Industrial

Chemistry
Nitrogen, Sulfur and
Carbonates
By Alex Miron and Luca Vasiu
 Nitrogen, Sulfur and Carbonates

01 02 03
Sulfur - how is Carbonates -
Nitrogen and
sulfuric acid lime (calcium
fertilisers - why
made in oxide), its uses
are they needed
manufacturing and
in fertilisers
industries decomposition
 N

Nitrogen
Fertilisers

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Helps in growth, Important nutrient for Helps in root

increases the nitrogen plants, essential for development, plant
absorption in the young growing plants maturation and seed
plants development.
 Nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) is a crucial ingredient for making

proteins, which are essential for plant growth,
helping plants develop strong structures and
photosynthesis. Without enough nitrogen, plants
can't photosynthesize as efficiently, which slows
down growth.

It's also involved in cell division and the

repairment of cells. When plants get enough
nitrogen, they grow more leaves because nitrogen
helps produce chlorophyll.
 Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) is used in fertiliser to

increase . If soils are deficient in
phosphorus, food production becomes
restricted, unless the nutrient is added
in the form of fertilizers. Hence, to
increase food production, an adequate
amount of phosphorus is required
 Potassium

Potassium (K) is a vital macronutrient crucial

for plant growth, regulating enzymes, osmotic
balance, and photosynthesis, thereby
contributing to cell structure and stress
tolerance. Deficiency leads to weak plants
prone to diseases. Present in fertilizers like
potassium chloride and naturally in organic
matter and soil, farmers use potassium-
containing fertilizers for balanced nutrient
profiles, ensuring optimal plant health and
higher crop yields. Recognizing potassium's
importance is key for effective nutrient
management and sustainable agriculture.
 Displacement of Ammonia from its Salts

Displacement Reaction Equation:

2NH4CI + Ca(OH)2 → 2NH3(g) + CaCl2 + 2H20
Mechanism: Hydroxide ions from calcium hydroxide displace ammonium ions in
ammonium chloride.
Observations:

Physical Change: Formation of colorless ammonia gas with a distinct odor.

Chemical Change: Exchange of ions resulting in the formation of new compounds.
Safety Precautions:

Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation due to the pungent odor of ammonia gas.
Controlled Environment: Perform the experiment in a controlled setting.
Applications:

Industrial Processes: Essential in various industrial applications.

Laboratory Experiments: Widely used in chemical experiments.
THE HABER
PROCESS
Nigglet
I want to
fuck fritz
harber

Fritz Haber
Visual representation of the Haber Process
Simplified Visual representation of the Haber Process
 The Haber process
Reaction Equations:
• The main chemical reactions in the Haber process are:
N2(g) + 3H2 (g) <~> 2NH3(g)

Conditions:

The reaction is conducted under high pressure (around 200 atmospheres) to favor the forward reaction, as
indicated by Le Chatelier's principle.
A moderate temperature of about 450 degrees Celsius is used to balance the need for a reasonable reaction
rate with minimizing energy costs.
Catalyst:

The process employs an iron catalyst to enhance the rate of the reaction. The iron catalyst allows for
better conversion of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia.
Raw Materials:

Nitrogen is usually sourced from the air, which is about 78% nitrogen. Hydrogen is typically obtained
from natural gas or other hydrocarbons through a separate process.
 The Haber process

Separation and Collection:

The ammonia gas produced in the reaction is condensed into a liquid form and then separated from
unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen. The remaining gases are recycled back into the reaction to maximize
efficiency.
Applications:

Ammonia is a vital component in the production of fertilizers, contributing to the growth of crops by
providing essential nitrogen. The Haber process has played a critical role in increasing agricultural
productivity worldwide.
Impact:

Fritz Haber's development of the ammonia synthesis process was a groundbreaking achievement and had
significant implications for both agriculture and industrial chemistry. It allowed for the large-scale
production of ammonia, revolutionizing the fertilizer industry and, consequently, global food production.
 JOKE BREAK

How can you tell if its a dogwood tree???

Hmmmm

Hmmm!!

From the bark!!!

Ruff ruff🤣😂😂
 S

Sulfur
Sulfuric Acid

Sulfur Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Trioxide

Molten Sulfur is burnt Reacted with oxygen Made to react with

to make Sulfur dioxide to make sulfur trioxide water in the presence
via contact process of a catalyst to make
sulfuric acid H2SO4
 Sources of Sulfur
The sulfur element is found in underground sulfur beds
 Sources of Sulfur
Metal sulfides occur as ores, for example zinc blende
 Sources of Sulfur

Natural gases and petroleum have sulfur compounds, which can be extracted.
 Sulfur Dioxide

The major uses of sulfur dioxide is in the contact process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
It is also used in bleach in the manufacture of paper from wood pulp, and as a preservative for
food by killing bacteria.

(The process of making sulfuric acid is called the contact process)

Sulfur is burnt in air to form sulfur dioxide

 Sulfur Trioxide → H2SO4
Sulfur trioxide is formed by mixing sulfur dioxide with oxygen.

The forward reaction is exothermic

 Oleum
When adding sulfur trioxide directly to water, sulfur trioxide is dissolved în concentrated
sulfuric acid first to produce oleum.

And then water is added to oleum to form sulfuric acid

 Properties and uses of sulfuric acid
Dilute sulfuric acid
Properties: Typical strong acid
Uses: Making fertilizers, Treat metals
and remove oxidation, laboratory
reagent,acid in car batteries, Dye,
fiber and paint manufacture

Concentrated sulfuric acid

Properties: Strong acid, Powerful
dehydrating agent, Powerful oxidizing
agent
Uses: Making detergents, Catalyst,
Dehydrating agent
 C

Carbonates
Lime – Calcium Oxide

Thermal
Limestone cycle Soil Treatment
decomposition
How to get limestone How lime is used to Breaking down
from limestone increase crop yields compounds into
and soil treatment in simpler substances
agriculture through heat
 The limestone cycle
To make lime from Limestone, limestone is heated to make Quicklime (CaO), which is also known as
burnt lime, and CO2.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

 The limestone cycle
Then, water is added to the quicklime to make slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). (exothermic reaction)

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

 The limestone cycle
Slaked lime is then dissolved in water to make lime water

Ca(OH)2(s) + H2O → Ca(OH)2 (aq)

 The limestone cycle
The lime water is then carbonated to make limestone again.

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

 Uses of calcium compounds
Calcium oxide (lime) and calcium hydroxide
(slaked lime) are both used to treat acidic soils
and neutralize acidic wastes.
Calcium carbonate has many uses:
● Manufacture of cement
● Manufacture of glasses
● In blast furnace and in steel making to
remove silicon (IV) oxide as slag
● To neutralize acidic soils and lakes
caused by acid rain
 Soil treatment

Soil treatment is the process of purifying and

revitalizing soil by removing contaminants.
The main concern behind soil treatment is the
harm to human health associated with direct
contact with contaminated soil, vapours
released by contaminants, and secondary
contamination of water supplies.
Lime in Soil Treatment

Lime in Soil Treatment is usually used for:

- pH Regulation
- Soil structure improvement
- And magnesium and calcium supply
Thermal decomposition

Thermal decomposition of carbonates

involves the release of carbon dioxide
gas and the formation of metal oxides
when the carbonate minerals are heated.
This process is important both in nature,
such as in the formation of limestone
caves, and in various industrial and
scientific applications.
Hope you enjoyed our presentation!
(if you didn't, screw you)

Thank you for your time!