Full Thesis

SEASONAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE
FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN BANGLADESH
MD. ANISUR RAHMAN
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DHAKA, BANGLADESH
APRIL 2012
SEASONAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN BANGLADESH
By
MD. ANISUR RAHMAN
A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Bangladesh University

of Engineering & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree
Of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
APRIL 2012
i
SEASONAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN BANGLADESH
A thesis by
Md. Anisur Rahman
Roll no. 040504342F, Registration no. 0405122, Semester April/2005 has been
accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Masters of Science in Civil & Structural Engineering on 28th of April/2012.
Dr. Munaz Ahmed Noor Chairman

Professor (Supervisor)
Department of civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Member

Professor and Head
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Dr. Md. Shafiul Bari Member

Professor
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Dr. Md. Khasro Miah Member

Professor (External)
DUET, Gazipur
ii
DECLERATION
I here by certify that the research work reported in this thesis has been performed by
me and this work has not been submitted else where for any other purpose (except for
publication).
April 2012 Md. Anisur Rahman
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises and profound gratitude to the almighty Allah who is the most
beneficent and the most merciful for allowing great opportunity and ability to bring
this effort to fruition safely and peacefully.
The author would like to express his deepest gratitude, sincere appreciation
and indebtedness to his supervisor Dr. Munaz Ahmed Noor, Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET),
for his constant supervision, continuous guidance, helpful criticism, affectionate
encouragement and invaluable suggestions, generous help and unfailing enthusiasm at
all stages of his work. His active interest in this topic and valuable advice was the
source of the author’s inspiration.
The author is grateful to Dr. Md. Shafiul Bari, Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, BUET whose suggestions and comments contributed to this thesis.
The author is also grateful and wishes to express thanks to Dr. Md. Khasro
Miah, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, DUET whose suggestions,
cooperation and comments contributed to this thesis.
The author pays his deepest homage to his parents, whom he believes to be the
cardinal source of inspiration for all his achievements. Their constant support
throughout this work was phenomenal and exemplary.
The author is thanks to Engr. Md. Auolad Hossain and thanks are also
expressed to Md. Akram Hadi Sikder, Lab instructor cum store kipper of
transportation laboratory, Md. Selim Hossain, Lab instructor cum store kipper of
concrete laboratory and Md. Sukkur Ali, Sr.lab attendant of the transportation
laboratory, BUET for their unconditional help and cooperation.
iv
Dedicated
To my
Beloved Parents
v
ABSTRACT
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials throughout the
world, because of the variations in properties of locally available aggregates due to
seasonal and spatial variation, the properties of concrete may vary widely. Aggregates
can be classified on the basis of the size of the aggregate as coarse aggregate and fine
aggregate. Aggregates generally exhibits two types of properties. They are physical
properties (absorption, porosity, permeability, surface texture, strength and elasticity,
density and specific gravity, aggregate voids, particle size, hardness and undesirable
physical component) and chemical properties (composition, reaction with asphalt and
cement). These properties of aggregate vary a lot according to aggregates from different
sources are different as the rock from which the aggregate processed are not same. As the
geological and geo-morphological process of rock are different, the aggregate formed are also
different. Moreover temperature, humidity and rainfall etc varies in different seasons.
The specific objectives of the study has been to acquire knowledge about
coarse and fine aggregates properties and specifications of collected from different
sources in Bangladesh, to observe seasonal and spatial variation on physical
properties of aggregates and spatial variation on gradation of fine aggregate from
different sources in Bangladesh.
Aggregate properties vary significantly with the change of seasons in

Bangladesh. Coarse and fine aggregate has been collected from different sources in
Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Mymensingh, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Kushtia, Dinajpur,
Lalmonirhat and Panchagarh. These samples have been collected in summer season as
well as in winter season. According to ASTM and BS specification sieve analysis,
specific gravity (OD and SSD) conditions, unit weight (loose and compacted) has
been performed in the laboratory for both coarse and fine aggregate. According to
ASTM and BS specification aggregate crushing value (ACV) and los angles abrasion
test (LAAT) has been performed in the laboratory with coarse aggregate.
These research works revels that sieve analysis, aggregate crushing value
(ACV) and los angles abrasion (LAAV) value of coarse aggregate exhibit no
significant seasonal variation. But the fineness modulus (FM), specific gravity for
both oven dry (OD) and saturated surface dry (SSD) conditions, unit weight for both
vi
loose and compacted coarse aggregate, seasonal variation has been observed where
the values are higher in summer season than winter season. Moreover, the fineness
modulus (FM), specific gravity for both oven dry (OD) and saturated surface dry
(SSD) conditions, unit weight for both loose and compacted fine aggregate, the values
are higher in summer season than winter season and thus seasonal variation has been
observed.
Spatial variations in properties of coarse and fine aggregate have been

predominantly observed during this study for all the tests. Considering specific
gravity and unit weight of coarse aggregate, sample from Modhopara in Dinajpur has
the higher values in comparisons with other sources. On the other hand it has lower
aggregate crushing value and los angles abrasion value. Moreover, in the case of fine
aggregate sample from Sumanganj in Sylhet has been observed higher values in
fineness modulus (FM) and unit weight in comparisons with other sources. But in
specific gravity for both oven dry (OD) and saturated surface dry (SSD) conditions
higher value has been found in sample of Fulbaria in Dinajpur.
During this research work sand sample have been collected from
Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar. After washing, drying and sieving this
sand resembles with Ottawa sand in most of the properties as physical state, specific
gravity, bulk density and colour. The possibility of using sand from Jaganathpahar
and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar in lieu of Ottawa sand in research work.
On the basis of the seasonal and spatial variation of aggregate properties it has
been suggested that the government and construction companies in Bangladesh can
get a clear and definite idea of aggregate from different sources in Bangladesh as well
as it is possible to select the best aggregate to ensure the quality and strength of
concrete.
vii
CONTENTS
DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
CHAPTER 1 :INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 General 1
1.2 Rationale of the study 3
1.3 Objectives with specific aims and possible outcomes 4
1.4 Scope and limitations of the study 5
1.5 Outline of the research 5
CHAPTER 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW 6-34
2.1 General 6
2.2 Aggregate 6
2.3 Types of aggregate 8
2.3.1 Coarse aggregate 8
2.3.2 Fine aggregate 9

2.4 Size of aggregate 11
2.5 Properties of aggregate 11

2.5.1 Physical properties 11-19
2.5.2 Chemical properties 20
2.6 Effect of aggregate on quality and strength of concrete 22
2.7 Tests of aggregate 25
2.8 Spatial variation of aggregate 33
viii
2.9 Seasonal variation of aggregate 33
2.10 Concluding Remarks 34
CHAPTER 3 :METHODOLOGY AND TEST PROCEDURE 35-82
3.1 General 35
3.2 Sample collection source 35
3.3 Sample collection method 51
3.4 Laboratory tests of aggregate 63
3.4.1 Sieve analysis test of coarse and fine aggregate 63
3.4.2 Specific gravity and absorption capacity of fine 66

aggregate
3.4.3 Specific gravity and absorption capacity of coarse 69
aggregate
3.4.4 Unit weight and voids of coarse and fine aggregate 72
3.4.5 Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) of coarse aggregate 76
3.4.6 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse aggregate 79
3.5. Concluding Remarks 82
CHAPTER 4 :RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 83-111
4.1 General 83
4.2 Physical observation 83
4.3 Seasonal and spatial variation of properties for coarse 85-88

aggregate
4.4 Seasonal and spatial variation of properties for fine 89-96

Aggregate
4.5 Comparison of properties for aggregate in seasonal and 97-109
spatial variation
4.5.1 Comparison of coarse aggregate properties in 97-103
seasonal and spatial variation
ix
4.5.2 Comparison of fine aggregate properties in 104-109
seasonal and spatial variation
4.6 Comparison of Ottawa sand with locally collected sand 109
from Jogonathpahar and Sreemongal in Moulvibazar
4.7 Concluding Remarks 111
CHAPTER 5 :CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS 112-115

5.1 General
112
5.2 Conclusions 112
5.3 Recommendations 114
5.4 Recommendations of further study 115
REFERENCES 116-118
APPENDIX A - Coarse aggregate in summer season 119-142
APPENDIX B - Fine aggregate in summer season 143-170
APPENDIX C - Coarse aggregate in winter season 171-194
APPENDIX D - Fine aggregate in winter season 195-222
x
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 2
Table 2.1 Physical properties of fine aggregate 11
Table 2.2 Relationships for some common substances 13

Table 2.3 Ranges in physical properties for normal weight aggregates used in
concrete 22
CHAPTER 3
51
Table 3.1 Source and date of coarse aggregate sample collection
Table 3.2 Source and date of fine aggregate sample collection 52
Table 3.3 Weight of test sample of coarse aggregate 65
Table 3.4 Minimum weight of test sample to be used 70
Table 3.5 Capacity of measures 73
Table 3.6 Grading of charges 77
Table 3.7 Grading of test sample 78
CHAPTER 4
83
Table 4.1 Physical observation of coarse aggregate in summer season
Table 4.2 Physical observation of coarse aggregate in winter season 84
Table 4.3 Physical observation of fine aggregate in summer and winter seasons 84
Table 4.4 Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate in summer season
and winter season 85
Table 4.5 Unit weight (Loose and Compacted) of coarse aggregate 86
Table 4.6 Voids (Loose and Compacted) of coarse aggregate 86
Table 4.7 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse aggregate 87
Table 4.8 Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) of coarse aggregate 88
Table 4.9 Percent finer of fine aggregate of different sources in summer season 90
Table 4.10 Percent finer of fine aggregate of different sources in winter season 90
Table 4.11 Fineness modulus (FM) of fine aggregate 91
Table 4.12 Specific gravity of fine aggregate 92
Table.4.13 Unit (Loose and Compacted) weight of fine aggregate 93
Table.4.14 Voids (Loose and Compacted) of fine aggregate 94
Table 4.15 Properties of ottawa sand 108
Table 4.16 Comparison of properties of Jogonathpahar, Sreemongal in 108
Moulvibazar sand and ottawa sand.
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 2
7
Figure 2.1 Different type of aggregate
Figure.2.2 Ingredients of concrete 7
Figure 2.3 Course and Fine aggregate 8
Figure 2.4 Coarse aggregate 9
Figure 2.5 Fine aggregate 10
Figure 2.6 Dry and Wet aggregate 19

Figure 2.7 Specific gravity test of fine aggregates 27
Figure 2.8 Polished aggregate 30
CHAPTER 3
35-45
Figure 3.1 Methodology of research
Figure 3.2 Sample collection sources of fine aggregate 35

Figure 3.3 Sample collection sources (Sunamganj in Sylhet) of fine
aggregate 37
Figure 3.4 Sample collection sources (Sreemangal in Moulvibazar)of

fine aggregate 38
Figure 3.5 Sample collection sources (Vozonpur at Tentilia in Panchagarh)

of fine aggregate 39
Figure 3.6 Sample collection sources (Fulbari in Dinajpur) of fine aggregate 40

Figure 3.7 Sample collection sources (Bhaluka in Mymensingh) of fine
aggregate 41
Figure 3.8 Sample collection sources (Gazaria in Munshiganj) of fine
aggregate 42
Figure 3.9 Sample collection sources (Bheramara in Kushtia) of fine

aggregate 43
Figure 3.10 Sample collection sources (Patgram in Lalmonirhat) of fine

aggregate 44
Figure 3.11 Sample collection sources (Pangsha in Rajbari) of fine
aggregate 45
Figure 3.12 Sample collection sources of coarse aggregate 46-50

Figure 3.13 Sample collection sources (Bisnakandi and Zaflong at
Gowainghat, Volaganj at Companiganj and Sreepur at 47
Jaintiapur in Sylhet) of coarse aggregate
Figure 3.14 Sample collection sources (Vozonpur at Tentilia in Panchagarh)
48
of coarse aggregate
xii
Figure 3.15 Sample collection sources (Modhopara at Fulbari in Dinajpur) of
coarse aggregate 49
Figure 3.16 Sample collection sources (Patgram in Lalmonirhat) of

coarse aggregate 50
Figure 3.17 (a) through Figure 3.17(b) Coarse aggregate of different sources 53
in summer season
Figure 3.18 (a) through Figure 3.18 (b) Coarse aggregate of different 55
sources in winter season
57
Figure 3.19 (a) through Figure 3.19 (c) Fine aggregate of different sources
in summer season
Figure 3.20 (a) through Figure 3.20 (c) Fine aggregate of different sources 60
in winter season
Figure 3.21 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate 64
Figure 3.22 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate 65
Figure 3.23 Specific gravity test of fine aggregate 68
Figure 3.24 Specific gravity test of coarse aggregate 71
Figure 3.25 Unit weight test of Coarse aggregate 75

Figure 3.26 Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) 79
Figure 3.27 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) test 81
CHAPTER 4
Figure 4.1 Fine aggregate grading curve from different sources in summer 89
season
Figure 4.2 Fine aggregate grading curve from different sources in winter 90
season
Figure 4.3 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (OD) of 95
coarse aggregate with respect to different sources
Figure 4.4 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (SSD) of 96
Figure 4.5 Seasonal and spatial variations for Absorption capacities (%) of 96
Figure 4.6 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, loose) of 97
Figure 4.7 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, 98
compacted) of coarse aggregate with respect to different sources
Figure 4.8 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, loose) of coarse 98
aggregate with respect to different sources
Figure 4.9 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, compacted) of 99
xiii
Figure 4.10 Figure 4.5 Seasonal and spatial variation for aggregate crushing 100
value (ACV) of coarse aggregates with respect to different sources
Figure 4.11 Seasonal and spatial variation for Los angles abrasion value 101
(LAAV) of coarse aggregates with respect to different sources
Figure 4.12 Seasonal and spatial variation for fineness modulus (FM) value 102
of fine aggregates with respect to different sources
Figure 4.13 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (OD) of fine 103
Figure 4.14 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (SSD) of 103
fine aggregate with respect to different sources
Figure 4.15 Seasonal and spatial variations for Absorption capacity (%) of 104
Figure 4.16 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, loose) 105
of fine aggregate with respect to different sources
Figure 4.17 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, 105
compacted) of fine aggregate with respect to different sources
Figure 4.18 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, loose) of fine 106
Figure 4.19 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, compacted) of fine 106
xiv
APPENDIX – A : Coarse aggregate (Summer season)
A 1. Name of source: Bisnakandi in Sylhet
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure A-1 Sample of Bisnakandi in Sylhet
119
1. Specific gravity and absorption capacity test
Test Method: ASTM C 127-88
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Absorpt Specific
S.S.D Specific
Oven-dry saturated ion Gravity
wt H. Gravity
wt.(gm) specimen in capacity (saturated
(gm) (oven dry
Location water (gm) ( %) surface dry
basis)
basis)
((B-
A B C A)/A) X A/(B-C) B/(B-C)
100
Bisnakandi in 3252.
3210.5 2045 1.31 2.66 2.69
Sylhet 6
2. Unit weight and voids test

Test Method: ASTM C 29/C29 M-91a
Nominal Wt. of Sample (Kg) Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)

Volume Factor for
Location of the
Measure Loose Compacted Measure Loose Compacted
(ft3)
Bisnakandi
1/4 10.08 11.28 141.64 1428 1598
in Sylhet
Bulk Specific Density of Voids (%)

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Gravity (oven water ((A *B)-C)/(A*B))
Location C
dry basis) (kg/m3) *100
A Loose Compacted B Loose Compacted
Bisnakandi
2.66 1428 1428 998 46.22 39.82
in Sylhet
3. Aggregate crushing value (ACV)

Test Method: BS 812 (part 3) 1975
Wt. of Aggregate
Wt. of material Wt. of material
Sample Crushing
retained on 3.35 passing on 3.35
(Surface dry) value (ACV)
Location mm sieve (gm) mm sieve (gm)
(gm) %
%=
A B C = A-B
(C/A)*100
Bisnakandi
2836.5 2192.6 643.9 22.70
in Sylhet
120
4. Los angles abrasion test (LAA)
Test Method: ASTM C-131
Sieve size Wt. of Los

Wt. of
(Squre crushed Angel
Total crushed
Openings) sample es
weight sample
Gradi No. of passing Abrasi
of retained
Location ng sphere on 12 on
Retai sample on 12
Passi Tyepe s sieve, value
ned (gms) sieve,
ng (gms) (%)
on A (gms)
C = A- (C/A)
B
B X100
Bisnakandi 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 4055.50 944.50 18.89
in Sylhet mm mm
5. Sieve analysis (Grading curve and F.M are to be determined)

Test Method: ASTM C 117-84 & C136-84a
Sieve Materials %
Sieve Cumulative Percent
Opening Retained Materials
Number Retained finer
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 6780.00 67.8 67.8 32.2
3/4 in 19.05 2750.00 27.5 95.30 4.7
1/2 in 12.7 350.00 3.5 98.80 1.2
3/8 in 9.525 18.30 0.183 98.98 1.02
#4 4.75 90.00 0.9 99.88 0.12
#8 2.36 12.10 0.121 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
Finesse Modulus (FM) = 8.93
121
35
30 Bisnakandi in sylhet
25
Percent finer
20
15
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-2 Aggregate grading curve (Bisnakandi in Sylhet)
A 2. Name of source: Volaganj in Sylhet
(a) (b)
122
(c ) (d)
Figure A-3 Sample of Volagang in Sylhet

Bulk Bulk
Wt. of
Specific Specific
Oven- S.S.D saturated Absorptio
Gravity Gravity
dry wt H. specimen n capacity
(oven (saturate
Location wt.(gm) (gm) in water ( %)
dry d surface
(gm)
basis) dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
A B C A/(B-C) B/(B-C)
X 100
Volaganj in
3209.3 3250.5 2038 1.28 2.65 2.68
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Volaganj in
1/4 10.10 11.20 141.64 1431 1587
Sylhet
123
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Volaganj
2.65 1431 1587 998 45.91 40.02
in Sylhet

Wt. of
Wt. of material Wt. of material Aggregate
Sample
retained on 3.35 passing on 3.35 Crushing value
Location (Surface
mm sieve (gm) mm sieve (gm) (ACV) %
dry) (gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Volaganj
2825.3 2184.6 640.7 22.68
in Sylhet

Sieve size Wt. of Wt. of Los

(Squre crushed crushed Angel
Total
Openings) sample sample es
weight
Gradi No. of retained passing Abrasi
of
Location ng sphere on 12 on 12 on
Retai sample
Passi Tyepe s sieve, sieve, value
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Volaganj 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 4064.80 935.20 18.70
in Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 5910.00 59.1 59.10 40.9
1/2 in 12.7 3610.00 36.1 95.20 4.8
3/8 in 9.525 450.00 4.5 99.70 0.30
#4 4.75 27.50 0.275 99.98 0.02
#8 2.36 2.95 0.0295 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
124
110
100 Volaganj in Sylhet
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-4 Aggregate grading curve (Volaganj in Sylhet)
A 3. Name of Source: Sreepur in Sylhet
(a) (b)
125
(c ) (d)
Figure A-5 Sample of Sreepur in Sylhet

Bulk Bulk
Wt. of
Oven- Specific Specific
S.S.D saturated Absorptio
dry Gravity Gravity
wt H. specimen n capacity
wt.(gm (oven (saturate
Location (gm) in water ( %)
) dry d surface
(gm)
basis) dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Sreepur in
3197.8 3240 2022 1.32 2.63 2.66
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Sreepur in
1/4 9.86 11.20 141.64 1398 1587
Sylhet
126
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Sreepur in
2.63 1398 1587 998 46.79 39.56
Sylhet

Wt. of
Sample
Location (Surface
dry) (gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Sreepur in
2862.80 2134.9 727.90 25.43
Sylhet


Total
weight
of
Retai sample
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Sreepur 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3983.60 1016.40 20.33
in Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
¾ in 19.05 5910.00 59.1 59.10 40.9
½ in 12.7 3300.00 33 92.10 7.9
3/8 in 9.525 692.00 6.92 99.02 0.98
#4 4.75 95.10 0.951 99.97 0.03
#8 2.36 3.40 0.033 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
127
110
100 Sreepur in Sylhet
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-6 Aggregate grading curve (Sreepur in Sylhet)
A 4. Name of Source: Patgram in Lalmonirhat
(a) (b)
128
(c ) (d)
Figure A-7 Sample of Patgram in Lalmonirhat
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
Oven- Absorption Specific
S.S.D wt saturated Gravity
dry capacity Gravity
H. (gm) specimen in (saturated
Location wt.(gm) ( %) (oven dry
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Patgram in
3225.6 3265.5 2050 1.24 2.65 2.69
Lalmonirhat
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Patgram in
1/4 9.99 11.16 141.64 1415 1581
Lalmonirhat
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Patgram in
2.65 1415 1581 998 46.50 40.23
Lalmonirhat
129
Wt. of
Sample
Location (Surface
dry) (gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Patgram in
2916.7 2160.9 755.8 25.91
Lalmonirhat

(Squre crushed crushed Angele
Total
Openings) sample sample s
weight
of
Retai sample
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Patgram
in 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3979.50 1020.50 20.41
Lalmonirh mm mm
at

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 7450.00 74.5 74.50 25.5
1/2 in 12.7 2300.00 23 97.50 2.5
3/8 in 9.525 235.00 2.35 99.85 0.15
#4 4.75 12.50 0.125 99.98 0.03
#8 2.36 2.90 0.029 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
130
110
100 Patgram in
90
Lalmonirhat
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-8 Aggregate grading curve (Patgram in Lalmonirhat)
A 5. Name of Source: Modhopara in Dinajpur
(a) (b)
131
(c ) (d)
Figure A-9 Sample of Modhapara in Dinajpur
Bulk Bulk
Wt. of
dry Gravity Gravity
) dry d surface
(gm)
basis) dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Modhapara
3214.2 3243 2110 0.90 2.84 2.86
in Dinajpur
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Modhapara
1/4 10.30 11.80 141.64 1459 1672
in Dinajpur

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Modhapara
2.84 1459 1672 998 48.53 41.03
in Dinajpur
132
Wt. of Wt. of material

Wt. of material Aggregate
Sample retained on
passing on 3.35 Crushing value
Location (Surface 3.35 mm sieve
mm sieve (gm) (ACV) %
dry) (gm) (gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Modhapara
2845.5 2325.0 520.5 18.29
in Dinajpur

Total
weight
of
Retai sample
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Modhapa
19.0 12.5
ra in B 5000 11 4241.30 758.70 15.17
mm mm
Dinajpur

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 2850.00 28.5 28.50 71.5
1/2 in 12.7 5910.00 59.1 87.60 12.4
3/8 in 9.525 1183.00 11.83 99.43 0.57
#4 4.75 57.40 0.574 100.00 0.00
#8 2.36 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
133
110
100
Modhopara in Dinajpur
90
80
Percent finer 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-10 Aggregate grading curve (Modhapara in Dinajpur)
A 6. Name of Source: Vozonpur in Panchagarh
(a) (b)
134
(c ) (d)
Figure A-11 Sample of Vozonpur in Panchagarh
Bulk Bulk
Wt. of
dry Gravity Gravity
) dry d surface
(gm)
basis) dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Vozonpur
3205.6
in 3244.5 2030 1.21 2.64 2.67
0
Panchagarh
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
1/4 10.20 11.42 141.64 1445 1618

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
2.64 1445 1618 998 45.17 38.61
135
Wt. of Aggregate
Wt. of material Wt. of material
Sample Crushing
retained on 3.35 passing on 3.35
(Surface value (ACV)
Location mm sieve (gm) mm sieve (gm)
dry) (gm) %
%=
A B C = A-B
(C/A)*100
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
2855.9 2111.2 744.7 26.08

Total
weight
of
Retai sample
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Vozonpur
19.0 12.5
in B 5000 11 3869.50 1130.50 22.61
Panchagar mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 7250.00 72.5 72.50 27.50
1/2 in 12.7 2620.00 26.2 98.70 1.30
3/8 in 9.525 124.50 1.245 99.95 0.05
#4 4.75 5.50 0.055 100.00 0.00
#8 2.36 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
136
110
100 Vozonpur in Panchagar
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-12 Aggregate grading curve (Vozonpur in Panchagarh)
A 7. Name of source: Zaflong in Sylhet
(a) (b)
137
(c ) (d)
Figure A-13 Sample of Zaflong in Sylhet
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Zaflong in
3175.4 3220.8 2035 1.43 2.68 2.72
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Zaflong in
1/4 9.96 11.22 141.64 1411 1590
Sylhet

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Zaflong in
2.68 1411 1590 998 47.26 40.58
Sylhet
138
Wt. of
Wt. of
Wt. of material
material Aggregate
Sample retained
passing on Crushing value
Location (Surface on 3.35
3.35 mm (ACV) %
dry) (gm) mm sieve
sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Zaflong
2880.4 2120.2 760.2 26.39
in Sylhet

Total
weight
of
Retai sample
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Zaflong 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3858.70 1141.30 22.83
in Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 6350.00 63.50 63.50 36.50
1/2 in 12.7 3310.00 33.10 96.60 3.40
3/8 in 9.525 315.50 3.16 99.76 0.25
#4 4.75 15.50 0.16 99.91 0.09
#8 2.36 9.40 0.09 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0.00 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0.00 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0.00 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0.00 100.00 0.00
139
110
100 Zaflong in Sylhet
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)

Figure A-14 Aggregate grading curve (Zaflong in Sylhet)
A 8. Name of Source: Tamabil in Sylhet
(a) (b)
140
(c ) (d)
Figure A-15 Sample of Tamabil in Sylhet
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Tamabil in
3085.2 3121.8 1960 1.19 2.66 2.69
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Tamabil in
1/4 8.48 9.80 141.64 1201 1388
Sylhet

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Tamabil in
2.66 1201 1388 998 54.76 47.71
Sylhet
141
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100.00
3/4 in 19.05 0.00 0 0.00 100.00
1/2 in 12.7 0.00 0 0.00 100.00
3/8 in 9.525 0.00 0 0.00 100.00
#4 4.75 4550.00 91 91.00 9.00
#8 2.36 350.00 7 98.00 2.00
#16 1.18 100.10 2.002 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0 0 100.00 0.00
110.00
100.00 Tamabil in Sylhet
90.00
80.00
70.00
Percent finer
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure A-16 Aggregate grading curve (Tamabil in Sylhet)
142
APENDIX – B : Fine aggregate (Summer season)
B 1. Name of source: Vozonpur in Panchagarh
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure B-1 Sample of Vozonpur in Panchagarh
143
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
Oven Pyc. Pyc. Specific Specific
S.S.D tion
dry Meter+ Meter+wate Gravity Gravity
sample capacit
Sampl water r+ sample (oven (saturated
(gm) y (
Location e (gm) (gm) (gm) dry surface dry
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
A B C D A)/A) D/(B+D-C)
-C)
X 100
Vozonpur in
495.8 1298 1610 500 0.85 2.64 2.66
Panchagarh
2. Unit weight test

Test Method: ASTM C 29/C29 M-91a.

Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure Loose Compacted Loose Compacted
Measure
(ft3)
Vozonpur in
1/10 3.82 4.35 377.26 1441 1641
Panchagarh

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
2.64 1441 1641 998 45.30 37.71

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.10 0.1 0.1 99.9
#8 2.36 1.20 1.20 1.30 98.7
# 16 1.18 8.90 8.90 10.20 89.8
# 30 0.6 33.50 33.50 43.70 56.3
# 50 0.3 39.80 39.80 83.50 16.5
# 100 0.15 13.20 13.20 96.70 3.3
# 200 0.075 2.23 2.23 98.93 1.07
Pan 0.90 0.90 99.83 0.17
Fineness Modulus (FM) = 2.35
144
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Vozonpur
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-2 Aggregate grading curve (Vozonpur in Panchagarh)
B 2. Name of Source: Patgram in Lalmonirhat
(a) (b)
145
(c ) (d)
Figure B-3 Sample of Patgram in Lalmonirhat
Bulk
Specifi Bulk
Oven Pyc. S.S.D Absorpt c Specific
Pyc.
dry Meter+water sampl ion Gravit Gravity
Meter+w
Sample + sample e capacity y (saturated
ater (gm)
Location (gm) (gm) (gm) ( %) (oven surface dry
dry basis)
basis)
((D-
A/(B+
A B C D A)/A) X D/(B+D-C)
D-C)
100
Patgram in
495.9 1258 1565.2 500 0.83 2.57 2.59
Lalmonirhat
. Unit weight test


Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Patgram in
1/10 3.80 4.32 377.26 1434 1630
Lalmonirhat

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Patgram in
Lalmonirhat
2.57 1434 1630 998 44.11 36.46
146
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.08 0 0 100
#8 2.36 0.85 0.85 0.85 99.15
# 16 1.18 2.80 2.80 3.65 96.35
# 30 0.6 28.75 28.75 32.40 67.6
# 50 0.3 55.43 55.43 87.83 12.17
# 100 0.15 10.90 10.90 98.73 1.27
# 200 0.075 0.95 0.95 99.68 0.32
Pan 0.22 0.22 0.00 100
110
100
90
80
Percent finer
70
60
50 Patgram
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-4 Aggregate grading curve (Patgram in Lalmonirhat)
147
B 3. Name of Source: Bheramara in Kushtia
(a) (b)
(c ) (b)
Figure B-5 Sample of Bheramara in Kushtia
148
Bulk Bulk
Oven Absorp
Pyc. Pyc. S.S.D Specific Specific
dry tion
Meter+ Meter+water samp Gravity Gravity
Samp capacit
water + sample le (oven (saturated
le y (
Location (gm) (gm) (gm) dry surface
(gm) %)
basis) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A)
-C) C)
X 100
Bheramara
in Kushtia 497.2 1258 1570 500 0.56 2.64 2.66
2. Unit weight test


Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Bheramara in
1/10 3.76 4.28 377.26 1419 1615
Kushtia

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Bheramara in
Kushtia
2.64 1419 1615 998 46.16 38.72

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0 0 100

#8 2.36 0.09 0.09 0.09 99.91
# 16 1.18 0.80 0.80 0.89 99.11
# 30 0.6 4.50 4.50 5.39 94.61
# 50 0.3 40.89 40.89 46.28 53.72
# 100 0.15 45.80 45.80 92.08 7.92
# 200 0.075 6.80 6.80 98.88 1.12
Pan 1.10 1.10 0.00 100
149
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Bheramara
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-6 Aggregate grading curve (Bheramara in Kushtia)
B 4. Name of Source: Pangsha in Rajbari
(a) (b)
150
(c) (d)
Figure B-7 Sample of Pangsha in Rajbari.
Bulk Bulk
Oven Absorp
dry tion
Samp capacit
le y (
(gm) %)
basis) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A)
-C) C)
X 100
Pangsha in
495.6 1258 1611.2 500 0.89 2.65 2.68
Rajbari
2. Unit weight test

Wt. of Sample (Kg) Factor Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)

Nominal Volume
Location for the
of Measure (ft3) Loose Compacted Loose Compacted
Measure
Pangsha in
1/10 3.76 4.28 377.26 1415 1622
Rajbari

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Pangsha in
2.65 1415 1622 998 46.51 38.66
Rajbari
151
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.55 0.55 0.55 99.45
# 16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.75 98.25
# 30 0.6 4.50 4.50 6.25 93.75
# 50 0.3 54.80 54.80 61.05 38.95
# 100 0.15 34.20 34.20 95.25 4.75
# 200 0.075 3.82 3.82 99.07 0.93
Pan 0.88 0.88 99.95 0.05
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Pangsha
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-8 Aggregate grading curve (Pangsha in Rajbari)
152
B 5. Name of Source: Sunamganj in Sylhet
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure B-9 Sample of Sunamganj in Sylhet
153
Bulk Bulk
Oven Absorp
dry tion
Samp capacit
le y (
(gm) %)
basis) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A)
-C) C)
X 100
Sunamganj
494.2 1258 1562.8 500 1.17 2.53 2.56
in Sylhet
2. Unit weight test


Nominal Volume
Location for the
Measure
Sunamganj in
1/10 3.95 4.38 377.26 1490 1653
Sylhet

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
C
Location dry basis) (kg/m3) *100
Sunamganj
in Sylhet
2.53 1490 1653 998 40.98 34.56

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 2.10 0.42 0.42 99.58

#8 2.36 22.8 4.56 4.98 95.02
# 16 1.18 78.20 15.64 20.62 79.38
# 30 0.6 164.50 32.90 53.52 46.48
# 50 0.3 175.20 35.04 88.56 11.44
# 100 0.15 53.55 10.71 99.27 0.73
# 200 0.075 2.87 0.57 99.84 0.16
Pan 0.78 0.16 100.00 0.00
154
110.00
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
Percent finer
60.00
50.00
Sunamganj
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-10 Aggregate grading curve (Sunamganj in Sylhet)
B 6. Name of Source: Fulbari in Dinajpur
(a) (b)
155
(c ) (d)
Figure B-11 Sample of Fulbari in Dinajpur

Bulk Bulk
Oven Absorp
dry tion
Samp capacit
le y (
(gm) %)
basis) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A)
-C) C)
X 100
Fulbari in
496.5 1258 1618.5 500 0.70 2.77 2.79
Dinajpur
2. Unit weight test


Nominal Volume
Location for the
Measure
Fulbari in
1/10 3.68 4.22 377.26 1388 1592
Dinajpur

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
C
Location dry basis) (kg/m3) *100
Fulbari in
Dinajpur
2.77 1388 1592 998 49.78 42.41
156
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.09 0.09 0.09 99.91
# 16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.29 98.71
# 30 0.6 16.80 16.80 18.09 81.91
# 50 0.3 66.50 66.50 84.59 15.41
# 100 0.15 14.50 14.50 99.09 0.91
# 200 0.075 0.90 0.90 99.99 0.01
Pan 0.00 0.00 99.99 0.01
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Fulbari
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-12 Aggregate grading curve (Fulbari in Dinajpur)
157
B 7. Name of Source:Bhaluka in Mymensingh
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure B-13 Sample of Bhaluca in Mymensingh
158
Ove Bulk
Bulk
n Pyc. Pyc. Absorpt Specific
S.S.D Specific
dry Meter+ Meter+water ion Gravity
sampl Gravity
Sam water + sample capacity (saturated
e (gm) (oven dry
Location ple (gm) (gm) ( %) surface
basis)
(gm) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D- D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A) X
C) C)
100
Bhaluka in 497.
1258 1615 500 0.58 2.72 2.73
Mymensingh 1
2. Unit weight test


Nominal Volume
Location for the
Measure
Bhaluka in
1/10 3.76 4.23 377.26 1419 1596
Mymensingh

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Bhaluka in
Mymensingh
2.72 1419 1596 998 47.74 41.21

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
# 16 1.18 0.08 0.08 0.08 99.92
# 30 0.6 2.80 2.80 2.88 97.12
# 50 0.3 62.80 62.80 65.68 34.32
# 100 0.15 32.20 32.20 97.88 2.12
# 200 0.075 1.80 1.80 99.68 0.32
Pan 0.30 0.30 99.98 0.02
159
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Bhaluka
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-14 Aggregate grading curve (Bhaluka in Mymensingh)
B 8. Name of Source: Gazaria in Munshiganj
(a) (b)
160
(c ) (d)
Figure B-15 Sample of Gazaria in Munshiganj

Bulk Bulk
Oven Absorp
Pyc. S.S.D Specific Specific
dry Pyc. tion
Meter+wate samp Gravity Gravity
Samp Meter+w capacit
r+ sample le (oven (saturated
le ater (gm) y (
Location (gm) (gm) dry surface
(gm) %)
basis) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A)
-C) C)
X 100
Gazaria in
495.8 1258 1570 500 0.85 2.64 2.66
Munshiganj
2. Unit weight test

Nominal Wt. of Sample (Kg) Factor for Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)

Location Volume of the
Measure (ft3) Loose Compacted Measure Loose Compacted
Gazaria in
1/10 3.25 4.10 377.26 1226 1547
Munshiganj

Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
Gazaria in
Munshiganj
2.64 1226 1547 998 53.46 41.29
161
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.05 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.70 0.70 0.70 99.3
# 16 1.18 0.90 0.90 1.60 98.4
# 30 0.6 4.80 4.80 6.40 93.6
# 50 0.3 55.10 55.10 61.50 38.5
# 100 0.15 33.80 33.80 95.30 4.7
# 200 0.075 4.40 4.40 99.70 0.3
Pan 0.20 0.20 99.90 0.1
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Gazaria
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-16 Aggregate grading curve (Gazaria in Munshiganj)
162
B 9. Name of Source: Sreemangal in Moulvibazar
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure B-17 Sample of Sreemangal in Moulvibazar
163
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure B-17 After sieve analysis of Sreemangal in Moulvibazar (continue)
164
Bulk Bulk
Oven Pyc. Pyc. S.S.D Absorpti Specific Specific
dry Meter+w Meter+wate sampl on Gravity Gravity
Sampl ater r+ sample e capacity (oven (saturated
Location e (gm) (gm) (gm) (gm) ( %) dry surface
basis) dry basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A) X
-C) C)
100
Sreemangal
in 497.2 1258 1565.5 500 0.56 2.58 2.60
Moulvibazar
2. Name of experiment: Unit weight


Nominal Volume
Location for the
Measure
Sreemangal in
1/10 3.80 4.30 377.26 1434 1622
Moulvibazar
Bulk
Specific Density of Voids (%)
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Gravity water ((A *B)-C)/(A*B))
Location C
(oven dry (kg/m3) *100
basis) B
A Loose Compacted Loose Compacted
Sreemangal in
Moulvibazar
2.58 1434 1622 998 44.32 37.00

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.05 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.60 0.60 0.60 99.4
# 16 1.18 2.50 2.50 3.10 96.9
# 30 0.6 6.42 6.42 9.52 90.48
# 50 0.3 30.80 30.80 40.32 59.68
# 100 0.15 55.70 55.70 96.02 3.98
# 200 0.075 3.10 3.10 99.12 0.88
Pan 0.80 0.80 99.92 0.08
165
110
100
90
80
Percent finer
70
60
50 Sreemangal
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-18 Aggregate grading curve (Sreemangal in Moulvibazar)
B 10. Name of Source: Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar
(a) (b)
166
(c ) (d)
Figure B-19 Sample of Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar
(e) (f)
167
(g ) (h)
Figure B-19 Sample After washing (Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar, continue)
(i) (j)
168
(k) (l)
Figure B-19 After sieve analysis (Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar, continue)
Bulk Bulk
S.S. Absorp
D tion
samp capacit
le y (
(gm) %)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D D/(B+D-
A B C D A)/A)
-C) C)
X 100
Jaganathpahar in
498.7 1258 1612.5 500 0.26 2.69 2.70
Moulvibazar
2. Unit weight test


Nominal Volume
Location for the
Measure
Jaganathpahar
1/10 3.78 4.33 377.26 1426 1634
in Moulvibazar
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Jaganathpahar
in Moulvibazar
2.69 1426 1634 998 46.88 39.15
169
Sieve Materials
Opening Retained % Materials Retained
(mm) (gm)
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.08 0.08 0.08 99.92
# 16 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.28 98.72
# 30 0.6 5.90 5.90 7.18 92.82
# 50 0.3 65.70 65.70 72.88 27.12
# 100 0.15 23.80 23.80 96.68 3.32
# 200 0.075 2.80 2.80 99.48 0.52
Pan 0.50 0.50 99.98 0.02
110
100
90
80
Percent finer
70
60
50
Jaganathpahar
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure B-20 Aggregate grading curve (Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar)
170
APENDIX – C : Coarse aggregate (Winter season)
C 1. Name of source: Bisnakandi in Sylhet
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure C-1 Sample of Bisnakandi in Sylhet
171
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Bisnakandi
3208.6 3259.2 2045.5 1.58 2.64 2.69
in Sylhet
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Bisnakandi
1/4 10.05 11.24 141.64 1424 1592
in Sylhet
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Bisnakandi in
2.64 1424 1592 998 45.97 39.57
Sylhet

Wt. of
Wt. of
Wt. of material
material Aggregate
Sample retained
3.35 mm (ACV) %
dry) (gm) mm sieve
sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Bisnakandi
2835.5 2190.5 645 22.75
in Sylhet
172
Sieve size Wt. of Wt. of

(Squre crushed crushed Los
Total
Openings) sample sample Angeles
weight No.
Gradi retained passing Abrasio
of of
Location ng on 12 on 12 n value
Retai sample spher
Passi Tyepe sieve, sieve, (%)
ned (gms) es
ng (gms) (gms) (C/A)
on A
C = A- X100
B B
Bisnakandi 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 4050.80 949.20 18.98
in Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 6678.00 66.78 66.78 33.22
3/4 in 19.05 2870.00 28.7 95.48 4.52
1/2 in 12.7 320.00 3.2 98.68 1.32
3/8 in 9.525 18.60 0.186 98.87 1.13
#4 4.75 100.00 1.0 99.87 0.13
#8 2.36 13.40 0.134 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
173
35
30 Bisnakandi in Sylhet
25
Percent finer
20
15
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-2 Aggregate grading curve (Bisnakandi in Sylhet)
C 2. Name of Source: Volaganj in Sylhet
(a) (b)
174
(c ) (d)
Figure C-3 Sample of Volaganj in Sylhet
1. Specific gravity and absorption capacity test (Test Method: ASTM C 127-88)
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Volaganj in
3215.6 3260.2 2035.8 1.40 2.63 2.66
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test (Test Method: ASTM C 29/C29 M-91a)

Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Volaganj in
1/4 9.80 11.15 141.64 1388 1580
Sylhet
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Volaganj in
2.63 1388 1580 998 47.12 39.83
Sylhet
175
Wt. of
Wt. of
Wt. of material
material Aggregate
Sample retained
3.35 mm (ACV) %
dry) (gm) mm sieve
sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Volaganj
2828.3 2190.5 637.8 22.55
in Sylhet

Sieve size Wt. of Wt. of

(Squre crushed crushed Los
Total
Openings) sample sample Angeles
weight No.
Gradi retained passing Abrasio
of of
Location ng on 12 on 12 n value
Retai sample spher
Passi Tyepe sieve, sieve, (%)
ned (gms) es
ng (gms) (gms) (C/A)
on A
C = A- X100
B B
Volaganj in 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 4060.50 939.50 18.79
Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 5810.00 58.1 58.10 41.9
1/2 in 12.7 3700.00 37 95.10 4.9
3/8 in 9.525 443.00 4.43 99.53 0.47
#4 4.75 43.90 0.439 99.97 0.03
#8 2.36 3.10 0.031 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
176
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60 Volaganj in Sylhet
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-4 Aggregate grading curve (Volaganj in Sylhet)
C 3. Name of Source: Sreepur in Sylhet
(a) (b)
177
(c ) (b)
Figure C-5 Sample of Sreepur in Sylhet
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Sreepur in
3200.5 3246.5 2025.5 1.44 2.62 2.66
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test

Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Sreepur in
1/4 9.84 11.15 141.64 1394 1580
Sylhet
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Sreepur in
2.62 1394 1580 998 46.70 39.60
Sylhet
178
Wt. of
Wt. of
Wt. of material
material Aggregate
Sample retained
3.35 mm (ACV) %
dry) (gm) mm sieve
sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Sreepur in
2863.30 2135.6 727.70 25.41
Sylhet


Total
weight
of
Retai sample
ned (gms)
ng (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Volaganj 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3980.50 1019.50 20.39
in Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 5860.00 58.6 58.60 41.4
1/2 in 12.7 3360.00 33.6 92.20 7.8
3/8 in 9.525 684.00 6.84 99.04 0.96
#4 4.75 93.40 0.934 99.97 0.03
#8 2.36 2.60 0.026 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
179
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60 Sreepur in Sylhet
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-6 Aggregate grading curve (Sreepur in Sylhet)
C 4. Name of Source: Patgram in Lalmonirhat
(a) (b)
180
(c ) (d)
Figure C-7 Sample of Patgram in Lalmonirhat
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Patgram in
3226.4 3272.3 2042.1 1.42 2.62 2.66
Lalmonirhat
2. Unit weight test

Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Patgram in
1/4 9.97 11.10 141.64 1412 1572
Lalmonirhat
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Patgram in
2.62 1412 1572 998 45.99 39.87
Lalmonirhat
181
Wt. of
Wt. of Wt. of material
material
Sample passing on Aggregate Crushing
retained on
Location (Surface 3.35 mm sieve value (ACV) %
3.35 mm
dry) (gm) (gm)
sieve (gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Patgram in
2914.7 2170.5 744.2 25.53
Lalmonirhat

Total
Gradi weight
No. of retained passing Abrasi
ng of
Location sphere on 12 on 12 on
Retai Tyep sample
Pass s sieve, sieve, value
ned e (gms)
ing (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Patgram in 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3975.50 1024.50 20.49
Lalmonirhat mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 7375.00 73.75 73.75 26.25
1/2 in 12.7 2302.00 23.02 96.77 3.23
3/8 in 9.525 280.00 2.8 99.57 0.43
#4 4.75 38.80 0.388 99.96 0.04
#8 2.36 4.20 0.042 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
182
110
100
90
80 Patgram in Lalmonirhatr
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-8 Aggregate grading curve (Patgram in Lalmonirhat)
C 5. Name of Source: Modhopara in Dinajpur
(a) (b)
183
(c ) (d)
Figure C-9 Sample of Modhapara in Dinajpur
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Modhapara
3225.8 3260 2109.5 1.06 2.80 2.83
in Dinajpur
2. Unit weight test


Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Modhapara
in Dinajpur
1/4 10.27 11.74 141.64 1455 1663
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Modhapara in
Dinajpur
2.80 1455 1663 998 47.94 40.49
184
Wt. of
Wt. of Wt. of
material
Sample material Aggregate
retained
(Surface passing on Crushing value
Location on 3.35
dry) 3.35 mm (ACV) %
mm sieve
(gm) sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Modhapara
in Dinajpur
2847.3 2338.5 508.8 17.87

Sieve size Wt. of Los
Wt. of
(Squre crushed Angel
Total crushed
Openings) sample es
Gradi weight sample
No. of passing Abrasi
ng of retained
Location sphere on 12 on
Retai Tyep sample on 12
Pass s sieve, value
ned e (gms) sieve,
ing (gms) (%)
on A (gms)
C = A- (C/A)
B
B X100
Modhapara 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 4234.90 765.10 15.30
in Dinajpur mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 2750.00 27.5 27.50 72.5
1/2 in 12.7 5960.00 59.6 87.10 12.9
3/8 in 9.525 1243.00 12.43 99.53 0.47
#4 4.75 47.00 0.47 100.00 0.00
#8 2.36 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
185
110
100
90
80 Modhopara in Dinajpur
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-10 Aggregate grading curve (Modhopara in Dinajpur)
C 6. Name of Source: Vozonpur in Panchagarh
(a) (b)
186
(c ) (d)
Figure C-11 Sample of Vozonpur in Panchagarh
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Vozonpur in
3205 3251.4 2024.2 1.45 2.61 2.65
Panchagarh
2. Unit weight test

Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
1/4 10.17 11.37 141.64 1441 1611
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
2.61 1441 1611 998 44.70 38.17
187
Wt. of
Wt. of Wt. of
material
retained
Location on 3.35
mm sieve
(gm) sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
2855.5 2110.5 745 26.09

Total
weight
Gradi of
ng sample
Retai Tyep (gms)
ned e
ing (gms) (gms) (%)
on
C = A- (C/A)
A
B B X100
Vozonpur in 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3865.50 1134.50 22.69
Panchagarh mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 7160.20 71.602 71.60 28.40
1/2 in 12.7 2680.00 26.8 98.40 1.60
3/8 in 9.525 155.30 1.553 99.96 0.05
#4 4.75 4.50 0.045 100.00 0.00
#8 2.36 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
188
110
100
90
80
Vozonpur in Panchagar
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-12 Aggregate grading curve (Vozonpur in Panchagarh)
C 7. Name of Source: Zaflong in Sylhet
(a) (b)
189
(c ) (d)
Figure C-13 Sample of Zaflong in Sylhet
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Zaflong in
3185.6 3233.3 2033.1 1.50 2.65 2.69
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test

Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Zaflong in
Sylhet
1/4 9.93 11.17 141.64 1407 1582
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Zaflong in
Sylhet
2.65 1407 1582 998 46.82 40.18
190
Wt. of
Wt. of Wt. of
material
retained
Location on 3.35
mm sieve
(gm) sieve (gm)
(gm)
A B C = A-B % = (C/A)*100
Zaflong in
Sylhet
2875.5 2123.6 752 26.15

Total
Gradi weight
ng of
Retai Tyep sample
ned e (gms)
ing (gms) (gms) (%)
on A
C = A- (C/A)
B B X100
Zaflong in 19.0 12.5
B 5000 11 3855.50 1144.50 22.89
Sylhet mm mm

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100
3/4 in 19.05 6298.90 62.99 62.99 37.01
1/2 in 12.7 3391.50 33.92 96.90 3.10
3/8 in 9.525 295.50 2.96 99.86 0.14
#4 4.75 12.90 0.13 99.99 0.01
#8 2.36 1.20 0.01 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
191
110
100
90
80 Zaflong in Sylhet
70
Percent finer
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-14 Aggregate grading curve (Sutarkandi in Sylhet)
C 8. Name of Source: Tamabil in Sylhet
(a) (b)
192
(c ) (d)
Figure C-15 Sample of Tamabil in Sylhet
Bulk
Bulk
Wt. of Specific
water (gm) surface
basis)
dry basis)
((B-A)/A)
X 100
Tamabil in
3087.7 3130.2 1951.1 1.38 2.62 2.65
Sylhet
2. Unit weight test

Volume Factor for
Location of the
(ft3)
Tamabil in
Sylhet
1/4 8.42 9.72 141.64 1193 1377
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Tamabil in
Sylhet
2.62 1193 1377 998 54.39 47.75
193
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
1 in 25.4 0 0 0 100.00
3/4 in 19.05 0.00 0 0.00 100.00
1/2 in 12.7 0.00 0 0.00 100.00
3/8 in 9.525 0.00 0 0.00 100.00
#4 4.75 4520.00 90.4 90.40 9.60
#8 2.36 340.00 6.8 97.20 2.80
#16 1.18 140.00 2.8 100.00 0.00
#16 1.18 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#30 0.6 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#50 0.3 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
#100 0.15 0.00 0 100.00 0.00
110.00
100.00
90.00
80.00 Tamabil in Sylhet
70.00
Percent finer
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)
Figure C-16 Aggregate grading curve (Tamabil in Sylhet)
194
APENDIX – D : Fine aggregate (Winter season)
D 1. Name of source: Vozonpur in Panchagarh
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure D-1 Sample of Vozonpur in Panchagarh
195
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Vozonpur in
495.7 1298 1608 500 0.87 2.61 2.63
Panchagarh
2. Unit weight test


Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Vozonpur in
1/10 3.81 4.28 377.26 1437 1615
Panchagarh
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Vozonpur in
Panchagarh
2.61 1437 1615 998 44.82 38.01

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.08 0.08 0.08 99.92
#8 2.36 0.80 0.80 0.88 99.12
# 16 1.18 7.40 7.40 8.28 91.72
# 30 0.6 35.34 35.34 43.62 56.38
# 50 0.3 41.35 41.35 84.97 15.03
# 100 0.15 13.40 13.40 98.37 1.63
# 200 0.075 1.20 1.20 99.57 0.43
Pan 0.40 0.40 99.97 0.03
196
110
100
90
80
Percent finer 70
60
50
Vozonpur
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-2 Aggregate grading curve (Vozonpur in Panchagarh)
D 2. Name of Source : Patgram in Lalmonirhat
(a) (b)
197
(c ) (d)
Figure D-3 Sample of Patgram in Lalmonirhat
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Patgram in
495.7 1258.9 1563 500 0.87 2.53 2.55
Lalmonirhat
2. Unit weight test

Volume Factor
Location of for the
(ft3)
Patgram in
1/10 3.78 4.27 377.26 1426 1611
Lalmonirhat
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Patgram in
2.53 1426 1611 998 43.52 36.20
Lalmonirhat
198
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0 0 100
#8 2.36 0.20 0.20 0.20 99.8
# 16 1.18 2.70 2.70 2.90 97.1
# 30 0.6 27.87 27.87 30.77 69.23
# 50 0.3 56.32 56.32 87.09 12.912
# 100 0.15 12.10 12.10 99.19 0.812
# 200 0.075 0.80 0.80 99.99 0.012
Pan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
40 Patgram
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-4 Aggregate grading curve (Patgram in Lalmonirhat)
199
D 3. Name of Source: Bheramara in Kushtia
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure D-5 Sample of Bheramara in Kushtia
200
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Bheramara
495.1 1258.9 1568 500 0.58 2.60 2.62
in Kushtia
2. Unit weight test


Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Bheramara in
1/10 3.73 4.22 377.26 1407 1592
Kushtia
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Bheramara in
Kushtia
2.60 1407 1592 998 45.77 38.65

Sieve Materials %
Sieve Cumulatives Percent
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0 0 100

#8 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
# 16 1.18 0.33 0.33 0.33 99.67
# 30 0.6 3.40 3.40 3.73 96.27
# 50 0.3 41.15 41.15 44.88 55.12
# 100 0.15 46.50 46.50 91.38 8.62
# 200 0.075 7.60 7.60 98.98 1.02
Pan 1.00 1.00 0.00 100
201
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Bheramarar
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-6 Aggregate grading curve (Bheramara in Kushtia)
D 4. Name of Source: Pangsha in Rajbari
(a) (b)
202
(c ) (d)
Figure D-7 Sample of Pangsha in Rajbari
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Pangsha in
495.5 1298 1608 500 0.91 2.61 2.63
Rajbari
2. Unit weight test


Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Pangsha in Rajbari 1/10 3.73 4.25 377.26 1407 1603
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Pangsha in
Rajbari
2.61 1407 1603 998 45.98 38.45
203
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.08 0.08 0.08 99.92
# 16 1.18 0.20 0.20 0.28 99.72
# 30 0.6 3.50 3.50 3.78 96.22
# 50 0.3 56.50 56.50 60.28 39.72
# 100 0.15 33.30 33.30 93.58 6.42
# 200 0.075 5.20 5.20 98.78 1.22
Pan 1.21 1.21 99.99 0.01
99.99 158.00
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50
Pangsha
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-8 Aggregate grading curve (Pangsha in Rajbari)
204
D 5. Name of source: Sunamganj in Sylhet
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure D-9 Sample of Sunamganj in Sylhet
205
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Sunamganj
493.9 1259.9 1560.9 500 1.24 2.48 2.51
in Sylhet
2. Unit weight test

Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Sunamganj in Sylhet 1/10 3.90 4.34 377.26 1471 1637
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Sunamganj in
Sylhet
2.48 1471 1637 998 40.55 33.85

Sieve Materials %
Sieve Cumulatives Percent
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 1.97 0.39 0.394 99.61
#8 2.36 22.0 4.40 4.79 95.21
# 16 1.18 77.10 15.42 20.21 79.79
# 30 0.6 161.50 32.30 52.51 47.49
# 50 0.3 176.47 35.29 87.81 12.19
# 100 0.15 52.70 10.54 98.35 1.65
# 200 0.075 6.55 1.31 99.66 0.34
Pan 1.70 0.34 100.00 0.00
499.99 264.07
206
110.00
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
Percent finer
60.00
50.00
Sunamganj
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-10 Aggregate grading curve (Sunamganj in Sylhet)
D 6. Name of Source: Fulbari in Dinajpur
(a) (b)
207
(c ) (d)
Figure D-11 Sample of Fulbari in Dinajpur
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Fulbari in
496.4 1298 1613.9 500 0.73 2.70 2.72
Dinajpur
2. Unit weight test (Test Method: ASTM C 29/C29 M-91a.)

Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Fulbari in Dinajpur 1/10 3.65 4.16 377.26 1377 1570
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Fulbari in
Dinajpur
2.70 1377 1570 998 48.90 41.76
208
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.05 0.05 0.05 99.95
# 16 1.18 0.90 0.90 0.95 99.05
# 30 0.6 16.00 16.00 16.95 83.05
# 50 0.3 67.75 67.75 84.70 15.3
# 100 0.15 14.50 14.50 99.20 0.8
# 200 0.075 0.80 0.80 100.00 0
Pan 0.00 0.00 100.00 0
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
Fulbari
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-12 Aggregate grading curve (Fulbari in Dinajpur)
209
D 7. Name of Source: Bhaluka in Mymensingh
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Figure D-13 Sample of Bhaluka in Mymensingh
210
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Bhaluka in
496.9 1298 1613.4 500 0.62 2.69 2.71
Mymensingh
2. Unit weight test

Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Bhaluka in
1/10 3.73 4.17 377.26 1407 1573
Mymensingh
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Bhaluka in
Mymensingh
2.69 1407 1573 998 47.58 41.40

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
# 16 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
# 30 0.6 1.65 1.65 1.65 98.35
# 50 0.3 63.45 63.45 65.10 34.9
# 100 0.15 31.75 31.75 96.85 3.15
# 200 0.075 2.80 2.80 99.65 0.35
Pan 0.34 0.34 99.99 0.01
211
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50 BhaluKa
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-14 Aggregate grading curve (Bhaluka in Mymensingh)
D 8. Name of Source: Gazaria in Munshiganj
(a) (b)
212
(c ) (d)
Figure D-15 Sample of Gazaria in Munshiganj
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Gazaria in
496.9 1298 1613.4 500 0.93 2.69 2.71
Munshiganj
2. Unit weight test
Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Gazaria in
1/10 3.22 4.066 377.26 1215 1532
Munshiganj
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Gazaria in
Munshiganj
2.69 1215 1532 998 53.00 40.74
213
Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.10 0.10 0.10 99.9
# 16 1.18 0.30 0.30 0.40 99.6
# 30 0.6 5.50 5.50 5.90 94.1
# 50 0.3 54.10 54.10 60.00 40
# 100 0.15 32.80 32.80 92.80 7.2
# 200 0.075 7.00 7.00 99.80 0.2
Pan 0.19 0.19 99.99 0.01
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50 Gazaria
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-16 Aggregate grading curve (Gazaria in Munshiganj)
214
D 9. Name of Source: Sreemangal in Moulvibazar
(a) (b)
Figure D-17 Sample of Sreemangal in Moulvibazar
215
(a) (b)
Figure D-17 After sieve analysis (Sreemangal in Moulvibazar, continue)
216
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Sreemangal
in 497.1 1258.9 1560.6 500 0.58 2.51 2.52
Moulvibazar
2. Unit weight test ( Test Method: ASTM C 29/C29 M-91a.)

Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Sreemangal in
1/10 3.79 4.26 377.26 1230 1607
Moulvibazar
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Sreemangal in
Moulvibazar
2.51 1230 1607 998 42.92 35.84

Sieve Materials %
(mm) (gm) Retained
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.50 0.50 0.50 99.5
# 16 1.18 1.65 1.65 2.15 97.85
# 30 0.6 6.14 6.14 8.29 91.71
# 50 0.3 31.50 31.50 39.79 60.21
# 100 0.15 57.10 57.10 96.89 3.11
# 200 0.075 2.70 2.70 99.59 0.41
Pan 0.40 0.40 99.99 0.01
217
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50 Sreemangal
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-18 Aggregate grading curve (Sreemangal in Moulvibazar)
D 9. Name of Source: Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar
(a) (b)
218
(c ) (d)
Figure D-19 Sample of Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar
(a) (b)
219
(c) (d)
Figure D-19 sample after washing (Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar, continue)
(a) (b)
220
(c ) (d)
Figure D-19 After sieve analysis ( Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar, continue)
Bulk Bulk
Absorp
S.S.D tion
sample capacit
(gm) y (
%)
basis) basis)
((D-
A/(B+D
-C)
X 100
Jaganathpahar
498.6 1298 1610.3 500 0.28 2.66 2.66
in Moulvibazar
2. Unit weight test (Test Method: ASTM C 29/C29 M-91a.)

Factor
Volume of
Location for the
Measure
(ft3)
Jaganathpahar in
1/10 3.76 4.29 377.26 1419 1619
Moulvibazar
Bulk
Unit Wt. (Kg/m3)
Location C
basis) B
Jaganathpahar
in Moulvibazar
2.66 1419 1619 998 46.57 39.03
221
Sieve Materials
Opening Retained % Materials Retained
(mm) (gm)
#4 4.75 0.00 0.0 0.0 100

#8 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 100
# 16 1.18 0.60 0.60 0.60 99.4
# 30 0.6 6.60 6.60 7.20 92.8
# 50 0.3 64.60 64.60 71.80 28.2
# 100 0.15 23.68 23.68 95.48 4.52
# 200 0.075 3.20 3.20 98.68 1.32
Pan 1.30 1.30 99.98 0.02
110
100
90
80
70
Percent finer
60
50 Jaganathpahar
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure D-20 Aggregate grading curve (Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar)
222
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials throughout the
world. Many desirable properties such as high compressive strength, excellent durability
and fire resistance contributed toward its wide range of applicability. The most
advantageous and unique feature of concrete is that it can be produced using locally
available ingredients. Therefore, in countries where steel is not readily available, as in
Bangladesh, concrete is the most used construction material. However, the advantage of
using local materials as concrete ingredients has its own demerits as well. Because of the
variations in properties of locally available aggregates, the properties of concrete may
vary widely.
Although plant mixed concrete is gaining popularity day by day, and in many big
projects concrete is produced in a centrally located plant, in small projects concrete is still
produced and laid in the field. This calls for the proper selection of the concrete
ingredients and their relative proportions in a concrete mix. The proportioning of
ingredients in a concrete mix to achieve a target property (often strength) is known as the
concrete mix design. Different methods are available to design a normal concrete mix for
a given strength under various weather and workability conditions. Among the various
methods in use, the method proposed by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) is
probably the most popular one.
Where concrete of high strength and good durability is required, aggregate
grading curve is very essential. The most suitable fine to coarse ratio to be used for any
particular mix will however depend upon the actual grading. It must be remembered that
the grading curve has much greater affect on workability of concrete (Shetty, 2000). A
particular grading is suitable to produce a good concrete. The relative volume of the
aggregate also affects workability. The maximum volume of aggregate is determined on
the basis of maximum density that is on the basis of aggregate size distribution to give a
minimum void space between particles, than the fresh concrete is likely to be harsh and
unworkable (Navilie and Brooks, 1994). The grading is the particle-size distribution of an
1
aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis. The aggregate particle size is determined by
using wire mesh sieves with square openings (ASTM C-136). Grading and maximum
size of aggregate affect relative aggregate proportions as well as cement and water
requirements, workability, pump ability, economy, porosity, shrinkage, and durability of
concrete (STP-169-A, 1966). Variations in grading can seriously affect the uniformity of
concrete from batch to batch. Very fine sands are often uneconomical, very coarse sands
and coarse aggregate can produce harsh, unworkable mixes. In general, aggregates that
do not have a large deficiency or excess of any size and give a standard grading curve
will produce the most satisfactory results (Houston, B. J, 1962).
Standard specification for concrete aggregate defines the requirements for grading
and quality of fine and coarse aggregate for use in concrete. Ideally coarse and fine
aggregate should be graded in such a way as to minimize the void age. After compaction
the volume of the cement paste must be more than the void age between particles. A no-
fines concrete where the sand fraction is minimized, the course aggregate interlocks, but
nothing fills the voids. This will not protect the reinforcement from corrosion or provide
a weather tight structure. Similarly achieving a paste volume to ‘just’ fill the voids will
result in a mix where the coarse aggregate will interlock but not necessarily in an
optimum compacted state making placing difficult and leaving voids. Some overfilling of
the void space between the coarse particles by the sand fraction and between the sand
particles by a cement paste is necessary for workability, place ability and durability of the
concrete (BS-812 and BS 882, 1992). Certain machine-formed concrete or pre-cast
products may also require aggregate grading outside coarse and fine aggregate etc (BS-
882, 1992). Other standard specifications also define the requirements for grading and
quality of fine and coarse aggregates for use in concrete (ASTM C33). This specification
is for use by a contractor, concrete supplier or others purchaser as part of the purchase
document describing the material to be furnished. Standard specification is also for use in
project specifications to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal maximum size of the
aggregate and other specific grading requirements (ASTM-C33).
Thom and Brown (1988) studied the behavior of crushed limestone materials at
different grading and arrived at the conclusion that the resistance to permanent
2
deformation decreased with increasing fines content. A standard aggregate grading
performed better than the more uniformed grading materials. Analysis using the materials
with different gradations, it was found that different materials behaves differently in
regard to the change in the grading (Land Transport New Zealand Research Report-325
2007).
The strength and quality of concrete depends on the size, shape, formation and
gradation of aggregates. At present many large projects of Bangladesh use high strength
concrete and these projects are designed on basis of high strength concrete like
prestressed concrete. High strength concrete mainly depends on standard aggregates;
quality of cement and proper mix design. Mix design solely depends on proper size,
shape and quality of aggregates. Moreover the quality of aggregates depends on its size,
shape and proper gradation. Finally strength of concrete depends on the standard grading
curve of aggregate as a whole. Aggregate at different places in Bangladesh is somehow
different in Size, shape, formation and gradation from others. So it is very difficult to
determine a concrete conception on aggregate in this area.
1.2 Rationale of the study
Bangladesh is a developing country. Development program of country like

Bangladesh has a great emphasis on infrastructure. Construction sector is one of the
prominent sectors to contribute in gross domestic product (GDP) in Bangladesh. It has a
great impact in employment generation, expansion of markets for materials and other
commercial activity.
Aggregate is mostly used as construction material in all most every construction
work in Bangladesh. Aggregates are collected from different sources. In those places the
rocks from which the aggregate is processed are not the same. Moreover the geological
and geo-morphological processes under which the aggregate forming rocks pass, may
vary in different locations. For this reason, remarkable variations on the properties of
aggregate are observed according to various sources. Weather condition of the source
area is one of them. Temperature, humidity and rainfall etc varies in different seasons.
These variations are very significant with the change of seasons in Bangladesh. As a
tropical country we have predominantly two seasons: summer season and winter season.
3
In summer seasons the temperature is high, the weather is more humid and rainfall is
maximum of the year. On the other hand in winter season the temperature is low, the
weather is less humid and rainfall is minimum in comparison with summer season.
Generally in the construction works of Bangladesh, seasonal and spatial variation

of aggregate is not taken into consideration. It may have significant effect on aggregate
properties as well as over all structural stability. A comprehensive research on this
variation of aggregate properties can set guideline for construction in different seasons
with aggregate collected from different locations. But no research work has been found
on the variation of different properties of aggregate depending on the sources in
Bangladesh.
Construction work through out the world presently dominated by high strength
concrete. To produce the high strength concrete, temperature control is very essential. For
this reason, globally this issue is of prime important and seasonal variations in aggregate
properties are needed to be considered during construction in developed countries.
1.3 Objectives with specific aims and possible outcomes
The specific objectives of the proposed study are as follows:
1. To observe seasonal and spatial variation on physical properties of aggregates from

2. To observe seasonal and spatial variation on gradation of fine aggregate from
The possible outcomes of this research are:
1. The government and construction companies in Bangladesh may get a clear and
definite idea about seasonal and spatial variation of aggregates from different sources
of Bangladesh as well as can easily select the best aggregates to ensure the quality
and strength of concrete.
2. Standardization of aggregate quality of Bangladesh in comparison with ASTM and
BS.
4
1.4 Scope and limitations of the study
In this study aggregate samples have been collected from different sources in
Bangladesh. The collected samples represent the properties of aggregates of that
particular location in that particular time, which may not be representative for the whole
season. Moreover, locally available aggregates have been collected which may not be
processed (mechanically or manually) in the same manner that may have affected the test
results.
There has been no previous work on this topic of seasonal and spatial variation of
aggregates so it has been very difficult to create the preliminary knowledge base for a
quality research. Even House Building Research Institution (HBRI) or local government
engineering department (LGED) has no such data or experimental results, which can be
used for primary investigation.
Collection of samples from remote places of Bangladesh is a huge job. Different
locations in Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Mymensingh, Rajbari, Munshiganj, Dinajpur,
Lalmonirhat, Panchagarh and Kushtia have been visited and samples have been collected
in summer as well as winter season. It required a very long duration, which made this
research work more time consuming.
1.5 Outline of the research
The research work presented in this thesis paper is arranged in five chapters.
Chapter 1 covers the background, objectives and rational of the study. Chapter 2 covers
literature review in terms of special and seasonal variations of aggregate. Chapter 3
includes methodology and test procedures. Chapter 4 covers results and discussions on
the basis of seasonal and spatial variation of properties for coarse and fine aggregates.
Chapter 5 includes conclusion, recommendation, and recommendation for further study.
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Any research work requires strong academic knowledge about the subject matter.
In this purpose relevant literature i.e. journals, reference books and research works is
reviewed. As there was hardly any research of seasonal and spatial variation of aggregate
in Bangladesh, it was not easy but difficult to create the preliminary knowledge base for a
quality research. This study requires knowledge about aggregate, types of aggregate,
properties of aggregate and test of aggregate. These tropics are covered in the following
articles, which are collected from references books (Neville and Brooks, 1994; Kulkarni,
1998; Shetty, 2000; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982; Noor, 2009), materials journals
of ASTM, BS and AASHTO.
2.2 Aggregates
Aggregate are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Earlier aggregate have been considered
as chemically inert materials but now it has been recognized that some of the aggregate
are chemically active and also that certain aggregates exhibit chemical bond at the
interface of aggregate and paste. The mere fact that the aggregates occupy 60-80 percent
of the volume of aggregate, their impact on various characteristics and properties of
cement is undoubtedly considerable. To know more about the concrete it is very essential
that one should know more about the aggregates which constituent major volume in
concrete. Without the study of the aggregate in depth and range, the study of the concrete
is incomplete. Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel or crushed
stone (Figure 2.1) that are an end product in their own right. They are also the raw
materials that, along with water and hydraulic binders, are an essential ingredient in
concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free
of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the
deterioration of concrete. In ordinary structural concrete the aggregate occupy about 60 to
80 % of the volume of the hardened mass (Figure 2.2.) Concrete can be considered as a
6
two-phase material for convenience; paste phase and aggregate phase. The study of
aggregate can best be done under the following points: Classifications, source, size,
shape, texture, strength, specific gravity and bulk density, moisture content, bulking
factor, cleanliness, soundness, chemical properties, thermal properties, durability, sieve
analysis and grading (Ridgeway, 1982).
Figure 2.1 Different type of aggregate
Figure 2.2 Ingredients of concrete
7
2.3 Types of aggregate
Aggregates can also be classified on the basis of the size of the aggregate as
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The size of aggregate bigger than 4.75 mm is
considered as coarse aggregate and aggregate whose size is 4.75 mm and less is
considered as fine aggregate. Aggregate is typically classified as either coarse or fine.
Coarse aggregate is generally the fraction retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve while
fine aggregate is the fraction passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and retained on the 0.075
mm (No.200) sieve. Sample of coarse and fine aggregates are shown in Figure 2.3.
Aggregate also can be classified as (i) Normal weight aggregates (ii) Light weight
aggregates and (iii) Heavy weight aggregates. Normal weight aggregates can be further
classified as natural and artificial aggregates. Natural aggregate as sand, gravel, crushed
rock such as granite, quartzite, basalt and sandstone. Artificial aggregates as broken
brick, air-cooled slag (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Shetty, 2000; Kulkarni, 1998)
Figure 2.3 Coarse and fine aggregate

2.3.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between
9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled
8
sources. Primary, or “virgin”, aggregates are either Land- or Marine-Won. Gravel is a
coarse marine-won aggregate; land-won coarse aggregates include gravel and crushed
rock. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed
stone making up most of the remainder. Different type of coarse aggregates as shown in
Figure 2.4. Materials, which will retain on No.4 sieve, i.e., a sieve with four openings per
linier inch is termed as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate greatly influence the strength
of the hardened concrete, as they comprises the largest segment of the entire constituent.
The course aggregate to be used in making high strength concrete should be clean, well
graded, strong and durable should be free from impurities and deleterious materials such
as salts, coal readies etc (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Shetty, 2000; Kulkarni, 1998).
Figure 2.4 Coarse aggregate
2.3.2 Fine aggregate

Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment.
Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles
passing through a 9.5mm sieve. Fine aggregate is any materials which pass a No.4 sieve
9
and retained on the No. 200 sieve i.e. sieve with four openings per linear inch is termed
as fine aggregate. Sand and surki are commonly used in Bangladesh. Fine aggregate with
rounded particle shape and smooth texture have found to require less mixing water in
concrete and for this reason are preferable in high strength concrete. A fineness modulus
(F.M) in the range 2.5 to 3.5 is recommended for high strength concrete to facilitate the
workability. Lower result in decreased workability and higher water demand (Navilie and
Brooks, 1994; Shetty, 2000; Kulkarni, 1998).
The aggregate to be used should be sound, low absorbent; dams free deleterious
materials. The fine aggregate that had been used in this study should be locally available
Sylhet sand. There are two types of sand are commonly used in our country. Sylhet sand
and local sand. Sample of fine aggregate and physical properties of fine aggregate as
shown in Figure 2.5 and Table 2.1.
Figure 2.5 Fine aggregate

The requisites for good sand are,
(a) The grains should be sharp, angular and coarse.
(b) It should be free from clayey materials and organic matters.
(c) The grain should be durable materials.
(d) The gradation of grain size should be such that it will give minimum voids.
(e) It should be free from salts.
10
Table 2.1 Physical properties of fine aggregates (Roberts et al., 1996, NHI, 2000)
Properties Fine aggregate

Fineness modulus 2.48
Absorption Capacity (%) 2.60
Bulk specific gravity (S.S.D) 1.86
2.4 Size of aggregate
The size of an aggregate is not quite what it seems. The size of a particular
aggregate will depend on what sieve sizes determine the grading of an individual
material, or in the case of a quarry what screen sizes are used to separate out crushed
aggregate. The normal sieve/screen sizes are, 2.36mm, 4.75mm, 6.3mm, 9.5mm,
12.5mm, 19.0mm, 25.0mm, 50.0mm, 6.0mm, 75.0mm, 90.0mm, 100.0mm, 112.0mm,
125.0mm 150.0mm etc. A 19mm (3/4 in) aggregate will be that aggregate which passes
the 19mm (3/4 in) sieve and is retained on the 12.5mm. sieve. So, in the case of a 19mm
(3/4 in) aggregate the size could be 18.9mm or 12.6mm, and still be regarded as a “19mm
(3/4 in) aggregate” (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Shetty, 2000).
2.5 Properties of aggregate
It may be mentioned that many properties of aggregates namely, mineral and

chemical composition, petro-graphic description, specific gravity, hardness, strength,
physical and chemical stability, pore structure etc. depend mostly on the quality of patent
rock. But there are some properties possessed by the aggregate which are important so far
as concrete making is concerned which have no relation with the parent rock, particularly
the shape and size. Aggregate properties are two types. These are below.
1. Physical Properties.
2. Chemical properties.
2.5.1 Physical Properties
The physical properties of aggregates are those that refer to the physical structure
of the particles that make up the aggregate. Aggregate physical properties are the most
11
readily apparent aggregate properties and they also have the most direct effect on how an
aggregate performs as constructions and pavement material constituent. Commonly
measured physical aggregate properties are:
Absorption, Porosity
Permeability
Surface texture
Strength and elasticity
Density and specific gravity
Aggregate voids, Particle size
Hardness and undesirable physical component
Maximum size of aggregate
Gradation of aggregate (well graded, gap graded and poorly graded)
Finesse Modulus (FM)
Toughness and abrasion resistance
Durability and soundness
Aggregate particle structure
Moisture content.
These are not the only physical properties of aggregates but rather the most
commonly measured. Tests used to quantify these properties are largely empirical. The
physical properties of an aggregate can change over time. The above-mentioned physical
properties of aggregate are described in the following.
• Absorption, Porosity, Permeability: The internal pore characteristics are very

important properties of aggregates. The size, number and continuity of the pores
through an aggregate particle may affect the strength of the aggregate, abrasion
resistance, surface texture, specific gravity, bonding capabilities, and resistance to
freezing and thawing action. Absorption relates to the particle's ability to take in a
liquid. Porosity is a ratio of the volume of the pores to the total volume of the particle.
Permeability refers to the particle’s ability to allow liquids to pass through. If the
rock pores are not connected, a rock may have high porosity and low permeability
(Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
12
• Surface texture: Surface texture is the pattern and the relative roughness or
smoothness of the aggregate particle. Surface texture plays a big role in developing
the bond between an aggregate particle and a cementing material. A rough surface
texture gives the cementing material something to grip, producing a stronger bond,
and thus creating a stronger hot mix asphalt or portland cement concrete. Surface
texture also affects the workability of hot mix asphalt, the asphalt requirements of hot
mix asphalt, and the water requirements of portland cement concrete (Robert et al.,
1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
Some aggregates may initially have good surface texture, but may polish smooth
later under traffic. These aggregates are unacceptable for final wearing surfaces.
Limestone usually falls into this category. Dolomite does not, in general, when the
magnesium content exceeds a minimum quantity of the material. Relevant particle
texture characteristics are: smooth-surfaced particles: These particles have a lower
surface-to-volume ratio than rough-surfaced particles and thus may be easier to coat
with binder.
• Strength and elasticity: Strength is a measure of the ability of an aggregate particle

to stand up to pulling or crushing forces. Elasticity measures the “stretch” in a
particle. High strength and elasticity are desirable in aggregate base and surface
courses. These qualities minimize the rate of disintegration and maximize the stability
of the compacted material. The best results for portland cement concrete may be
obtained by compromising between high and low strength, and elasticity. This
permits volumetric changes to take place more uniformly throughout the concrete
(Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Density and specific gravity: Density is the weight per unit of volume of a
substance. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density
of water. Relationships for some common substances as shown in Table 2.2 (Navilie
and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
13
Table 2.2 Relationships for some common substances
Density (lb/ft3)
Substance Specific gravity
Water 1.0 62.4
Limestone 2.7 165 to 170
Lead 11.0 680 to 690
The density and the specific gravity of an aggregate particle is dependent upon the
density and specific gravity of the minerals making up the particle and upon the
porosity of the particle. These may be defined as follows:
1) All of the pore space (bulk density or specific gravity)
2) Some of the pore space (effective density or specific gravity)
3) None of the pore space (apparent density or specific gravity)
Determining the porosity of aggregate is often necessary; however, measuring the

volume of pore space is difficult. Correlations may be made between porosity and
the bulk, apparent and effective specific gravities of the aggregate.
• Aggregate voids: There are aggregate particle voids, and there are voids between
aggregate particles. As solid as aggregate may be to the naked eye, most aggregate
particles have voids, which are natural pores that are filled with air or water. The
voids within an aggregate particle should not be confused with the void system,
which makes up the space between particles in an aggregate mass. The voids between
the particles influence the design of hot mix asphalt or portland cement concrete
(Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Hardness: The hardness of the minerals that make up the aggregate particles and the
firmness with which the individual grains are cemented or interlocked control the
resistance of the aggregate to abrasion and degradation. Soft aggregate particles are
composed of minerals with a low degree of hardness. Weak particles have poor
cementation. Neither type is acceptable. The Mohs Hardness Scale is frequently
14
used for determination of mineral hardness. The interpretation, concept, and use of
this scale is useful for the field identification of potentially inferior aggregates
(Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Particle shape: The best aggregates to use for strength are crushed stone or crushed
gravel. Crushed aggregate have irregular, angular particles that tend to interlock when
compacted or consolidated. The crushed stone or crushed gravel aggregate makes the
concrete mix somewhat difficult to place. To improve the workability, many mixes
contain both angular and round particles. The coarse aggregate particles are usually
crushed stone or crushed gravel, and the fine aggregate particles are usually natural
sand (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982). The Standard
Specifications detail the requirements for crushed materials for various uses. Relevant
particle shape/texture characteristics are:
1) Particle shape: Rounded particles create less particle-to-particle interlock than
angular particles and thus provide better workability and easier compaction.
2) Flat or elongated particles: These particles tend to impede compaction or break
during compaction and thus, may decrease strength.
• Undesirable Physical component: Particles with undesirable physical characteristics

include but are not limited to the following:
1) Non-durable soft or structurally weak particles
2) Clay lumps or clay balls the chemical properties of aggregates have to do with the
molecular structure of the minerals in the aggregate particles.
3) Flat or elongated particles
4) Organic matter contaminants
5) Lightweight chart
• Maximum size of aggregate: Maximum aggregate size can affect concrete mix in
several ways. Instability may result from excessively small maximum sizes; and poor
workability and/or segregation may result from excessively large maximum sizes. In
addition large maximum sizes may not fit between reinforcing bar openings, but they
will generally increase concrete strength because the water-cement ratio can be
15
lowered (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982). ASTM C
125 defines the maximum aggregate size in one of two ways:
1) Maximum size: The smallest sieve through which 100 percent of the aggregate
sample particles pass. The maximum aggregate size can be defined as one sieve
larger than the nominal maximum size.
2) Nominal maximum size: The largest sieve that retains some of the aggregate
particles but generally not more than 10 percent by weight. Nominal maximum
aggregate size can be defined as one sieve size larger than the first sieve to retain
more than 10 percent of the material.
• Gradation of aggregate: The particle size distribution, or gradation, of an aggregate

is one of the most influential aggregate characteristics in determining how it will
perform as a constituent of concrete. Gradation helps determine almost every
important property including stiffness, stability, durability, permeability, workability,
fatigue resistance, frictional resistance and resistance to moisture damage. In portland
cement concrete gradation helps determine durability, porosity, workability, cement
and water requirements, strength, and shrinkage. Because of this, gradation is a
primary concern in concrete mix design and thus most agencies specify allowable
aggregate gradations (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway,
1982).
Aggregate grading is the term given to the percentages of the different size
fractions, after sieving, that go to make up the whole material. To obtain the different
size fractions for weighing, the sample of aggregate is sieved on the appropriate sieve
sizes for the particular material, and the retained aggregate amounts weighed. This
process is known as grading or more scientifically are determining the particle size
distribution of the material. The necessary sieve sizes for a particular material will be
found in the appropriate specification the material is supplied to. The test for particle
distribution of a dry stone aggregate is fully described in, BS 812: Testing
Aggregates: Part 103 - Method for determination of particle size distribution.
According to gradation of aggregate can be classify as dense or well graded, gap
graded, poorly graded and uniformly graded.
16
1) Dense or well graded: Well-graded means that within a material that is well
graded there is a good distribution of all the aggregate sizes from largest to
smallest, coarse aggregate to ‘‘dust’’. With a well-graded material all the different
size aggregate particles will position themselves within the total matrix in such a
way to produce a tightly knit layer of maximum possible density, when
compacted correctly. A well-graded material is better able to carry and spread
load imposed on it than a poorly graded material. A well-graded material will
possess good stability, with good distribution of load / stress spreading out
uniformly through the material (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996;
Ridgeway, 1982).
2) Gap graded: The term gap graded refers to a material when one or more of the
aggregate sizes in a normal downward distribution of aggregate particle sizes are
missing, hence producing a gap in the grading where there is little or no aggregate
of a particular size to be found (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996;
Ridgeway, 1982).
3) Poorly graded: A poorly graded material is one where the size / particle
distribution of the supplied material is out of balance with the intended
specification /design of the received product. There may be too high a percentage
of fines or coarse within the material, and maximum density by proper
compaction will not be achievable. Segregation, i.e. separation of particular
aggregate sizes, usually the larger sizes, is much more likely to occur in a poorly
graded material. Segregation leaves laid areas with too many fines, or areas that
are ‘‘open’’ due to patches of coarse material. Both conditions making the
particular concrete mix in question less able to perform (Navilie and Brooks,
1994; Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
4) Uniformly graded: Refers to a gradation that contains most of the particles in a

very narrow size range. In essence, all the particles are the same size. The curve
is steep and only occupies the narrow size range specified (Robert et al., 1996;
Ridgeway, 1982).
17
• Fineness Modulus (FM): For aggregates used in concrete mix another common
gradation description for fine aggregate is the fineness modulus. It is described in
ASTM C 125 and is a single number used to describe a gradation curve. It is defined
as the sum of the cumulative percentage retained on the specified sieve divided by
100. The Specified sieve are 0.150 mm (No. 100), 0.30 mm (No. 50), 0.60 mm (No.
30), 1.18 mm (No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm (0.375-in.), 19.0
mm (0.75-in.), 37.5 mm (1.5-in.), and larger increasing in the size ratio of 2:1. The
larger the fineness modulus, the more coarse the aggregate. A typical fineness
modulus for fine aggregate used in concrete mix is between 2.0 to 3.0 and used in
finishing and plasterwork is between 0.85 to 1.5 (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway,
1982). The usefulness of the fineness modulus lies in detecting slight variation in the
aggregate from the same source, which could affect the workability of the fresh
concrete (Navilie and Brooks, 994).
• Toughness and Abrasion Resistance: Toughness can be defined as the resistance of
aggregate to failure by impact, and it is usual to determine the aggregate impact value
of bulk aggregate. Toughness determine in this manner is related to the crushing
value (Navilie and Brooks, 1994). Aggregates undergo substantial wear and tear
throughout their life, in general they should be hard and tough enough to resist
crushing, degradation and disintegration from any associated activities including
manufacturing, stockpiling, production, placing, compaction and consolidation
(Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982). Aggregates not adequately resistant to
abrasion and polishing will cause premature structural failure and/or a loss of skid
resistance.
• Durability and Soundness: Aggregates must be resistant to breakdown and

disintegration from weathering (wetting/drying and freezing/thawing) or they may
break apart and cause premature pavement distress. Durability and soundness are
terms typically given to an aggregate’s weathering resistance
characteristic. Aggregates typically contain some water (on the order of 0.1% to 3%
usually) and are not dried prior to use (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
18
• Aggregate Particle Structure: A typical aggregate particle consists of some amount
of solid material along with a certain amount of air voids. These air voids within the
aggregate particle can become filled with water, binder or both as shown in figure
2.6. It takes a finite amount of time for water/binder to penetrate these pores, so
specific gravity test procedures generally contain a 15 to 19-hour (for AASHTO
procedures) or a 24-hour (for ASTM procedures) soak period for the purpose of
allowing penetration into these pores.
Depending upon how aggregate voids are dealt with, calculated aggregate specific
gravities can vary. If they are excluded entirely, then the specific gravity is that of the
solid portion of the aggregate only, while if they are included entirely then the
specific gravity essentially becomes a weighted average of the specific gravity of the
solid aggregate and whatever is in its voids (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
Dry Aggregate Wet Aggregate
Figure 2.6 Dry and Wet aggregate
19
• Moisture Content (MC): The moisture content defines as the water in excess of the
saturated and surface-dry condition. The total water content of a moist aggregate is
equal to the sum of absorption and moisture content (Navilie and Brooks, 1994).
Aggregates are porous and they can absorb moisture. Generally this is a concern for
concrete mix because aggregate is not dried and therefore the aggregate moisture
content will affect the water content (thus the water-cement ratio also) of the
produced reinforced cement concrete or other purposes. The water content also
affects aggregate proportioning (because it contributes to aggregate weight) (Robert
et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982). In general, there are four aggregate moisture
conditions:
1) Oven-dry (OD): All moisture is removed by heating the aggregate in an oven at
1050C (2210F) to constant weight (this usually constitutes heating it overnight).
All pores connected to the surface are empty and the aggregate is fully absorbent.
2) Airdry (AD): All moisture is removed from the surface, but pores connected to
the surface are partially filled with water. The aggregate is somewhat absorbent.
3) Saturated surface dry (SSD): All pores connected to the surface are filled with
water, but the surface is dry. The aggregate is neither absorbent nor does it
contribute water to the concrete mixture.
4) Wet: All pores connected to the surface are filled with water and there is excess
moisture on the surface. The aggregate contributes water to the concrete mixture.
These conditions are used to calculate various aggregate properties. The moisture
content of an aggregate is expressed as:
MC =((Wstock-WSSD)/WSSD)/100%
Wstock = Weight of aggregate in stockpile condition
WSSD = Weight of aggregate in SSD condition
Typical moisture tests are: ASTM C 70: Surface moisture in fine aggregate,
AASHTO T 255: Total evaporable moisture content of aggregate by drying,
ASTM C 566: Total moisture content of aggregate by drying.
20
2.5.2 Chemical properties
Aggregates are obtained from the decomposition of rocks. The properties of the
parent rock determine the chemical compositions moreover in concrete mix aggregates
react with binder material water and other that affect the properties of aggregate.
Aggregate chemical properties are as below:
Composition
Reaction with binder materials.
The above-mentioned chemical properties of aggregate are described in the

following.
• Composition: The chemical composition of aggregate is significant in determining

the difference between limestone and dolomite. Limestone is a rock consisting
mainly or wholly of calcium carbonate and has a tendency to polish smooth under
loading. Dolostone is a carbonate rock that consists largely of calcium magnesium
carbonate. The word dolomite is the mineral calcium magnesium carbonate Ca Mg
(Co3)2. is uses an elemental magnesium (Mg) content test to determine if a rock
source is dolomitic. Dolostone under loading maintains a higher-friction, skid-
resistant surface. An elemental magnesium content of 10.3 percent or above is
required for dolomite aggregates.
Some aggregates have minerals that are subject to oxidation, hydration, and
carbonation. These properties are not particularly harmful, except when the
aggregates are used in concrete. As might be expected, iron sulfides, ferric and
ferrous oxides, free lime, and free magnesia in industrial products and wastes are
some of the common substances. Any of these substances may cause distress in the
concrete and give the concrete an unsightly appearance (Robert et al., 1996 and
Ridgeway, 1982).
• Reaction with binder materials: There are several types of substances found in
mineral aggregates, which may have a negative effect on the cementing and overall
performance qualities of asphalt and cement. Most are rarely significant but various
21
organic substances may retard hardening, reduce strength development or cause
excessive air entrainment in concrete. These organic substances include, but are not
limited to, mica, iron oxide, lightweight chert, shale, coal, and lignite (Robert et al,
1996 and Ridgeway, 1982).
2.6 Effect of aggregate on quality and strength of concrete
Good concrete depends on good aggregate. Coarse and fine aggregate can be as much
as 75% and 25% of the volume in a mix. The best stone and fine aggregate for making
concrete is hard, durable particles with moderate absorption. The worst aggregate used to
make concrete is friable, weakly cemented sandstones with high absorption. Where
concrete is exposed to freeze/thaw cycles, lightweight cherts, ochres, shales, and weakly
cemented materials such as conglomerate must be avoided.
“Every task completed successfully leads to the successful completion of the next
task.” Good concrete is the result of good equipment and good decisions at every step to
create the concrete that arrives on site.
Fine aggregate (sand) is added to a concrete mix to fill the spaces between large
aggregate. Fine aggregate is also a blend of several sizes and the most common problems
occur when some sizes are missing. Not all sand makes good concrete. Fine aggregate of
its particles are too smooth and round doesn’t work well, because making of good
concrete it more difficult to achieve a good bond with cement paste. To produce good
concrete the ranges in physical properties of aggregates are shown in Table 2.3 (ACI, E1-
07).
Table 2.3 Ranges in physical properties for normal weight aggregates used in concrete
Property Typical ranges

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate 2.0 to 3.0
Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate 37.5 to 9.5 mm (1-1/2 to 3/8 in.)
Absorption 0 to 8%
Bulk specific gravity 2.30 to 2.90
Dry-rodded bulk density of coarse aggregate 1200 to 2250 kg/m3 (75 to 140 lb/ft3)
Coarse aggregate 0 to 2%
Surface moisture ontent
Fine aggregate 0 to 10%
22
2.6.1 Significance of aggregate grading
There are several reasons for specifying both grading limits and maximum ag-
gregate size. Aggregates having a smooth grading curve and neither a deficiency nor
excess of any one-particle size will generally produce mixtures with fewer voids between
particles. Since cement costs more than aggregate and the cement paste requirement for
concrete increases with increasing void content of the combined aggregates, it is
desirable to keep the void content as low as possible. If there is not enough sand to fill the
voids between coarse aggregate particles, the space must be filled with cement paste.
These under sanded mixes also tend to be harsh and difficult to finish. On the other hand,
aggregate combinations with excessive amounts of sand or excessively fine sands may
produce uneconomical concretes because of the larger surface area of finer particles.
2.6.2 Significance of maximum size of aggregate

The maximum size of coarse aggregate used in concrete also has an effect upon
surface area and economy. Usually, as the maximum size of well-graded coarse aggregate
increases, the amount of paste required to produce concrete of a given slump or
consistency decreases. To see why this is true, refer to Fig. 4. Shown on the left is a
container filled with well-grad-ed aggregate with a maximum size of 12.5 mm (1/2 in.). If
some of this material is replaced with 19.0 and 25.0 mm (3/4 and 1 in.) particles, the
surface area and the void content decrease. This is because a number of smaller particles
and the voids between them are replaced by a single larger particle. If too many larger
particles were added, however, there would not be enough fines to fill the voids between
them and voids would increase again due to the poor grading.
Aggregates of different maximum sizes, however, may give different concrete
strengths for the same water-cementations material ratio. In many instances, at the same
water cementations material ratio, concrete with smaller maximum size aggregate has the
higher compressive strength. This is especially true in higher strength ranges. If
compressive strengths in excess of 35 MPa (5100 psi) are required, an aggregate having a
maximum size of 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) or smaller may be the most efficient in that its use
will require the least amount of cement to produce the required strength. Somewhat
smaller variations in fine aggregate grading can affect the concrete workability due to the
23
higher surface area. For this reason, ASTM C 33 states that, for continuing shipments
from a given source, its fineness modulus of fine aggregate should not vary by more than
0.20 from the value that is typical of the source (base fineness modulus). If the base
fineness modulus is different from that used in selecting proportions of the concrete,
suitable adjustments must be made in the proportions of fine and coarse aggregate. As the
fineness modulus of the fine aggregate decreases (aggregate becomes finer) a lower
percentage of sand in the total aggregate will be required or the amount of coarse
aggregate that may be used increases. It is often more economical to maintain uniformity
in producing and handling aggregates than to adjust proportions for variations in grading.
2.6.3 Significance of specific gravity

The specific gravity of an aggregate is used in mixture proportioning calculations
to find the absolute volume that a given mass of material will occupy in the mixture.
Absolute volume of an aggregate refers to the space occupied by the aggregate particles
alone; that is the volume of solid matter and internal aggregate pores not including the
voids between particles. Substituting one aggregate for another in a concrete when the
aggregates have differing specific gravities will cause the yield or volume of concrete to
increase or decrease if batch masses remain constant. And since concrete is often sold by
volume, this change means that either the purchaser is receiving less concrete than
ordered or the producer is supplying more concrete than is being purchased. Changes in
the aggregate specific gravity will also cause the concrete density to
2.6.4 Significance of aggregate crushing and abrasion value
The aggregate crushing value is an indirect measure of crushing strength of the

aggregates. Low aggregate crushing value indicates strong aggregates, as the crushed
fraction is low. Indian Roads Congress, ISI and AASHTO have specified that the
aggregate crushing value of the coarse aggregate used for concrete should not exceed 30
percent.
Los Angles Abrasion test is very widely accepted as a suitable test to assess the
hardness of aggregate used in construction. Many agencies have specified the desirable
limits of the test, for different methods of construction. Indian Roads Congress, ISI and
24
AASHTO have specified that the aggregate crushing value of the coarse aggregate used
for concrete should not exceed 40 percent.
2.7 Tests of Aggregate

Properties of aggregates are determined by test, which is specified in ASTM, BS and
AASHTO. The following are the major tests of aggregates:
Sieve analysis (coarse and fine aggregate)
Specific gravity (OD and SSD) (coarse and fine aggregate)
Unit weight (Loose and Compacted) (coarse and fine aggregate)
Aggregate Crushing Value, (ACV)
Los Angles Abrasion test, (LAAV)
Ten Percent Fines Value, (TFV)
Aggregate Impact Value, (AIV)
Polished Stone Value, (PSV)
Artificial Aggregates (Hardness)
Soundness Test.
Flakiness
Standard specification defines the requirement for quality of fine and coarse
aggregate for use of concrete. Specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfactory
materials for most concrete. It is recognized that, for certain work or in certain regions, it
may be either more or less restrictive than needed. Properties of aggregates are
determined by test, so the tests of aggregate are very important to ensure satisfactory
materials for most concrete. The above-mentioned tests of aggregates are described in the
following:
• Sieve Analysis (Coarse and fine aggregate): The term sieve analysis is given to
the simple operation of dividing a sample of aggregates into fraction each consisting of
particles between specific limits. The analysis is conducted to determine the grading of
materials proposed for use as aggregates or being used as aggregates. The terms fineness
modulus (FM) is a ready index of coarseness or fineness of the materials. It is an
empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentage of aggregates retained on
each of the standard sieves and dividing this sum arbitrarily by 100. No.100, No.50,
25
No.30, No.16, No.8, No.4 and 3/8 in,3/4 in,1.5 in, are the ASTM standard sieves (Noor,
2009).
• Specific gravity and absorption capacity of fine aggregate: Aggregate

generally contain pore, both permeable and impermeable, for which specific gravity has
to be carefully defined. With this specific gravity of each constituent known its weight
can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per unit
volume can be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the
compacting factor in connection with the measurements. This test method converts the
determination of bulk and apparent specific 23/230C (73.4/73.40F) and absorption of fine
aggregate. The apparatus required for this test as shown in Figure 2.7.
Bulk specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of the aggregate (oven-
dry or saturated surface dry) to the weight of water occupying a volume equal to that of
the solid including permeable pores. This is used for- Calculation of the volume
occupied by the aggregate in various admixtures containing aggregate on an absolute
volume basis. The computation of voids in aggregate to the determination of moisture in
aggregate.
Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the aggregate dried in an
oven at 100 to 1100C (212 to 2300F) for 24 hours to the weight of water occupying a
volume equal to that of the solid excluding permeable pores. This pertains to the relative
density of the solid materials making up the constituent particles not including the pore
space within the particle that is accessible to water. Absorption values used to calculate
the change in the weight of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore space within
the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition. For an aggregate that has been
in contact with water and that has free moisture on the particle surface, the percentage of
free moisture can be determine by deducting the absorption from the total moisture
content (Noor, 2009). This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirement of
specification C-128. Reference documents: ASTM standard (C29/C29M test method for
unit weight and void in aggregate) and AASHTO standard (T84 specific gravity and
absorption of fine aggregate).
26
Figure 2.7 Specific gravity test of fine aggregates
• Specific gravity and absorption capacity of coarse aggregate: Specific gravity

is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of an equal volume
of water. Specific gravity is important for several reasons in cement concrete the specific
gravity of the aggregate is the calculating the percentage the voids and the solid volume
the of aggregate in computation of yield. The absorption is important in determining the
net water-cement ratio in the concrete mix.
This test method covers the determination of specific gravity and absorption of
coarse aggregate. All the terminologies and their uses are same as for the specific gravity
and absorption of fine. Bulk specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of the
aggregate (oven-dry or saturated surface dry) to the weight of water occupying a volume
equal to that of the solid including permeable pores. This is used for: Calculation of the
volume occupied by the aggregate in various admixtures containing aggregate on an
absolute volume basis. The computation of voids in aggregate and the determination of
moisture in aggregate.
Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the aggregate dried in an
oven at 100 to 1100C (212 to 2300F) for 24 hours to the weight of water occupying a
volume equal to that of the solid excluding permeable pores. This pertains to the relative
27
density of the solid materials making up the constituent particles not including the pore
space within the particle that is accessible to water.
Absorption values used to calculate the change in the weight of an aggregate

due to water absorbed in the pore space within the constituent particles, compared to the
dry condition. For an aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free
moisture on the particle surface, the percentage of free moisture can be determine by
deducting the absorption from the total moisture content (Noor, 2009). This test method
conforms to the ASTM standard requirement of specification C-128. Reference
documents: ASTM standard (C29/C29M test method for unit weight and void in
aggregate) and AASHTO standard (T84 specific gravity and absorption of fine
aggregate).
• Unit weight and Voids in coarse and fine aggregate: This test method covers
the determine of unit weight in a compacted or loose condition of fine and coarse
aggregate. Unit weight values of aggregate are necessary for use for many methods of
selecting proportions for concrete mixtures. They may also be used for determining
mass/volume relationships for conversions and calculating the percentages of voids in
aggregates. Voids within particles, either penneable or impenneable, are not included in
voids as determined by this test methods (Noor, 2009). This test method conforms to the
ASTM standard requirements of specification C-29.
• Aggregate crushing value (ACV): The aggregate crushing value is a value,

which indicates the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. The lower the figure the
stronger the aggregate, i.e. the greater its ability to resist crushing BS 812: Testing
Aggregates: Part 110 - Method of determination of the aggregate crushing value. In brief,
in BS 812: Part 110, a sample of 14mm. size chippings of the aggregate to be tested is
placed in a steel mould and a steel plunger inserted into the mould on top of the
chippings. The chippings are subject to a force rising to 400 kN. over a period of 10
minutes. Usually by placing in a concrete crushing apparatus. The fine material, (passing
a 2.36mm. sieve), produced, expressed as a percentage of the original mass is the
aggregate crushing value, (ACV), (Noor, 2009).
28
• Los Angeles Abrasion Test: A common test used to characterize toughness and
abrasion resistance is the Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test. For the L.A. abrasion test,
the portion of an aggregate sample retained on the 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve is placed in a
large rotating drum that contains a shelf plate attached to the outer wall (the Los Angeles
machine – see Figure 3.9). A specified number of steel spheres are then placed in the
machine and the drum is rotated for 500 revolutions at a speed of 30 - 33 revolutions per
minute (RPM). The material is then extracted and separated into material passing the
1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve and material retained on the 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve. The
retained material (larger particles) is then weighed and compared to the original sample
weight. The difference in weight is reported as a percent of the original weight and
called the “percent loss” (Noor, 2009). Standard L.A. abrasion test methods are:
AASHTO T 96 and ASTM C 131: Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size coarse
aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine.
• Ten percent fines value (TFV): This test is not too dissimilar from the test to
determine the aggregate crushing value. But instead of using a standard force of 400 kN,
the force at which 10% of fines is produced is noted as the Ten Percent Fines Value. This
usually requires a number of tests and a graph to establish the exact figure. This test
tends to be used for softer aggregate where a force of 400kn. would crush most or all of
the aggregate. The test is set down in, BS 812: Testing Aggregates: Part 111 - Methods
for determination of ten percent fines value (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Aggregate impact value (AIV): The aggregate impact value is a strength value
of an aggregate that is determined by performing the Aggregate Impact Test on a sample
of the aggregate in question. The test is fully described in, BS 812: Testing Aggregates:
Part 112 - Method for determination of aggregate impact value. Basically the AIV is the
percentage of fines produced from the aggregate sample after subjecting it to a standard
amount of impact. The standard amount of impact is produced by a known weight, i.e. a
steel cylinder, falling a set height, a prescribed number of times, onto an amount of
aggregate of standard size and weight retained in a mould. Aggregate Impact Values,
(AIV's), below 10 are regarded as strong, and AIV's above 35 would normally be
regarded as too weak for use in road surfaces. Aggregate Impact Values and Aggregate
29
Crushing Values are often numerically very similar, and indicate similar aggregate
strength properties (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Polished stone value (PSV): The PSV of an aggregate is a measure of the

resistance of an aggregate to polishing. Subjecting the aggregate to a standard polishing
process, and then testing the aggregate with the Portable Skid Resistance Tester to
determine its PSV establish the value. The property that an aggregate possesses which
gives it a good PSV is often referred to as its MICRO-TEXTURE. Aggregates that retain
a significant micro-texture after polishing are the aggregates that give good resistance to
skidding i.e. have a high Polished Stone Value. The testing procedure and description of
the process is set out in, BS 812: Testing Aggregates: Part 114 - Method for
determination of polished-stone value. Aggregate that has a PSV over 60 is regarded as a
High Skid Resistant Aggregate, but aggregate with a PSV over 65 is needed for
particularly high stressed sites. The higher the PSV the greater resistance the aggregate
has to polishing and the greater the ability the aggregate has to retain its inherent very
fine surface texture, i.e. MICRO-TEXTURE. Polished aggregate as shown in Figure 2.8
(Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
Fig 2.8 Polished aggregate
30
• Artificial aggregate (Hardness): High friction (Skid Resistant) surfacing for
approaches to pedestrian crossings and difficult roundabouts will have an artificial
aggregate such as calcined bauxite; this aggregate should have a PSV in excess of 70.
That calcined bauxite is so successful in the applications where it is used, achieving high
Skid Resistance Values (SRV), is due as much to its extreme hardness, as its high
polished stone value. Even though the natural aggregate may have a high PSV, it will not
have the hardness of a calcined bauxite and therefore will loose its angularity and
eventually “smooth” over, whereas the calcined bauxite will retain its “sharp” edges and
high levels of friction/skid résistance (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Soundness Test: Aggregate Soundness tends to be related to the water

absorption of an aggregate, i.e. an aggregate with a high moisture absorption value tends
to have a low Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Value. The test is fully described in BS
812: Testing Aggregates: Part 121 - Method of determination of aggregate soundness.
The most common soundness test involves repeatedly submerging an aggregate sample
in a saturated solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. This process causes salt crystals
to form in the aggregate pores, which simulate ice crystal formation. Standard soundness
tests are AASHTO T 104 and ASTM C 88: Soundness of Aggregates by use of Sodium
Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate. AASHTO T 103: Soundness of Aggregates by Freezing
and Thawing (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Flakiness test: Flakey is the term applied to aggregate or chippings that are flat
and thin with respect to their length or width, Aggregate particles are said to be flakey
when their thickness is less than 0.6 of their mean size. The flakiness index is found by
expressing the weight of the flakey aggregate as a percentage of the aggregate tested.
This is done by grading the size fractions, obtained from a normal grading aggregate, in
special sieves for testing flakiness. These sieves have elongated rather than square
apertures and will allow aggregate particles to pass that have a dimension less than the
normal specified size, i.e. 0.6 of the normal size. This grading process is normally
performed by hand because flakey chippings tend to 'lie' on the sieve surface rather than
fall through the aperture. There are a number of materials and aggregate specifications
31
that have a maximum amount of flakey material allowed, e.g. surface dressing chippings.
Flakey aggregate has less strength than cubical aggregate, and does not create the dense
matrix that well graded cubicle aggregate is able to do, and it will provide less texture
when used in surface dressing. The test for flakiness is described in, BS 812 Testing
Aggregates: Part 105.1 - Flakiness Index (Robert et al., 1996; Ridgeway, 1982).
• Tests for Particle Shape and Surface Texture: There are several common tests
used to identify and quantify aggregate particle shape and surface texture. Among the
most popular is particle index, percent fractured face (or coarse aggregate angularity) and
fine aggregate angularity.
The particle index test provides a combined shape-texture characterization. This

test requires that an aggregate sample be divided up into specific size fraction. Each size
fraction is placed into a container in three layers. This is done twice; the first time, each
layer is compacted with 10 blows of a tamping rod, and the second time, each layer is
compacted with 50 blows of a tamping rod.
The particle index is computed from the following equation:
Ia = 1.25(V10)-0.25(V50)-32.0
where: Ia = Particle index
V10 = Voids in aggregate compacted at 10 drops per layer
V50 = Voids in aggregate compacted at 50 drops per layer
The overall sample particle index is computed as a weighted average of the individual
size fraction particles indexes based on the size fraction weights. Aggregates composed
of rounded, smooth particles may have a low particle index of around 6 or 7, while
aggregates composed of angular, rough particles may have a high particle index of
between 15 and 20 or more. The standard particle index test is: ASTM D 3398: Index of
aggregate particle shape and texture (Navilie and Brooks, 1994; Robert et al., 1996;
Ridgeway, 1982).
32
2.8 Spatial variation of aggregate
Aggregates are collected from different sources. In these places the rock from
which the aggregate is processed is not the same. More over the geological and geo-
morphological process under which the aggregate forming rocks passes may varies in
different locations. For this reason the properties of aggregate vary a lot according to
there source. Sylhet sand and local sand this two types of sand are used in Bangladesh.
Sylhet sand is collected from Sylhet and local sand is collected from available sources in
that locality. But properties of these two types of sand are different. In that case fineness
modulus (FM) of Sylhet sand is 2-3 and local sand is 0.6 -1.8 and others properties of
sand like specific gravity, unit weight are varies upon different place and source in
Bangladesh. Similarly coarse aggregate collected from different sources varies in their
properties like sieve analysis, specific gravity, unit weight, aggregate crushing value
(ACV) and los angles abrasion (LAAV) value. But no research work has been done on
the variation of different properties of aggregate depending on the different sources in
Bangladesh.
2.9 Seasonal variation of aggregate
The properties of aggregate depend on lot of factors. Weather condition of the

source area is one of them. Temperature, humidity and rainfall etc varies in different
seasons. These variations are very significant with the change of seasons in Bangladesh.
As a tropical country we have predominantly two seasons: summer and winter seasons. In
summer seasons the temperature is high, the weather is more humid and rainfall is
maximum of the year. On the other hand in winter season the temperature is low, the
weather is less humid and rainfall is minimum in comparison with summer season.
Generally in the construction works of Bangladesh seasonal variation of aggregate

is not taken into consideration. It may have significant effect on aggregate properties as
well as over all structural stability. A comprehensive research on this variation of
aggregate properties can set guideline for construction in different seasons. Structural
construction through out the world presently dominated by high strength concrete. To
produce the high strength concrete temperature control is very essential. For this reason
33
globally this issue is of prime importance and seasonal variation in aggregate properties
is considered during construction in developed countries.
2.10 Concluding Remarks
Literature review of this research work has brought a vivid picture of aggregate
properties and its significant to produce good concrete. Moreover the laboratory test
required to evaluate those properties has been also identified. General ideas about spatial
and seasonal variation of aggregate properties are also described. With the help of
reference books, journals of ACI and ASTM a strong knowledge base are created to
conduct a comprehensive research work, which is elaborately presented in the upcoming
chapters.
34
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY AND TEST PROCEDURE

3.1 General
Chronological development of research work depends on selection of proper steps

in methodology. This chapter covers sample collection sources, sample collection method
and test procedures of fine and coarse aggregate, which made the basis of the research
work. In this thesis the methodology is divided into the following steps:
Selection of sample sources Sample collection (summer

season and winter season)
Data Analysis Laboratory Analysis
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Figure 3.1 Methodology (flow diagram) of research
3.2 Sample Collection Source

Coarse and fine aggregate have been collected from different places in
Bangladesh at summer season and again at winter season in same year.
Fine aggregate has been collected from different places (Figure 3.1 through
Figure 3.10) in Bangladesh like Bheramara in Kushtia; Gazaria in Munshiganj; Bhaluka
in Mymensingh; Vozonpur at Tentulia in Panchagarh; Patgram in Lalmonirhat; Fulbari in
Dinajpur; Sunamganj in Sylhet; Jaganathpahar, Sreemangal in Moulvibazar and Pangsha
in Rajbari at summer season as well as at winter season in same year.
Coarse aggregate has been collected from different places (Figure 3.11 through
Figure 3.15) in Bangladesh like Tamabil, Volaganj at Companiganj in Shylhet; Zaflong
and Bisnakandi at Gowainghat in Shylhet; Sreepur at Jaintiapur in Shylhet; Vozonpur at
Tentulia in Panchagarh; Modhopara at Fulbari in Dinajpur and Patgram in Lalmonirhat at
summer season and again at winter season in same year.
35
Figure 3.2 Sample collection sources of fine aggregate
36
Figure 3.3 Sample collection source (Sunamganj in Sylhet) of fine aggregate
37
Figure 3.4 Sample collection sources (Sreemangal and Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar) of
fine aggregate
38
Figure 3.5 Sample collection source (Vozonpur at Tentilia in Panchagarh) of fine
aggregate
39
Figure 3.6 Sample collection sources (Fulbari in Dinajpur) of fine aggregate
40
Figure 3.7 Sample collection sources (Bhaluka in Mymensingh) of fine aggregate
41
Figure 3.8 Sample collection sources (Gazaria in Munshiganj) of fine aggregate
42
Figure 3.9 Sample collection sources (Bheramara in Kushtia) of fine aggregate
43
Figure 3.10 Sample collection sources (Patgram in Lalmonirhat) of fine aggregate
44
Figure 3.11 Sample collection sources (Pangsha in Rajbari) of fine aggregate
45
Figure 3.12 Sample collection sources of coarse aggregate
46
Figure 3.13 Sample collection sources (Bisnakandi and Zaflong at Gowainghat, Volaganj
at Companiganj and Sreepur at Jaintiapur in Sylhet) of coarse aggregate
47
Figure 3.14 Sample collection sources (Vozonpur at Tentilia in Panchagarh) of coarse
aggregate
48
Figure 3.15 Sample collection sources (Modhopara at Fulbari in Dinajpur) of coarse
aggregate
49
Figure 3.16 Sample collection sources (Patgram in Lalmonirhat) of coarse aggregate
50
3.3 Sample Collection Method
Collection of fine and coarse aggregates samples from remote places in various
corner of Bangladesh is very difficult and laborious job. To collect samples it required to
visit those places in summer and winter seasons. The amount of aggregate required for
the test according to ASTM and BS specification was collected from the source. Then it
is very carefully transported to the laboratory. The coarse aggregate samples have been
collected from the different sources (Table 3.1) are shown in Figures 3.17 through Figure
3.20.
Table 3.1 Sources and date of coarse aggregate sample collection
Seasons Collection Date Collection sources
6/11/2009 Bisnakandi and Zaflong in Sylhet
20/11/2009 Volaganj in Sylhet
11/12/2009 Sreepur, Tamabil in Sylhet

Winter
25/12/2009 Vozonpur in Panchagarh
10/01/2010 Patgram in Lalmonirhat
15/01/2010 Modhopara in Dinajpur
21/5/2010 Modhopara in Dinajpur

Summer
4/6/2010 Bisnakandi and Zaflong in Sylhet
12/6/2010 Volaganj in Sylhet
18/6/2010 Sreepur and Tamabil in Sylhet
51
The fine aggregate samples have been collected from the different sources (Table
3.2) are shown in Figures 3.21 through Figure 3.26.
Table 3.2 Sources and date of fine aggregate sample collection
Seasons Collection Date Collection Sources
6/11/2009 Sunamganj in Sylhet

Sreemangal and Jaganathpahar in
20/11/2009
Moulvibazar

Winter 15/01/2010 Fulbari in Dinajpur
29/01/2010 Bhaluka in Mymensingh
5/02/2010 Gazaria in Munshganj
19/02/2010 Bheramara in Kushtia
22/02/2010 Pangsha in Rajbari
21/05/2010 Fulbari in Dinajpur
4/06/2010 Sunamganj in Sylhet

Sreemangal and Jaganathpahar in
Summer 18/06/2010
Moulvibazar
25/06/2010 Bheramara in Kushtia
2/07/2010 Bhaluka in Mymensingh
16/07/2010 Gazaria in Munshiganj
25/07/2010 Pangsha in Rajbari
52
(a) Bisnakandi in Sylhet (b) Patgram in Lalmonirhat
(c) Modhopara in Dinajpur (d) Sreepur in Sylhet
Figure 3.17 Coarse aggregate of different sources in summer season
53
(e) Zaflong in Sylhet (f) Volaganj in Sylhet
(g) Vozonpur in Panchagarh (h) Tamabil in Sylhet
Figure 3.18 Coarse aggregate of different sources in summer season
54
(a) Patgram in Lalmonirhat (b) Modhopara in Dinajpur
(c) Shreepur in Sylhet (d) Zaflong in Sylhet
Figure 3.19 Coarse aggregate of different sources in winter season
55
.
(e) Volaganj in Sylhet (f) Vozonpur in Panchagarh
(e) Volagong in Sylhet (f) Vozonpur in Panchagar
(g) Bisnakandi in Sylhet (h) Tamabil in Sylhet
Figure 3.20 Coarse aggregate of different sources in winter season
56
(a) Fulbari in Dinajpur (b) Patgram in Lalmonirhat
(c) Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar (After sieve analysis and original sample)
Figure 3.21 Fine aggregate of different sources in summer season
57
(d) Gazaria in Munshiganj (e) Pangsha in Rajbari
(f) Sreemangal in Moulvibazar (After sieve analysis and original sample)
58
(g) Sunamganj in Sylhet (h) Bhaluka in Mymensingh
(i) Bheramara in Kushtia (j)Vozonpur in Panchagarh
59
(a) Bheramara in Kushtia (b) Gazaria at Munshiganj
(c) Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar (after washing)
Figure 3.24 Fine aggregate of different sources in winter season
60
(d) Sreemangal in Moulvibazar.(after washing and original sample)
(e) Fulbari in Dinajpur (f) Patgram in Lalmonirhat
61
(g) Pangsha in Rajbari (h) Sunamgang in Sylhet
(i) Bhaluka in Mymensingh (j)Vozonpur in Panchagarh
62
3.4 Laboratory tests of aggregate
According to ASTM and BS specification the following test have been performed
in the laboratory with coarse and fine aggregates:
1. Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregate.

2. Specific gravity (OD and SSD) test of coarse and fine aggregate.
3. Unit weight (loose and compacted) test of coarse and fine aggregate.
4. Aggregate crushing value (ACV) test of coarse aggregate.
5. Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) of coarse aggregate.
3.4.1 Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregate
The term sieve analysis is given to the simple operation of dividing a sample of
aggregate into fraction each consisting of particles between specific limits. The analysis
is conducted to determine the grading of materials propose for use as aggregates or being
as aggregate. The fineness modulus (FM) has been determined from sieve analysis,
which indicates coarseness or fineness of the materials. ASTM standard sieves like
No.100, No. 50, No. 30, No.16, No. 8, No. 4 and 3/8 in, 3/4 in, 1.5 in are used in this test.
Apparatus, sampling, test procedure and data calculation of this test has been described
below.
• Apparatus: The following apparatus is required for this standard test.

Balance: Sensitive to within 0.1% of the weight of the sample.
Sieves: ASTM standard and mechanical sieve shaker.
• Sampling of fine Aggregates: The sample has been mixed thoroughly and has
been reduced to an amount, so that the dry sample for test would be the amount of
the weight desired. The test sample of fine aggregate (FA) after drying has been
the following amount: Aggregate with at least 85% passing a No. 4 sieve and
more than 5% retained on a No. 8 sieve are 500 gm. Aggregate with at least 95%
passing a No. 8 sieve are 100 gm.
• Sampling of Coarse aggregate: The sample has been mixed thoroughly and has
been reduced to an amount, so that the dry sample for test would be the amount of
63
the weight desired. The weight of the test sample of coarse aggregate (CA)
confirmed to the following requirement (Table 3.3):
Figure 3.21 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
64
Figure 3.22 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
Table.3.3 Weight of test sample of coarse aggregate
Aggregate with nominal

Minimum weight of
maximum size, Square
test sample, Kg (Ib)
Openings, mm (in)
9.5 (3/8) 1 (2)
12.5 (1/2) 2 (4)
19.0 (3/4) 5 (11)
25.0 (1) 10 (22)
• Test Procedure:
1) Sample has been dried to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 50C.

2) The sieves have been nested in order of decreasing size of opening from top to
bottom and place the sample on top sieve.
3) The sieve has been agitated by hand for coarse aggregate and by mechanical
apparatus for the weight minutes for fine aggregate.
4) The sieving has been continued for a sufficient period and in such manner that,
after completion not more than 1% of the residue on any individual sieve would
pass that sieve during 1 minute of continuous hand sieving.
65
5) The weight of each size increment has been determined by weighting on a scale or
balance to the nearest 0.1% of the total original dry sample weight. The total
weight of the material after sieving has been checked closely with original weight
of sample placed on the sieves.
6) The sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate has been done as shown in Figure
3.21 and 3.22.
• Data Calculation: Percentage passing, total percentage retained, or percentages

in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1% on the basis of the total weight of the
initial dry sample have been calculated. The fineness modulus (FM) has been
calculated by adding the total percentages of material in the sample that is coarser
than each of the following sieves (cumulative percentage retained) and dividing
the sum by 100: 150-m (No.100), 300-m (No.50), 600-m (No.30),1.18-mm
(No.16), 2.36-mm (No.8), 4.75-mm (No.4), 9.5-mm (3/8- in), 19.0 mm (3/4-in),
37.5-mm (1.5- in) and larger.
3.4.2 Specific gravity and absorption capacity of fine aggregate
This test method converts the determination of bulk and apparent specific 23/230C
(73.4/73.40F) and absorption of fine aggregate. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight
of the aggregate dried in an oven at 1000 to 1100C (212 to 2300F) for 24 hours to the
weight of water occupying a volume equal to that of the solid excluding permeable pores.
This test method conforms to the ASTM standard requirement of specification C-128,
ASTM standard (C29/C29M test method for unit weight and void in aggregate) and
AASHTO standard (T84 specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate). Apparatus,
preparation of test specimen, test procedure and data calculation of this test has been
described below.

Balance: Sensitive to 0.1gm or less.
Pycnometer: A flask or other suitable container of 1000 ml capacity. The volume
of the container filled to mark has been maintained at least 50% greater than the
space required to accommodate the test sample of the fine aggregate.
66
Mold: A metal mold in the form of a frustum of a cone with dimensions as
follows:
1) 40 ± 3 mm inside diameter at the top.
2) 90 ± 3 mm inside diameter at the bottom.
3) 75 ± 3 mm in height.
4) 0.8 mm minimum thickness of metal.
Temperature: A metal temperature weighting 350 ± 15 gm and having a flat

circular tamping 25 ± 3 mm in diameter.
• Preparation of test Specimen:

1) Approximately 1 kg sample of fine aggregate has been obtained.
2) It has been dried in a suitable pan to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 50C
(230 ± 90F). Then it has been allowed to cool to comfortable handling
temperature, cover with water by immersion to the fine aggregate and permit to
stand 24 ± 4 hrs.
3) Decant excess water care to avoid loss of fines; the sample has been spread on a
flat non-absorbent surface exposed to a gently moving current of warm air and stir
frequency to secure homogeneous drying. This operation has been continued until
the test specimen approaches a free-flowing condition.
4) Cone test for surface moisture- A portion of the partially dried fine aggregate has
been placed loosely in the mold by filing it to overflowing and heaping additional
material above the top of the mold by holding it with the cupped fingers of the
hand holding the mold. The fine aggregate has been lightly temped into the mold
with 25 light drops of the tamper. Each drop started about 5 mm (0.2 in) about the
top surface of the fine aggregate. The tamper has been permitted to fall freely
under gravitational attraction on each drop. The starting height to the new surface
elevation has been adjusted after each drop and distributed the drops over the
surface. Loose sand has been removed from the base and lift the mold vertically.
As surface moisture still has been present, the fine aggregate retained the molded
shape. Drying has been continued with constant stirring and test at frequent
intervals until the cone of the sand slumps upon the removal of mold. When the
67
fine aggregate slumps slightly it indicates that it had reached a surface-dry
condition.
• Test procedure
1) The pycnometer has been partially filled with water. Then 500 ± 10 (s) gm of
saturated surface-dry fine aggregate has been prepared and filled with additional
water to approximately 90% of capacity. The pycnometer has been rolled,
inverted and agitated to eliminate all air bubbles. Its temperature has been
adjusted to 23 ± 1.70C (73.4 ± 30F), by immersion in circulating water, the water
level in the pycnometer has been brought to its calibrated capacity. The total
weight of the pycnometer, specimen and water has been determined.
2) The fine aggregate from the pycnometer has been removed and dried to constant
weight at a temperature of 110 ± 50C (230 ± 90F), cool in air at room temperature
for 1 ± 1/2 hrs and weight.
3) The weight of the pycnometer filled to its calibration capacity has been
determined with water at 23 ± 1.70C (73.4 ± 30F).
4) The specific gravity and absorption capacity test of fine aggregate has been done
as shown in Figure 3.23.
Figure 3.23 Specific gravity test of fine aggregate
68
• Data Calculation:
Bulk specific gravity (oven-dry basis), Sd: Calculate the bulk specific gravity,
23/230C (73.4/73.40F) as follows:
Bulk sp. Gravity (oven-dry basis) ( = A/(B+S-C)
Bulk specific gravity (saturated surface-dry basis), Sa: Calculate the bulk specific
gravity, 23/230C (73.4/73.40F), on the basis of weight of saturated surface dry
aggregate as follows:
Bulk sp. Gravity (saturated surface-dry basis) = S/(B+S-C)
Absorption capacity: Calculate the percentage of absorption as follows:

Absorption (%) = (S-A)/A X 100
Where,
A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, gm.
B= weight of pycnometer filled with water, gm.
S= weight of the saturated surface-dry specimen, gm.
C= weight of pycnometer with specimen and water to calibration mark, gm.
3.4.3 Specific gravity and absorption capacity of coarse aggregate
This test method covers the determination of specific gravity and absorption of
coarse aggregate. Bulk specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of the
aggregate (oven-dry or saturated surface dry) to the weight of water occupying a volume
equal to that of the solid including permeable pores. This test method conforms to the
ASTM standard requirement of specification C-128, ASTM standard (C29/C29M test
method for unit weight and void in aggregate) and AASHTO standard (T84 specific
gravity and absorption of fine aggregate). Apparatus, preparation of test specimen, test
procedure and data calculation of this test has been described below.

Balance: Sensitive to 0.05 of the sample weight at any point within the range used
for the test or 0.5 gm, whichever is greater?
69
Sample container: A wire basket of 3.35mm (No.6) or finer mesh, or a bucket of
approximately equal breadth and height; with a capacity of 4 to 7 liter for 37.5
mm (1.5 in) nominal maximum size aggregate. The container shall be constructed
so as to prevent trapping air when the container is submerged.
Water tank: A watertight tank into which the sample container may be placed
while suspended below the balance.
Sieves: A 4.75 mm (No.4) sieve or other sizes as needed.

• Preparation of test specimen
1) The sample of aggregate has been mixed thoroughly and reduced it to the
approximate quantity needed. All material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve has
been rejected by dry sieving and thoroughly washing to remove dust or other
coatings from the surface.
2) The minimum weight of test sample to be used is given below (Table 3.4):
Table 3.4 Minimum weight of test sample to be used
Nominal maximum Minimum weight of

size, mm (inch) test sample, Kg (Ib)
12.5 (1/2) or less 2 (4.4)
19.0 (3/4) 3.0 (6.6)
25.0 (1) 4 (8.8)
• Test procedure:
1) The test sample has been dried to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 50C
(230 ± 90F), cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 hr for test samples of 37.5
mm (1.5 in) nominal maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate
has been cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately
500C). Subsequently the aggregate has been immersed in water at room
temperature for a period of 24 ± 4 hr.
2) The test sample has been removed from the water and rolled it in a large
absorbent cloth until all visible films of water are removed. The larger particles
have been wiped individually. A moving stream of air has been used to assist in
the drying operation. Evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the
70
operation of surface drying has been avoided. Then the test sample has been
weighted in the saturated surface-dry condition.
3) After weighing, immediately the saturated-surface-dry test sample has been
placed in the sample container and its weight has been determine in water at
23 ± 1.70C (73.4 ± 30F), having a density of 997 ± 2 kg/m3. All entrapped air has
been removed before weighing by shaking the container while immersed.
4) The test sample has been dried to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 50C
(230 ± 90F), cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 hrs, or until the aggregate has
been cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 500C)
and weight.
5) The specific gravity and absorption capacity test of coarse aggregate has been
done as shown in Figure 3.24.
Figure 3.24 Specific gravity test of coarse aggregate
• Data calculation:
Bulk specific gravity (oven-dry basis), Sd: Calculate the bulk specific gravity,
23/230C (73.4/73.40F) as follows:
Bulk sp. Gravity = A/(B-C)
71
Bulk specific gravity (saturated surface-dry basis), Sa : Calculate the bulk specific
gravity, 23/230C (73.4/73.40F), on the basis of weight of saturated surface dry
aggregate as follows:
Bulk sp. Gravity = B/(B-C)
Absorption capacity: Calculate the percentage of absorption as follows:

Absorption (%) = (B-A)/A X 100
Where,
A = weight of oven-dry specimen in air, gm.
B= weight of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, gm.
C= weight of saturated specimen in water, gm.
3.4.4 Unit weight and voids test in coarse and fine aggregate
This test method covers the determine of unit weight in a compacted or loose
condition of fine and coarse aggregate. Voids within particles, either penneable or
impenneable, are not included in voids as determined by this test methods. This test
method conforms to the ASTM standard requirements of specification C-29. Apparatus,
preparation of test specimen, calibration of measure, and test procedure and data
calculation of this test has been described below.

Balance: Accurate within 0.1% of the test load and graduated to at least 0.1 lb (0.05
kg).
Tamping rod: A round, straight steel rod, 5/8 in (16 mm) in diameter and
approximately 24 in (1600 mm) in length having one end round to a hemispherical tip
of the same diameter as the rod.
Measure: A cylindrical metal measure preferably provided with handles. It has been
remained watertight, with the top and bottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to
retain its form under rough usage. The measure has been maintained a height
approximately equal to the diameter, but in no case the height be less than 80% nor
more than 150% of the diameter. The capacity of the measure has been conformed to
72
the limits in Table 3.5 for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of measure
has been retained a smooth and continuous surface.
Table 3.5 Capacity of measures

Nominal maximum size of aggregate Capacity of measure
inch mm (Note 1) ft3 litre (m3)
0.5 12.5 1/10 2.8 (0.028)
1 25.0 1/3 9.3 (0.0093)
1.5 37.5 ½ 14 (0.014)
3 75 1 28 (0.028)
4.5 112 2.5 70 (0.070)
6 150 3.5 100 (0.100)
• Preparation of test specimen: The size of the sample has been approximately 125 to
200% of the quantity required to fill the measure, and has been handled in a manner
to avoid segregation. The aggregate sample has been dried to essentially constant
mass, preferably in an oven at 230 ± 90F (110 ± 50C).
• Calibration of Measure: The measures used in this test have been calibrated early
accurately. The capacity of measure to determine the unit weight of coarse aggregate
has been 1/10 cft and to determine the unit weight of fine aggregate has been 1/4 cft.
• Test Procedure: Three different procedures are generally followed for the
determination of unit weight. They are: (i) Shoveling procedure (ii) Rodding
procedure (iii) Jigging procedure. The shoveling procedure has been used for loose
unit weight. The compact unit weight has been determined by the rodding procedure
for fine aggregates having a nominal size of 1.5 in (37.3 mm) or less and the jigging
procedure for coarse aggregates having a nominal maximum size greater than 1.5 in
(37.5 mm) and not exceeding 6 in (150 mm).
• Shoving procedure (Loose unit weight):
1) The measure has been filled to overflow by means of a shovel or scoop,
discharging the aggregate from a height not exceeding 2 in (50 mm) above the top
of the measure. Segregation of the particle sizes of which the sample is composed
has been prevented so far as possible. The surface of the aggregate has been
73
leveled with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections
of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids
in the surface below the top of the surface.
2) The mass of the measure plus its contents and the mass of the measure alone have
been determined, and record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).
• Rodding procedure (Compacted unit weight):
1) The measure has been filled one-third full and levels the surface with the fingers
25 strokes of the tamping rod has been eventually distributed over the surface layer of
aggregate. The measure has been filled two-thirds full and again leveled and tamping
as above. Finally, the measure has been filled to overflow and tamping again in the
manner previously mentioned. The surface of the aggregate has been leveled with the
fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces
of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below
the top of the measure.
2) In rodding the first layer, the rod has not been allowed to strike the bottom of the
measure forcibly. In rodding the second and third layers vigorous effort has been
used, but such a force has not been applied to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to
the previous layer of aggregate.
been determined, and recorded the values to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).
• Jigging procedure:
1) The measure has been filled in three approximately equal layers as described
previously, compacting each layer by placing the measure on a firm base such as a
cement-concrete floor, raising the opposite sides alternately about 2 in (50 mm), and
allowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with a sharp, slapping below.
The aggregate particles, by this procedure, arranged themselves in a densely
compacted condition. Each layer has been compacted by dropping the measure 50
times in the manner described, 25 times on each side. The surface of the aggregate
has been leveled with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slight
74
projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the
larger voids in the surface below the top of the surface.
been determined, and recorded the values to the nearest 0.1lb (0.05 kg).
3) The unit weight tests of coarse and fine aggregate have been done as shown in Figure
3.25.
Figure 3.25 Unit weight test of coarse aggregate
Data calculation:
Unit weight: Calculate the unit weight for the rodding procedure as follows:
M = (G-T)/V or M = (G-T)/F
Where.
M = unit weight of the aggregate, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)

G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure. lb (kg)
T = mass of the measure, lb (kg)
V = volume of the measure, ft3 (m3)
F = factor for measure, ft-3 (m-3)
75
3.4.5 Los Angles Abrasion test (LAAT) of coarse aggregate
A part from testing aggregate with respect to its strength, testing the aggregate
with respect to its resistance to wear or degradation (hardness) is an important test for
aggregate to be used for road and in floor surface subjected to heavy traffic. This test
method covers a procedure for testing sizes of coarse aggregate smaller than 1.5 in (37.5
mm) for resistance to degradation using the Los Angles testing machine. This test has
been widely used as an indicator of the relative quality or competence of various sources
of aggregate having similar mineral compositions. This test method conforms to the
ASTM Standard requirements of specification C-131. Apparatus, preparation of test
specimen, test procedure and data calculation of this test has been described below.
Los Angles Machine: The machine is consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at
both ends, having an inside diameter of 28 ± 0.2 in (711 ± 5 mm) and an inside length
of 20 ± 0.2 in (508 ± 5 mm) which is as shown in figure3.13.
Sieves: Conforming to the specifications for sieves for testing purposes.
Balance: Accurate within 0.1% of test load over the range required for the test.
Charge: The charge is consisting of steel spheres averaging approximately 1-27/32 in
(46.8 mm) in diameter and each weighting between 390 to 445 gm. The charge
depending upon the grading of the test sample has to be used as follows (Table 3.6):
Table 3.6 Grading of charges
Grading Number of spheres Weight of Charge, gm

5000 ± 25
A 12
4584 ± 25
B 11
3330 ± 20
C 8
2500 ± 15
D 6
76
• Preparation of test specimen: The test sample has been washed and oven-dried
at 2210 to 2300F (1050 to 1100C) to substantially, constant weight separated into
individual size fractions, and recombined to the grading of Table 3.7 most nearly
corresponding to the range of sizes in the aggregate as furnished for the work. The
weight of the sample prior to test has been recorded to the nearest 1 gm.
Table 3.7 Grading of test sample
Sieve size (square opening) Weight of indicated sizes, gm

Grading
Passing Retained on D
A B C
…..
37.5 mm (1.5 in) 25.0 mm (1.0 in) 1250 ± 25 ….. ……
….
25.0 mm (1.0 in) 19.0 mm (3/4 in) 1250 ± 25 ….. …..
….
19.0 mm (3/4 in) 12.5 mm (0.5 in ) 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 ……
……
12.5 mm (0.5 in ) 9.5 mm (3/8 in ) 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 …..
…..
9.5 mm (3/8 in ) 6.3 mm (1/4 in ) ….. ….. 2500 ± 10
5000 ± 10
6.3 mm (1/4 in ) 4.75 mm (No.4) …. ….. 2500 ± 10
…..
4.75 mm (No. 4) 2.36 mm (No.8) ….. ….. ….
5000 ± 10
Total = 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10
• Test Procedure: The test sample and the charge have been placed in the los
angles testing machine and rotated the machine at a speed of 30 to33 rpm for 500
revolutions. After the prescribed number of revolutions, the materials have been
discharged from the machine and mark a preliminary separation of the sample on
a sieve coarser than the 1.70 mm (No. 12). The finer portion has been sieved on a
1.70 mm sieve in a manner conforming to Method C-136. The material has been
washed coarser than the 1.70 mm sieve, oven-dry at 2210 to 2300F (105 to 1100C)
to a substantially constant weight, and weight to nearest 1.0 gm. The los angles
abrasion test of coarse aggregate has been done as shown in Figure 3.26.
77
• Data Calculation: The loss (difference between the original weight and the final
weight of the test sample) as a percentage of the original weight of the test
sample. This value as the percentage loss in nearest 1%.
Figure 3.26 Los angles abrasion test (LAAT).
3.4.6 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse aggregate
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of an aggregate to crushing

under a gradually applied compressive load. With aggregate of an aggregate crushing
value higher than 30 the result may be anomalous, and in such cases the 10% fines value
should be determined instead. On aggregate passing a 14.0 mm BS test sieve and retained
on a 10.0 mm BS test sieve. Apparatus, preparation of test specimen, test procedure and
data calculation of this test has been described below.

Open ended steel cylinder: It’s a nominal 150 mm internal diameter with plunger
and base plate of the general form.
Straight metal tamping rod: Its of a circular cross section 16 mm diameter and 450
mm to 600 mm long. One end shall be rounded.
78
Balance: A balance at least 3 kg capacity and accurate to 1.0 gm.
Sieve: BS test sieve of sizes 14.0 mm 10.0 mm and 2.36 mm.
Compression testing machine: A compression testing machine capable of applying
a force of 400 kN and which has been operated to give a uniform rate of loading so
that this force is reached in 10 min.
Cylindrical metal measure: A cylindrical metal measure for measuring the sample
of sufficient rigidity to retain its form under rough usage and having an internal
diameter of 115 mm and an internal depth of 180 mm.
• Preparation of test specimen: The material for the standard test consisted of
aggregate passing the 14.0 mm BS test sieve and retained on the 10.0 mm BS test
sieve and has been thoroughly separated on these sieves before testing. The
quantity of aggregate sieved out has been sufficient for two tests. The aggregate
has been tested in a surface-dry condition. The quantity of aggregate for one test
has been such that the depth of the material in the cylinder has been 100 mm after
tamping. The appropriate quantity has been found convenient by filling the
cylindrical measure in three layers of approximate equal depth, each layer being
tamped 25 times from a height of approximately 50 mm above the surface of the
aggregate with the rounded end of the tamping rod as a straight edge. The mass of
material comprising the test sample has been determined.
• Test procedure: The cylinder of the test apparatus has been put in position on the
base plate, and the test sample has been added in thirds, each third being subjected
evenly over the surface of the layer and dropping from a height approximately 50
mm above the surface of the aggregate. The surface of the aggregate has been
leveled carefully and the plunger has been inserted in so that it rests horizontally
on the surface, taking care to ensure that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder.
The apparatus has been placed with the test sample and plunger in position,
between the plates of the testing machine and load it at as uniform a rate as
possible so that the required force reached in 10 minutes. The required force has
been 400 kN. Then the load has been released and the crushed material has been
removed by holding the cylinder over a clean tray and hammering on the outside
with a suitable rubber mallet until the sample particles are sufficiently disturbed to
79
enable the mass of the sample to fall freely on to the tray. Then fine particles have
been transferred adhering to the inside of the cylinder, to the base plate and the
underside of the plunger to the tray by means of a still bristle brush.
Figure 3.27 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) tests
The whole of the sample has been sieved on the tray on the 2.36 mm BS test
sieve until no further significant amount passes in 1 minutes. The fraction passing the
sieve has been weighed. All of these operations have been done carefully to avoid loss of
the fines. The aggregate crushing value (ACV) test of coarse aggregate has been done as
shown in Figure 3.27.
• Data calculation: The ratio of the mass of the fines formed to the total mass of
the sample in each test has been expressed as a percentage, the results being
recorded to the first decimal place.
Percentage fines = (B/A) X 100
Where,
A = The mass of surface-dry sample, gm
B = The mass of the fraction passing the 2.36 mm BS test sieve, gm
80
3.5 Concluding remarks.
Aggregate samples have been collected from different sources of Bangladesh in summer
and winter seasons to observe the seasonal and spatial variation of physical properties. To
determine these properties Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregate, Specific gravity
(OD and SSD) test of coarse and fine aggregate, Unit weight (loose and compacted) test
of coarse and fine aggregate, Aggregate crushing value (ACV) test of coarse aggregate
and Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) of coarse aggregate have been done. Results of
these tests serve the basis of comparison for spatial and seasonal variation of aggregate,
which is represented in the upcoming chapter.
81
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 General
Aggregates collected from different sources of the country in summer and

winter seasons have been tested in the laboratory. All the standard specifications of
the tests have been maintained during in the laboratory. Results of those tests are
shown in tables and graphs in this chapter. Tests results are comparing with the
standard value of ACI, BS, IS, PWD (Public works department, Bangladesh) and
AASHTO.
4.2 Physical Observation
After collection of sample, physical characteristics have been identified and

the following observations were made as shown in Table 4.1 through Table 4.2, and
Table 4.3 according to different literature (Neville, Brooks, 1994; Kulkarni, 1998;
Shetty, 2000 and Appendices A, B, C and D).
Table 4.1 Physical observation of coarse aggregate in summer season
Source Colour Size Shape

Comparatively
Mainly gray to
Bisnakandi in Sylhet larger Mostly irregular
brown
Predominantly
Volaganj in Sylhet Mixed Mainly regular
brown to off-white
Al most regular
Sreepur in Sylhet Brown to black Uniformly
Patgram in Al most regular
Mixed colour Mixed
Lalmonirhat
Modhopara in Al most regular
Dark to black Uniformly
Dinajpur
Vozonpur in Al most regular
Brown and mixed Uniformly
Panchagarh
Angular
Zaflong in Sylhet Gray to chockolet Uniformly
Flaky
Tamabil in Sylhet Mixed colour Small
83
Table 4.2 Physical observation of coarse aggregate in winter season
Source Colour Size Shape

Bisnakandi in Sylhet Mainly gray to brown Uniformly Mostly irregular
Volaganj in Sylhet Brown to gray Mixed Mainly regular
Sreepur in Sylhet Brown to black Mixed Regular
Patgram in
Bright to mixed Mixed Al most regular
Lalmonirhat
Modhopara in Al most regular
Dark to black Uniformly
Dinajpur
Vozonpur in Comparativel
Brown and mixed Regular
Panchagarh y large
Zaflong in Sylhet Gray to chockolet Uniformly Al most regular
Tamabil in Sylhet Mixed colour Small Flaky
Table 4.3 Physical observation of fine aggregate in summer and winter seasons
Source Colour Size Composition

Vozonpur in Mainly redish Predominently Free from clay and
Panchagarh Coarse particle organic maters
Patgram in Mixed bright Sharp, angular Free from clay and
Lalmonirhat organic maters
Bheramara in Mainly Black and Comparatively Free from clay and
Kushtia white particle finer organic maters
Pangsha in Mainly Black and Comparatively Free from clay and
Rajbari white particle finer organic maters
Sunamgang in Mainly reddish Comparatively Free from clay and
Sylhet coarse particle is organic maters
high
Fulbari in Mainly Black and Comparatively Free from clay and
Dinajpur white particle finer organic maters
Bhaluka in Mainly Black and Comparatively Free from clay and
Mymenshingh white particle finer organic maters
Gazaria in Mainly Black and Comparatively Free from clay and
Munshiganj white particle finer organic maters
Sreemangal in Mainly reddish Finer Presence of clay and
Moulvibazar organic maters
Jaganathpahar in Mainly Bight – Finer Presence of clay and
Moulvibazar redish organic maters
84
4.3. Seasonal and spatial variation of properties for coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregates collected from different sources of Bangladesh have shown
seasonal and spatial variation while performing specific gravity and absorption
capacity test (OD and SSD), unit weight and voids test (loose and compacted),
aggregate crushing value (ACV) and Los Angles Abrasion test (LAAT). These tests
have been conducted and the test results (Appendix A, B, C and D) have been
represented in tabular and graphical form.
According to specific gravity and absorption capacity test of coarse aggregates

for summer and winter season, the test results have been shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate in summer and winter seasons
Specific gravity
Specific gravity Absorption
(saturated surface
(oven dry basis) capacity (%)
Name of Sources dry basis)
Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter
season season season season season season
Bisnakandi in Sylhet 2.66 2.64 2.69 2.69 1.31 1.58
Volaganj in Sylhet 2.65 2.63 2.68 2.66 1.28 1.40
Sreepur in Sylhet 2.63 2.62 2.66 2.66 1.32 1.44

Patgram in
2.65 2.62 2.69 2.66 1.24 1.42
Lalmonirhat
Modhopara in
2.84 2.80 2.86 2.83 0.90 1.06
Dinajpur
Vozonpur in
2.64 2.61 2.67 2.65 1.21 1.45
Panchagar
Zaflong in Sylhet 2.68 2.65 2.72 2.69 1.43 1.50
Tamabil in Sylhet 2.66 2.62 2.69 2.65 1.19 1.38
Specific gravity and absorption capacity (Table 4.4) of coarse aggregate

shows that for both oven dry (OD) and saturated surface dry (SSD) basis. The sample
from Modhopara in Dinajpur has the maximum value (2.80 to 2.84) of specific
gravity in both condition and the minimum (0.90% to 1.06%) absorption capacity for
both seasons in comparison with other sources because of this samples are uniformly
size and al most in regular shape. Specific gravity for coarse aggregate in summer
season is 1.1% to 1.4% higher than that of winter season. But absorption capacity of
coarse aggregate in winter season is 17% to 22% higher than that of summer season.
85
According to unit weight and voids test of coarse aggregates for summer
seasons and winter season, the test results have been shown in Table 4.5 through
Table 4.6
Table 4.5 Unit weight (Loose and Compacted) of coarse aggregate
Unit weight (Loose) Unit weight (Compacted)

kg/m3 kg/m3
Name of Sources
Summer Winter Summer Winter
season season season season
Bisnakandi in Sylhet 1428 1424 1598 1592
Volaganj in Sylhet 1431 1388 1587 1580
Sreepur in Sylhet 1397 1394 1587 1580
Patgram in Lalmonirhat 1415 1412 1581 1572
Modhopara in Dinajpur 1459 1455 1672 1663
Vozonpur in
1445 1441 1618 1611
Panchagarh
Zaflong in Sylhet 1411 1407 1590 1582
Tamabil in Sylhet 1201 1193 1388 1377
Table 4.6 Voids (Loose and Compacted) of coarse aggregate
Voids (Loose, %) Voids (Compacted, %)

Name of Sources
seasons seasons seasons seasons
Bisnakandi in Sylhet 46.22 45.97 39.82 39.57
Volaganj in Sylhet 45.91 47.12 40.02 39.83
Sreepur in Sylhet 46.79 46.70 39.56 39.60
Patgram in Lalmonirhat 46.50 45.99 40.23 39.87
Modhopara in Dinajpur 48.53 47.94 41.03 40.49
Vozonpur Panchagarh 45.17 44.70 38.61 38.17
Zaflong in Sylhet 47.26 46.82 40.58 40.18
Tamabil in Sylhet 54.76 54.39 47.71 47.75
Unit weight and voids (Table 4.5 through Table 4.6) of coarse aggregate
shows that sample from Modhopara in Dinajpur (1455 to 1672 kg/cum) and Vozonpur
in Panchagarh (1441 to 1618 kg/cum) have higher value then other sources for loose
86
and compacted condition in both season because of this samples are maximum
specific gravity, minimum absorption capacity, uniformly size and al most in regular
shape. On the other hand sample from Tamabil in Sylhet (sample size ½ in
downgrade) shows lower value (193 to1388 kg/cum) of unit weight for loose and
compacted in both season because of this samples are small size and flaky in shape.
But other samples have almost similar values of unit weight (loose and compacted).
Sample from Modhopara in Dinajpur shows the maxium (40.49% to 48.53%) void
and Vozonpur in Panchagarh shows the minimum (38.17% to 45.17%) void in both
seasons except Tamabil in Sylhet. Seasonal variation for unit weight has been found
0.1% to 0.8% higher in summer seasons with the comparison of winter season. But
3% difference has been observed in case of Volaganj in Sylhet.
According to aggregate crushing value (ACV) test with coarse aggregates for
summer season and winter seasons, the test results have been shown in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse aggregate
Aggregate crushing value

(ACV)
Name of Sources
Summer Winter
season season
Bisnakandi in Sylhet 22.70 22.75
Volaganj in Sylhet 22.68 22.55
Sreepur in Sylhet 25.43 25.41
Patgram in Lalmonirhat 25.91 25.53
Modhopara in Dinajpur 18.29 17.87
Vozonpur in Panchagarh 26.08 26.09
Zaflong in Sylhet 26.39 26.15
Aggregate crushing value (Table 4.7) of coarse aggregate shows that sample
from Modhopara in Dinajpur has the lowest (17.87 to 18.29) ACV value in compared
with other sources, because of this samples are maximum unit weight, specific
gravity, minimum absorption capacity, average void, uniformly size and al most in
regular shape . On the other hand Vozonpur in Panchagarh (26.08 to 26.09) and
Zaflong in Sylhet (26.39 to 26.15) show higher ACV value in both summer season
and winter season. Aggregate crushing value (ACV) of Volaganj and Bisnakandi in
87
Sylhet (22.55 to 22.75) has shown approximately similar. Sample from different
sources in summer and winter season have not shown any significant difference due
to seasonal variation.
[
According to los angles abrasion test (LAAT) with coarse aggregates for
summer season and winter season, the test results have been shown in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8. Los angles abrasion value (LAAT) of coarse aggregate
Los angless abration value

(LAAV)
Name of Sources
Summer Winter
season season
Bisnakandi in Sylhet 18.89 18.98
Volaganj in Sylhet 18.70 18.79
Sreepur in Sylhet 20.33 20.39
Modhopara in Dinajpur 15.17 15.30
Zaflong in Sylhet 22.83 22.89
Los angles abrasion value (Table 4.8) of coarse aggregate shows that sample
from Modhopara in Dinajpur has the lowest (15.17 to 15.30) LAAV in comparison
with other sources. But the sample of Vozonpur in Panchagarh (22.61 to 22.69) and
Zaflong in Sylhet (22.83 to 22.89) has shown higher (LAAV. Los angles abrasion
value (LAAV) of Volaganj and Bisnakandi in Sylhet (18.7 to 18.98) has shown
approximately similar. Sample collected in summer season and winter season have
not shown any significant difference due to seasonal variation.
88
4.4 Seasonal and spatial variations of properties for fine aggregate.
According to the sieve analysis test with fine aggregates for summer season,
the test results have been shown in Table 4.9 and grading curve has been drawn which
is shown in Figure 4.1.
110
100
90
Vozonpur
80
Patgram
70
Percent finer
Bheramara
60 Pangsha
50 Sunamganj
40 Fulbari
Bhaluka
30
Gazaria
20 Sreemangal
10 Jaganathpahar
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure 4.1 Fine aggregate grading curves from different sources in summer season
Aggregate grading curve for the collected data in summer season from ten
number of sources (Vozonpur in Panchagarh; Bheramara in Kushtia; Pangsha in
Rajbari; Sunamgang in Sylhet; Patgram in Lalmonirhat; Fulbari in Dinajpur; Bhaluka
in Mymenshingh; Gazaria in Munshiganj; Sreemangal, Jaganathpahar in
Moulvibazar) has been drawn with sieve size in log scale and percent finer in normal
scale which is shown in figure 4.1. The grading curve shows that samples of
Sunamganj in Sylhet are of larger size in comparison with other sources. On the other
hand the sample from Sreemangal in Moulvibazar is the finest in size. The other
samples show nearly similar distribution in their sizes. Spatial variation of aggregate
grading from different sources of Bangladesh has been clearly identified from the
above Table 4.9 and Figure 4.1 for summer season.
89
According to the sieve analysis test with fine aggregates for winter season, the
test results have been shown in Table 4.10 and grading curve has been drawn which is
shown in Figure 4.2
110
100
90
Vozonpur
80
Patgram
70
Percent finer
Bheramara
60 Pangsha
50 Sunamganj
Fulbari
40
Bhaluka
30 Gazaria
20 Sreemangal
10 Jaganathpahar
0
0.1 1 10
Sieve size (mm)
Figure 4.2 Fine aggregate grading curves from different sources in winter season
Aggregate grading curve for the collected data in winter seasons from ten
numbers of sources (Vozonpur in Panchagarh; Bheramara in Kushtia; Pangsha in
Rajbari; Sunamganj in Sylhet; Patgram in Lalmonirhat; Fulbaria in Dinajpur; Bhaluka
in Mymenshingh; Gazaria in Munshiganj; Sreemangal, Jaganathpahar in
Moulvibazar) has been drawn with sieve size in log scale and percent finner in normal
scale which is shown in figure 4.2. The grading curve shows that samples of
Sunamganj in sylhet are of larger size in comparison with other sources. On the other
hand the sample from Sreemangal in Moulvibazar is the finest in size. Spatial
variation of aggregate grading from different sources of Bangladesh has been clearly
identified from the above Table 4.10 and Figure 4.2 for winter season.
From the fine aggregate grading curve (Table 4.9 through Table 4.10 and
Figure 4.1 through Figure 4.2) in summer season and winter season no significant
variation has been observed for sieve analysis test. But some spatial variation has
been observed.
90
According to the sieve analysis test with fine aggregates, the fineness modulus
(FM) of fine aggregates in summer season and winter season are shown in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11 Fineness modulus (FM) of fine aggregate
Summer Winter
Range of FM Name of sources
season (FM) season (FM)
Below FM.1.5 Sreemangal in Moulvibazar 1.50 1.48
Pangsha in Rajbari 1.65 1.58
Gazaria in Munshiganj 1.66 1.59

FM 1.5 to 2.0
Bhaluka in Mymenshingh 1.67 1.64
Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar 1.78 1.75
Fulbari in Dinajpur 2.03 2.02

FM 2.0 to 2.5
Bheramara in Kushtia 2.44 2.39
FM. 2.5 and above Sunamganj in Sylhet 2.67 2.64
Table 4.11 representing the sieve analysis of fine aggregate shows that the FM
value of sample from Sunamganj in Sylhet is above the range of 2.5, which is 2.64 to
2.67. But the FM value of Sreemangal in Moulvibazar is below the range of 1.5 that is
1.48 to 1.50. On the other hand the FM value of Vozonpur in Panchagarh; Patgram in
Lalmonirhat, Bheramara in Kushtia and Fulbari in Dinajpur are the range of 2.0 to
2.5. But the FM value of Pangsha in Rajbari, Bhaluka in Mymenshingh, Gazaria in
Munshiganj and jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar are the range of 1.5 to 2.0. FM values
of fine aggregate in summer season are 0.5% to 4.4% higher than that of winter
season.
91
According to specific gravity and absorption capacity test of fine aggregates
for summer and winter season, the test results have been shown in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12 Specific gravity and absorption capacity of fine aggregate
Specific gravity Absorption

Specific gravity
(saturated surface capacity (%)
(oven dry basis)
dry basis)
Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter
season season season season season season
Vozonpur in Panchagarh 2.64 2.61 2.66 2.63 0.85 0.87
Patgram in Lalmonirhat 2.57 2.53 2.59 2.55 0.83 0.87
Bheramara in Kushtia 2.64 2.6 2.66 2.62 0.56 0.58
Pangsha in Rajbari 2.65 2.61 2.68 2.63 0.89 0.91
Sunamganj in Sylhet 2.53 2.48 2.56 2.51 1.17 1.24
Fulbari in Dinajpur 2.77 2.70 2.79 2.72 0.70 0.73
Bhaluka in Mymenshingh 2.72 2.69 2.73 2.71 0.58 0.62
Gazaria in Munshiganj 2.64 2.59 2.66 2.62 0.85 0.93
Sreemangal in
2.58 2.51 2.60 2.52 0.56 0.58
Moulvibazar
Jaganathpahar in
2.69 2.66 2.70 2.66 0.26 0.28
Moulvibazar
Specific gravity and absorption capacity (Table 4.12) of fine aggregate shows
that for both oven dry (OD) and saturated surface dry (SSD) basis. Fulbaria in
Dinajpur has the maximum value (2.70 to 2.79) in comparison with other sources in
this sample comparatively coarse particle is high. But Patgram in Lalmonirhat;
Sunamganj in Sylhet and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar are approximately same value,
which is minimum (2.48 to 2.60) specific gravity in both condition. Jaganathpahar in
Moulvibazar has the minimum (0.26% to 0.28%) absorption capacity and Sunamganj
in Sylhet has the height (1.17% to 1.24%) absorption capacity for both seasons.
Specific gravity for fine aggregate in summer season is 1.5% to 2.5% higher than that
of winter season. But absorption capacity of fine aggregate in winter season is 5% to
8% higher than that of summer season.
92
According to unit weight and voids test of fine aggregates for summer season
and winter season, the test results have been shown in Table 4.13 through Table 4.14
Table.4.13 Unit (Loose and Compacted) weight of fine aggregate

Unit weight (Loose) Unit weight (Compacted)
kg/m3 kg/m3
season season season season
Vozonpur in Panchagarh 1441 1437 1641 1615
Patgram in Lalmonirhat 1434 1426 1630 1611
Bheramara in Kushtia 1419 1407 1615 1592
Pangsha in Rajbari 1415 1407 1622 1603
Sunamganj in Sylhet 1490 1471 1653 1637
Fulbari in Dinajpur 1388 1377 1592 1570
Bhaluka in Mymenshingh 1419 1407 1596 1573
Gazaria in Munshiganj 1226 1215 1547 1532
Sreemangal in Moulvibazar 1434 1430 1622 1607
Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar 1426 1419 1634 1619
Table.4.14 Voids (Loose and Compacted) of fine aggregate
Voids (Loose, %) Voids (Compacted, %)

seasons seasons seasons seasons
Vozonpur in Panchagarh 45.30 44.82 37.71 38.01
Patgram in Lalmonirhat 44.11 43.52 36.46 36.20
Bheramara in Kushtia 46.16 45.77 38.72 38.65
Pangsha in Rajbari 46.51 45.98 38.66 38.45
Sunamganj in Sylhet 40.98 40.55 34.56 33.85
Fulbari in Dinajpur 49.78 48.90 42.41 41.76
Bhaluka in Mymenshingh 47.74 47.58 41.21 41.40
Gazaria in Munshiganj 53.46 53.00 41.29 40.74
Sreemangal in Moulvibazar 44.32 42.92 37.00 35.84
Jaganathpahar in
46.88 46.57 39.15 39.03
Moulvibazar
Unit weight and voids (Table 4.13 through Table 4.14) of fine aggregate
(loose and compacted) shows that sample from Sunamganj in Sylhet has higher value
93
(1471 to 1653 kg/cum) and Gazaria in Munshiganj has lower value (1215 to 1547
kg/cum) of unit weight in both seasons and compared with other sources. Sunamganj
in Sylhet sample are maximum in specific gravity, absorption capacity and
comparatively coarse particle is high. Sample from Sunamganj in Sylhet shows the
minimum voids (33.85% to 40.98%) in both seasons and Sample from Bhaluka in
Mymenshingh; Gazaria in Munshiganj shows the maximum voids (40.74% to
53.46%) in both seasons. Samples have shown difference due to seasonal variation
where summer season values were 0.2% to 1.27% higher.
94
4.5 Comparison of properties for aggregate in seasonal and spatial variation
According to ASTM and BS specification specific gravity and absorption

capacity (OVD and SSD), unit weight and voids (loose and compacted) have been
performed in the laboratory with coarse and fine aggregate. On the other hand
aggregate crushing value (ACV), Los Angles Abrasion test (LAAT) have been
performed in the laboratory with coarse aggregate and sieve analysis test has been
performed in the laboratory with fine aggregate. Tests results are comparing with the
standard value of ACI, BS, IS, PWD (Public works department, Bangladesh) and
AASHTO. On the basis of these experimental results and comparison the following
observation as shown below.
4.5.1 Comparison of coarse aggregate properties in seasonal and spatial variation
Comparison of specific gravity and absorption capacity of coarse aggregate

from different sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variations, which are shown
in Figure 4.3 through Figure 4.5.
3.6
As per PWD Standard value of 2.2 to 2.6
3.2
As per ACI Standard value of 2.3 to 2.9
2.8
Specific gravity (OD)
2.4
2
1.6
Summer season Winter season
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
il
di
ng
j
m
r
ra
r
an
pu
pu
ab
an
ra
pa
flo
ag
ee
on
m
tg
ak
ho
Za
ol
Ta
Sr
Pa
oz
sn
od
V
V
Bi
Name of sources
yavi
Figure 4.3 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (OD) of coarse
95
3.6
As per PWD standard value of 2.2 to 2.6
3.2
As per ACI standard value of 2.3 to 2.9
2.8
Specific gravity (SSD)

2.4
2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
di
j
ng
il
ra
r
m
r
an
pu
pu
ab
an
pa
ra
flo
ag
on
ee
ak
tg
ho
ol
Za
Ta
Sr
oz
Pa
sn
od
V
V
Bi
M
Name of sources
Figure 4.4 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (SSD) of coarse
2
As per ACI Standard value of 0.5 to 4%
1.8
As per PWD Standard value of 1 to 6%
Absorption capacity (% )
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6 summer season winter season
0.4
0.2
0
j
ng
l
ur
di
ra
r
ram
i
an
pu
ab
an
np
pa
f lo
l ag
ee
m
ak
tg
ho
zo
Za
Ta
Sr
Vo
Pa
sn
Vo
od
Bi
M
Name of sources
Figure 4.5 Seasonal and spatial variations for Absorption capacities (%) of coarse
96
Seasonal and spatial variations of specific gravity (OD and SSD) and
absorption capacity of coarse aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.3
through Figure 4.5. Comparing with the standard vale of specific gravity as per
standard value of ACI (2.3 to 2.9) and PWD (2.2 to 2.6) it is seen that specific gravity
of all the sources meets the requirement of the specification. It is also seen that all the
values of absorption capacity meet the requirement of the specification as per standard
value of ACI (0.5 to 4%) and PWD (1 to 6%). In case of spatial variation, Modhopara
in Dinajpur shows the maximum specific gravity (OD and SSD) and the minimum
absorption capacity in comparison with other sources. Comparison of specific gravity
of coarse aggregate shows that there are hardly any seasonal variations in both
conditions (OD and SSD). But absorption capacity shows that winter season values
are higher than summer season.
Comparison of unit weight and voids of coarse aggregate from different

sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variation, which is shown in Figure 4.6
through Figure 4.9
1800
As per PWD Standard value of 1400 to 2250 kg/cum
1600
As per ACI Standard value of 1280 to 2250 kg/cum
Unit weight (kg/cum, loose)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
di
r
il
j
ng
ra
m
r
an
pu
pu
ab
an
pa
ra
f lo
ag
on
m
ee
ak
tg
ho
Za
ol
Ta
oz
Sr
Pa
sn
od
V
V
Bi
Name of sources
Figure 4.6 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, loose) of coarse
97
2000
Unit weight (kg/cum , com pacted)

1800
As per ACI Standard value of 1280 to 2250 kg/cum
1600
1400
1200 Figure 4.4 (b) Unit weight (kg/cum, compacted)
1000 Summer season Winter season
800
600
400
200
0
j
ng
l
ur
di
ra
r
ram
i
an
pu
ab
an
np
pa
f lo
l ag
ee
m
ak
tg
ho
zo
Za
Ta
Sr
Vo
Pa
sn
Vo
od
Bi
M
Name of sources
Figure 4.7 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, compacted) of
60.00
55.00
50.00
45.00
40.00
Voids (loose, %)
35.00
30.00 Summer season Winter season
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
i
ng
il
j
ur
am
ra
nd
r
an
pu
ab
p
flo
pa
ka
ag
r
on
m
ee
tg
ho
Za
ol
Ta
oz
Sr
Pa
sn
od
V
V
Bi
Name of sources
Figure 4.8 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, loose) of coarse aggregate
with respect to different sources
98
50.00
45.00
40.00
Voids (Compacted, %)
35.00
30.00
25.00 Summer season W inter season
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
di
ng
il
j
r
am
ra
an
pu
pu
ab
an
fl o
pa
ag
r
on
m
ee
tg
ak
ho
Za
ol
Ta
oz
Pa
Sr
sn
od
V
V
Bi
M
N ame of sources
Figure 4.9 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, compacted) of coarse
Seasonal and spatial variations of unit weight and voids (loose and compacted)
of coarse aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.4 through Figure 4.9.
Comparing with the standard vale of unit weight as per standard value of ACI (1280
to 2250 kg/cum) and PWD (1400 to 2250 kg/cum) it is seen that unit weight of all the
sources meet the requirement of the specification. In case of spatial variation
Modhopara in Dinajpur shows the maximum (loose and compacted) unit weight and
the minimum (loose and compacted) unit weight is Tamabil in Sylhet in comparison
with other sources. Sample from Modhopara in Dinajpur shows the maximum void
and Vozonpur in Panchagarh shows the minimum void in both seasons in comparison
with other sources. Comparison of unit weight shows that there is hardly any seasonal
variation.
99
Comparison of aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse aggregate from
different sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variation, which is shown in
Figure 4.10.
35
Aggregate crushing value (ACV)
As per AASHTO, BS and IS Standard value less than 30
30
summer season winter season
25
20
15
10
0 di
ng
j
r
ra
m
r
an
pu
pu
an
ra
pa
flo
ag
on
ee
ak
tg
ho
Za
ol
oz
Sr
Pa
isn
od
V
B
M
Name of sources
Figure 4.10 Seasonal and spatial variation for aggregate crushing value (ACV) of
coarse aggregates with respect to different sources.
Seasonal and spatial variations of aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse

aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.10. Comparing with the standard
value of ACV it is seen that ACV of all the sources meet the requirement of the
specification as per AASHTO, BS and IS (less than 30%). In case of spatial variation
the minimum ACV is found in Modhopara in Dinajpur and the maximum ACV are
Sreepur, Zaflong in Sylhet; Patgram in Lalmonirhat and Vozonpur in Panchagarh in
comparison with other sources. Comparison of ACV in summer and winter season
shows that there is hardly any seasonal variation.
100
Comparison of Los angles abrasion value (LAAV) of coarse aggregate from
different sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variation, which is shown in
Figure 4.11.
30
Los angles abrasion value (LAAV)

As per AASHTO, BS and IS Standard value less than 40
25
summer season winter season
20
15
10
0
di
r
j
ng
a
m
r
an
pu
pu
ar
ra
flo
ka
ag
on
p
ee
tg
ho
Za
ol
oz
Sr
Pa
sn
od
V
Bi
M
N ame of sources
Figure 4.11 Seasonal and spatial variation for Los angles abrasion value (LAAV) of
coarse aggregates with respect to different sources
Seasonal and spatial variations of los angles abrasion value (LAAV) of coarse
aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.11. Comparing with the standard
vale of LAAV it is seen that LAAV of all the sources meet the requirement of the
specification as per AASHTO, BS and IS (less than 40%). In case of spatial variation
the minimum LAAV is found in Modhopara in Dinajpur and the maximum LAAV are
Zaflong in Sylhet and Vozonpur in Panchagarh in comparison with other sources.
Comparison of LAAV in summer and winter season shows that there is hardly any
seasonal variation.
101
4.5.2 Comparison of fine aggregate properties in seasonal and spatial variation
All experimental results of fine aggregate give the indication of seasonal and
spatial variation in aggregate properties.
Comparison of fineness modulus (FM) value of fine aggregate from different

sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variation, which is shown in Figure 4.12.
3
Fineness modulus (FM) value
As per standard value of ACI and PWD for concrete work FM value 2.0 to 3.0
2.5
As per standard value of PWD for plaster
2 work FM value 1.5 to 1.8
1.5
nj
r
l
a
r
ka
ia
m
a
ga
ha
ar
pu
ar
sh
ga
ar
ra
alu
lb
an
pa
am
on
ng
az
m
tg
Fu
m
th
Bh
oz
na
Pa
Pa
er
G
na
ee
Bh
V
Su
Sr
ga
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.12 Seasonal and spatial variation for fineness modulus (FM) value of fine
aggregates with respect to different sources
Seasonal and spatial variations of fineness Modulus (FM) value of fine

aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.12. Comparing with the value of
fineness modulus (FM) as per standard value of ACI and PWD it is seen that for
R.C.C work the sample of Sunamganj in Sylhet is the best sample in comparison with
other sources as per standard value of ACI and PWD (for RC.C. work FM value 2.0
to 3.0). For plaster work the samples of Pangsha in Rajbari, Gazaria in Munshiganj
and Bhaluca in Mymenshingh are best as per standard value of ACI and PWD (for
plaster work FM value 1.5 to 1.8). In case of spatial variation for both summer and
winter seasons Sunamganj in Sylhet shows the maximum FM values and the
minimum FM value is Sreemangal in Moulvibazar in comparison with other sources.
But there is hardly any seasonal variation observed.
102
Comparison of specific gravity and absorption capacity of fine aggregate from
different sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variation, which is shown in Figure
4.13 through Figure 4.15.
3.6
3.2
Specific gravity(OD) value
2.8
2.4
1.6
1.2

0.4
r
nj
ha
r
m
ka
ga
ia
i
pu
ar
ar
sh
ga
ar
ra
pa
lu
an
lb
on
m
ng
az
tg
ha
th
m
ra
Fu
na
oz
G
Pa
Pa
na
he
B
ee
V
Su
ga
Sr
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.13 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (OD) of fine aggregate
3.6
3.2
Specificgravity(SSD) value
2.8
2.4
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
r
nj
ha
r
m
ka
ga
ia
i
pu
ar
ar
sh
ga
ar
ra
pa
an
lu
m
lb
on
m
ng
az
tg
ha
th
m
ra
Fu
na
oz
G
Pa
Pa
na
he
B
ee
V
Su
ga
Sr
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.14 Seasonal and spatial variations for Specific gravity (SSD) of fine
103
1.6
As per ACI Standard value of 0.5 to 4%
Absorption capacity (%)

1.4
As per PWD Standard value of 1 to 6%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
l
r
r
ka
i
ia
a
m
ga
a
pu
ha
ar
ar
ar
sh
ar
ra
lu
lb
lb
an
pa
on
m
ng
az
ha
tg
Fu
Fu
m
ra
th
oz
G
Pa
Pa
B
he
ee
na
V
B
Sr
ga
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.15 Seasonal and spatial variations for Absorption capacity (%) of fine
Seasonal and spatial variations of specific gravity (OD and SSD) and
absorption capacity of fine aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.13
through Figure 4.15. Comparing with the standard vale of specific gravity as per
standard value of ACI (2.3 to 2.9) and PWD (2.2 to 2.6) it is seen that specific gravity
of all the sources meets the requirement of the specification. It is also seen that all the
values of absorption capacity meet the requirement of the specification as per standard
value of ACI (0.5 to 4%) and PWD (1 to 6%).In case of spatial variation for both
summer and winter seasons Fulbari in Dinajpur shows the maximum and Sunamganj
in Sylhet shows the minimum specific gravity of oven dry (OD) and saturated surface
dry (SSD) basis in comparison with other sources. Sample from Sunamganj in Sylhet
shows the maximum and Jaganathpahar in Moulvibazar shows the minimum
absorption capacity in both seasons. Comparison of specific gravity and absorption
capacity of fine aggregate shows that summer season values are higher than winter
season values for specific gravity in both condition but absorption capacity shows that
winter season values are higher than summer season.
104
Comparison of unit weight and voids (loose and compacted) of fine aggregate
from different sources indicates the seasonal and spatial variation, which is shown in
Figure 4.16 through Figure 4.19.
1800
Unit w eight (kg/cum, loose) value
1600 As per ACI Standard value of 1280 to 2250 kg/cum
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
j
ri
l
ia
ka
ar
ur
a
am
a
an
ga
ar
sh
a
ar
ah
np
alu
lb
mg
an
am
r
ng
az
tg
p
Fu
zo
Bh
m
th
Pa
Pa
G
na
er
Vo
ee
na
Bh
Su
Sr
ga
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.16 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, loose) of fine
2000
As per PWD Standard value of 1400 to 2250
Unit weight (kg/cum, compacted) value
1800
As per ACI Standard value of 1280 to 2250
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
a
nj
a
r
i
r
ia
m
a
ga
ar
pu
ha
uk
ar
sh
ar
ga
ra
lb
an
am
pa
al
on
ng
az
tg
m
Fu
m
Bh
th
oz
G
Pa
Pa
er
na
ee
na
Bh
Su
Sr
ga
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.17 Seasonal and spatial variations for Unit weight (kg/cum, compacted) of
105
60.00
50.00
Voids (loose, %) 40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
nj
i
ka
ia
a
m
a
ga
pu
ar
ha
ar
sh
ga
ar
ra
alu
lb
an
on
am
pa
ng
az
m
tg
Fu
m
Bh
th
oz
G
na
Pa
Pa
er
ee
na
V
Bh
Su
Sr
ga
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.18 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, loose) of fine aggregate
45.00
40.00
Voids (Compacted, %)
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
l
nj
ka
ia
a
m
ga
a
pu
ha
ar
ar
sh
ga
ar
ra
lu
lb
an
on
pa
m
ng
az
m
ha
tg
Fu
m
ra
th
oz
na
G
Pa
Pa
B
he
ee
na
V
Su
B
Sr
ga
Ja
Name of sources
Figure 4.19 Seasonal and spatial variations for Voids (%, compacted) of fine
106
Seasonal and spatial variations of unit weight and voids (loose and compacted) of
fine aggregate are represented by a bar chart in Figure 4.16 through Figure 4.19.
Comparing with the standard vale of unit weight as per standard value of ACI (1280
to 2250 kg/cum) and PWD (1400 to 2250 kg/cum) it is seen that unit weight of all the
sources meet the requirement of the specification. In case of spatial variation the
minimum unit weight is found in Gazaria. On the other hand Sunamganj in Sylhet
shows the maximum value of unit weight on the basis of compacted and loose
condition. But other sources have shows approximately same values of unit weight on
the basis of loose and compacted condition in both seasons. Unit weight in both
condition the summer season values are higher than winter season. Sample from
Sunamganj in Sylhet shows the minimum voids in both seasons. Sample from
Bhaluka in Mymenshingh and Gazaria in Munshiganj shows the maximum voids in
both seasons.
4.6 Comparison of Ottawa sand with locally collected sand from Jaganathpahar
and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar.
A kind of silica sand which found near Ottawa or Illinois that is free of
organic matter and produced by processing silica rock particles obtained by hydraulic
mining of the orthoquartzite situated in open-pit deposits usually termed as Ottawa
Sand. This type of sand is composed almost naturally rounded grains of nearly pure
quartz and is used in mortars for testing cement. Ottawa sand is accurately graded to
pass a 850-µ (US Standard No. 20) sieve and to be retained on a 600-µ (US Standard
No. 30) sieve.
Ottawa sand is globally accepted standard sand, which is used for research
work in civil engineering, material testing and ferro-cement structure. As it is very
costly due to scarcity and manufacturing difficulties, it is not possible to use this sand
frequently. The common properties of Ottawa sand are given Table.4.15 (U.S. Silica
Company, P.O. Box 187, Berkeley Springs, WV 25411-0187).
107
Table 4.15 Properties of Ottawa sand
Characteristics Properties/Value
Physical state Solid, Granular solid
Colour Gray, Tan
Fineness Modulus (FM) 2.0-2.4
Specific gravity 2.65-2.66
Bulk density 100 Ib/ft3
Sources Mainly Canada, USA, Japan, Korea, Singapore
During this research work sand sample have been collected from
sand resembles with Ottawa sand in most of the properties.
Comparison of these properties with that of Ottawa sand is given in the following
Table.4.16.
Table 4.16 Comparison of properties of Jaganathpahar, Sreemangal in Moulvibazar

sand and Ottawa sand
Ottawa sand Jaganathpahar sand Sreemangal sand

Characteristics
Properties/Value Properties/Value Properties/Value
Solid, Granular solid
Physical state Solid, Granular solid Solid, Granular solid
Colour Gray, Tan Bright-reddish Bright-reddish

Fineness
2.0 - 2.4 1.75 - 1.78 1.48 – 1.50
Modulus (FM)
Specific gravity 2.65-2.66 2.66-2.70 2.51-2.60
Bulk density 100 lb/ft3 89-102 lb/ft3 90-101 lb/ft3
Mainly Canada, USA,

Sources Bangladesh Bangladesh
Japan, Korea, Singapore
1. Physical state of sand from Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar are

Solid, Granular solid which is exactly the same of Ottawa sand.
2. Specific gravity of sand from Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar are
2.66-2.70 and 2.51-2.60, which is very near to that of Ottawa sand value 2.65-
2.66.
108
3. Bulk density of sand from Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar are
89-102 lb/ft3 and 90-101 lb/ft3, which are almost same to that of Ottawa sand
value of 100 lb/ft3.
4. Colour of sand from Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar are bright
reddish that is near to that of Ottawa sand, which is gray, tan.
4.7 Concluding remarks:
Spatial and seasonal variations of aggregate properties have been identified

interpreting the test results with graphical representations. Standard values of ACI,
BS, AASHTO, IS and PWD have been also compared with test results to find the
quality of aggregate. Modhopara in Dinajpur and Sunamganj in Sylhet have been
found as the best coarse and fine aggregate respectively with the comparison of other
sources in Bangladesh. On the basis of the whole research works brief conclusion and
some major recommendations is going to be represented in the upcoming chapter.
109
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 General.
Aggregates are the most important component of concrete, which is widely used
in construction throughout the world. Due to seasonal and spatial variation the properties
of coarse and fine aggregates shows difference in their values. To identify these
variations, coarse and fine aggregate have been collected from different sources in Sylhet,
Moulvibazar, Mymensingh, Rajbari, Munshiganj, Dinajpur, Lalmonirhat, Panchagarh,
and Kushtia. These samples have been collected in summer season as well as in winter
season. According to ASTM and BS specification sieve analysis, specific gravity and
absorption capacity (OD and SSD), unit weight and voids (loose and compacted) have
been performed in the laboratory with coarse and fine aggregate. Aggregate crushing
value (ACV) and Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) have been performed in the laboratory
with coarse aggregate.
5.2 Conclusions
This research work represent in depth analysis of aggregate properties from
different sources in Bangladesh. From this study the variation of aggregate properties due
to seasonal and spatial variation have been observed which gives a clear idea about the
quality of aggregates of that particular place in the specific season. On the basis of
physical observation test results and comparison with the standard value of ACI, BS,
AASHTO, IS and PWD following seasonal and spatial variation of coarse and fine
aggregate properties have been found.
5.2.1. Physical observation

Physical observation on the collected sample reveals that coarse aggregates of
Modhopara in Dinajpur, Bisnakandi and Volagonj in Sylhet are uniform in size and
almost regular in shape. Among the collected sample of fine aggregate of Sunamganj in
Sylhet, Bheramara in Kushtia, Vozonpur in Panchagarh and Patgram in Lalmonirhat are
comparatively coarse particle is high and free from clay and organic matters.
112
5.2.2. Spatial variation of coarse aggregate
All test results values of coarse aggregate from above mention sources have been
compared with standard values of ACI, BS, AASHTO, IS and PWD. Sample of coarse
aggregate from Modhopara in Dinajpur satisfied with maximum value of specific gravity
(OD and SSD), unit weight (loose and compacted) and minimum value of absorption
capacity, ACV and LAAV in comparison with other sources.
5.2.3 Seasonal variation of coarse aggregate
Sample of coarse aggregate from different sources in summer season and winter
season have shown difference due to seasonal variation for Specific gravity, Unit weight
and void percentage where summer season values have been comparatively higher than
winter season. In case of absorption capacity of coarse aggregate in winter season values
is higher than that of summer season. Samples of coarse aggregate have not shown any
significant difference of ACV and LAAV due to seasonal variation.
5.2.4 Spatial variation of fine aggregate
All test results values of fine aggregate from above mention sources have been
compared with standard values of ACI, BS, IS and PWD. Sample of fine aggregate from
Sunamganj in Sylhet satisfied with maximum value of FM, absorption capacity and unit
weight (loose and compacted) in comparison with other sources. In case of sample from
Fulbari in Dinajpur shows that for specific gravity (OD and SSD) and void percentage
has the maximum value in comparison with other sources.
During this research work fine aggregate sample have been collected from
sand resembles with Ottawa sand in most of the properties i.e Physical state, specific
gravity, Bulk density and colour.
113
5.2.5 Seasonal variation of fine aggregate
Sample of fine aggregate from different sources in summer and winter season have
shown difference due to seasonal variation for FM value, Specific gravity and unit weight
where summer season values have been comparatively higher than winter season. In case
of absorption capacity of fine aggregate in winter season values is higher than that of
summer season. Samples of fine aggregate have not shown any significant difference of
void ratio due to seasonal variation.
5.3 Recommendations
On the basis of all test results values of coarse and fine aggregate from above
mention sources in Bangladesh have been compared with standard values of ACI, BS, IS
and PWD for seasonal and spatial variation the following recommendations can be
suggested.
1. Coarse aggregate of Modhopara in Dinajpur satisfied with most desirable values

among all the sources with standard values of ACI, BS, AASHTO, IS and PWD.
Modhopara in Dinajpur provided best coarse aggregate in comparison with other
sources.
2. Fine aggregate of Sunamgang in Sylhet satisfied with most desirable values among all
the sources with standard values of ACI, BS, IS and PWD. Sunamgang in Sylhet
provided best fine aggregate in comparison with other sources for concreting.
3. The government and construction companies in Bangladesh may get a clear and
definite idea about seasonal and spatial variation of aggregate from different sources
of Bangladesh as well as can easily select the best aggregate to ensure the quality and
strength of concrete.
4. Strength of concrete is depends on the properties of aggregate, which is used in mix
design. As these properties differ in summer and winter seasons, which affects water-
cement ratio significantly, seasonal variation must be considered in concrete mix
design.
5. Sand of Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar may be used in lieu of Ottawa
sand in research work, material test and construction of ferro-cement structure. The
114
cost will be minimizing by using sand of Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in
Moulvibazar instead of Ottawa sand. It may be also commercially profitable to
establish these sand as acceptable alternate of Ottawa sand.
5.4 Recommendations of further study
This research work of seasonal and spatial variation has been conducted on the
basis of physical properties of aggregate. To identify standard aggregate as per
specification chemical properties of aggregate are also important. This study can be used
as the platform to make further research for which some recommendations are mentioned
below:
1. Chemical properties (chemical composition, reaction with binder materials) of

aggregates need to be determined to assess the quality of aggregate comprehensively.
2. Compressive strength of concrete is solely depended on quality of aggregate. A
comprehensive study should be conducted with different combinations of fine and
coarse aggregate collected from different sources in Bangladesh for compressive
strength test to identify the best quality aggregate for good concrete.
3. An extensive research has been suggested for chemical and other properties with sand
of Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar in comparison with Ottawa sand.
4. If further research on sand of Jaganathpahar and Sreemangal in Moulvibazar provide

satisfactory results in chemical and other properties, these sand may be used as
acceptable alternate of Ottawa sand.
5. This study can serve as basis, which leads to standardization of aggregate quality in
different sources of Bangladesh in comparison with ASTM and BS specification.
115
REFERRENCES
1. Noor (2009) “CE-202 Materials Sessional (laboratory manual)” Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, BUET.
2. ASTM C29/C29M “Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and
Voids in Aggregate”.
3. ASTM C33 (2003), “Specification for Concrete Aggregates,” ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, DOI: 10.1520/C0033-03.
4. ASTM C70 (2003) “Standard Test Method for Surface Moisture in Fine
Aggregate” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003.
5. ASTM C117 (2004) “Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No
200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing”, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, 2004.
6. ASTM C125 (2007) “Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
Aggregates” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2007.
7. ASTM C127 “Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate”.
8. ASTM C128 “Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), and Absorption of fine aggregate”.
9. ASTM C131 “Cement Standards and Concrete Standards” ASTM International.
10. ASTM C131 “Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size
Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine”.
11. ASTM C136 (2006) “Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and
Coarse Aggregates” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2007.
12. ASTM C566 “Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
Aggregate by Drying”.
13. ASTM STP-83 (1948) Symposium on Mineral Aggregates, American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
14. ASTM STP-169-A, (1966) Part-III, “Significant of tests and Properties of
Concrete and Concrete-Marking Materials” American Society for Testing and
Materials.
116
15. ASTM C566 (2004) “Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture
Content of Aggregate by Drying”.
16. ASTM D3398 (2006) “Standard Test Method for Index of Aggregate Particle
Shape and Texture”.
17. BS- 882. (1992) “British Standard” British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick
High Road, London, W4 4AL, United Kingdom.
18. BS-812. (1992) “Testing aggregates. Method for determination of particle size
distribution. Sieve tests”, British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road,
London, W4 4AL, United Kingdom.
19. AASHTO T 27 “Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates”
20. AASHTO T 84 “Specific gravity and absorption of fine Aggregates”
21. AASHTO T 85 “Specific gravity and absorption of coarse Aggregates”
22. AASHTO T 103 (2008) “Standard Method of Test for Soundness of Aggregates
by freezing and thawing” American Association of State and Highway
Transportation Officials / 01-Aug-2008.
23. AASHTO T 255 “Total evaporable moisture content of aggregate by drying”
24. Houston, B. J (1962): Review of Available Information, Technical Report No. 6-
593, Report 1, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Vicksburg, Mississippi, “Investigation of Gap-Grading of Concrete Aggregates".
25. Land Transport New Zealand Research Report-325 (2007), “The effect of grading
on the performance of base course aggregate , Dr Greg Arnold Pavespec Ltd, Dr
Sabine Werkmeister University of Canterbury, David Alabaster Transit New
Zealand (August-2007).
26. Navilie, A. M, and Brooks, J. J. (1994) “Concrete Technology”. Publisher:
Pearson Education Limited.
27. Shetty M. S., (2000) “Concrete Technology Theory and Practice”. M.S. Shetty,
Publisher: S Chand & Co ISBN: 8121903483 Edition: Paperback; 2000-11-30.
28. Robert et al (1996) “Aggregate hand book” National stone, sand and gravel
association (NSSGA), Arlington, VA.
29. Ridgeway (1982) “Typical aggregate grading” National stone, sand and gravel
association (NSSGA)-Arlington, VA.
117
30. G.J.Kulkarni, (1998) “A text book of engineering materials” Publiser: Ambalal J.
Patel, sixth edition.
31. U.S. Silica Company, P.O. Box 187, Berkeley Springs, WV 25411-0187.
118
Table 4.9 Percent finer in fine aggregate of different sources in summer season
Sieve Sieve Percent Finner

Numb Opening Vozonpur Patgram Bheramara Pangsha Sunamganj Fulbari Bhaluka Gazaria Sreemangal Jaganathpahar
er (mm) Panchagarh Lalmonirhat Kushtia Rajbari Sylhet Dinajpur Mymensingh Munshiganj Sylhet Sylhet
#4 4.75 99.9 100 100 100 99.58 100 100 100 100 100
#8 2.36 98.7 99.15 99.91 99.45 95.02 99.91 100 99.3 99.4 99.92
#16 1.18 89.8 96.35 99.11 98.25 79.38 98.71 99.92 98.4 96.9 98.72
#30 0.6 56.3 67.6 94.61 93.75 46.48 81.91 97.12 93.6 90.48 92.82
#50 0.3 16.5 12.17 53.72 38.95 11.44 15.41 34.32 38.5 59.68 27.12
#100 0.15 3.3 1.27 7.92 4.75 0.73 0.91 2.12 4.7 3.98 3.32
#200 0.075 1.07 0.32 1.12 0.93 0.16 0.01 0.32 0.3 0.88 0.52
Table 4.10 Percent finer in fine aggregate of different sources in winter season
Sieve Percent Finner

Sieve
Opening Vozonpur, Patgram in Bheramara Pangsha Sunamgonj Fulbari Bhaluka Gazaria Sreemangal Jagannathpahar
Number
(mm) Panchagar Lalmonirhat Kushtia Rajbari Sylhet Dinajpur Mymensingh Munshiganj Sylhet Sylhet
#4 4.75 99.92 100 100 100 99.61 100 100 100 100 100
#8 2.36 99.12 99.8 100 99.92 95.21 99.95 100 99.9 99.5 100
#16 1.18 91.72 97.1 99.67 99.72 79.79 99.05 100 99.6 97.85 99.4
#30 0.6 56.38 69.23 96.27 96.22 47.49 83.05 98.35 94.1 91.71 92.8
#50 0.3 15.03 12.91 55.12 39.72 12.19 15.3 34.9 40 60.21 28.2
#100 0.15 1.63 0.812 8.62 6.42 1.65 0.8 3.15 7.2 3.11 4.52
#200 0.075 0.43 0.012 1.02 1.22 0.34 0 0.35 0.2 0.41 1.32
Pan 0.03 0.012 0.02 0.01 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

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SEASONAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE

FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN BANGLADESH

MD. ANISUR RAHMAN

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MD. ANISUR RAHMAN

A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Bangladesh University

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Md. Anisur Rahman

Dr. Munaz Ahmed Noor Chairman

Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Member

Dr. Md. Shafiul Bari Member

Dr. Md. Khasro Miah Member

April 2012 Md. Anisur Rahman

Aggregate properties vary significantly with the change of seasons in

Spatial variations in properties of coarse and fine aggregate have been

LIST OF FIGURES xii

CHAPTER 1 :INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.2 Rationale of the study 3

1.3 Objectives with specific aims and possible outcomes 4

1.4 Scope and limitations of the study 5

1.5 Outline of the research 5

CHAPTER 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW 6-34

2.3 Types of aggregate 8

2.3.1 Coarse aggregate 8

2.3.2 Fine aggregate 9

2.5 Properties of aggregate 11

2.5.2 Chemical properties 20

2.6 Effect of aggregate on quality and strength of concrete 22

2.7 Tests of aggregate 25

2.8 Spatial variation of aggregate 33

2.10 Concluding Remarks 34

CHAPTER 3 :METHODOLOGY AND TEST PROCEDURE 35-82

3.2 Sample collection source 35

3.3 Sample collection method 51

3.4 Laboratory tests of aggregate 63

3.4.1 Sieve analysis test of coarse and fine aggregate 63

3.4.2 Specific gravity and absorption capacity of fine 66

3.4.5 Los angles abrasion test (LAAT) of coarse aggregate 76

3.4.6 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) of coarse aggregate 79

3.5. Concluding Remarks 82

CHAPTER 4 :RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 83-111

4.2 Physical observation 83

4.3 Seasonal and spatial variation of properties for coarse 85-88

4.4 Seasonal and spatial variation of properties for fine 89-96

CHAPTER 5 :CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS 112-115

5.3 Recommendations 114

5.4 Recommendations of further study 115

Table 2.2 Relationships for some common substances 13

Figure 2.3 Course and Fine aggregate 8

Figure 2.4 Coarse aggregate 9

Figure 2.5 Fine aggregate 10

Figure 2.6 Dry and Wet aggregate 19

Figure 2.8 Polished aggregate 30

Figure 3.2 Sample collection sources of fine aggregate 35

Figure 3.4 Sample collection sources (Sreemangal in Moulvibazar)of

Figure 3.5 Sample collection sources (Vozonpur at Tentilia in Panchagarh)

Figure 3.6 Sample collection sources (Fulbari in Dinajpur) of fine aggregate 40

Figure 3.9 Sample collection sources (Bheramara in Kushtia) of fine

Figure 3.10 Sample collection sources (Patgram in Lalmonirhat) of fine

Figure 3.12 Sample collection sources of coarse aggregate 46-50

Figure 3.16 Sample collection sources (Patgram in Lalmonirhat) of