ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECHATRONICS PROJECT

‘’GATE AUTOMATION’’
PREPARED BY ID
1. REDAGN SIMANESEW 0999/10
2. SAMUEL ALEMU 1034/10
3. SOLOMON HAILU 1101/10

MAY 30, 2022

Submitted to Mr. Bereket
Contents
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 6
RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 19
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY3.1 Materials ..................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4..................................................................................................................................................... 28
RESULTS AND FINDINGS.......................................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 31
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 31
5.3 RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................................................... 32

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The need for automatic gates has been on the increase in recent times. The system
described here incorporates the use of programmable logic controller (PLC) as thecontroller in
achieving the aims of this project. It is no exaggeration to say that the PLC has revolutionized the
electronics industry and has had a remarkable impact on many aspects of our lives most especially
the industry. Almost all areas of technology have started taking advantage of the inexpensive
computer control that the PLC can provide. Some
typicalapplications include automatic motor braking systems, industrial process controls,
electronic measuring instruments, traffic controllers, and a rapidly growing number of
new products [1]

The automatic gate may be describe as automated entrance portals that are popularly used
in parking lots of residential homes, organizations, automobile terminals, and public car
parks, which utilize microcontrollers for added intelligence. It is automatic to avoid the stress of
manually opening and closing the gate. The technology used eliminates gate monitoring and
manning by human beings. The gate uses a state-of-the-art entry system. The gates have to perform
gyrations – open, auto-reverse, stop, fully close and fully stop [2].

The automatic gate is not a security device and should not construe as one. It provides convenient
access and intelligent features that makes it distinct from all other gates, which bring it so close to
a security device [3].

Conventional portals are mostly manually operate as practiced by most third world countries and
thus are vulnerable to some security issues, which endanger stakeholders within the community.
Unattended portals are more prone to illegal entry and monitoring of visitors is compromised.
Moreover, these conventional portals are stressful to operate due to its manual manipulation during
opening and closing. Hence, guards and home owners resort to just leaving the gates open at all
times.

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Since security is very important in everyone’s context, maintaining a dependable portal system is
of utmost consideration. There are noteworthy initiatives made by home owners and institutions
that utilize automated entrance gates. The most prominent are those who are identified as the rich
and famous, military installations, medical facilities, laboratories, and other sensitive rooms. The
aforementioned arguments considered as baseline research and other benchmarked information on
relevant portal concepts provided motivation for the conduct of this present study in the hope
of making a difference in Addis Ababa Science And Technology University (AASTU), Ethiopia,
Africa.

1.2.Problem statement

The design and simulation of an automatic entrance gate of AASTU will provide a model
automated gating system of the university. The automated portal will not only provide security but
also provide academic impact to the Electrical and Computer Engineering as it helps students
understand the concepts of automation helpful for them to be prepared in the real industry
experience. The study therefore seeks to address the following questions:

1. What design parameters to consider in terms of the input and output devices, microcontroller,
programming language, and simulation techniques to model the system?

2. What development strategy to utilize in the integration of the sub-systems in the control
framework?

3. What simulation technique to use in order to effectively model the automated portal system of
the university?

4. What evaluation parameter to use in measuring the performance and acceptability of the system

1.3.Objectives

The general objective of this project is to design and simulate an automatic entrance gate
of AASTU using a PLC-based motor-driven portal system. The specific objectives are:

1. To design an automatic entrance gate of AASTU using a motor-driven barrier controlled by

PLC.

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2. To develop and integrate the input/output devices, controller and model anoperational control
system using acceptable simulation techniques.

3. To model and simulate the automated entrance gate of AASTU using the Automation Studio
software.

4. To evaluate the performance and acceptability of the project in accordance

toacceptable evaluation parameters in terms of aesthetics, functionality, and relevance.

1.4. Significance of the study

The design and simulation of the automatic entrance gate of Addis Ababa Science And
Technology University utilizing a simulated model will provide baseline design of automated
portal system that can be used to some relevant application that offers better security and control
ability.

The design also provide academic impactto some relevant courses in the university as it provides
benchmarked technical information of the project highly important in the fields of industrial
control and automation

1.5. Framework of the study

The control framework used in the study follows the input – process – output relationship as shown
in Table 1. Switches and other sensing devices are connected to the appropriate input module of
the PLC while output devices are connected to the designated output module of the controller.
Input & output devices are processed through the PLC to the desired control outcome of the output
devices.

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The control framework of the study is anchored on the use of appropriate sensing devices to detect
the incoming vehicle at the university gate. The entrance vehicle sensor will prompt the guard on
the coming vehicle for the opening motion sensing to trigger the reverse rotation of the gate. The
full opening shall be confirmed by another capacitive sensor thus stopping the motor-driven gate.
Once the vehicle is on the way inside the university, another sensor will detect the vehicle thus
sends signal to the system to automatically close the gate via the forward rotation of the motor,
hence the gate is closed.

1.6. Scope and limitation

The study outlines the design and simulation of a simulated model of an automated entrance gate
of AASTU most specifically the vehicular gate of the university using a motor-driven gate
controlled by a PLC using ladder diagram programming. Authorized vehicle identification is
presumed done by the security guard by university sticker system. The following undertaking is
not included in this present study: prototyping using physical components, implementation of
pedestrian gate, and any other gates other than the vehicles gate.

1.7. Project organization

Chapter 1 describes the background and motivation for this study, the problem description, the
research objective, the scope and limitation, as well as the significance of the study. Chapter 2
presents a review of related literature and project component. Chapter 3 presents the methodology

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or design system. Chapter 4 talks about result and finding. Finally, in Chapter 5, conclusions are
drawn and future research is proposed

CHAPTER 2
RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction

There several issues regarding to the usage of automatic gate system. These problem
occurs because of the most of automatic gate system is using remote control that been used remote
sensor. Present remote sensor is easily damaged and force repair if damaged. Besides that, it
happened when the system is not meeting the manufacturing industry desired and needed. For this
purpose, many parties try to develop the automatic gate system that only capable to fulfill the task
of manufacturing but also easier to operate and to handle. This automatic gate system is not only
focus on the system but also focus on the part or equipment that been used.

2.2. Designing Dependable Logic Controllers Using the Supervisory Control

In this paper, the authors deal with the problem of designing a controller for a discrete event
system. They argue that the classical approach of supervisory control theory(SCT) can be used as
an essential step of such a procedure. However, some of the features that make supervisory control
an attractive paradigm to solve theoretical problems are often a major source of difficulty in
implementing a controller: such is the case, for instance, of the abstraction level usually considered
in SCT. They define a method to obtain the correct abstraction level and present a procedure to
design a Controller using SCT. This approach is applied to a simple but realistic example:
an automatic gate [4].

2.2.1 Description of Case Study

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Figure 2.1: Decomposition of the system

In this case, study the plant was composed of several elements

 A gate with 2 limit switches to indicate when the gate is fully open or fully closed,
 An electrical motor with 2 contactors to control the direction (one per direction),
 A receiver for the user’s remote controls, a sensor to detect the presence of a vehicle in
front of the gate.

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2.2.2 Control specifications

The desired behavior of the plant may be expressed by the set of specifications given here after
in plain natural language. Among these seven specifications, the first three are related to vivacity
requirements (what must be done to perform the expected
task).Specification P4 expresses a safety requirement. Specifications P5 and P6 expressconstraint
s coming from actuators and the last one is an assumption on the correct operation of the sensors
(the problem of sensors monitoring is not deal with in this study).

The specifications areas follow:

P1 - When the remote control is activated, the gate opens.

P2 - When the gate is open with no request from the user or no detection of a car, the gate closes.

P3 - While the gate is not totally closed, the detection of a car causes the reopening of thegate.P4
- The gate must never be simultaneously controlled to open and to close.

P5 - An open gate cannot be controlled to open.

P6 - A closed gate cannot be controlled to close.

P7 - The gate is never simultaneously open and closed. By review this case study, the concept and
the base of the system is similar to this project that is to implement the automatic gate system by
using control systems such as PLC. For this case study, they use the remote controlled to opened
and closed the gate, but in this project, the gate is automatically open and closed.

2.3. A Microprocessor-Based Gate Security System

A microprocessor based security system for gate control in a housing estate is described this. The
system provides efficient gate access and estate control to perform the job of the

gate security guard. The hard hardware and software development this system is presented

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The microprocessor is the main part of the block diagram that functions to control the whole of
the system. In this module, the program prompts the tenant for the access code. A check is then
made and if valid, the program request for the identification code. The gate is

then opened once this code is verified. This mode also that offers the facility to check if the access
or entry is of a forced or threatened nature. An alarm code that is appended to the tenant code can
be keyed in to alert the security personnel in such situations. The visitor mode is provided for in
module. It display the appropriate prompts to guide the visitor, performs the address translation to
retrieve the telephone number , generates the dual tone timing for auto-dial to the unit concerned,
and controls the up or down hook status of the telephone. In addition, this module provides a
continuous background beep to indicate calls from the gate and accepts the generated key code
from the tenant to acknowledge the identity of the visitor before the gate is opened [5].

2.4. Block Diagram of Power Supply for the Controlling System

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• A transformer

used to step down the input AC voltage level

with a turns ratio of 10to 1.1 would convert the 220 volt 50 Hz input sine wave into a 24 volt sine
wave.

• Bridge rectifier the job of the bridge rectifier is to take the ac voltage from the transformer and
rectify it. So, that the voltage no longer goes through a negative cycle with the rectifier all of the
voltage is rectified positive

• Filter the rectifier produces a DC output but it is pulsating rather than a constant steady value
over time like that from a battery. A filter used to remove the pulsations and create a constant
output.

• Regulator The regulator is a circuit that helps maintains a fixed or constantoutputvoltage.

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  Changes in the load or the AC line voltage will cause the output voltage to vary.
 Most electronic circuits cannot withstand the variations since it designed to work properly
with a fixed voltage.
 The regulator fixes the output voltage to the desired level then maintains that value despite
any output or input variations.•

Smoothing capacitor the capacitor does a good job of smoothing the pulses from the rectifier into
a more constant DC.

A small variation occurs in the DC because the capacitor discharges a small amount between the
positive and negative pulses. Then it recharges. This variation is called ripple

2.5. Components

The component of this project has both electronics component and electrical andelectromechanic
al component is appearing.

2.5.1. Electronics component

2.5.1.1. Programmable logic controller

A PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) is an industrial computer used to monitor inputs and
based on its program or logic, to control (turn on/off) its outputs to automate a machine or a
process. It can also be defined as a digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a
programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions by implementing
specificfunctions such as logic sequencing, timing and counting through digital or analoginput/o
utput modules and arithmetic to control [6]

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2.5.1.1.1 Hardware Components of a PLC System

2.5.1.1.1.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so as eventual errors would
be discovered early. Microprocessor based CPU may allow arithmetic operations, logic
operators, block memory moves, computer interface, local area network, functions, etc.

2.5.1.1.1.2 System Buses

The internal paths along which the digital signals flow within the PLC are called buses. The system
has four buses: The CPU uses the (a) data bus for sending data between the different elements, (b)
address bus to send the addresses of locations for accessing stored data,(c) control bus
for signals relating to internal control actions and (d) system bus for communications between the
I/O ports and the I/O unit.

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2.5.1.1.1.3 MemoryMemory

Is the component that stores information, programs and data in a PLC. System(ROM) is the
component to give permanent storage for the operating system and the fixed data used by the
CPU.RAM is for data where information is stored on the status of input and output devices and
the values of timers and counters and other internal devices. EPROM is for ROM’s that can be
programmed and then the program is made permanent.

2.5.1.1.1.4 I/O Sections

 INPUT MODULES

accepts and converts signals from sensors into a logic signal

Ex. Switches, Pushbuttons and sensor.

 OUTPUT MODULES that

convert control instructions a signal that can be used by actuators.

Ex. Solenoid valves, motor etc

2.5.1.1.1.5 Power Supply

Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or at 220 VAC. Some PLC controllers have electrical
supply as a separate module, while small and medium series already contain the supply module in
this project used 24V DC.

2.5.1.1.1.6. Programming Device

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The programming device is used to enter the required program into the memory of the processor.
The program is developed in the programming device and then transferred to the memory unit of
the PLC.

2.5.1.1.2. PLC operation takes place through:

1. Input Relays

Input relays are transistors that connect to the outside world and receive signals from switches,
sensors, etc.

2. Internal Utility Relays

Internal Utility Relays do not receive signals from the outside world and do not physically exist.
These simulated relays enable a PLC to eliminate external relays and are dedicated to performing
only one task

3. Output Relays

These connected to the outside world. They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids,
lights, etc. That can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model chosen.

2.5.1.1.3. Programming Languages of PLC

• Ladder Logic

The ladder logic is the oldest programming language for PLC. It is well suited to express
Combinational logic. The main ladder logic symbols represent the elements

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Following are the features of Ladder Diagram:

• Power flows from left to right.

• Output on right side cannot connect directly with left side.

• Contact cannot place on the right of output.

• Each rung contains one output at least.

• Each output can be used only once in the program

• A particular input a/o output can appear in more than one rung of a ladder.

• The inputs and outputs are all identified their addresses.

2.5.1.2. Electrical and electro-mechanical components

2.5.1.2.1. Sensor

A Sensor is a device, which responds to an input quantity by generating a functionally related

output usually in the form of an electrical or optical signal. A Sensor
converts the physical parameter (temperature, pressure, humidity, speed, flow,
level, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically. . Figure 3.2 shows the sensing process
in terms of energy conversion. The form of the output signal will often be a voltage analogous to
the input signal, though sometimes it may be a wave form whose frequency is proportional to the
input or a pulse train containing the information in some other form

2.5.1.2.1.1. Capacitive sensor

A capacitive sensor is a proximity sensor that detects nearby objects by their effect on the electrical
field created by the sensor. Capacitive type proximity sensors consist of an oscillator whose

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frequency is determined by an inductance–capacitance (LC) circuit to which a metal plate is
connected. When a conducting or partially conducting object comes near the plate, the mutual
capacitance changes the oscillator frequency. This change is detected and sent to the controller
unit. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s target. Figure 3.2
shows an example of the capacitive proximity sensor. As the distance between the proximity
sensor and the target object gets smaller, the electric

field distributed around the capacitor experiences a change, which is detected by the controller
unit.

The maximum distance that a proximity sensor can detect is defined as ‘nominal range’.
Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or ways to report a graduated detection
distance. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.
Capacitive proximity detectors have a range twice that of inductive sensors, while they detect not
only metal objects but also dielectrics such as paper, glass, wood, and plastics.
They can even detect through a wall or cardboard box. Because the human body behaves as
an electric conductor at low frequencies, capacitive sensors have been used for human tremor
measurement and in intrusion alarms. Capacitive type proximity sensors have

a high reliability and long functional life

because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the
sensed object.

2.5.1.2.2. Limit Switch

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Limit Switches are electro-mechanical devices that consist of an actuator mechanically linked to a
set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the
contacts to make or break an electrical connection. Limit switches work in a
variety of applications and environments because of their ruggedness, simple visibleoperation,
easy installation and reliable operation.

2.5.1.2.3. Overload Relay

Traditional motor control circuits use thermal, or electronic, overload relays to protect electric
motors from the effects of heat generated from mechanical or electrical overload conditions.

When the overload relay detects an overload condition of sufficient magnitude and duration, a
normally closed contact on the overload relay opens, turning the protected motor off. A tripped
overload relay causes:• Unexpected shut downs• Unidentified reason for the trip• Potential lost
production

2.5.1.2.4. Solenoid Valve

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical device used for controlling liquid or gas flow. The
solenoid valve is controlled by electrical current, which is run through a coil. When the coil is
energized, a magnetic field is created; causing a plunger inside the coil to move. The solenoid
valve uses an electric current which moves the solenoid. This pulls a piston preventing it from
stopping the flow of air and fluid. The valve will need a constant flow of electrical current to
remain open because when there is no current flow, the electromagnetic field scatters and the valve
returns to its original position. Depending on the design of the valve, the plunger will either open
or close the valve. When electrical current is removed from the coil, the valve will return to its de-
energized state.

2.5.1.2.5. DC- MOTOR

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. DC motors are self-
starting. The motor’s variable speed characteristic. When the voltage to a DC motor is increased
from zero to some base voltage, the motor’s speed increases from zero to a corresponding
base speed. But AC motor, on the other hand, always runs at full speed. In any electric motor,
operation is based on simple electromagnetism. DC motors consist of one set of coils, called

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armature winding, inside another set of coils or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator.
Applying a voltage to the coils produces a torque in the armature, resulting in motion.

Stator

The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor. The stator of a permanent magnet DC motor is
composed of two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The magnetic field can alternatively
created by an electromagnet. In this case, a DC coils (field winding) wounds around a
magnetic material that forms part of the stator.

Rotor

The rotor is the inner part, which rotates. The rotor is composed of windings
(calledarmature windings) which connected to the external circuit through a mechanicalcommuta
tor. Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. This two separated by air-gap.

Winding

A winding made up of series or parallel connection of coils. Armature winding - The winding
through which the voltage is applied or induced. Field winding - The winding through which a
current is passed to produce flux (for the electromagnet) Windings are usually made of copper

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 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY3.1 Materials

The materials we have used in our project are websites; which we go through
different books, journals, thesis and ongoing projects in automatic entrance gate system. From
this we are going to select appropriate rating of dc motor, dc power supply, solenoid
valve,relays, sensors and limit switch based on their application in automatic vehiclesentrance
gate system and analyzed values. The other material we have been using for our simulation is
automation studio software.

3.2. Methodology

3.2.1. The design and development

The building blocks of the design are composed of the motor-driven portal system, vehicles
detection sensors, the solenoid valve, the PLC input-output interfacing, and the system’s motion
sequence diagram

3.2.1.1. The design

Figure present the system design which consists of Programmable Logic Controller, Ladder logic
simulator, DC motor and capacitive sensors. Here, PLC acted as the brain of this system because
it controlled all the operations with the external devices

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To develop the system following hardware equipment and specification of this project:

1. Programmable logic controller used as a black box with a number of inputs from, and
anumber of outputs to, the outside world. It can make decisions easier, store data, convert
codes, do timing cycles, and do simple arithmetic analysis. Siemens PLC was used in this
project which has a fully functional ladder logic design.
PLC simulation software program that incorporates the basic functions used in PLC ladde
r programming A simple ‘drag and drop’ method is used to add functions to the ladder
rung, and comments can beaded to each rung for documentation purposes. Functions
include inputs, outputs.

2. Sensor: Capacitive type proximity sensors have

a high reliability and long functional life

because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the
sensed object. Sensors used for non-contact detection of targets at a distance regardless of material.

3. Motor:

DC motors used to open and close the barrier for entry and exit of the cars,
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4. An electromechanical limit switch

applied for breaking the electrical path for interrupting the current flow.

5. In this project, a special type of regulated DC power supply was designed whichhas one types
of output voltage ( 24V).

The motor-driven conveyor system

The motor-driven portal system utilizes a three-phase motor prime mover as shown in Figure
below which has a directional rotation to rotates in both forward and reverse direction to the gate
is automatically open and close. The motor is controlled through an external relay contacts k1 and
K2 in which its corresponding coil is interfaced into the PLC input/output modules.

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The solenoid valve: The solenoid valve QO in Figure 3.2 is utilized to represent the action of the
motor driven action that the gate is fully open and fully closed. The piston of this Roadless 2-
cushioncylinder served as the rail gate in AASTU that can be detected by approximate sensors S2
andS3.

Assumption

• The gate initially closed

• Type of gate is slide gate

• The motor-driven set in the left side

The vehicle detection

The vehicles detection simulated by using single-acting cylinders and a pair of proximity sensors
to demonstrate the vehicle detection. As shown in above Figure 3.2 every actuation of the
cylinders represents one single vehicles detection by the proximity sensors S2and S3 respectively
to be the gate fully opened and fully closed.

The input-output devices-PLC interfacing

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All the input and output devices of the system are appropriately connected into the PLC
input/output (I/O) modules as shown inFigure3.3. Table 3.1 depicts the complete detailed
description of the I/O devices utilized in the system.

The solenoid valve: The solenoid valve QO in Figure 3.2 is utilized to represent the action of the
motor driven action that the gate is fully open and fully closed. The piston of this Roadless 2-
cushioncylinder served as the rail gate in AASTU that can be detected by approximate sensors S2
andS3

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Assumption

• The gate initially closed

• Type of gate is slide gate

• The motor-driven set in the left side

The vehicle detection

The vehicles detection simulated by using single-acting cylinders and a pair of proximity sensors
to demonstrate the vehicle detection. As shown in above Figure 3.2 every actuation of the
cylinders represents one single vehicles detection by the proximity sensors S2and S3 respectively
to be the gate fully opened and fully closed.

The input-output devices-PLC interfacing

All the input and output devices of the system are appropriately connected into the PLC
input/output (I/O) modules as shown in Figure3.3. Table 3.1 depicts the complete detailed
description of the I/O devices utilized in the system.

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The development and integration

The building blocks of the design are integrated to form the whole system’s framework. The
aforementioned figure depicts the integration of the sub- systems of the whole frame-work which
consists of the motor driven, feeding actuators and vehicles detection.

The simulation

The system’s simulation is conducted using the Automation Studio software. The integrated design
is subjected to the careful modeling and simulation in adherence to a scientific method of PLC
programming aided by the systems’ motion sequence diagram. This motion sequence diagram
serves as guide for the programmer to create and develop the PLC ladder program specifically
in building up the control and power control framework. The motion sequence describes the
series of activation and de-activation of output devices (Prefix Q and k addresses) triggered
appropriately by its corresponding input devices (Prefix I ad-dresses).

From above figure motion sequence shows M1 is activated the motor ration is reverse(k1+&Q0-)
or the gate is open. I3 energized the motor reversed Stop (K1-) the output I5trigger on Motor
rotates in forward direction(k2+ &Q0-) or the gate is closed and the outputI2 is activated the motor
will be stop Forward rotation and reset the motion Sequence. The PLC ladder program utilizes a
scientific method of programming approach. There are scientific steps that are followed in the PLC
ladder programming which adheres to the prevailing International Electro technical Commission
(IEC) standard IEC 1131

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1. Each control steps shall be represented by a unique relay address and should be self-latched.

2. The first step of the sequence shall bear the startup button connected in series with a normally
closed interlocking contact. This step should be represented by a unique relay address and self-
latched.

3. The proceeding control steps shall bear the triggering switches/sensors connected in series with
a step marker (the normally open contact address of the previous step relay representation address).
These proceeding steps should still be represented by relays and self-latched.

4. The last step of the control circuit which is the RST shall also be represented by a relay but may
not be self-latched. The contact of the relay representing the RSTs hall be the address used in the
interlocking contact mentioned in the first step of the control circuit.

5 The power circuit shall bear the appropriate control of output component activation and
deactivation. Say Q0+ represented by a normally open contact shall be connected to a normally
closed contact of the Q0- step. This series combination of normally open (NO) and normally closed
(NC) contacts shall be connected to the output component (solenoid coil).The same treatment to
the other output components activation and DE-activation. Based on the above
stipulated motion sequence, the following PLC ladder program shown in Figure3.5

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 Chapter 4
RESULTS AND FINDINGS

This chapter is dedicated to describe the results and findings of the study based on the stated
methodology that simulation result of the development of automatic vehicle entrance gate in Addis
Ababa Science And Technology University. However, the thorough completion of this study is
hindered by material and software constraints, the results described in this chapter are limited to
motor controls simulation. Physical prototyping and other undertaking are not implemented due to
the aforementioned constraints. The objective of this project study anchored on the use of
capacitive sensor devices to detect the incoming vehicle at the university gate. The entrance vehicle
sensor will prompt the guard on the coming vehicle for the opening motion sensing to trigger the
reverse rotation of the gate. The full opening shall be confirmed by another sensor thus stopping
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the motor-driven gate. Once the vehicles on the way inside the university, another sensor will
detect the vehicle thus sends signal to the system to automatically close the gate via the forward
rotation of the motor, hence the gate is closed. The sensing variables are interconnected to one
common output device of which the functional truth table shown below.

Table 4.1

 1 forK2( motor)_ rotate reverse direction the gate is open

 1 for K1( motor)_ rotate forward direction the gate is closed
 1 for S0(start push button) for Open the gate
 1 for S1(stop push button) for Closed gate
 1 for S2( approximate sensor) the gate is fully closed
 1 for S3(approximate sensor) the gate is fully open
 1 for S4 (vehicle entry sensor) vehicle is already coming
 1 for S5(vehicles passed sensor) is vehicle is already passed to the gate The truth
table above described the relationships between the input devices and the output devices
with respect to the status of the sensing devices mentioned. From the above table ‘0’
represents the system is OFF or de-energized and ‘1’ means our system is ON(energized).

4.1 Simulation Result

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The aforementioned control design illustrated by the system’s truth table was simulated using the
design parameters described in the previous Chapter (The Methodology).
Thecontrol parameters were integrated into one common electronic circuit design tofunction as
one whole controlling circuit for the entire control parameter.

4.1.1. The gate opens system

As we observed from the above circuit diagram when the vehicle entry sensor (S4) is sensed
vehicles (activated) and limit switch open gate activated they will promote motor rotate reverse
direction hence, the gate is open. For our project Rod less 2-cushion cylinder served as a gate that

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moves to lift side means the gate is automatically open. Our diagram red color part is represent
energized.

4.1.2. The gate closed system

From this observation when vehicle passed sensed sensor (S5) is activate the motor activated
forward direction hence, the gate is closed. Rod less 2-cushion cylinder moves to right side means
the gate is automatically closed.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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The final chapter of this study describes the summary of the undertakings of themini-
project and/or simulation. The conclusions based on the most significantaccomplishment of the
study while the recommendations anchored on the least significant findings of the assessment
process.

5.2 Conclusions

We conclude that in this project we have studied and simulated an automatic entrance gate
system using plc programming. The design can be easily adapted to any electric gate and any
form of control, which requires the use of sensors. The effectively design this kind of system, it
is necessary to understand the basic sensor characteristics, microprocessor input and output
interfacing, and utilized in the system plan. Sensors serve as a transducer for vehicle detection
while the programming language is fundamental to software design based on the system
requirements, specifications, and planned operation
of the system. There is total agreement between the system designed and the requiredoperation
of the system. The automatic gate in this research can employ in
organizations, public car parks, residential parking lots, and automobile where no form of securit
ymeasure is required

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
For an improved, effective, and security gate system to implement and achieved, thefollowing
suggestions should considered for further work.1. A form of vehicle identification should be
provided for security purposes For instance where a vehicle stands still at the focus of the
sensors.2. A better sensor recommended is to achieve new functionality For instance, a suitable
sensor such as radar sensor that could detect contraband goods in any vehicle.3. To achieve full
automation, a real time system should employ and a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system
provided for proper monitoring and security purposes. This can helpful in detecting the presence
of vehicles before the system activate.

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REFERENCES[1].

Shoewu, O. and O.T. Baruwa 2006

[2]. Kolej University, 2007

[3] .University of Lagos in 1992

[4].Theory by Jean-Marc ROUSSEL, Alessandro GIUA

Access Automation, LTD. 2006 “Commercial Barriers”. Sommerset, UK.http://www.access-

automation.co.uk.

 Baruwa, Olatunde T. 2004. “Design and Construction of a Microprocessor Based Auto-

matic Gate”. Unpublished B.Sc. Project. Lagos State University: Epe, Nigeria.
 Hall, Douglas V. 1991.

Microprocessors and Interfacing Programming and Hardware.2nd edition

Gregg College Division: New York, NY.

 Krutz, R.L. 1980.

Microprocessor and Logic Design

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, NY

 Leventhal, Lance A. 1978.

8080A, 8085 Assembly Language Programming

McGraw-Hill,Inc: New York, NY.

 McGlynn, Daniel R. 1976.

Microprocessor Technology and Application

John Wiley &Sons, Inc: New York, NY.

 Philips ECG. 2000.

ECG Data Book

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 Bloomfield, NJ.

 Private Door Openers 2006“Private Door Information” Lombard, II http://www.private-

door.com.
 Stewart, P.M. 1983. “Techniques for Vehicle Detection Report” Unpublished.
 Theraja, A.K and Theraja, B.K, 1999.

Electrical Technology3rd Edition

S. Chand

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