TITLE

Nut and Bolt

OBJECTIVE
To manufacture a nut and bolt arrangement.

INTRODUCTION
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used opposite a mating bolt to
fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads’
friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and comparison of parts. The most common shape is hexagonal, six
side give a good granularity, of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and
smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. Other specialized shapes exist for certain
needs, such as wing nuts for figure adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

• Ø8 x 1.25 Nuts
• Ø3mm x 110mm Rod
• Tap and Die set(Die)
• Hammer
• Hacksaw
• Flat File
• Bench Vice

Figure 1 : Ø8 x 1.25 Nuts (Hex Nuts | Amazon.com, 2020)

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Figure 2 : Ø3mm x 110mm Rod

Figure 3 : Tap and Die set(Die)

Figure 4 : Hammer

Figure 5 : Hacksaw

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 Figure 6 : Flat File

Figure 7 : Bench Vice

PROCEDURE
1. Firstly, a huge rod was taken and fastened horizontally into the bench vice to cut a piece of rod
110 mm in length using a hack saw.
2. Then, from one end of the 110 mm long rod, the length of 8 mm was measured and the length of
8 mm was marked on the rod.
3. The 110 mm long rod was then vertically fixed into the bench vice and the end face was smoothed
by using a flat file.
4. After that, by using the M8× 1.25 die and repairing a nut, the thread was cut to 8 mm.
5. Thus, by using the hammer to create the bolt end, the rod was tapped.
6. Next, from the other end, a 30 mm length was measured and on the rod it was labelled.
7. Then, by using the flat disk, the end was also smoothed.
8. After that, by using the M8× 1.25 die, the thread was cut up to 30 mm.
9. At last, the bench vice was separated from the rod and a nut was fastened to that side.

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OBSERVATIONS

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RESULTS
The arrangement of the nut and bolt was developed.

Figure 8 : Nut and bolt arrangement

DISCUSSION

1) Problems Faced and Solutions

While cutting the rod, sharpening corners and making the thread, we faced some
problems, such as choking when cutting and suffocating when using the tap and die collection to
make the thread. Using those tap and die sets available at the workshop, it wasn't too easy to make
thread. Some of them aren't tightened, and before using them we had to tighten them. When we cut
the rod, the hacksaw in the rod began to suffocate and we put some oil on it as a solution. It became
simpler after that than without oil. The package of Tap and Die was rusted and it was so difficult to
use the thread. We even had to put oil on it. I had to fasten the nut that was in the 8 mm thread after
making the thread. For that, I had to use a hammer to knock on the rod and I faced some problems
while doing it. Often, when I knock on the rod, I accidentally knock on the nut and the nut gets
broken. I had to use the bench vise to hold the rod without shifting when knocking on the rod. The
correct technique is to position the rod on the edge of the bench vise, but I accidentally put it in the
center. The rot bent from the core because of that. So, I had to slightly knock on the bent point with
a hammer to make it straight again. These are the key issues that I faced during the workshop.

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2) Possible Errors
Just a few possible errors were made. Most of them are calculating errors when the rod
measurements are being taken. Some errors, such as thread gauges, are very minor errors that can be
overlooked.

3) Possible Hazards
During this workshop, there were plenty of potential dangers that might arise. The use of a hammer
and a hacksaw, for example, is very risky. Luckily, because of the well described directions and
guides given by the instructors, we did not face any injuries.

4) Schematic Diagram of nut and bolt arrangement

Figure 9 : Schematic diagram of a nut and bolt arrangement

5) What is meant by M8x1.25 thread?

To correctly define a line, there are typically some terminologies. It has a particular order, such as
diameter, pitch, and length. In M8×1.25 thread ,
M = Metric thread designation
8 = Nominal Diameter (in millimeters)
1.25 = Pitch (Distance from thread to thread), in millimeters

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 Figure 10: M8x1.25 thread (Coated(1000Hr), 2020)

6) What are the other methods of cutting threads and fastening bolt head ?
The following points illustrate the top nine techniques used for thread making. From following
methods, we used die-cutting method in the workshop.

• Casting - In casting and molding threads, cavity geometry in the mold or die geometry is
directly shaped. Sand casting threads are rough and not used except for vises and rough
machinery at times. The lost wax method produces more detailed threads with a good surface
finish compared to other casting methods, but it is an expensive process.

• Rolling - Rolling is a method that is quicker. Threads are produced in the blank by pressing
the rolling thread to die against the blank. There is less work of the chip and no material
wastage. Rolling-produced threads have good quality and high accuracy.

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 • Chasing - Chasing is method of thread cutting with the help of multi point cutting tool called
thread chaser. there are two types of chaser. they are hand chaser and threading tool chaser.
These chasers consist cutting teeth for cutting thread in large scale production.

• Self-Opening Die Heads - For high output of external threads on capstan and turret lathes,
die boxes are used. There are dies or chasers in die heads and each is appropriate for a
specified range of sizes. There are three types of self opening die heads. They are radial die,
tangential die, circular die. These dies are used in turret lathe and special threading machines.

• Taps - Taping is the method of thread cutting to create internal threads. Like die threading,
multipoint cutting (Tap) is used and cutting can be performed manually or on machines. The
method in the system is similar to manual tapping, except that the feed is automatic and the
threads are extremely precise and standardized. Multiple spindles are used during machining
features such as rapid retraction of the instrument, automatic loading or unloading; the
machining rate would increase significantly. Taps are graded as Collapsible Taps and Solid
Taps.

• Milling - Threads from the milling process. Threads are created on rotating work-pieces by
using form cutters (single form cutters and multiple form cutters).

• Grinding - The thread grinding principle is identical to thread milling. By using specially
dressed grinding wheels, the grinding is finished. Grinding wheel may be of single type of
rib or multi type of rib, and the process is ideal for hard materials for which it is not possible
to cut other thread methods. Three ways of thread grinding occur. Transfer over grinding,
plunge grinding, center-less grinding

• Scru Broach - This is a newly developed thread cutting technique. In the automotive sector,
it finds implementation. Examples of this class include components such as internal threads
on steering gear ball nuts, ball-race nuts for various circulating ball-type assemblies. One or
two passes (rough and finishing cuts) are given to the work pieces, heat treated and then
finished on an inner thread grinder. One computer is used at the station. There is a special
shape for the broaches used for the application and they are driven by lead-screws. By
drawing up the part and fixture against the rotating tool, threads are cut. Broaches are
available in sizes up to a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 750 mm.

7) Method of manufacturing Nut and Bolt in mass scale

I. Wire - Uncoiled, straightened and cut to length.

II. Cold forging - At room temperature, molding the steel into the right shape
III. Bolt head - Progressively formed by pressing the steel into different dies at high pressure .
IV. Threading - By rolling or cutting, threads are formed.
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 V. Heat treatment - To harden steel, the bolt is exposed to intense heat.
VI. Surface treatment - It's depending on the application. To improve corrosion resistance, zinc-
plating is popular.
VII. Packing/stocking - The bolts are packed after quality control to ensure uniformity and
accuracy.

CONCLUSION
In this practice, in the workshop, we learned how to make nut and bolt and we got the experience by
making nut and bolt separately.

References

Engineering Notes India. 2020. Top 9 Methods Of Making Threads | Machine Tools | Industrial Engineering.
[online] Available at: <https://www.engineeringenotes.com/industrial-engineering/machine-tools/top-9-
methods-of-making-threads-machine-tools-industrial-engineering/23701> [Accessed 3 October 2020].

Nord-lock.com. 2020. How Bolts Are Made? Here Is The Manufacturing Process. [online] Available at:
<https://www.nord-lock.com/insights/knowledge/2018/the-making-of-bolts/> [Accessed 3 October 2020].

Slideshare.net. 2020. Thread Manufacturing Processes. [online] Available at:

<https://www.slideshare.net/viraldhamsania/thread-manufacturing-processes> [Accessed 3 October 2020].

Fastenermart.com. 2020. Understanding Metric Fasteners - Fastener Mart. [online] Available at:
<https://www.fastenermart.com/understanding-metric-fasteners.html> [Accessed 3 October 2020].