PRE NATAL AND POST NATAL

DEVELOPMENT OF MANDIBLE
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Pharyngeal arches
• Contents and derivatives of arch
• Meckel’s cartilage
• Prenatal growth
• Fate of meckel’s cartilage
• Ossification
• Secondary cartilage
• Postnatal growth
• Growth of mandible
• Anomalies of growth
• Conclusion
• Reference
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INTRODUCTION
• Growth and development of an individual can be
divided into pre-natal and post-natal period.
• Prenatal period is a dynamic phase where, gowth
occurs at a higher rate when compared to post
natal growth.
• Among facial bones, mandible undergoes largest
amount of growth post natally and exhibits large
variability in morphology

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PERIODS OF GROWTH
• Period of ovum
o Fertilization – 2 weeks
o Attachment of ovum to intra uterine wall
• Period of embryo
o 14 -56th day of IU life
o Major deelopment of facial and cranial region
• Period of fetus
o 56th day- birth
o Accelerated growth of craniofacial structures.

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PRE-NATAL GROWTH

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PRE NATAL GROWTH

• Embryonic neural crest cells

• Cells migrate ventrally to form mandibular prominence.

• Form mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.

• Ectomesenchymal condensation forming first pharyngial

arch

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PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
• After 4th week of post conception, lateral plate of ventral
foregut region becomes segmented.
• Pharyngeal arch separated by pharyngeal groove externally
• five outpouchings internally – pharyngeal pouches

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CONTENTS OF EACH ARCH
• Central cartilage rod – from neural crest cells
• Muscular component – somitomeric origin
• Vascular component – mesoderm & neural crest
tissue angioblast
• Nervous element - ectoderm

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FIRST PHARYNGEAL ARCH
• Precursor of both maxilla & mandible.
• It forms the lateral wall of stomatodeum.
• Maxilla derived from cranio ventral extension of mandibular
arch at 28th day – 4th week.

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• Arch grows ventro-medially mandibular
process
• Grows towards each other &fuses in midline
lower margin of stomatodeum.
• Gives rise to lower lip & lower jaw.
• Maxillary & mandibular partly fuses to form
cheek.

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 NERVE SUPPLY
• Post-trematic
• Runs along the cranial
border of arch
• It is mandibular nerve
• Pre-trematic
• Runs along caudal
border of arch.
• It is chorda tympani.

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MECKEL’S CARTILAGE
• Present at 41st – 45th day of post conception.
• Most cartilage substance disappears in mandible.
• Extent cartilaginous otic capsule-symphysis

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• Persisiting portion of meckel’s cartilage are :
• Malleus & Incus
• Two ligaments - 1. Ant.ligament of malleus
2. Sphenomandibular ligament
(sheath or perichondrium)
• Muscles – muscles of mastication
Mylohoid ,
Ant. Belly of digastric
Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini

• Nerves - Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.

• Arteries - maxillary artery & part of external carotid artery.

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FATE OF MECKEL’S CARTILAGE
• Meckels cartilage meets its fellow opposite side
ventrally.
• diverge dorsally and ends in tympanic cavity-
malleus and incus
• Remnants of ventral end are seen in fibrous tissue
of symphysis- CHONDRIOLA SYMPHYSEA .

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• Rest of meckels cartilage disappears by 24th week.
• Except its most proximal dorsal part, which give rise
to
• Sphenomandilar ligament
• Ant.ligament of malleus
• Dorsal to mental foramen undergoes resorption,
lateral surface replaced by intramembranous bony
trabeculae.

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OSSIFICATION OF MANDIBLE
• 2 types of ossification.
• Intramembranous ossification
• Endochondral ossification.

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• Mandible is derived from ossification of an
osteogenic membrane at 36-38 days

Ectomesenchyme

Intramembranous
bone .

Epithelium of
mandibular arch (Lateral to meckel’s cartilage)

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 PROCESS OF OSSIFICATION OF
MANDIBLE
• Intra membranous ossification
• Body of mandible except anterior
part
• Ramus of mandible till
mandibular foramen
• Endochondral ossification
• Symphysis of mandible
• Ramus above mandibular
foramen
• Coronoid process
• Condylar process

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• Single ossification centre for each half of mandible
at 6th week.
• Occurs in the region of bifurcation of Inferior
alvolar nerve & artery into mental & incisive
branches.
• Ossification stops dorsally forming – Lingula
• Prior presence of nerovascular bundles gives-
-Mandibular foramen& canal
-Mental foramen

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• Ossification dorsally and ventrally gives rise to-
body and ramus of mandible
• Primary ossification centre spreads upwards to
form a strong base for teeth.
• Meckels catilage will be invaded by bone.
• Mandible & clavicle. First bone to begin osssify.

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• Initial woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone.
Harvesian system seen at 5th month.
• Lacks the enzyme phosphatase found in ossifying
cartilages – precludes ossification.

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SECONDARY CARTILAGES
• Appears between 10th – 14th week
• Forms head of condyle, part of coronoid process,
mental protuberance
• Coronoid process cartilage develops within
temporalis muscle.
• Later it is incorporated into the expanding
intramembranous bone of ramus and disappear
before birth.

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CONDYLAR CARTILAGE
• Appears at 10th week .
• Seen as a cone shaped structure in ramal region.
• Primordium for future condyle.
• Condylar head increases by interstitial and
appositional growth.
• Important centre of growth for ramus and body.

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• Most of cartilage is replaced by bone, except its
upper end which persist in adulthood.
• Act as both growth and articular cartilage.
• Growth peaks between 12.5 – 14 yrs of age, and
ceases at 20yrs of age.

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CORONOID PROCESS
•Secondary cartilage appears in coronoid process around
10 -14th week.
•Cartilage grow as a response of developing temporalis
muscle
•Coronoid cartilage become incorporated into expanding
intramembranous bone of ramus and disappear before
birth

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ALVEOLAR PROCESS
Lingual Linguo- Labio-gingival
swellings gingival sulcus sulcus

Alveolar
Sulci deepens
process

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 MENTAL REGION
Cartilage ossify at 7th
month

Mental ossicles

Fused to
intramembranous
bone & ossifies at 1 yr.

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POST NATAL GROWTH

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NEONATAL MANDIBLE
• Ascending rami is low and wide.
• Coronoid process large and projects above condyle.
• Body is an open shell containing buds & partial
crowns
• Mandibular canal runs low in body
• Separation of mandible at symphysis menti closed
by 4th-12th month after birth

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GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
• In adults developmentally and functionally divided
into many units – body, condyle, coronoid, chin.
• Each of this influenced by ‘functional matrix’.

Teeth • alveolar bone

Temporalis
muscle
• coronoid process

Masseter &
medial • angle & ramus
pterygoid
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MAJOR SITES FOR GROWTH
1. Condylaar cartilage
2. Posterior borders of rami
3. Alveolar ridge
4. Symphysis -limited

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CONDYLE
• Both articular cartilage in TMJ & growth cartilage.

In medullary
core

appositional
proliferation of
cartilage in
condyle head

Provides basis
for the growth

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 • On outer surface – cortex of intramembranous
bone is laid.

Formation of bone in condylar

head

Rami grows upward and

backward

Displacing mandible
downward and forward
direction

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• In infants codyles are inclined horizontally.

Condylar growth –
increase in length of
mandible

posteror divergance of
two halves of body of
mandible

Results in widening of
mandible

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SYMPHYSIS MENTI
• No interstitial widening after it is fused at 1 year.
• Widening only happens by surface apposition

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RAMUS OF MANDIBLE
• Deposition at posterior borders & resorption at
anterior borders
• cause ramus to move backward I.r.t body of
mandible.

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• Repositions the mandibular foramen posteriorly.
• Accomadate place for the eruption of molars

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BODY OF MANDIBLE
• Post. Displacement of ramus converts - former
ramal bone into post.part of body of mandible.
• Changes in the direction of mental foramen.
Infancy – neurovascular bundles emerge at right angles
Adulthood – directed backwards
• Clinical implication – administrating L.A in mental
nerve.

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ALVEOLAR PROCESS
• If teeth are absent – alveolar process fails to
develop & resorbtion will occur
• Orthodontic movement takes place in labile
alveolar bone. Does not involve the basal bone.

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 LINGUAL TUBEROSITY

• Important structure as it is direct anatomic equivalent of the

maxillary tuberosity

• site of growth for mandible. r

• Grows posteriorly by deposits on the posterio facing surface.

• The prominence of tuberosity is increased by presence of large

resorptive fields just below it - the lingual fossa.

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LINGUAL TUBEROSITY
• Remodels in posterior
direction with slight lateral
shift

• Increases the length of

body of mandible

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CHIN
• Accesory cartilage End of meckels cartilage.
• Unique human trait, lacks in other primates.
• Mental protuberance formed by
Osseous depostion at mental region
Bone resorption at alveolar bone – supramental concavity

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AGE CHANGES IN
MANDIBLE

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ANOMALIES OF DEVELOMENT
• Severe 1st arch anomaly
Agnathia
Synotia
Microstomia

• Lesser severe
Treacher collins syndrome
Pierre robin syndrome
External ear deficiencies- anotia, microtia
Persistent pharyngeal clefts – auricular sinuses.

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 CONGENITAL
• Agnathia -The mandible may be
grossly deficient or absent in
condition of agnathia, which is
probably due to a neural crest
deficiency in the lower face.

• Micrognathia-small jaw
• Macrognathia –large jaw

• Facial hemihypertrophy – one side of

face is larger than other side

• Facial hemiatropy- degeneration of one

side of face

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 ANOMALIES OF
MANDIBLE
SOME OF THE SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH MANDIBULAR ABNORMALITY

• MARFAN SYNDROME- genetic disorder of connective tissue. There is

speech disorder due to small jaws

• PIERRE-ROBIN SYNDROME – micrognathia, cleft palate, glossoptosis

• TREACHER- COLLINS SYNDROME (mandibulo facial dysostosis) - craniofacial

deformity having micrognathia , hypoplasia of mandible, bird like face

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Mandibular Cleft:
Midline defects also occur in mandible although they are rare. They
result from a lack of development of the midline of the first branchial
arch resulting in both skeletal and soft tissue deficiency at that site.

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CONCLUSION
• Variations in mandible morphology and size more significant
than maxillary variability as related to malocclusions
e.g.; Class II, Class III

• Many dental abnormalities have underlying skeletal

problems . In order to correct the underlying skeletal
discrepancy knowledge of growth and development of the
mandible is imperative

• Mandible is clinically controllable to a certain extent.

Orthopedic appliances during growth period are used by
orthodontists, with which mandibular position can be
controlled redirected or altered

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 REFERENCE
• Proffit, William R., Henry W. Fields Jr, and David M.
Sarver. Contemporary orthodontics. Elsevier Health
Sciences, 2014.
• Sperber, Geoffrey H., Geoffrey D. Guttmann, and Steven
M. Sperber.Craniofacial Development.
• Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth. Andrew D. Dixon,
David A.N. Hoyte, Olli Ronning
• Singh, Inderbir. Human embryology. JP Medical Ltd,
2014.

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Thank you..

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