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Candle Production Using Solar Thermal Systems

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 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018

Candle Production Using Solar Thermal Systems

K.A.Khan1, M Hazrat Ali2, A K M Obaydullah3, M A Wadud4
1
Department of Physics, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
E-mail: kakhan01@yahoo.com
2
European University of Bangladesh (EUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail: ahazrat31@gmail.com
3
Instructor, Upazila Resource Center, Ministry of primary and Mass Education, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail: obayd77@gmail.com
4
Department of Chemistry, BAF Shaheen College, Dhaka
E-mail:wadud_shimanta03@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
A beautiful method based on Solar Energy to heat and melts the paraffin or Bees wax has been developed to manufacture
the candles by a Linear Fresnel Reflecting Solar Concentrating Collector and a bucket. The solar method has several
advantages over the conventional candle making methods. This process is likely to generate the employment
particularly in the rural complex areas in Bangladesh. This paper reports a few modifications made on the solar system to
enhance the daily candle production. Candles are used by all section of the society for various purposes. Candles are made
from paraffin or Bees wax which is heated by Fresnel Reflecting Concentrating Collector and method to make candles. A
few other materials are also added to make good quality of candles. So far the older methods based on conventional fuels are
in practice for candle production. These old manual methods are troublesome, unhygienic and needs continuous
attendance and care during the melting of wax besides having other drawbacks. To overcome these drawbacks, a
completely new system for candle production has been developed at Solar Energy Research Centre (SERC), Department of
Physics, Jagannath University, Dhaka in Bangladesh. This system is based on solar energy which accumulates sufficient solar
heat by Fresnel Reflecting Solar Concentrating Collector to melt wax for making candles. The new solar system, besides
saving the fuels, has several advantages over the conventional candle making methods and also obviates the continuous
attendance during wax melting. The reports about the solar system and there after the few modifications made over it to
improve the candle production. It is shown that in the semi-cloudy day the efficiency of the solar candle production
machine is 41.52% & 59.75% for single glazed & double glazed respectively. In the clear day the efficiency of the solar
candle machine is 43.135% & 63.775% for single glazed and double glazed system respectively

Keywords: Solar Thermal, Paraffin Wax, Bees Wax, Candle, Bucket, Fresnel Reflecting Concentrator

I. INTRODUCTION improve the candle production. The bucket type solar

Scarcity of electricity is a very common scenario of
Bangladesh for long time. The load shading is a great
problem in Bangladesh. That is why candles are used
by all section of the society. The candles are made
from paraffin wax which is heated and melted to make
candles[1-5]. A few of materials are also added to
make good quality of candles. So far the older
methods based on conventional fuels arc in practice
for candle induction. These old manual methods are
troublesome, unhygienic and needs continuous
attendance and care during the melting of wax besides
having over drawbacks. To overcome these
drawbacks, a completely new system for Candle
production has been developed at solar energy
research centre (SERC), Jagannath University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh. This system is based on solar energy
which accumulates sufficient solar heat to melt wax
for making candle. The new solar system, besides
saving the fuels, has reversal advantages over the
conventional candle making methods and also
obviates the continuous attendance during wax
melting [6-9]. The paper reports about the solar system
and these after the low modifications made over it to
candle machine is very new in Bangladesh.
II. METHODOLOGY
The machine is based on a Flat-plate solar collector
system and looks like a bucket with a handle for carrying
this machine. This is portable. It consists of a melting
chamber made by aluminum metal and looks like a
curvilinear tray with a hole (absorbing surface area is
0.785m2). The top area of the bucket is 1.57m2 and the
bottom area of the bucket is 0.40m2. The height of the
bucket is 0.35m. The tray is housed in a top of the bucket
made of plastic sheet. The melting of wax lakes place in
air tight conditions in this tray aided by solar energy
falling on it. One single glazing system (ordinary
polythene) is provided above the absorbing surface. A
suitable thick fabric glass-wool insulating is also used on
bottom sides of the melting chamber/curvilinear tray to
prevent heat losses from title bottom side. The whole unit
is fixed or portable to keep it above the grounds. A
suitable and agreement is used to fix the solar machine at
the required tilt during the melting of wax with the help of
a Sun-shadow arrangement (Anonymous, 1990).

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 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018
III A. Paraffin Wax
Paraffin wax is a complex hydrocarbon refined from
petroleum. It comes from fossilized trees, animals,
bacteria etc. It is considered a fossil fuel and is a
precipitate from refining crude oil into natural gas,
heating oil and gasoline. While that sounds yucky
considering the "green" movement in our society, it is
interesting to note that it is a renewable source on our
planet. Not for the massive energy needs of our
modern society, but as a cycle on our planet. It is a
white, odorless solid that is formed into 10 lb. slabs.
Paraffin is the most commonly used wax for candle
making[10].
III B. Types of Paraffin Wax
i) Low Melt Point Paraffin
Paraffin with a melting point less than 130° F, this
type of wax is soft and adheres well to the sides of
containers. Therefore, they are best for container and
tea light candles[11-14].
ii)High Melt Point Paraffin
Paraffin with a melting point greater than 130° F, this
type of wax is harder and therefore provides structural
rigidity for use in votive and pillar candles.
Fig.1: Pure Paraffin Wax
III C. Use Paraffin Wax
i) Lots of information is available about candle
making with paraffin
ii) Most candle fragrances and dyes were formulated
for paraffin, so they work quite reliably (note: our
fragrance and dye also work in natural waxes).
iii) Consistent attractive appearance - does not frost
like natural wax.
III D. Properties of the Paraffin Wax
Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless,
tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point
between about 460 and 68 °C (1150 and 154 °F),and
having a density of around 900 kg/m3.]It is insoluble in
water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters.
Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical
reagents but burns readily.
Fig.2: Hydrocarbon C32H64
60
The hydrocarbon C32H64 is a typical component of the
paraffin wax. It is an very good insulator those
resistivity is between 1013 and 1017 ohm-m [21-23],
which is better than other materials except Teflon.
Paraffin Wax is an very good neutron moderator
which was used in James Chadwick’s in 1932
experiments to detect the neutron. It is a good material
to store heat having specific heat capacity 2.14–
2.9 J g−1 K−1 and a heat of fusion of 200–220 J g−1[24-
27].
III E. Applications of paraffin wax
It has industrial applications which have been generally
used to modify the crystal properties of the paraffin wax
.It was easily made the modification by the following way
[15-17]:
i) EVA copolymers
ii) microcrystalline wax
iii) forms of polyethylene
The results of the branched properties of paraffin are
given by the following ways[18-20]:
i) Modified paraffin with a higher viscosity,
ii) Smaller crystalline structure and
iii) Modified functional properties.
The rarely use of the pure paraffin wax is:
i) Carving original models for casting metal and
ii) Other materials in the lost wax process
It is generally relatively brittle at room temperature
and presents the risks of chipping and breakage when
worked properly. For sculpture it is used the
following waxes:
i) Soft and pliable waxes
ii) Beeswax
The investment for casting waxes are paraffin-based
and also generally formulated for the purpose.
III F. Working principle
Fig. 3: Bucket Type Candle Making Machine
Fig.4. Experimental setup of different Bucket types solar
candle making machine.
 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018
The working principle of this solar system for candle
generation is quite simple. This job is possible for any
people. This solar system does not need any extra space.
It is possible to implement in the any free space, free
field, house, courtyard, terrace, coastal areas where we
can get solar radiation freely. For daily candle production,
the wax is required to be loaded once a day cither in the
morning or in the evening preferably in the evening.
About 5-6kg solid wax can be loaded at a lime in a small
size solar machine absorbing surface area is 0.785m".The
melting of wax takes place during the day. The molten
wax is collected in the evening or fed directly to moulds
through a mile-value and nozzle system [28-32].
III G Solar System by a Concentrating Collector
Prototype solar candle production system is shown in Fig. 5.
This system is based on a concentrator-receiver system.
The dimension of the concentrator is 1.8 m x 1.2m and the
size of the receiver is 0.5 m x 0.5 m x 0.11 m. It consists of a
melting chamber made of copper sheet.
Fig.5: A small sized solar candle production system
This chamber is housed in an outer box made of wood. The
melting of wax takes place in air-tight conditions in this
chamber aided by solar energy falling on it. One single
glazing system is provided above the absorbing surface. The
chamber is reversed condition. Suitable thick fiber glass-
wool insulation is also used on all sides of melting chamber
to prevent heat losses from the sides. The total unit is on a
suitable iron-stand to keep it above the grounds. A suitable
arrangement with flying nuts is used to fix the solar
concentrator at the required tilt during the melting of wax
with the help of a sun shadow arrangement provided on one
corner of the system.
III H. Working Principle for Concentrator
The working principle of the candle making device is easy
compare to traditional methods. This job is possible for
any people. It does not need any extra space. It is possible
to conduct in the any where like free space, free field,
house, courtyard, terrace, coastal areas where we can get
61
solar radiation freely. For daily candle production, the
wax is required to be loaded many times in a day. About
3kg solid wax can be loaded at a time in a prototype solar
system. The melting of wax takes place during a day. The
molten wax is collected through a pipe to moulds through
gate valve and nozzle system [33-35].
III I. Description of the Concentrator
A Fresnel Reflecting Concentrator having the geometrical
concentration ratio about 12 employed in the present case
has been made out of 32 long back-coated equip spaced
reflecting mirror strips of 0.05m width (having the
reflectivity ~0.6) mounted in a planar configuration in a
rectangular size of 1.20m x 1.8m (Fig. 1). Each mirror
strips are arranged in such a way that that can be
rotated freely about an axis along its length. Each of the
mirror elements is then adjusted separately and leaked in
position in such that the mirrors image the sun on the
flat plate absorber which is in reverse configuration
having a rectangular channel of 0.5m x 0.10m x 0.06m
size.
i) Description of the Dice
In the present case, the dice has made of Aluminum. This
dice can make twelve candles at a time. The dice has two
parts. It can be divided by these two parts are in
conveniently. When these two parts are together, there
can be made twelve holes. Melting wax fall through a tube
into the dice holes (Fig. 6).
Fig.6 Dice for Candle Production
The melted wax is poured into dice holes carrying twisted
cotton threads to act was wicks (the threads are defatted,
bleached and soaked in a solution of Ammonium Phosphate,
ammonium chloride and borax). These salts prevent
shouldering. The candles are removed from the roles after
some time and their outer surface is polished mechanically.
There are two water tanks besides the dice. As a result
melting wax becoming cold rapidly.
ii) Description of Waxes
Based on the source, there are 4 types of waxes which are
given by the following:
i) Animal waxes : These waxes are secreted by
some insects.
ii) Vegetable waxes: It comes from (a) seeds (b)
flowers (c) stems and (d) leaves
 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018

iii) Mineral waxes: It comes from (a) petroleum For more daily candles production, the bigger size solar
(b) coal (c) peat and lignite dice (machine) preferably doubling the absorbing surface
iv) Synthetic waxes: It comes from all kinds of area may be fabricated. If more candles have to be
waxes after synthesis.
manufactured, the panels of the solar machine have been
iii) Types of Waxes:
further improved by providing double glazing to enhance
There Are Different Types Of Washes. Such As the candle production. The performance of such models is
in progress and the candles productions for two typical
(1) Beeswax days are given in table-3.
(2) Carnauba Wax
(3) Spermaceti ii) Cost of the Solar System by a concentrator
(4) Ozocerite
(5) Parfin Wax The total costing is estimated, which must be added the
(6) Montan Wax
skilled labor cost and other developmental expenses. The
(7) Candelilla Wax
(8) Synthetic Waxes cost of conversion of solar energy into useful heat in
(9) Bayberry Wax producing solar candles by using the Fresnel
(10) Chinese Insect Wax Reflecting Concentrator is presented below:
(11) Ceresin
(12) Petrolatum Wax etc. 1) Mild steel angle frame (1.8m x 1.2m) = Tk. 500/
2) Mild steel angle stand (20m) = Tk. 500/-
III J. Some Constants of Waxes 3) Copper absorber (0.45mx0.1 mx0. 0Sm) = Tk. 300/-
4) Absorber glass cover, wooden Box and insulation (glass
Table-1: Melting points of different wax wool) = Tk. 300/-
5) Absorber surface coating (Nonselective coating)=Tk.
Wax Melting Point (°C) 100/-
Spermaceti 41-49 6) Reflecting mirror strips (2m2) =Tk. 1000/-
Bees wax 61-63 7) Fabrication charge = Tk. 800/-
Candelilla 65-70 8) Replacement of the mirror strips after 5 years (10% rate
of inflation and 10% rate of discount) = Tk. 1000/-
Ceresin 54-77
9) Total cost of the CR-system (A0Cor) = Tk. 4500/-
Carnauba 80-87
Montan 76-84 (Here,A0 = Aperture area, Cor= Cost per unit aperture area)
Ozocerite 58-100
III K. History of the Bees Wax

i) Uses of Stearine for Manufacture of Candles to Beeswax is a natural wax produced in the bee
increase the quality: hive of honey bees of the genus Apish. This is the esters
A mixture of static acid and palmtic acid is used with of fatty acids. It looks creamed color but the pure bees
about 50%-85% paraffin wax of m.p. around 55°c for the wax looks white. Sometimes it looks yellow due to the
manufacture of candles. Steric acid and palmtic acid are
presence of pollen and other substances.
obtained from tallow, palm oil or hardened oil and these
acids are added to make the candles hard. It increases the
longevity of the candles. are added to make the candles III L. Production of Bees Wax
hard. It increases the longevity of the candles. The
It is generated by all species of honeybees. It is produced
mixture of fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis of fats with
super heated steam is heated to about 60°c and pressed when by the Asian species of honeybees which is known as
liquid acids are separated. The solid cake obtained is a Ghedda wax. It looks on the constitution of their
mixture of steric acid and palmtic acid and is known as chemical and physical properties.
stearine. It is mixed with suitable proportion (paraffin:
stearic acid 9:1) of paraffin wax and melted. The melted
mixture is poured in to the holes carrying twisted cotton
threads to act as wicks[36]. Then we get the candles by
removing from the holes. The production capacity of solar
system depends upon its size and the weather conditions.
The efficiency of candles that can be manufactured for
single and double glazed from a proto-type solar system Fig.7. Bees wax
in different sky conditions is given in table 1.
The wax is formed by worker bees, who secrete it from
The variation in the candle production is due to the eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of
variation in the day to day weather conditions. the termites (the ventral shield or plate of each segment of

62
 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018

the body) on abdominal segments 4 to 7. The sizes of
these wax glands depend on the age of the worker and
after daily flights these glands begin to gradually atrophy.
The new wax scales are initially glass-clear and colorless
(see illustration), becoming opaque after mastication by
the worker bee. The wax of honeycomb is nearly white,
but becomes progressively more yellow or brown by
incorporation of pollen oils and propels. The wax scales
are about 3 millimeters (0.12 in) across and 0.1
millimeters (0.0039 in) thick and about 1,100 are required
to make a gram of wax[37].
Honey bees use the beeswax to build honeycomb cells in
which their young are raised and honey and pollen are
stored. For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the
ambient temperature in the hive has to be 33 to 36 °C
(91 to 97 °F). To produce their wax, bees must consume
about eight times as much honey by mass. Typically, for a
honey beekeeper, 10 pounds of honey yields 1 pound of
wax. It is estimated that bees collectively fly 150,000
miles, roughly six times around the earth, to yield one
pound of beeswax (530,000 km/kg).
III. M Advantages of the Candle of the Bees Wax
i) Beeswax candles burn longer than others
and do not drip
ii) Beeswax is a 100% natural fuel created by
bees
iii) Beeswax candles emit negative ions that
actually clean the air and invigorate the
body.
iv) Non-hazardous
v) Non-carcinogenic
vi) Dyes are not tested on animals
vii) Solvent free
vii) Does not contain hazardous additives such
as naphtha or naphthalene
ix) We use a minute amount of dye in our candles, less
than 0.0125%
vii) Paraffin candles are known to drip
viii) Often scented with artificial fragrance
ix) Often bleached and dyed with toxic
colorants
III.Q Measurements from the Experiment:
Production of candles
'The production capacity of the Solar machine depends
upon its size and weather conditions The quantity of
candles that can be manufactured from small sized solar
machine in different season is given in table 1.
Production, of candles by ‘a small sized solar machine
(absorbing surface area is 0.785m*).
Table2. Beam radiation in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Season Average solar beam Daily candle
radiation 1, (watt/m2) production (kg)
Summer 700 15 ±2
winter 600 11±2
10±2
Rainy 550
The variation of candle Production it due in the variation
in the day to day weather conditions. For more candle
production, the bigger sign solar machine preferably
doubling the absorbing surface area (1.5nr) may be
fabricated. If more candles (say over 20kg/day) have to be
manufactured, the bucket of the solar candle machine can
be accordingly multiplied, to meet the requirement. This
machine has been further improved by improving
doubling glazing to enhance the candle production. The
performance of such models is in progress and the candle
production for two typical days is as follows:

x) Can be shipped in all weather conditions because of its Table 3.Candle production from double and single
high melt point glazed models.

III. N Disadvantages of the Candle of the Bees Wax Date Candle Production Sky Wind
i)Considered pricier than other waxes condition speed
Single glazed &
ii) Beeswax can be combined with other waxes to reduce Double glazed
manufacturing costs, be sure to always look for 100%
10.03.14 3.5 kg 12 kg semi-clear >2KMPH
pure beeswax products
15.04.14 2.5 kg 16.5 kg clear day >2KMPH
III.O Advantages of the Paraffin Wax:

Inexpensive (about 9 times less than beeswax) 20.05.14 5.00 kg 14.0 kg semi-clear >2KMPH

15-06-14 3.00kg 10.00 kg Hazy >2KMPH

III. P Disadvantages of the Paraffin Wax:
i) By-product of fossil fuels
ii) The equivalent of inhaling exhaust fumes III. R Advantages for Candle Production by solar
iii) Creates a large amount of black sticky soot thermal system
iv) Paraffin candles produce toxic petrol-soot The new technique of candle production is quite simple
that eventually stains all interior surfaces and has the numerous benefits over the age-old
v) Non-Renewable conventional candle making methods such as:
vi) Polymers are added to raise the melting i)The machine is portable.
point and improve burning qualities

63
 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018

ii)The candle production is easy, convenient and cent-

percent safe in the new solar methods. Table 6: Table for double glazed
iii)It saves the conventional fuels and causes no
environmental pollution.
iv)No attendance is required during wax melting. Averag Averag
v)Labor and vaporization losses are reduced. Average
e Beam e Effic Sky
ambient Wind
vi)Maintenance is easy and recurring cost is negligible. Date
Temp.
radiatio melting iency condit
speed
vii)The production time of candles is less. n, Ib wax in nc(%) ion
Ta(°c)
(w/m^) (kg/hr)
III.S Cost analysis of the solar system
18.12. 59.7
To fabricate of the solar system, the following different 22°C 480 7 Semi-
2015 5%
materials has been used. The costs of the different cloudy >2 KMPH
materials are given below:
19.12. 63.7
25°C 500 8 clear >2KMPH
Table 4. Cost of a bucket type solar candle machine 2015 75%
Serial No. Name of the Materials Cost price
Table-7: Table for both double & single glazed
1 Bucket TK. 150.00
models
2 Tray TK. 50.00
3 Polythene sheet TK. 25.00 Sky
Wind
Date Candle Production conditi
4 Black Coaling TK. 25.00 speed
on
5 Dice TK. 100.00 Single glazed &
6 Raw Materials (wax) TK. 200.00 Double glazed

7 Others TK. 100.00 18.12. m= m =07 semi-

>2KMPH
2015 05kg/hr kg/hr clear
8 Convince TK. 50.00
Total cost = TK. 700.00 19.12. m= m =08 clear
>2KMPH
2015 06kg/hr kg/hr day
III.T Employment opportunity and profit
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bucket type candle making device by solar system is a
successful technology which can provide an avenue for It is seen that in the semi-cloudy day the efficiency of the
income generation to the needy people of our society solar candle production machine is 41.52% & 59.75% for
(Mani, 1981). Liven handicapped person can operate it single glazed & double glazed respectively. In the clear
to manufacture candles. The cost of the prototype day the efficiency of the solar candle machine is 43.135%
type/small sized Bucket type solar candle machine is & 63.775% for single glazed and double glazed system
around TK. 465.00 and one can earn easily TK. 300.00 respectively.
to TK. 400.00 per day by making candles on a It is also shown that the efficiency of the Concentrating
commercial basis. collector type Candle making machine is better than the
bucket type Candle making machine. It is mentioned that
III. T. Production of Candles by Proto-Type Solar bucket type Candle making machine is built-up based on
System Liquid Flat Plate Collector.
Table for single glazed Table 5
V. CONCLUSIONS
Averag Aver Aver
e age age Effic Sky The Bucket type solar machine is quite simple and
Bea melti Wind
Date ambien iency condi successful for convenient candle production. This
m ng speed
t Temp. Nc (%) tion machine is likely to generate the employment among the
Ta (°c) radia wax needy people of our society. The researchers have taken-
tion, in up this technology of its R & D for practical utilization in
18.12 Ib (kg/ 41 sem
22°C 480 5.00 below 2 Bangladesh as well as all over the World. Any
.2015 .52% i-
(w/m hr) Bangladeshi Business company can take-up this
2
) clo KMPH technology for its commercialization all over Bangladesh.
19.12 43.1 udy
clea
25°C 500 6.00 below
.2015 35% r. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the PKL electricity research
2KMPH group named Dr. Sk. Nurul Alam, Dr. M A Latif, Dr. Md.
Sajjad Hossain, Dr.Fakrul Islam, Bapy Guh, for their

64
 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018
valuable suggestions and whole hearted cooperation
during research work.
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Solar Thermal Steam Production & Distillation
Device by Fresnel Reflecting Concentrator-Receiver
System, Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 16(2): 221-228, 1998
(December)
17. Md Shahidul Islam and Md. Kamrul Alam Khan,
Performance Studies on Single Crystal Solar PV
Modules for Practical Utilisation in Bangladesh,
International J.Eng. Tech 5(3): 348-352, September
2008
18. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan, Soap Production Using
Solar Power, International J. Eng. Tech 6(1):414-419,
March 2009 Website :www.gscience.net
19. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan, Wave and Tidal Power
Generation: An Overview, International J. Eng. Tech
6(1):420-423, March 2009 Website
:www.gscience.net
20. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan, Materials Used in
Electricity Generation by Solar Thermal System,
International J. Eng. Tech 6(1):515-520, June 2009
Website :www.gscience.net
21. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan, Comparative Study on
Single Crystal and Polycrystalline solar pv modules
for use in Bangladesh climate, International J. Eng.
Tech 6(1):527-529, June 2009 Website
:www.gscience.net
22. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan, Solar Thermal Studies
Of Open Sun Drying (OSD) of various Crops Under
Bangladesh Climatic Condition, Int. J. Sustain. Agril.
Tech. 5(7): 85-94, October 2009
23. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan, Application of Solar
Thermal Technology for Various Developing
Countries, International J. Eng. Tech. Vol 6, Issue 6,
July 2009
24. S. M. Saifuddin & Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan,
Performance Study of Hybrid SPV, ST and BPL/PKL
electricity Generation and storage for Practical
Utilization in Bangladesh, International J. Eng. Tech
: ISSN 1812 – 7711, V – 7, Issue 2, 2010
25. S. M. Saifuddin & Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan,
Survey of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Solar
Thermal (ST) Collectors in Bangladesh, International
J. Eng. Tech : ISSN 1812 – 7711, V – 7, Issue 3,
2010
26. S. M. Saifuddin & Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan,
Performance Study of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar
Thermal Hybrid System Utilized in India,
International J. Soc. Dev. Inf. Syst. 1 (4) : 10 – 16,
July, 2010
27. Ashique Al Rahman and Prof. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam
Khan, The Present situation of the Wave energy in
some different countries of the world, IJCIT, ISSN
2078 5828(print),ISSN 2218-5224(online),Volume
02. Issue 01,Manuscript code:110754
 1st International Conference on ‘Energy Systems, Drives and Automations’, ESDA2018

28. Hasnat A,Ahmed P,Rahman M and Khan K A, Appendix:

Numerical Analysis for Thermal Design of a The efficiency, ηc = Pout/Pin=( mCpT +mL)/Pin
Paraboloidal Solar Concentrating Collector, = ( mCp ΔT +mL)/AcIb
International Journal of Natural Sciences(2011),1(3) Where, ηc = Efficiency of the system
68-74 m = Melting wax per hour
29. Prof. Dr. Md. Kamrul Alam Khan & Abul Hasnat ΔT = Tf - Ti
Rubel, Simulated Energy Scenarios of the Power Ti = Initial temperature of the paraffin Wax.
Sector in Bangladesh, ASA University Review, Vol- Tf = Final (Melting) temp, of the paraffin wax,
5, No.2, Page: 101-110, July-December,2011. Cp = Specific heat of paraffin wax = 0.69
ISSN:1997-6925 L = Latent heat of fusion of the paraffin Wax = 209
30. Jesmin Sultana,Md.Kamrul Alam Khan and Mesbah KJ/Kg = 50 Cal/gm.
Uddin Ahmed, Electricity Generation from Pathor Ac = Collector area
Kuchi Leaf(Bryophyllum Pinnatum), Ib = Beam radiation
J.Asiat.Soc.Bangladesh.Sci.,37(2):167-179, Pout = Output power in watt
December 2011. Pin = Input power in wat
31. Mamun-ArRashid, Rashed-Al Mamun, Jesmin
Sultana,Hasnat A,Rahman M and Khan K A,
Evaluating the Solar Radiation System under the
Climatic Condition of Bangladesh and Computing
the Angstrom Coefficients, International Journal of
Natural Sciences (2012),2(1):38- 42. Received:
November 2011, Accepted: March 28, 2012.
32. Jesmin Sultana, K.A. Khan and Mesbah Uddin
Ahmed, The Present Situation of Solar Thermal
Energy in the World, ASA University Review, Vol-4,
Issue-2, December-2012,ISSN:1997-6925
33. Prof.Dr.Md.Kamrul Alam Khan, Md.Abdus
Shatter,Shuva Paul,Shaniat Rahman
Zishan,Md.Rashed Yousufe, A Study on Tidal Power
Conversion for Use in Bangladesh, International
Journal of Scientific Engineering Research, Volume
3, Issue 12,December-12, ISSN 2229-5518
34. M.S.A. Bhuiyan, K.A. Khan And M.A. Jabed, A
Computerized study on the metrological parameter
conversions for rural agribusiness development,
Journal of Innovation & Development Strategy
(JIDS)(J. Innov. Dev. Strategy)J. Innov. Dev.
Strategy 6(2):94-98(December 2012)
35. Dr.Md.Kamrul Alam Khan,Shuva Paul,Asif
Zobayer,Shiekh Saif Hossain, A Study on Solar
Photovoltaic Conversion, International journal of
Scientific and Engineering Research ,Volume-
4,Issue-3,March-2013,ISSN2229-5518 (IMPACT
FACTOR: 1.4)
36. Dr.Md.Kamrul Alam Khan, Shuva Paul,Asif
Zobayer,Shiekh Saif Hossain, A Study on Solar
Thermal Conversion, International journal of
Scientific and Engineering Research ,Volume-
4,Issue-3,March-2013,ISSN2229-5518 (IMPACT
FACTOR: 1.4)
37. M.S.A. Bhuiyan and K. A. Khan, Software
Development Studies on the Metrological
Conversions for Local Agri-Business Units of Area
and Volume Weight Measures, Journal of Innovation
& Development Strategy (JIDS), Canada, Volume:7
,Issue: 1, April 2013. ISSN 1997-2571

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