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FEASIBILITY OF UNDERWATER ARCHITECTURE

FOR HUMAN HABITAT (DISSERTATION)

SOUMIL SENAPATI DISSERTATION GUIDE

B.ARCH Ar. Sudhanshu Mandlik
9TH SEM

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DECLARATION

I, SOUMIL SENAPATI (BARN1AR16011), hereby solemnly declare that the dissertation

entitled Architecture on Water submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the
BACHELOR of ARCHITECTURE degree at the ITM University Gwalior is a record of
bonafied work carried out by me in the ninth semester of the course.

This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge the dissertation entitled,

Architecture on Water is a bonafied work by SOUMIL SENAPATI
(BARN1AR16011), of School of Architecture ITM University.

SOUMIL SENAPATI
BARN1AR16011

This dissertation fulfills the requirement relating to the nature and standard laid down by the
ITM University Gwalior.

AR. SUDHANSHU MANDLIK

(Dissertation Co-coordinator)
School of Architecture
ITM University Gwalior

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT - Submerged has consistently been alluring and interest for people. Investigating,
utilizing and being important for submerged has been a test for them consistently. The main
submerged structures were results of designing examinations and have been utilized for fields of
logical investigates and perceptions, military purposes and getting energy for quite a long time.
Nonetheless, submerged is another mechanism for human for convenience and diversion
purposes; and correspondingly new subject which is worth to read for designers. Planning
submerged structures turned into a race among modelers and architects. In like manner,
submerged inn and café/restaurant ventures were figured it out. Right now, submerged structures
can articulated as a dream and another comprehension for design, anyway later on submerged
might be recommended as another convenience territory.

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The theory expects to bring up the plan contemplations of submerged structures from not only
designing, yet additionally engineering angles. Planning submerged has its own standards and
qualities and these ought to be stated under the light of the examination on previous structures.
Then again, essential measures and motivations behind building perspectives for submerged
structures ought to be characterized to meet necessities of human. To accomplish that,
boundaries will be brought up and deciphered by the conditions and impediments of the climate
to set the essentials for architectural ways to deal with submerged plan. A near report on
contemporary models will be made to assess these boundaries and remarks will be made under
the light of the assessment.

Key words: Underwater Architecture, Underwater Structures, Underwater Buildings, Underwater

Design, Underwater Hotels, Underwater Restaurants, Underwater Design parameters/
considerations.

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION.…………………………………………………………………………...4
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.2 Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
1.3 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………5
1.4 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………5
1.5 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
1.6 Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW AND DATA ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SCENARIOS………….6

2.1 Problems faced by humans in the present and future scenario and the climatic conditions……...6
2.1.1 Water stressed countries………………………………………………………………………………7
2.1.2 Population Increment…………………………………………………………………………………...7
2.1.3 Food production issues…………………………………………………………………………………7
2.1.4 Change in the requirement of food…………………………………………………………………….7
2.1.5 Relation between the water stressed countries and food producing countries……………………8
2.1.6 The water demand is increasing at a very high level in the world according to OECD………….8
2.1.7 Projections for the 2081 – 2100 periods……………………………………………………………….8
2.1.8 Undernourishment health issues. 2005-2017………………………………………………………...9
2.1.9 Irrigation water demand for rice production in Bangladesh in 2030 and 2050…………………….9
2.1.10 Estimation of overall land supply and demand up to 2046 in Hong Kong………………………10
2.1.11 Estimation of Supply and Demand for Land for Residential Uses up to 2046………………….10
2.2 The possible ways of construction in future with its advantages and disadvantages with the
Impact on earth…………………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.2.1 Horizontal Construction……………………………………………………………………………….10
2.2.2 Vertical Construction………………………………………………………………………………….11
2.2.3 Underground Construction……………………………………………………………………………11.
2.2.4 On & Underwater Construction……………………………………………………………………….12
2.2.5 New Approach………………………………………………………………………………………….12

CHAPTER 3 – UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS…………………………………………………………….13

3.1 Working of Submarine…………………………………………………………………………………..13
3.1.1 Buoyancy……………………………………………………………………………………………….13
3.1.2 Positive Buoyancy……………………………………………………………………………………..13
3.1.3 Drag Force……………………………………………………………………………………………...13
3.1.4 Lift Force………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
3.1.5 Archimedes Principle………………………………………………………………………………….13
3.2 Submarine…………………………………………………………………………………………………14
3.2.1 Inner Hull………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
3.2.2 Outer Hull……………………………………………………………………………………………….14

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3.2.3 Ballast Tank…………………………………………………………………………………………..14

3.3.4 Material………………………………………………………………………………………………..15

CHAPTER 4 – CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES………………………………………………………15

4.1 Coffer Dam……………………………………………………………………………………………..15
4.2 Tremie Method…………………………………………………………………………………………17

CHAPTER 5 - CASE STUDIES WITH THE CONSIDERABLE PARAMETERS……………………....18

5.1 Pile Foundation…………………………………………………………………………………………...18
5.2 Form and Structure…………………………………………………………………………………….19
5.3 Material……………………………………………………………………………………………….…23
5.4 Process of Construction………………………………………………………………………………25
5.5 Accessibility……………………………………………………………………………………………27
5.6 Degree of Enclosure…………………………………………………………………………………..30
5.7 Degree of Enclosure…………………………………………………………………………………..31
5.8 Sanitary System in underwater structure………………………………………………………..….31
5.9 Composition of Atmosphere…………………………………………………………………………..33
5.10 Air Circulation, Humidity. Sunlight and Temperature Control…………………………………...35
5.11 Energy Production and Water Purification………………………………………………………....36
5.12 Methane production for fuel and availability for other resources………………………………...37
5.13 Technique and Technology to resist tsunami……………………………………………………...38

CHAPTER 6 - NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ECOSYSTEM DUE TO THE HUMAN INTERACTION WITH

MARINE LIFE…………………………………………………………………………………………………40

CHAPTER 7 – SOLUTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND INFERENCES WITH

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………..42

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………………..48

CHAPTER – 1

1.1 Background

Until this point in time, all human advancements relied upon water for improvement,
development, or basic endurance and accomplished these by methods for a few different
ways. Right off the bat, streams were involved by settlements all through their traversable
lengths; second, inland oceans were used as protected regions for business transport and
colonization. At last, the seas were utilized for investigation, extension of populaces, and
business between main lands. The fundamental needs of water ascend to significant
designing developments at a beginning phase ever. Then again, water assumed a significant
part in the folklore, religion and customs of all societies since the commencement with its
representative implications. It was viewed as one of the essential components of the universe
alongside earth, air and fire. Water is acknowledged as the image forever and wellspring of
life. Everything is depending upon water either directly or indirectly.

As opposed to the "nurturing" character of water, it additionally has been an image of death
and can be seen as "vacant, dim and cold". Aside from life and passing, there are different
implications ascribed to water. For instance, drinking uncommon water is accepted to bring

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great wellbeing and bountiful water speaks to ripeness. Water is an image of virtuousness
when it is unadulterated and clear due to "its capacity as a purifying operator". Also, it is
essential for people and "was the most crucial structure square of the universe – final and
indestructible – yet couldn't clarify where it eventually originated from".

The seas have a wealth of assets, boundless energy saves, and an apparently interminable
gracefully of food. Products can be shipped along an organization of streams that must be
neither built nor kept up. Town organizers, modelers, professionals, researchers, visionaries,
creators, and individualists have begun to investigate the idealistic domains of water as a
spot to live. Residences, settlements, and urban communities for a huge number of occupants
are now on the planning phase.

From a long period of time regions like Vietnam, Venice, and Amsterdam have used the
water for human settlement (floating community) As looking on the current scenarios and
future predictions we may need to go to under water as well.

1.2 Aim

To explore the future possibility of human habitat underwater for a better survival option.

1.3 Objectives

 Analyzing the approach towards the design of existing structures through case studies
and comparing them to find better approaches towards different aspects of the
architectural design.

 Establishing the viability of underwater projects by exploring the practical parameters

present in the case studies as well as in some other structures.

 Understanding the humans’ interference with aquatic life.

1.4 Methodology
 Understanding of Construction Techniques used under water and Submarines floating
mechanics.

 Analyzing different underwater case studies of restaurants/hotels by comparing them

with each by means of various parameters.

 Understanding short term aspects of livable space by studying submarine.

 Analyzing hypothetical case studies to understand the parameters for community

evolution under water.

1.5 Scope
 The need of architecture under water.

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 The ways of construction and comparison of architecture underwater from land and
on water.

 It will help to understand the strength and weakness of aqua architecture and its
response with the natural calamities.

 It will help others to do further research on underwater architecture.

1.6 Limitations
 The research will not be supported by scientific details.
 It’s not touching the sensitivity of phobia underwater.
 Attack on humans by marine life.
 Expense of construction.

CHAPTER - 2

LITERATURE REVIEW AND DATA ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SCENARIOS

2.1Problems faced by humans in the present and future scenario and the climatic conditions.

2.1.1 Water Stress in countries – Right now many countries are lacking to provide water to
their citizens for various purposes. It will take humanity with a very critical future.

Figure 1, Water stressed countries 2020

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2.1.2 P
o
p
u
l
ation Increment. Population of the world from 2015 to 2100 where can see the increment
of 4 billion people. The resources which we have won’t be enough for human kind to
survive in future. Some innovation is required in every aspect of the usage of water.

Figure 2, comparison of Population of

the continents in present with the future

2.1.3 Food Production issues. Food production index in 50 year of horizon. We can easily
interpret that the requirement of food is always more compared to the population. The
lack of land and water won’t be able to fulfill the requirements in the coming years.

Figure 3, food requirements with respect

to population, FAOSTAT

2.1.4 Change in the requirement of food. Change happened in the food requirement during
decades beginning and end.

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Figure 4, change in food requirements

and projection in 2050

2.1.5 Relation between the water stressed countries and food producing countries. Countries
that are the major food producing house for the world. These countries come under the
high water stress region in the water stress map which clearly states that very soon we
will be in trouble.

Figure 5, Countries producing major food

2.1.6 The water demand is increasing at a very high level in the world according to OECD

Figure 6, Water demand 2050 according to OECD

2.1.7 Projections for the 2081 – 2100 periods under the scenarios for a) Change in annual mean
surface temperature b) Change in annual mean precipitation, c) Change in average sea
level. This projection clearly shows us the disaster we are going to face in future.

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Figure 7, 2081-2100, a) Change in annual mean

surface temperature, b) Change in annual mean
precipitation & c) Change in average sea level

2.1.8 Undernourishment health issues. 2005-2017, prevalence of undernourishment in the

world. The percentages are really high and it is increasing which can cause damage to the
overall economy by means of producer and consumer ratio.

Figure 8, 2005-2017 undernourishment in the world

2.1.9 Irrigation Issues. Irrigation water demand for rice production in Bangladesh in 2030 and
2050

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Figure 9, 2030 & 2050 irrigation demand for rice production

2.1.10 Urbanization and Land Scarcity. Estimation of overall land supply and demand up to
2046 in Hong Kong. If this happens then a huge amount of population will not be able to
have permanent shelter due to the lack of land.

Figure 10, 2046 Hong Kong land supply demand

2.1.11 Urbanization and Land Scarcity. Estimation of Supply and Demand for Land for
Residential Uses up to 2046. ( Hong Kong)

Figure 11, 2046 Hong Kong residential land supply

demand
2.2 The possible ways of construction in future with its advantages and disadvantages with the
Impact on earth

2.2.1 Horizontal Construction

I. Advantages :-

a. It is a very low cost construction compared to any type of construction

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b. It leads to a very healthy social life style where there is good communication
in the neighborhood.

II. Disadvantage :-

a. It leads to Deforestation.
b. It consumes a lot of land which leads to scarcity of land.
c. It causes wastage of water during and after construction.
d. It causes land and air pollution.

2.2.2 Vertical Construction

I. Advantages :-

a. Higher number of accommodation with lesser foot print.

b. Well organized community with better security.

II. Disadvantages :-

a. It is high cost construction.

b. Cause deforestation and global warming.
c. It leads to isolation and having a healthy social neighborhood is difficult.
d. It causes land and air pollution.
e. It is earthquake prone.
f. Maybe in future it will consume large amount of land too.

2.2.3 Underground Construction

I. Advantages :-

a. It is very useful to create metro station, car parks, recreational facilities,

museums and aquariums, protective structures, pipeline systems, water line,
tunnels, etc.
b. Low maintenance due to less activity compared to surface and ease for
preservation.

II. Disadvantages :-

a. High cost construction.

b. Loss of connection with the natural world.

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c. Noise and Disturbance while construction for transportation as well as the

community.
d. Dewatering of the groundwater resource and associated reduced flow of
surface water features are potential negative impacts when constructing
underground facilities.
e. Development of positive pressure during fire can reduce the fire resisting
capabilities of construction materials.
f. In case of explosions, deep underground facilities have limited points of
connection to the surface.
g. Lack of sunlight and ventilation with the fear of entrapment.

2.2.4 On & Underwater Construction

I. Advantages :-

a. Abundance of space since 70 % of earth is water.

b. It can give us space in land for agriculture, food and other resources.
c. Gives a possibility to explore marine life and have a better understanding of it.

II. Disadvantages :-

a. High cost construction.

b. Issue of sunlight underwater.
c. Prone to tsunami have a better understanding of it.

2.2.5 New Approach –

As we can see that Horizontal Construction won’t be possible in future because we

already don’t have enough land to make that choice and due to that Vertical
Construction is in dominance and in this case as well after a point of time we will lose
the land as well due to the climatic conditions we are going to face in future.
Underground Construction is good for those spaces which has lesser maintenance
cost but in case of high maintenance usable space it is not a good choice and as we
are much clear by now that since the water levels are rising underground construction
won’t be possible due to land scarcity which leads us to our only choices i.e., Floating
Architecture or Underwater Architecture. Both of the cases can be considered and
both of them have their own unique challenges. Floating Architecture has the
challenge of Tsunami and Underwater Architecture has the challenge of water
pressure. This research will further touch the parameters of underwater architecture

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and will try to figure it out that how the previous projects are made under water and
how we can build bigger and better projects under water in upcoming future.

CHAPTER – 3

UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS

3.1 Working of submarines: - The essential structure one has known so far in the water is
submarine. This structure follows a similar Archimedes standard to buoy and sink. Before we go
before any further towards the contextual investigations we have to think about the essential
powers.

3.1.1 Buoyancy – It is an upward force exerted on an object when immersed in a fluid.

3.1.2 Positive Buoyancy – When a less dense body is submerged in a medium (water), it
floats and its buoyancy is called positive buoyancy.

3.1.3 Drag Force – The force acting opposite to the relative motion of any objective
moving with respect to surrounding fluid is called drag force.

3.1.4 Lift Force – Lift force is the sum of all forces on a body that force move
perpendicular to the direction of flow.

3.1.5 Archimedes Principle – It states that the upward force on an object in a fluid is
equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced.

3.2. Submarine: - A submarine is vehicle which moves submerged that has either been utilized
for exploration or military reason. The structure can lower and surface contingent upon the need
of client. The state of the submarine is either tear drop or air foil, these shapes are efficiently
most proper shapes as these permit submarine also easily engender in the water. This shape
invalidates the water obstruction created by the water.
Buoyancy Force

Engine
Force

Self-Weight + Water in the blast tank

Figure 12, Forces acting on submarine
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3.2.1 Inner Hull – It is the place where crew live. It is pressure sensitive and must
withstand the hydrostatic pressure to the submarines maximum depth.

3.2.2 Outer Hull – Inner hull is surrounded by outer hull and is simply a smooth fairing
that covers the non-pressure sensitive equipment of submarine.

3.2.3 Ballast Tank – This tank has the ability to alter the displacement of the submarine
from being positive buoyant (surface) when empty to neutrally buoyant (submerged)
when full.

Figure 13, Floating mechanics of a submarine

Figure 14, Section of a submarine

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To sink the submarine, it needs to accomplish negative lightness. The negative lightness
is accomplished when the valves of the counterbalance tank are opened, filling the
stabilizer tanks with water. This builds the heaviness of the submarine accordingly it
begins to lower. The submarine gets nonpartisan lightness when the heaviness of the
submarine equivalents the measure of water uprooted. The submarine will neither ascent
nor sink in this state. Also, this is the state when submarine spreads the most. The
submarine has positive lightness when it is less thick than the ocean water henceforth it
drifts. This state is accomplished by eliminating the water in the stabilizer tank of the
submarine. Subsequently the profundity of submarine is chosen by this air to water
proportion. The state of the submarine has been enlivened from the marine living being
mollusks.

3.2.4 Material – The external skin of the submarine encounters water pressure and in
these manner materials that can oppose water weight and consumption is utilized as
manufacture. Subsequently materials like aluminum, covered high quality carbon steel
are utilized. The inward body which is likewise a weight frame which encounters air
pressure inside and water pressure outside. The materials like titanium and carbon steel
are utilized.

CHAPTER – 4

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

4.1 Coffer Dam: -

Figure 15, Frame of Coffer Dam

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A cofferdam, likewise called a coffer, is a nook worked inside, or two by two over, a waterway
to permit the encased territory to be siphoned out. This siphoning establishes a dry workplace
with the goal that the work can be done securely. Encased coffers are regularly utilized for
development or fix of perpetual dams, oil stages, connect docks, and so on, worked inside or
over water.

These cofferdams are generally welded steel structures, with parts comprising of sheet heaps,
ridges, and cross supports. Such structures are generally destroyed after the development work is
finished.

USE - For dam development, two cofferdams are generally fabricated, one upstream and one
downstream of the proposed dam, after an elective redirection passage or channel has been
accommodated the stream to sidestep the establishment region of the dam. These cofferdams are
ordinarily an ordinary bank dam of both earth-and rock-fill, however concrete or some sheet
heaping additionally might be utilized. For the most, endless supply of the dam and related
structures, the downstream coffer is taken out and the upstream coffer is overflowed as the
redirection is shut and the repository starts to fill. Contingent upon the topography of a dam site,
in certain applications, a "U"- formed cofferdam is utilized in the development of one portion of
a dam. At the point when complete, the cofferdam is taken out and a comparable one is made on
the contrary side of the stream for the development of the dam's other half.

The cofferdam is likewise utilized every so often in the shipbuilding and boat fix industry, when
it isn't functional to place a boat in dry-dock for fix work or modernization. A case of such an
application is the protracting of boats. At times a boat is really cut in two while still in the water,
and another segment of boat is glided in to stretch the boat. The cutting of the body is done
inside a cofferdam joined legitimately to the body of the boat; the cofferdam is then segregated
before the frame segments are skimmed separated. The cofferdam is later supplanted while the
body segments are welded together once more. As costly as this might be to achieve, the
utilization of a dry-dock may be much more costly. See additionally caisson.

Coffer Dam is a transitory structure. It permits encased space to be siphoned out, establishing dry
climate. Encased coffers are generally utilized for development and fix of oil stages, connect
wharfs and other help structures worked inside or over water. A cofferdam includes the
communication of structure, soil and water. Burdens forced incorporate the hydrostatic powers of
the water just as the dynamic powers because of flows and waves.

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Figure 16, Joinery Details of Coffer Dam piles

Advantages- It provides safe environment to work. Steel sheet piles are easily installed and
removed. Materials typically reused on other projects.

4.2 Tremie Method: - A tremie is a water tight line. By and

large its 250mm in measurement. It is able to do simple
coupling for increment or diminishing of length. It has a pipe
shape container. At its supper end and a loose plug at the
bottom. The solid is having a high drop of around 15 to 20 cm
is filled the channel. It is lifted up and slight twitch is given
with the goal that the solid gets released. On the other hand the
solid is poured over the channel and the line is somewhat lifted
and given snap. In this manner the solid work is advanced
ceaselessly till the solid level comes over the water level.
Figure 17, Tremie Method

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CHAPTER – 5

CASE STUDIES WITH THE CONSIDERABLE PARAMETERS

5.1 PILE FOUNDATION:-

5.1.1 ITHAA UNDER SEA RESTAURANT – The architect is M.J.Murphy. It is located

in Rangalifinolhu, Maldives. The dining area is 45 sq.m. Its depth underwater is 5m.

The building has 4-5m deep pile foundation. The pile foundation is used when the region
either has weak or inadequate strata.

4-5 meter deep pile foundation

Figure 18, Restaurant Section

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Figure 19, 5 Pile Foundation Used in Ithaa

Undersea Restaurant

5.2 FORM AND STRUCTURE:-

5.2.1 SKELETON OF UNDERWATER CREATURES – For the body to make due in

the water the structure should oppose the water pressure. The body must oppose the
pressure just as strain power. On the off chance that one gets roused from the marine
creatures that swim in shifted profundities of sea, one finds that larger part of the
skeletons are shell structure, that is, either curves (ribs) from the skeleton or the vaults
from the skeleton. Their body is with the end goal that they will just get distracting power
from all sides, which will be moved to the base and afterward to water. A significant
spine interfaces the little ribs which hold the sensitive organs like heart, lungs, stomach
and so on.

Figure 20, Skeleton of sperm whale

Figure 21, Skeleton of a Dolphin

5.2.2 POSEIDON UNDER SEA RESORT - The architect is Bruce Jones. It will locate in
future in Fijian Lagoon, Fiji. Its depth below underwater is 12m.

The form of the Poseidon undersea restaurant is well designed. The submerged structure
has two plates, which are connected by the rounded spine. The spine has twelve cases
appended to it. The circle shape structure is with the end goal that it can undoubtedly
permit water to ignore it with no water opposition. The containers have level surface at its
base which goes about as a surface of contact with the ground.

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The structure being 12m submerged doesn't encounter the wave movement. There is no
doubt of drag or lift powers in the structure as the structure is grounded and not moving.
Along these lines it isn't vital for the structure to have hydro-progressively stable
structure. As it just encounters the water pressure around it, the structure and joineries in
this structure are with the end goal that it can oppose water pressure.

Disk Shape Submarine Shape

Figure 22, Poseidon Undersea Resort Plan

Figure 24, Poseidon

Undersea Resort Room
Module
Figure 23, Poseidon Undersea Resort Plan 3D

5.2.3 ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT – The submerged structure has vault

structure, yet has a level flat surface as base. This structure can help in opposing wave
powers from all the three sides and as the base is associated with the ground with heaps,
it won't experience such powers.
2 steel arches
make the
structure vault
shaped

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Figure 24, Ithaa Undersea Restaurant Vault shaped body

5.2.4 OCEAN SPIRAL – The ocean spiral is a hypothetical concept for a habitable space
underwater given by Shimizu Corporation. Its shape is spherical which gives it an
advantage to nullify all tangential forces experienced by it underwater.

Figure 24, Ocean Spiral Upper Figure 24, Ocean Spiral Lower
Portion Portion

Figure 25, Ocean Spiral Spherical Shape Body

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It also has triangular chain units which helps it to equally distribute the force on its entire
surface so that it can easily bear all the forces underwater.

Figure 26, Triangular Chain Units used in Ocean Spiral

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Figure 27, Equal distribution among the units

5.3 MATERIALS:-

5.3.1 ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT –

1) The whole structure is 9m x 5m which is formed by 3 acrylic surfaces and 2 steel
arches.
2) As explained for submarines steel arches stiffened the structures.
3) Each surface has 5m width and 3m length of acrylic sheet of 125mm thickness.
4) Acrylic surfaces are sealed to each other and the steel structure with a special
underwater silicon sealant and the steel structure is protected by a special high quality
marine paint system and zinc anodes.
5) The flooring and skirting have been made out of wood.
6) The entire structural frame of the superstructure was made up of coated carbon steel
which can resist sea water corrosion.
7) The ballast tank is made up of concrete as concrete can hold water and resist
corrosion.
8) The part of the restaurant above water has thatch roof which keep the interiors cool
and the skin is made up of bamboo and mud.

Figure 28, Wooden Floor in Ithaa Undersea Restaurant

5.3.2 POSEIDON UNDER SEA RESORT –

1) Main units which are at the end of the central passage have a curvilinear wall and a
dome made from acrylic.
2) The main central passage is a steel cylinder in 2.5 diameter.
3) The suites are 10m x 5.1m and comprise 51 sq.m of floor space.
4) The wall structure is 25mm carbon steel plate and followed the same curve as acrylic
in 100 mm thick.

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5) The acrylic window sections were set into a steel frame which was 3.05m in length
around the curve and 1.75m wide. The floor consists of two sheets of 50mm steel
plate set 600mm apart.

Figure 29, External View of Figure 30, Internal View of

Poseidon Undersea Resort Poseidon Undersea Resort

2.5 diameter passage 10m X 5.1m Suites

Figure 31, Poseidon Undersea Resort Plan

5.3.3OCEAN SPIRAL –

1) High strength resin concrete is used.

2) For reinforcement bars rustproof resin bars are used.
3) PET beverage containers are used in the resin concrete as recycled materials for
environmental safety.

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Figure 32, Ocean Spiral Concrete ingredients

and their proportions with characteristics

Figure 32, Reinforcement materials used in Ocean Spiral

5.4 PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:-

5.4.1 ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT – The structure had been made out of water
in Singapore and was imported to the site of the establishment. With the assistance of
boat and cranes and different machines the structure is put in water where it must be
introduced in the site where the establishment heaps were embedded. The portion of the
structure is lowered because of its weight. The structures had void tanks which were
filled by the ocean water to expand the heaviness of the Ithaa Undersea Restaurant. The
heaviness of the structure was 175 tons and 85 tons of sand had been set into the balance
tank to sink it into the ocean. The structure was painstakingly positioned on the heaps and
secured. The inner furnishings, administration links and the ground surface was done in
the wake of joining the structure to its establishment heaps.

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Figure 33, Ithaa Undersea Restaurant Installation Phase 1

Figure 34, Ithaa Undersea Figure 35, Ithaa Undersea

Restaurant Installation Phase 2 Restaurant Installation Phase 3

5.4.2 POSEIDON UNDER SEA RESORT – Architect Bruce Jones has wanted to
discredit the danger of the submerged development by amassing the whole structure in a
Portland, Oregon shipyard, at that point moving it by a hefty lift boat to the Fiji. To
introduce the retreat 12m underneath ocean level, the structure will be coasted off the
boat in one monstrous piece. Jumpers will string little metal rings which have been
rushed to the structures outside onto direction pilings which have been crashed into the
ocean bottom. The pilings will keep Poseidon appropriately adjusted while jumpers pin
the structure's steel legs to the reef. At long last the whole structure will be ballasted until
it sinks into place on the seabed.

Each suit has a necessary innovative carbon fiber entryway that opens outward to keep up
the unit’s water tight honesty during establishment or evacuation. All units is impartial
light (Neutral Buoyancy is a condition wherein an actual body's normal thickness is
equivalent to the thickness of the liquid in which it is inundated).

Figure 36, Poseidon Undersea

Resort Modular Installment

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5.4.3 OCEAN SPIRAL – The construction will be done by 3D printing construction

method. Integrated proven technologies will be used with jump up method and balanced
cantilever. All construction will be taken at the sea surface.

Figure 37, Ocean Spiral construction method

5.5 ACCESIBILITY:-

5.5.1 ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT – The access is given from Rangalifinolhu

Island by a wooden jetty to the thatch roof reception which is situated in the water surface
and from there they have the access to the underwater restaurant.

Thatched roof entrance

Access by long bridge (wooden jetty) is

supported by vertical post

Figure 38, Ithaa Undersea Restaurant Access from wooden jetty

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Figure 39, Ithaa Undersea

Restaurant Access by long
bridge of wooden flooring is Figure 40, Ithaa Undersea Restaurant access
supported by vertical post. from the reception

5.5.2 POSEIDON UNDER SEA RESORT – The access is given from the dock by
means of boat to the floating reception from where there can go to the underwater
structure by means of lift.

Figure 41, Poseidon Undersea Resort Access from dock to reception

Reception

Service Lift Lift

Figure 42, Poseidon Undersea Resort Access from reception to the resort

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5.5.3 OCEAN SPIRAL – The access is given from the dock by means of boat to the
upper surface of the structure which is above water and from there they access the lower
spaces inside the underwater structure by means of lift shaft.

Figure 43, Ocean Spiral access to the surface of the structure

Figure 44, Ocean Spiral access to the underwater structure.

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5.6 DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE:-

5.6.1 ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT – The whole arch shaped structure has 180
degree enclosure.

Figure 45, Degree of enclosure in Ithaa Undersea Restaurant.

5.6.2 POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT – The maximum view is provided from the
rooms for the tourists to enjoy.

Figure 46, Degree of enclosure in Poseidon Undersea Resort.

5.6.3 OCEAN SPIRAL – Since the whole structure is spherical thus it has a 360 degree
of enclosure.

Figure 46, Degree of enclosure in Ocean Spiral.

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5.7 DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE:-

5.7.1 POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT – Poseidon's window are seemingly the inn's
most prominent fascination and the most troublesome thing to keep up as the ocean water
produces foul around the structure inside a day. The arrangements of programmed
cleaning framework will forestall barnacles, green growth and other ocean life from
obstructing the view. Much like a computerized vehicle wash, powerful, water planes
will go along the tracks mounted to the sides of the structure and splash the windows with
high-pressure ocean water.

The Poseidon Undersea Resort has planned each room as a different module that can be
confined from the principle body of the retreat and brought to the outside of the fix work.
Laborers will have the option to relax the joint associating a visitor module to the hotel's
spine via fixing the watertight entryways between the siphoning segments and siphoning
ocean water into the joint. The expanded hydrostatic weight, inside the coupling will
compel the module from its and an overhead crane will at that point have the option to lift
it from the water.

Figure 47, Modular way used for maintenance in Poseidon Undersea Resort

5.8 SANITARY SYSTEM IN AN UNDERWATER STRUCTURE:-

5.8.1SANITARY SYSTEM OF A SUBMARINE –

a) NO.1 Slop Drain Tank is located in the Coxswain’s store and collects the drainage of the
Chief and P.O.’s bathroom, pantry, shower and garbage ejector vent.

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b) NO.2 Slop Drain Tank is located below the W.R. pantry, and collects the drainage of
W.R. pantry sink and CO’s wash basin.
c) NO.3 Slop Drain Tank, this is the main tank and is situated under the deck of the ACS
immediately forward of the E.R. bulkhead, collects drainage from W.R. and crews
bathrooms and galley.
d) NO.4 Slop Drain Tank is fitted in the Engineers Store and takes the drainage from the
after mess pantry.
e) Sewage Tank, located immediately forward of Slop Drain Tank NO. 3.
f) Each of the five tanks is self-contained and has their own blowing arrangements, except
NO.3 Slop Drain and the sewage tank which share the same blowing station.
g) All Tanks are emptied by blowing to sea, each through its own hull and intermediate
valve.

A – Drain Valve
(Top Tank)
B – Intermediate
Valve (Flap)
C – Hull Valve
(Sluice)
D – Combined Vent
& Below

Figure 48, Sanitary System Plan in a Submarine

Figure 49, Sanitary System in Control Figure 50, Sanitary System in Forward
Room Compartments

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5.9
Figure 51, Schematic Operation Drawing of Sanitary System in Submarine

5.9 COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE: - On the off chance that a gathering of men are
encased in a space to which no external air can obtain entrance the level of oxygen in the space
will bit by bit diminish and the level of carbon dioxide will step by step increment. The impacts
on this on work force are demonstrated as follows.

PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN WITH ITS EFFECTS

a) 18% impairment of night vision, judgment begins to be impaired.

b) 15% judgment very seriously impaired.
c) 11% unconsciousness.

PERCENTAGE OF CARBONDIOXIDE WITH ITS EFFECTS

a) 3% increase in depth of respiration and power of exertion is limited.

b) 4% noticeable increase in depth of respiration even at rest and flushing and palpitations.
c) 6% hard work virtually impossible.
d) 8% - 10% unconsciousness.

It should be noticed that an expansion of CO2 produces conspicuous actual side effects while an
absence of O2 isn't promptly clear from perception of influenced faculty. The figure of 18%
oxygen and 3% carbon dioxide are characterized as the constraint of sharpness. On the off
chance that this time is gone after one or the other gas, air sanitization must be begun. By and by,
charts are accessible which demonstrate when air refinement should be begun for a given number
of men ready. It is begun with agreement with the diagrams, or if the level of CO2 ascends to
3%, whichever happens first.

Initial Oxygen – 20.8% Initial Carbon dioxide – 0.2% Nitrogen – 78.8% Other Gas – 0.2%

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5.9.1 Emergency CO2 absorption unit –

a) CO2 Canisters: To hold soda lime (protester). Canister is sealed. When required for
use the tops and bottoms are opened by special tin cutter. Canister sits on rubber seats
and is held in position by spring clips. Partly used canisters can be temporarily sealed
by fitting a special blank which clips on to the rim of the canister.
b) Fan: To draw air through the CO2 canisters. Electrically driven and designed for silent
running.
c) Flexible Hose: To connect the unit to ships ventilation system.
d) Vacuum Gauge: To indicate that the fan is drawing air through the canister at the
correct rate. Gauge is connected to space beneath the canister and will register the
reduction in pressure (vacuum). The dial has a small green section where the needle
must point for correct air flow.
e) Fan Regulator: To adjust speed of the fan.
f) Rotating Head: To ensure that each canister is used and replaced in rotation.
g) Air Motor and Turbine: To rotate the fan should electric power fail. Air Motor
(eccentric Vane type) gives sufficient power. If air motor is at dead center turbine is
used for initial start and then shut off.
h) Reducing Valves: To reduce H.P. air fed direct from bottles ups. Reduce in two
stages.
i) CO2 Gauge: To indicate the pressure of air in the sub urine and the maximum
allowable proportion (%) of CO2 content. CO2 content is measured on the Ring rose
CO2 Indicator.

Figure 52, Emergency CO2 absorption unit in Submarine

5.9.2 Emergency Oxygen Generator –

a) Oxygen Candle: Produces oxygen by self-burning action. Kept in air tight container
until required for use.
b) Burning Chamber: To contain candle whilst burning. Air cooling assisted by air space
formed by outer cylinder.

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c) Dropping Cover: To close end of burning chamber and provided convenient platform
for loading candle when in lowered position. Cover, with copper asbestos joint,
secured tight by screwed handle.
d) Heater Element (Electric): To start burning action on candle. Glows red hot.
e) Switch: To switch on heater.
f) Cooling Fins: To cool hot oxygen as it leaves the burning chamber.
g) Filter: To extract traces of salt given off by burning candle. Safety disc fitted on inlet
side in case of blockage.
h) Flow Indicator: To indicate that the candle is generating. Forked by plungers which
rotate the indicator to show a green portion. The green portion will not show until the
plunger has moved enough to allow escape of oxygen into the submarine (after about
5min.). Movement of the plunger also switches of the heater.

Figure 53, Emergency Oxygen Generator in Submarine

5.10 AIR CIRCULATION, HUMIDITY, SUNLIGHT AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL:-

5.10.1 OCEAN SPIRAL-

Figure 54, Air conditioning, Temperature Control in Ocean Spiral

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Figure 55, Humidity Control and Sunlight Access in Ocean Spiral

5.11 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND WATER PURIFICATION:-

5.11.1 OCEAN SPIRAL-

Figure 56, Ocean Thermal and Energy Conservation and Reverse

Osmosis in Ocean Spiral

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5.11.2 THE ARK- It is also a hypothetical concept to build a floating hotel in China.

Figure 57, Ocean Thermal and Energy Conservation in The Ark.

5.12 METHANE PRODUCTION FOR FUEL AND AVAILABILITY FOR OTHER

RESOURCES

5.12.1 OCEAN SPIRAL –

Figure 58,
Methane
production for
fuel and
availability of
other
resources
from
underwater in
Ocean Spiral.

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5.13 TECHNIQUE AND TECHNOLOGY TO RESIST TSUNAMI: -

5.13.1 OCEAN SPIRAL – The Ocean Spiral has a very good mechanism which allows it
to be safe during Tsunami. As we know by now that ocean spiral has its upper portion
floating above the water surface which allows it to take sunlight and get air circulation.
The below structure has tension cables attached to the lower piles used to stable the lower
structure and again the piles are connected to the main structure which allows it to move
freely up and down. In the middle it has its ballast tanks which can change its weight by
collecting or releasing water from it. This whole mechanism gives Ocean Spiral a great
advantage to sink below the water when Tsunami occurs because under water Tsunami
has no as such impact as it has above water surface.

Figure 59, Ballast tank mechanism.

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Figure 60, Tension Cables attached to the Pile Foundation setup.

5.13.2 DETAIL OF ANCHOR WITH THE PILE IN CASE OF TUNNELS -

Figure 61, Anchor in case of Figure 62, Anchor in case of

Oil mining. tunnel construction.

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CHAPTER – 6

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ECOSYSTEM DUE TO THE HUMAN

INTERACTION WITH MARINE LIFE

6.1 THE MEANS THROUGH WHICH WE ARE HARMING THE MARINE LIFE
a) Every day, 2 million tons of sewage and industrial and agricultural waste are discharged
into the world’s water (UN WWAP 2003), the equivalent of the weight of the entire
human population of 6.8 billion people.
b) The UN estimates that the amount of wastewater produced annually is about 1,500 km3,
six times more water than exists in all the rivers of the world. (UN WWAP 2003)
c) Lack of adequate sanitation contaminates water courses worldwide and is one of the most
significant forms of water pollution. Worldwide, 2.5 billion people live without improved
sanitation. (UNICEF WHO 2008)
d) Over 70% of these people who lack sanitation, or 1.8 billion people, live in Asia.
e) Sub-Saharan Africa is slowest of the world’s regions in achieving improved sanitation:
only 31 percent of residents had access to improved sanitation in 2006.
f) 18% of the world’s population, or 1.2 billion people (1 out of 3 in rural areas), defecate in
the open. Open defecation significantly compromises quality in nearby water bodies and
poses an extreme human health risk. (UNICEF WHO 2008)
g) In Southern Asia, 63% of rural people – 778 million people – practice open defecation.
h) In 2015, a report by the United Nations Environment Programmed said that Ocean
Pollution was quite high in India. The report informed that India dumped 0.6 tones of
plastic waste into oceans annually. It ranked 12th among the top 20 countries responsible
for marine pollution. The numbers showed how marine pollution had climbed up to
become one of India’s critical pollution problems apart from land and air pollution.
Discarded plastic and debris continues to be dumped in India’s oceans and the lack of an
overarching system to monitor levels of pollution in the ocean was one of the deterrents
to combat ocean pollution in India, but not any longer.

Figure 63, Pollution caused during construction

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Figure 64, Noise Pollution due to Human interaction with Marine life

Figure 65, Contamination of marine life due to water pollution by

industrial waste which will lead to the death of marine creatures

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6.2 WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO WATER IF BIG/MULTIPLE SMALL VOID IS CREATED

IN WATER TO FORM LIVEABLE SPACE?

Figure 66, Increase of water level due to the creation of voids

CHAPTER – 7

SOLUTIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND INFERENCES

 If the structure is constructed somewhere outside of the water body then they only
have to install it underwater through welding and few fishes will die with
minimum noise pollution but if the whole construction is done underwater or on
the water surface then due to the huge amount of noise pollution most of the
fishes surround that area will die which will be very harmful for the marine life.
Even if some fishes will die in the welding scenario in the previous case and we
still have to go with that option since the first priority of humans is to prioritize
their own survival instead of others.

 The water pollution which will take place due to the construction can be reduced
by using coffer dam method as a covering of the main construction which will
give us the opportunity to remove the water to another place where the
construction is supposed to occur.

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COFFER DAM INSTALATION

PANNEL
DETAIL

WARTER OUT WARTER IN

CHANGE OF WATER LEVEL INSIDE COFFER DAM

SIZE OF THE COFFER DAM IS INCREASED ALL THE WATTER IS PULLED OUT, NOW THE COFFER
DAM IS EMPTY

Figure 67, Phase 1 to 6 of Coffer Dam Construction

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AFTER CONSTRUCTION AND CLEANING AFTER CLEANING THE COFFER DAM WILL BE FILLED
WITH WATER

BOTH THE WATER LEVELS WILL BECOME SAME FINALLY THE COFFER DAM WILL BE REMOVED

Figure 68, Phase 7 to 10 of Coffer Dam Construction

In Phase 1 we can see the plan and section of clear land and water body. In Phase 2 the coffer
dam is installed and in Phase 3 and 4 we can clearly see that the water is pumped out of the dam
by means of a boat and the motor system. In Phase 5 and 6 we can clearly see that the size of the
coffer dam is increased and the same steps of 3 and 4 are repeated so that the whole water in the
coffer dam can be removed to the other side. In Phase 7 the construction work can be started and
after its completion in Phase 8 the area of construction can be cleaned so that there is no water
pollution and since the fishes are removed from the construction region so the death of marine
creatures will be less compared o direct construction and after all this the water can be again
pored back in the coffer dam in Phase 9. Finally in Phase 10 the coffer dam will be removed.

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7.1 ANALYTICAL CHART OF CASE STUDIES: -

POSEIDON ITHAA OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK

UNDERSEA UNDERSEA
RESORT RESTAURANT
PROCESS OF Constructed outside Constructed outside On site through 3D -
CONSTRUCTION and then installed and then installed printing construction
underwater. underwater. and advanced
technologies.
ACCESSIBILITY From land to From land to From land to surface From land to the
reception dock by reception by jetty of the structure by floating structure by
boat and then and then through boat. boat.
through lift. stairs.
FOUNDATION Pile Foundation. Pile Foundation. Pile foundation and -
tension cables are
attached to the main
structure.
FORM AND Submarine and Disk Arched Vault Shape. Spherical Shape. Curvilinear.
STRUCTURE Shape.
MATERIAL Carbon Steel, Carbon Steel, Resin Concrete, -
Acrylic Glass. Acrylic Glass, Recycled PET
Wooden Flooring Beverage
and Concrete. Containers,
Rustproof Resin
Bars, Acrylic Glass.
MAINTENANCE Modular structure Heavy monolithic Combination of -
easy to maintain. structure thus not Monolithic and
easy to maintain. Modular structure.
RESOURCES – Provided from the Provided from the Reverse Osmosis. -
DRINKING land. reception dock.
WATER
TEMPERATURE Maintained through Taken care through Dehumidified air Distribution of wind
CONTROL the land by AC. the service shaft conditioning based through the central
which is connected on the cooling shaft.
to the reception sources of deep sea
dock. water.
ELECTRICITY/ Provided from the Provided from the Ocean Thermal Ocean Thermal
ENERGY land. land. Energy Energy
Conservation. Conservation/ Wind
Energy.
TYPE OF Fully Submerged. Fully Submerged. Partially Floating Floating.
STRUCTURE and partially
submerged.
AIR Oxygen tanks Oxygen tanks Through the Through the central
CIRCULATION provided through the provided through the openings on the shaft.
surface. surface. upper edges on the
structure.
RESISTANCE No possibility of No possibility of Prevented by ballast No possibility of
FROM TSUNAMI prevention. prevention. tank and tensile prevention.
cables attached to
the anchors.

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7.2 BETTER OPTIOS FROM THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS: -

POSEIDON ITHAA OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK

UNDERSEA UNDERSEA
RESORT RESTAURANT
PROCESS OF + + - -
CONSTRUCTION

ACCESSIBILITY + + + +

FOUNDATION - - + -

FORM AND - - + -
STRUCTURE
MATERIAL - - + -

MAINTENANCE + - - -

RESOURCES – - - + -
DRINKING
WATER
TEMPERATURE - - + +
CONTROL
ELECTRICITY/ - - + +
ENERGY
TYPE OF - - + -
STRUCTURE
AIR - - + +
CIRCULATION
RESISTANCE - - + -
FROM TSUNAMI

I. PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION – Process of construction is better in case of Poseidon

and Ithaa because they are created outside of water and later installed under water thus
they have less chances to pollute the marine life during construction.

II. ACCESSIBILITY – The access is almost same in every case. The land and the structure
above the surface is connected by come medium like jetty or boat and then there is a
vertical access to the underwater space by means of lift or staircase.

III. FOUNDATION – The foundation in case of ocean spiral is better because it uses both
pile foundation with the tension cable mechanism.

IV. FORM AND STRUCTURE – The shape required for underwater structures is curvilinear
and the spherical shape will be perfect for the job.

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V. MATERIAL – The main materials are acrylic glass, concrete and carbon steel and ocean
spiral even has better variations for these materials.

VI. MAINTENANCE – Since the Poseidon has the modular system thus it will be easier to
maintain compared to others.

VII. RESOURCES - DRINKING WATER – Ocean spiral can produce its drinking water by
means of reverse osmosis which is better than others who need such resources from the
land.

VIII. TEMPERATURE CONTROL – Ocean spiral can dehumidify air conditioning system
which is better than others who need such resources from the land.

IX. ELECTRICITY/ENERGY – Ocean spiral and The Ark can produce its energy by ocean
thermal energy conservation which is better than others who need such resources from
the land.

X. TYPE OF STRUCTURE – Ocean spiral is partially floating and partially submerged

which gives it the advantage on every structure.

XI. AIR CIRCULATION – Ocean spiral has openings on the upper surface since the upper
portion floats on the surface from where air circulation is possible.

XII. RESISTANCE FROM TSUNAMI – Due to the sinking mechanism of the ocean spiral
due to the clever use of ballast tank and tension cables, it can resist Tsunami.

 The expense of creating such structure will be very high compared to any other
structure and it is possible to create under water structures even in case of a whole
community.

 The community can live on water instead of underwater but the biggest problem
will be Tsunami since the effect of Tsunami is less underwater and it’s much
more on water.

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CONCLUSION – The biggest problem to create underwater structures is the expense

and hi-tech technologies but as we have seen in the past that whenever any new approach
is taken in the beginning it is uncomfortable but as we move forward things become easy
and even the technology becomes affordable to the majority of people. Looking at the
climatic conditions soon we will face land deficiency which will leave us no other option
except on water and underwater structures and now we know that architecture on water is
not the best solution to resist big problems such as Tsunami so anyways we will need
under water architecture and the parameters given in this report will help to proceed
further.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/world-s-36-most-water-stressed-countries

https://maritime.org/doc/oberon/misc/index.htm

https://www.slideshare.net/pranaykumar5095/underwater-construction-
44807778?from_action=save

https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608583/index.pdf

https://www.wri.org/publication/natural-infrastructure
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1688e.pdf

https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/residential/india-needs-additional-25-
million-affordable-houses-by-2030-report/70450083

https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-
demand-for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change

https://www.landforhongkong.hk/en/demand_supply/land_demand.php

https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v3i2/V3I2-1577.pdf

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/74300

OCEAN SPIRAL

https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/topics/dream/content01/

SUBMARINE SYSTEM

https://maritime.org/doc/oberon/misc/index.htm

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THE ARK

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/559290847444425338/
POSEIDONS RESORT

https://www.slideshare.net/adibanisar/dissertation-report-on-underwater-structures-with-
proposal
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT

https://issuu.com/riddhimadeka/docs/final_draft

http://materiability.com/portfolio/fluid-cast/

WATER POLLUTION REPORT

https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/water_quality_facts_and_stats3.pdf

https://letmebreathe.in/2019/06/08/world-oceans-day-2019-gender-and-
oceans/#:~:text=Many%20industries%20dump%20their%20waste%20materials%20and
%20chemicals%20into%20the%20ocean%20waters.&text=Lack%20of%20oxygen%20i
n%20the,another%20source%20of%20ocean%20pollution.

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