Soap consists of a long chin hydrocarbon which is
hydro phobic (water hating) to an ionic head which is hydrophilic (water
loving).
Covalent compounds are generally insoluble in water but they are
more soluble in organic solvents. Inorganic compounds are generally
water soluble but tend to be insoluble in organic solvents. When soap is
put into water which has greasy dish in it, the hydrocarbon chain on each
soap molecule become attached to the grease and become embedded.

Soapless Detergent
Soapless detergents do not form scum with hard water since they do
not react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in such water. Furthermore, these
soapless detergent molecules have been designed so that they are
biodegradable. Bacteria readily break down these new molecules so that
they do not persist in the environment.

……………………………………………………………………………
Chapter (15)
CHEMISTRY IN SOCIETY
Compiled by
Minn Thant
Reference
Grade 11 Chemistry Text
Chemistry in Society by Dr. Soe Kyaw Kyaw
Second time edition published at
FUTURE LIGHT
Cover design and Layout
Minn Thant

15
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Fertilizers)

1. Name the elements which are required in significant quantities for

plant growth.
2. What are sources of plant nutrients and what does each of them supply
to plants?
3. Explain how plants obtain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and
water.
4. Write an overall equation for photosynthesis.
5. Write down the photosynthesis reaction in words and symbols.
6. What are fertilizers? Name two types of fertilizers.
7. How many types of fertilizers are there? What are these?
8. What are the natural fertilizers?
9. What are the chemical fertilizers? Name the two elements that are
essential for plants. Classify the chemical fertilizers.
10. Chemically synthesized fertilizers are used as supplements for plants.
Why?
11. What are fertilizers? Give relevant explanation for the addition of
lime and also of gypsum to the soil?
12. Write down equation in words and symbols for the production of urea.
13. What is the reason for the addition of ureas to the soil?
14. What is meant by NPK? Write equation for the reaction of soil urea
with water.
15. What are effect of NPK on the plant body.
16. Which element: N or P or K is the most suitable for fruiting and for
leaf crops?
17. Which element: N or P or K is the most suitable for growing root
crops and seed bearing plants?
18. Which element: N or P or K is the most suitable for growing cabbage?
19. Which element: N or P or K is the most suitable for seed bearing
plants and for leaf crops?
20. Which element: N or P or K is the most suitable for growing tomato?
21. How many amounts of N, P, K are required for root crops?
22. Express NPK requirements for flowering and fruiting.
23. Which nitrogen fertilizers are increasing the acidity of soil?
16
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
24. Write the names and formulae of two important phosphate fertilizers.
25. What are the long forms of (i) NPK (ii) BHC (iii) IAA and (iv) NAA?
26. What are the important nitrogen fertilizers?
27. Write down name and composition of phosphate fertilizer.
28. How would you prepare the bone meal? Is it a chemical fertilizer?
29. Describe the substances contained in the bone meal.
30. What are the important potassium fertilizers?
31. How can you test the soil reaction? Explain it.
32. Explain why acidity and alkalinity of the soil is one of the most
important factors?
33. Describe how would you neutralize the soil acid and soil alkali.
34. Write down the chemical formulae only for urea and gypsum.
35. Write down the photosynthesis reaction in words and symbols.
36. What are insecticides? What are they?
37. What are insecticides? What is the long form of BHC?
38. What is the short form of Gammaxene? Mention its use.
39. Express the uses of growth substances in agriculture.
40. Give the names of growth substances?

CALCUALTIONS FOR FERTILIZERS

1. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the following nitrogen

fertilizer. (C=12, N=14, H=1, O=16, S=32, Na=23, Ca=40)
urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate,
calcium nitrate
2. Calculate the percentage of potassium in potassium sulphate. (K=39)
3. A field of rice needs 15 kg nitrogen per acre. How many kilograms of
ammonium nitrate are required for 10 acres? (N=14, H=1, O=16)
4. A field of rice needs 20 kg nitrogen per acre. How many kilogram of
Urea are required for 50 acres? (N=14, C=12, O=16)
5. A field of rice needs 10 kg nitrogen per acre. How many kilograms of
ammonium sulphate are required for 100 acres. (N=14, O=16, S=32)
6. The price of 100 kg of sodium nitrate is 15000 kyats and the price of
100 kg of urea is 4000 kyats.
(a) What is the price of 1kg of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate?
17
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
(b) What is the price of 1kg of nitrogen in urea?
7. The price of 100 kg of sodium nitrate is 80000 kyats. The price of 100
kg of urea is 40000 kyats. Which fertilizers will you buy for nitrogen?
Give reason.
8. If 20 kg of nitrogen is taken by crops and 3 kg of nitrogen is carried
away by running water from one of soil, how much of urea should be
added to the soil to recover its original nitrogen contents?

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Cement & POP)

1. What is cement?
2. Name the four main stages in the manufacturing process of cement.
3. What are the raw materials used in the manufacturing process of
cement?
4. What are the chief compounds present in cement?
5. Why is gypsum mixed with clinker and ground in the final stage of
cement production?
6. Write down the chemical composition of POP. Illustrate its uses.
7. What is POP? Describe how POP is obtained from gypsum.
8. Why is gypsum mixed with clinker and ground in the final stage of
cement production?
9. Explain the usage of Plaster of Paris.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Salt Production)

1. What are the undissolved substances in sea water?

2. What are the dissolved substances in sea water?
3. Describe the substances that separate out from sea water before the
crystallization of sodium chloride.
4. Describe the substances that remain in solution after the crystallizat-
-ion of sodium chloride from sea water.
5. Arrange substances that dissolve in sea water according to their
increasing solubility.

The only real failure in life is not to be true to the best one knows. (Buddha)

18
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
6. Name the principal areas for the production of common salt from
sea water. What is the major impurity that causes common salt to
become damp?
7. Why does common salt become damp when it is exposed to the air?
8. What are the disadvantages for the production of common salt by
the traditional method?
9. Why is common salt obtained by traditional method not very stable
for industrial use?
10. Common salt obtained by traditional method is not pure? Why?
11. Describe the substances that remain in the solution after the
crystallization of sodium chloride.
12. What is bittern? What compounds can be extracted from the bittern?
13. In the traditional method of salt production, considerable areas of
forest are destroyed. How would you prevent it?
14. Write down the advantages of salt production by solar evaporation.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Polymers)

1. What is meant by the term ‘Polymer’? Give any two examples of

natural polymers.
2. Explain about the addition polymerization.
3. Describe the homopolymer with examples.
4. Explain the terms ‘thermoplastic polymer’ and ‘thermosetting
polymer’ with example.
5. What are the long form of the followings?
(i) PS (ii) PVC (iii) PE (iv) PP (v) PTFE
6. What are the properties of the followings?
(i) PS (ii) PVC (iii) PE (iv) PP (v) PTFE
7. What are the uses of the following?
(i) PS (ii) PVC (iii) PE (iv) PP (v) PTFE
8. Draw the structures of the following isomers.
(i) PS (ii) PVC (iii) PE (iv) PP (v) PTFE
9. What are the methods for the recycling wastes for thermosetting
polymer?

19
Saya Minn Thant (B.Ed.) MATRICULATION CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
10. What monomer will polymerize to produce PVC? Write the
equation. What type of polymerization would chloroethene
undergo?
11. Draw the structural formula of tetrachloroethene and suggest the
name of the polymer formed from it. Write down the equation.
Draw the structural formula and suggest the trade name of the
polymer formed from tetrafluoroethene.
12. (i) What type of polymerization would CH3CH=CH2 undergo?
Write down the equation.
(ii) What type of polymerization can occur for the following
compounds can undergoes? Write down the equations.
CH3-CH=CH2, CF2=CF2, C6H5CH=CH2, OH-CH2-CH2
HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, HOCH2CH2OH
13. What type of polymerization can occur for the following
compounds? Write down the equations.
H2N NH2 and HOOC COOH
14. How do you understand the term ‘polyester’?
15. Draw the structural formulae of nylon and terylene.
16. What are the differences between ‘polyamides’ and ‘polyesters’?
17. Discuss any two properties of addition polymers.
18. What are the methods for recycling plastic wastes?
19. Classify the type of nylon based on the type of reaction, type of bond
formed and monomers used. Define the type of bond formed.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Soap and Detergent)

1. What is soap? Explain with suitable example. Give the chemical

name and formula.
2. Explain the term ‘soapless detergent’.
3. Explain that soapless detergent do not form scum with hard water
and they do not persist in the environment.
4. Discuss the cleaning action of soap.

20