A DYNAMICAL SYSTEM GENERATED BY

THE NAVIER- STOKES EQUATIONS

O. A. Ladyzhenskaya

The p r e s e n t investigation has been influenced by the work of Hopf [1]) who advanced s e v e r a l h y -
potheses pertaining to the f o r m u l a t i o n of a turbulence theory based on the N a v i e r - S t o k e s equations.
Closely related to this work a r e the investigations of Prodi and Foias, which, unfortunately, have not
been published in the available l i t e r a t u r e and are known to me only in p a r t (see [2] and the list of r e -
p o r t s by the authors therein). The fundamental r e s u l t of the p r e s e n t study is the delineation of a c o m -
pact set q~Ce in function space ~ t ~ on which the N a v i e r - S t o k e s equations coupled with boundary
conditions f o r m a dynamical s y s t e m . The given set includes all limiting (as t -* ~ ) r e g i m e s . This
fact is established for the case in which the entities involved in the p r o b l e m depend only on two space
variables. F o r definiteness I d i s c u s s one of those c a s e s , in which the C a r t e s i a n components of the
velocity v e c t o r ~r a r e independent of one of the C a r t e s i a n coordinates, :cs ; I a s s u m e that the third
component ~ of the v e c t o r ff is equal to z e r o . The slightly more g e n e r a l situation in which tr3 ~ 0
is t r e a t e d analogously. I also c o n s i d e r flows having rotational s y m m e t r y (i.e., such that the cylin-
d r i c a l components of the v e c t o r and the p r e s s u r e do not depend on the angle of rotation) in the domain
obtained by rotation about the ~ axis of an a r b i t r a r y two-dimensional domain that does not touch
that axis.

I also a s s u m e that the boundary condition on the field tr has the f o r m trl~n = 0 , although the bulk
of the r e s u l t s can be c a r r i e d over to the case of the inhomogeneous boundary condition trl~~ = A, (-5~, and
all the r e s u l t s a r e valid for t h e case in which tz, ~)1~ = 0 . Besides these boundary conditions, it is al-
so possible to impose the condition of spatial periodicity of the space v a r i a b l e s , or the periodicity con-
dition with r e s p e c t to one of them and the adhesion condition with r e s p e c t to the other.

Finally, we note that all the r e s u l t s below are v a l i d for a large class of quasilinear parabolic
equations and s y s t e m s with a linear principal part, as well as for definite c l a s s e s of a b s t r a c t equations
of the type qt ~ A 0 § ~ (t/3, in which A is a linear semibounded o p e r a t o r in Hilbert space H , [~ ttr~
is a c e r t a i n nonlinear o p e r a t o r subordinate to ~ , and tr(~) a s s u m e s values in H .

T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo

Instituta imo V. A. Steklova Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 27, pp. 91-115, 1972.

9 1975 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 1 7th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. No part o f this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any "form or by any means, electronic, mechanical.
photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission o f the publisher. A copy o f this article
is available from the publisher f o r $15. 00.

458
 If
w The N o n l i n e a r O p e r a t o r Vt C o r r e s p o n d i n g

to the N a v i e r - S t o k e s E q u a t i o n s and a F i x e d

Boundary C o n d i t i o n , and I t s P r o p e r t i e s

In a bounded domain 12 of Euclidean space ~ let us consider the problem

in which ~=(=c,.~,) and tl :(t~,, ~,~ . We consider ~ and the boundary S to be sufficiently smooth (or
even infinitely differentiable) and, without sacrificing generality, we let ~ r ~ (;1]. We know (see the
book [3], f r o m which the notation used below is also taken) that problem (1.1)-(1o2) is uniquely solvable
for t>.0 if the following initial condition is stated for t / : ~lt:o =0.~c)~.~(;1). This condition holds in
various function spaces for the appropriate smoothness of a . The b r o a d e s t class of solutions c o m -
p r i s e s the weak solutions (in other words, the Hopf solutions) that exist for ~ 0. 6. ~ (;l~. Those solu-
tions belong to the space 1~"~(0~]/~ ~ (Q~), ioeo, are for Yt~[O,T] (where T is an a r b i t r a r y positive
number) elements of ~(~), depending continuously on t in ~ (;1) norm (or, equivalently, in L,(~)
norm)~ having ~ ~_].r (Qj, and vanishing on the lateral surface of the cylinder Q~ : ;1 * [O.T]. They (and
c e r t a i n l y all s m o o t h e r solutions d i s c u s s e d below) a r e subject to the energy relation

for almost all t~O and

t t
(1.4)
t, t,

for all [, and t in the interval [o,,~) . Moreover, the solutions depend continuously on the initial ~7
data in ~(~1) norm, namely:

t
(1.5)
o

A weak solution c o r r e s p o n d s to the s y s t e m (1.1) in the sense that it admits the integral identity

L t
(1.~)

for all Vq~c-~:COt.t,] N ~ CQ~,,t,~ equal to z e r o on the lateral surface St..t" = S x [t{.t~] of the cylinder

QL,t~ = llx [t4,t~], and for V[~,t~>.0.

459
 The following well-known e s t i m a t e s are i n f e r r e d f r o m (1.3):

~t}'CX.!,)ll ~ lq(x,o)le. "kvt + (4 .(~,~,,t) (.A,v)" ] ~ II (1.7)

and

(1.8)

where ~, is the maximum eigenvalue of the p r o b l e m

-a~,(.~) :-vov(:~)+.Lu,(~), ~ u, :0, ~s :0, (1.9)

not less than the f i r s t eigenvalue of the o p e r a t o r -h under the first boundary condition. We pick a
number ~. in such a way that

~A,vL -kv~ .i
+c~-e )(i,v~ ll~ll, P~, (1.1o)
namely we pick ~ >. ~o =(J~,V)" n~11 . It follows f r o m (1.7) and (1.1 O) that for any element o, ~ ~ C~) be-
longing to the ball Ka : [ u , ( ~ ) : t ~ g l ) , ~t~! ~ ~} t h e r e is a unique weak solution tY of problem (1.1)-
(1.2), equal to O. for ~:0 and not situated outside the ball t~ >.0 f o r any F<~ We denote by Vt a
nonlinear operator that a s s o c i a t e s that solution O. with K~ in ff , so that

(1.11)

It is c l e a r that ~ is the identity o p e r a t o r I and that Vt for V t ~0 is a bounded continuous opera-

tor in ~(a~ mapping ~(~ into itseif:

It also follows from the foregoing discussion that V t is strongly continuous on the p a r a m e t e r
t : llV~.~t((1,) - V t co~)~ --~ 0 as At -bo. Inasmuch as an explicit dependence on t is not stated in p r o b -
lem (1.1)-(1.2), all points t are, as far as we are concerned, "of equal status," so that tY(t):~.~, (q~,~)
for t >~,4 9 We r e q u i r e the additional p r o p e r t y of "weak c o m p a c t n e s s " of the o p e r a t o r V t :

If the sequence [0~(~)} is bounded in ~(~) then it is possible to e x t r a c t f r o m it a subsequence

~0,"~ (~)} for which the solutions ~"~(~) =Vt (@"~) converge weakly in ~(11) uniformly on t in any
finite interval [o,t,] to the solution ~([) :V~ (o~).

This assumption is r e l a t i v e l y simply deduced f r o m the facts known about problem (1.1)-(1.2).
We give its proof to round out the presentation. The boundedness of ~fi,"~] and relations (1.7) and (1.8)
imply the uniform boundedness of the " e n e r g y " n o r m s

(1.13)

460
and, therefore, of the norms [see (1.18) below]

tT~l.,O~ ~ C,(T3. (1.14)

Furthermore, ~ is equicontinuous on ( ~ , t ) i n ~,,., (Q~.a) norm* (this continuity on ~ follows f r o m (1.13)

and on t has beenproved inthe r e m a r k s to [3], Chap. VI, ~7). F r o m [u "] , therefore, we c a n e x t r a c t a
subsequence [O'~'1' that converges strongly in ~,=,, (Q,.s5 to a certain function O<~c.L). It then follows
from this result, in conjunction with (1.14) and (1.13), that [~"} converges to ~ strongly in L ~ ( ( ~ . ~ ,
the derivatives [U~] converge to 0~ weakly in ~.,(Q~.~), and ~U~,a,~ ~C~(T), ~{~=~.~,.~ ~ c C O We

now show that It/~'] converges weakly in ~ ( ~ , uniformly on t r T-~]. We assume without Ioss
of generality that v ~" (~,0) converges weakly in ~(~) to (~(~) 9 In ~(~l) we pick a basis ~q'(~)},
consisting of smooth functions [adopting, for example, the eigenfunctions of problem (1.9) in the role
of q" ). F r o m (1.6) we deduce the following relation for g'~ - ~ - u,'~:

It ~ot l Qt
"
Let ~hqe~"G(~) and r r Q~ It~=l ~C.(~) o Relation (1.15) then implies

~.S 6

§
o

The right-hand side of this inequality tends to zero uniformly on b ~ [0,T-5] as 4, 5 -~ r so that
(4 (~:,t), ~b(~)) -* 0 uniformly on t ~-[0,T-5]. It is elementary to prove on the basis of the latter re-
sult and (1.13) that u~[~,L) converges weakly in ~(fi~ uniformly on ~-[0,T-6] . This fact guarantees
for the limit function ~(~,~) the continuity of (0(~c.s ~(~:)) on L for ~]~ ~ ~ ( ~ and the convergence
rn ,~
of (U '(~c.~-O(:c,~),~-~O) uniformly on ~_[0,~'-5]. This and the character determined above for the
convergence of ~ " to ~/ permits us to state that ~/ satisfies the integral identity (I.6) for 0 - ~ ~ t
T - 5 . But the latter assertion implies that ~ is a generalized solution in Vr (Qr.~ of problem (1.1)-
(1.2), where ~(:c.o) = r o This class of solutions appears to be more general thm'~ the class of weak
solutions (as we have defined iL above), because its definition does not insist upon the strong continuity
of {~(~.L) on ~ in ~ (~l) norm or the validity of Eqso (io3) and (1.4). Actually, however, such is not
the case, because in this more general class of solutions there is a uniqueness (Theorem I in [3],
Chap. VI, w and problem (1.1)-(1.2), on the other hand, has a weak solution if, equal to o~ ~or ~--0 .

*We recall that the norm in l~,~ ((~T~ is defined as follows:

Any positive number can be taken as •, and it can be assumed that translations with respect to t do
not exceed 6 9

461
That weak solution is t h e r e f o r e the function ~ . We have thus proved the r e q u i r e d a s s e r t i o n . It is
readily i n f e r r e d f r o m it and the uniqueness t h e o r e m just mentioned ([3], Chap. YI, w T h e o r e m 1)
that: if [02(~5J c o n v e r g e s to (1(~3 weakly in ~(m , then Vt ( ~ 3 converges to Vt(a) weakly in
(ID, u n i f o r m l y in any finite interval [0.t,].

We now show that the o p e r a t o r s V t have a "smoothing" p r o p e r t y for t > 0 ; they map elements
of Ka into smooth functions, the o r d e r of smoothness depending only on the smoothness o r d e r s of
and 5 . To that end we deduce the following a p r i o r i e s t i m a t e s , considering the solution q to be
sufficiently smooth. Accordingly, we s c a l a r - m u l t i p l y the s y s t e m (1.1) by - ~ u and integrate* over
12. By an e l e m e n t a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the f i r s t t e r m and the known p r o p e r t i e s of the o p e r a t o r
the given operations yield the equation

~I ii~ii~ ,v ii~ oli ~ + (o,, o~,,-~,o') -= (.~.,- 7,,~'). (1.16)

We estimate the third t e r m , invoking the inequality

(1.17)

which holds for ~ ~ 1t~ [~) [ I I . ~ n denotes the ~ : (ID norm, and ~" ~.a the i~, (if) norm]. This
inequality follows f r o m the inequality

]I~ ~ ~ ~ " ~~ ~,.a ~U,~~,~, (1.18)

which has been proved for t~r ~ (II); see [3], Chap. I, w e x p r e s s i o n (1).

Thus, we continue u ~ ( ~ onto a b r o a d e r domain 12~ such that u~ ~ (II,) and such that ~wild.a,
t0
C, Itd~.a and iu,~:i m ~ C, ~l ~ . n (the constants C, depend only on ;1 and ;1, and not on u~ ). But ex-

p r e s s i o n (1.18) holds for such ~. and such a domain ~ ; the same expression, coupled with the con-
tinuation p r o p e r t i e s , leads to (1.17) for t~ over the domain ;1 . The constant C in (1.17) depends
on ~q .

Thus, using (1.17) and the e s t i m a t e of ~1/ll~. in t e r m s of %hlYl~.a , proved by V. A. Solonnikov

(see [3], Chap. III, w we estimate J, ~ (V~ t ~ , - ~ t ~ ) as follows:

(1.19)

~-c, nT,,JO~ llOU~' Iv',J ,~ !~1' +c~l~{ NtT,;I~

*We have made use h e r e of the symbol ~ , which we introduced e a r l i e r (see [3], Chap~ II) for an o p e r a -
tor ~(fl) self-adjoint in ~ a and defined on all tc in ~ ( ; D ~ 1~' (fl~ (~ ~ ~;D. The o p e r a t o r ~ is a c -
tually the orthogonal p r o j e c t o r in Z~C~3 projecting the v e c t o r space l , (n3 onto ~ ;n5 [recall that
L~ CfD : ~(~l~ ~ G (/1~, where G (~1) consists of the gradients of single-valued functions q ~ ) 6 2 ~ ( ~ ] .

462
Also,

By v i r t u e of (1.19) and (1.20) evaluated for e, =v/~ we infer the following f r o m (1,16):

a-'t- +c (1.21)

( 6 denotes different constants d e t e r m i n e d only by the domain fl , Y , and ~ ). We multiply (I~ by

a smooth nonnegative function ~C~) which is equal to z e r o for t--o and is' g r e a t e r than unity, and
we write the r e s u l t as follows:

In (1.22) we r e g a r d the parenthetical e x p r e s s i o n and the factor C ~ | in the f i r s t t e r m on the

r i g h t - h a n d side as known functions for which inequality (1.87 gives e s t i m a t e s of their integrals with
r e s p e c t to t ~ Then, as we are well aware (see, e.g., [3], Chap. VI, w L e m m a 1), the f o l t o ~ n g e s t i -
mate is implied by (1.22):

t t

0 0

Integrating (lo22) with r e s p e c t to ~ f r o m 0 to ~ and using (1.23), we also deduce the inequality

0 0 0

It follows f r o m inequality (1~ for ~(~) --t that

m,~ ~,~d)ll' ~ ~- ~ . (1.25)

Inasmuch as our p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.27 is invariant under t-translations and as ]l~(E)B -4 ~ for V~ >-0
we obtain f r o m (1o257 an estimate, uniform on t. :,~ >0 of ~g=({)! i.e.,

We a r r i v e at the following conclusion f r o m (1.24):

I '*' I I ~ q ~ I ; ~ ~s for all ~,~>~>0,a.~. (1.277

The e s t i m a t e s (1.26)-(1.27) obtained above enable us to prove that the weak solution vC~)=V.~(a),
a ~ Ke is in fact a s m o o t h e r function for t > 0 , to wit: T h e r e exist for it derivatives if== and t~t ,

463
s q u a r e - s u m m a b l e o v e r any c y l i n d e r Q~,T , a > o , while the u=~ (~) a r e defined f o r all ~ >0 , belong
to L~ ( ~ , and depend c o n t i n u o u s l y on b in L=(Ill n o r m f o r t >0 The p r o c e d u r e is given in, f o r
e x a m p l e , [3], p. 203, o r in m y m u c h e a r l i e r p a p e r [4], in which it was shown how to use a p r i o r i i n t e -
g r a l e s t i m a t e s in H i l b e r t n o r m s to p r o v e , by the m e t h o d of Galerkin, the e x i s t e n c e of a s m o o t h solution
[ s u c h a p o s s i b i l i t y is r e l a t e d to the f a c t that e s t i m a t e s (1.26) and (1.27) a l s o hold f o r the G a l e r k i n a p -
p r o x i m a t i o n s if t h e y a r e c o n s t r u c t e d e i t h e r f r o m e i g e n e l e m e n t s of p r o b l e m (1.9) o r in a s o m e w h a t
modified form). We have thus p r o v e d that f o r ~ >0 the o p e r a t o r Vt m a p s a s e t ~(fl) bounded in (e~
into a s e t ~VtCa~], bounded in ~ ( f l ) norm. The l a t t e r set, h o w e v e r , is c o m p a c t in ~c;~ 9 F o r this
r e a s o n and in v i e w of the continuity of ~ ( ~ on o. in ~(fl) we state that f o r V~>0 the o p e r a t o r
is c o m p l e t e l y continuous in ~ ( ~ .

In p a r t i c u l a r , K~(~) a r e bounded s e t s in the s p a c e H(n) [i.e., in ~(n~,N~), w h e r e the r a d i u s

of the b a l l i n t h e s p a c e H(m , i n w h i c h K~(b is situated, can be m a d e the s a m e f o r all t > ~ > 0 . The
s e t s Ks ~b , ~ > 0 a r e c o m p a c t in ~ (;~). We show that they a r e c l o s e d in ~ t ~ . Thus, let t~'~(~e
~K~ t~D , to ", 0 , and let ~ r c o n v e r g e in ~ ( ~ to a c e r t a i n e l e m e n t ~d~ By the definition of
~r t h e r e e x i s t initial d a t a c ~ " ~ in Ks such that the solutions ~'~(t~ =Vt t a ~ coincide with
t~';(~) f o r t : t o for ~ ~ We e x t r a c t f r o m ~a't the s u b s e q u e n c e ~'~] that c o n v e r g e s weakly in
( ~ to a c e r t a i n e l e m e n t ~ a K~ . Then, by the f o r e g o i n g p r o o f , the solutions ut~(t~ converge for
~t~o to V t (a) ~- u t b w e a k l y in ~ ( ~ , w h e r e in p a r t i c u l a r ~(tD : ~ V~.ta~ = t~~ for t:to .
We have thus p r o v e d the e x i s t e n c e of a solution v(t~ that is equal to ~'~(~) f o r t =t. and f o r t = o
is an e l e m e n t of K~ . But this a l s o m e a n s that ~'~ e K~ (t j , i.e., that K~ (tD is in fact c l o s e d in ~(n~
[and is even c l o s e d in the s e n s e of weak t o p o l o g y of ~ ( ~ ]o

As t i n c r e a s e s , the s e t }<~(b can only d e c r e a s e . We a r e c o n c e r n e d with the s e t

~V~ = ~c ~(~ ( . ~ (1.28)

We have shown that it f o r m s a c o m p a c t c l o s e d s u b s e t of K~ bounded in the s p a c e H(~l~ [see (1.26)].

As is r e a d i l y i n f e r r e d f r o m (1.7), ~/~ =~o. We show that: ~V~ c o n s i s t s of e l e m e n t s 0. ~ K~ ,
f o r which p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) has a solution ~(~b defined f o r a l l t e (-~. , ~ ) .~ "~, equal to ~ f o r
t =0 , and not e s c a p i n g f r o m K a , and only t h o s e e l e m e n t s ; i n o t h e r w o r d s , ~1~ c o n s i s t s of those 0~
f o r which the d i r e c t and t - i n v e r s e i n i t i a l - b o u n d a r y - v a l u e p r o b l e m s f o r (1.1)-(1.2) a r e solvable in Ks .

Thus, let o. have the s t a t e d p r o p e r t y , i.e., let t h e r e be a solution ~ ( b defined f o r all t e ~ ,

equal to 0~ f o r t =0 , and s i t u a t e d in K~ . Then 0, is included in all K~ (~4) f o r ~]t~ >~0 , b e c a u s e the
function g~ott) =~(t-t,)~K~ is a solution of p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) f o r b ~0 and t~r176 = ~ f o r t :t~ .
But this m e a n s that 0~ e 7W~ . If 0~ e ~ltL, on the o t h e r hand, it m e a n s that for t~ = m , m = ~, ~ ....
functions vr it) exist which a r e s o l u t i o n s of p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) f o r t>~0 and a r e such that
ur t . ) = 0. o But then the functions ~"~ ( b = t# ~ ( t + t . ) a r e solutions of p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) f o r t > - t . 9
The s o l u t i o n s ~'~' (b and Oc.-, (~) a r e defined f o r t > - t ~ and a r e equal to one a n o t h e r f o r t =0 .
In the next s e c t i o n we p r o v e that the l a t t e r fact i m p l i e s the c o i n c i d e n c e of both solutions f o r t > -t,, .
L e t t i n g m tend to r , we t h e r e b y Mstretch" the t r a j e c t o r y of v ( b on t t h r o u g h o~ to t = - ~ [sothat
~r(o) =o~]. It is c l e a r f r o m the definition itself that t o g e t h e r with any point o~ e ~ / I ~ the s e t 7 ~ also
i n c l u d e s the e n t i r e t r a j e c t o r y of v ( b p a s s i n g t h r o u g h it at the t i m e b=o (or at any o t h e r t i m e t ).
Coupled with e s t i m a t e (2.15), this p r o v e s the f u n d a m e n t a l r e s u l t of the p r e s e n t a r t i c l e :
464
 P r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) defines a d y n a m i c a l s y s t e m on ~r~z o

T h i s s y s t e m is c o m p a c t (since ]1~ is compact). It c o m p l i e s with n u m e r o u s f a c t s p r o v e d for

such s y s t e m s , including the theory of l i m i t s e t s , the t h e o r y of the m i n i m u m c e n t e r of gravity, the
e x i s t e n c e of a c o m p l e t e set of invariant m e a s u r e s (theory of N. N. Bogolyubov and N. No Kryiov), and
o t h e r r e s u l t s p e r t a i n i n g to d y n a m i c a l s y s t e m s with i n v a r i a n t m e a s u r e (theory of E. Hopf a,-~i G. B i r -
khoff and its elaboration, etc.; a s i m p l e but c o m p l e t e t r e a t i s e on m a n y f a c t s about such s y s t e m s m a y
be found, for e x a m p l e , in [5]).

It s e e m s to me that the d y n a m i c a l s y s t e m d e t e r m i n e d by (1.1)-(1.2) on ~ is in fact the object

of investigation in turbulence t h e o r y dealing with flows at l a r g e Reynolds n u m b e r s . In w we p r o v e s e v -
e r a l p r o p e r t i e s of the s y s t e m . We show, for example, that it is in a c e r t a i n s e n s e f i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l ,
i.e~ its t r a j e c t o r i e s can be a s s e s s e d on the b a s i s of t h e i r p r o j e c t i o n s into a c e r t a i n f i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l
Euclidean s p a c e ~ , the n u m b e r r~ of whose d i m e n s i o n s gro.~cs with d e c r e a s i n g v and i n c r e a s i n g
~ l 9 It would be i n s t r u c t i v e to investigate how ~a , its limit s e t s , and its i n v a r i a n t m e a s u r e s
change as V-~0 (i.e., as the Reynolds n u m b e r is i n c r e a s e d ) .

In concluding this section we note that the e l e m e n t s of ~ and the t r a j e c t o r i e s of ~ r ~ situated

in have g r e a t e r s m o o t h n e s s for s m o o t h e r 5 and ~ ; in p a r t i c u l a r , they a r e infinitely d i f f e r e n t i a -
ble functions of (~.t) if ~ is infinitely differentiable and S is infinitely smooth. M o r e o v e r , the fol-
lowing e s t i m a t e s holds for ~r~) in ~t~a :

(1.29)

( is the differentiation o p e r a t o r with r e s p e c t to ~ on t ), in which the constants Cir,) a r e d e -

t e r m i n e d only by nv , the c o r r e s p o n d i n g n o r m s of ~ in ~ (/l) , and the boundary S [so that C~m) is
c o m m o n to all t r a j e c t o r i e s of tr in ~ I. The proof of this fact is e s s e n t i a l l y as d e s c r i b e d in [31~
Chap. VI, except that a cutoff function ~1 must be introduced. F o r example, if it is d e s i r e d to e s -
timate ~ (~)D , then it is r e q u i r e d to r e a s o n as in the c a s e of L e m m a 6 in [3], Chap. VI, w introducing
~:(~). Specifically, we differentiate the s y s t e m (1.1) with r e s p e c t to t , multiply the r e s u l t by Vt ,
and integrate o v e r ~ . A f t e r s o m e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s and e s t i m a t e s this p r o c e d u r e
yields the inequality

Multiplying the l a t t e r by ~(~) we write the r e s u l t in the f o r m

&t - ' (1.31)

We have shown above that the following e s t i m a t e s hold f o r lr(~) in ~ :

t~

t II A~ (1.32)

465
f o r any t ; see (1.26) and (1.27). It is i n f e r r e d at once f r o m those e s t i m a t e s and f r o m the s y s t e m (1.1)
that

F r o m inequality (1.31), on the o t h e r hand, u s i n g (1.32) and (1.33), we obtain the e s t i m a t e s

and from them, L~ combination with the system (1.1), we obtain the estimate ll t~= ~.~ ~ A~. A l l of these
estimates hold for ~ s ~ (s and $s The constants C(m) in (1.29!, as is readily perceived, can be
evaluated on the indicated path.

We assume in ~2 that the solutions ~r(~) are sufficiently smooth. We must assume above, there-
fore, in reference to w that ~ and S are "good enough" to guarantee the required smoothness of the
weak solutions of problem (1.1)-(1.2) for t > o .

w Correctness of t h e I n v e r s e Problem in t h e

C l a s s of B o u n d e d S o l u t i o n s

We seek to prove in this section that if two distinct sufficiently smooth solutions 15' (~,t) and
UM(~,t) of problem (1.1)-(1.2) are bounded for t >~t~ , then they cannot coincide with one another for
any t>t, . Moreover, if the difference 9'(~,t)- ~/'(~c.t) is small for some ~,>t4 , then it is small not
only for t >t, , but also for t e (t,,~, ] i.e., a continuous dependence holds not only in the direct
Cauchy problem for (1.1)-(1.2), but also in the inverse problem. The proof of these facts rests on the
fact that we have prior knowledge of a majorant for certain norms of tf and I/" . The results of this
section have been proved in collaboration with V. A. Solonnikov.

The difference ~ (~c,{~) =t/'(~.t)- 1~"(~,t) between two solutions of problem (1.1)-(1.2) can be treated
as a solution of a linear boundary-value problem of the form

C{ts
d-T + A(b ~ = o , A(b=A~(b .A~(t), (2.1)

, #
in which ~4 u, =-V 7~u , f~=u, = ~ (~U,~. § lL, tT=,~ a r e known l i n e a r o p e r a t o r s defined on E)CA~) = ~t~ (i'l)(~
H (i'l) 9 We know that A , is a s e l f - a d j o i n t p o s i t i v e definite o p e r a t o r on E)(A4) while the o p e r a t o r A,
is in a c e r t a i n s e n s e s u b o r d i n a t e to ~, . F o r now we i n v e s t i g a t e p r o b l e m (2.1) in g e n e r a l f o r m , a s -
s u m i n g that the A~ a r e o p e r a t o r s in a H i l b e r t s p a c e , c o m p l y i n g with the i n d i c a t e d p r o p e r t i e s ,

F o r v =u,e "*'cu~ , & = ~ t >0 the following is i m p l i e d by (2.1):

A A ^

d-s *Ad~--0, A~b--A,(b+A,(b A,d~=A,tb+Xl (2.2)

c~t, '

The n u m b e r ~, is to be e v a l u a t e d below. We i n t r o d u c e the new independent v a r i a b l e r by the formula

466
q: =~,(~)= e '~--~..~ -,1"' , ~ - - ~ s t >0. We then obtain from (2.2)

& + e-'~tt') At~

d~ ^ =0, where t--t,+w~ ~ d + ~). (2.3)

We s c a l a r - m u l t i p l y (2.3) by ff and write the result in the form

(2.4)

We differentiate (2.4) with respect to %, assuming that ~ and ~ depend smoothly on ~ and that
~) (A3 = ~ ) ( ~ does not depend on 9 :

(2.5)

We t r a n s f o r m this equation to the following:

(2.6)

making use of Eq. (2~ the self-adjointness of f~ , and the fact that t/~e ~) CA~). We now consider
the function~/(T) =~n.qttjr assuming that ~ r and that q(~) is a monotonically in-
creasing positive smooth function of "~>0 equal to zero when ~=0. We calculate its first and sec-
ond derivative with respect to ~:, making use of (2.4) and (2~

-~=-q--~-~-, T - E ~ = ~ q a,~~ ~ ~_

The primes attached to ~ signify differentiation with respect to ~ . We examine two cases.

1) F o r V~ ~_~D(A~) let the following inequality hold:

C~,u*, ~ - - A , ~ ) - ( ~ t ~r,~") >~-c.,CAtr.u). <2.8)

F r o m (2.8) and (2~ with q[tj)=tj we then obtain

a~>, ~[KC~u,~)~A~II-c~CA~,u) -~(A~,U)j^~

(2.9)

We take K=c, , w h e r e u p o n LuC1:) i s a convex function and, hence, for ~ e t%,%], % >0

q~Cq:~ -< qJ{%) (~ -f~c'c~) + ~ c%)j~ C'C), j5 G;) = %-~---~

'%_% (2o10)

467
Recalling that ~ ( ~ : ~ ~ (~ = ~ ~tr(~)~~, we obtain f r o m (2.10)

(2.m)

Finally, r e f e r r i n g back to the original function ~t : ~e ~ t ' ~ and the variable t : t , + ~ ~C4 § ~ ) , we a r r i v e
at the r e q u i r e d estimate:

tcct,)~ )~c{,l,,t,), (2.11a)

in which t , , L ~ t , . ~'(t) = ~ , )C(t,t, ,t0 =e~pl~,lcl-t,)-*(t)(t,-tJ]} . As ~ v a r i e s from t~ to

~ the exponent ~{) varies from 0 to ~ , and %(t,.t,,t0=~r The.constant K iS equal

to C, f r o m condition (2.8). It follows f r o m inequality (2.11a) that if u.Ct,) or w(~,~ is equal to zero,
then ~d~=o ; if uA~) or w~t,) , respectively, is small and uAt0 or u,cs is bounded, then tccs
is small; and if ~u(t0~>0, then ~t~t)~>0.

Let us consider the second case.

2) F o r Y ~ e ~ ( s let

( A~r ~ V - ~ , t / ) - CA~ if.if) >~-c, Jl~ tr II Iltrll. (2.12)

We take ~:o and ~ ) = ( ~ ~)'~ where M > ~ m ~ ~ l l ~ m a ~ . The following is readily computed:
' [L,t~] [t,,~=]

whereupon we infer f r o m (2.7) and (2.12)

c; (2o~3)
~'- T =- -c~.

Consequently, the function ~P(~) § C~(t -t,) ~ = ~r~[~(~)e~ t ' ) ] - ~ ( ~ ) is convex, and so for ~[{~,s

ysd:~: ~-tt-iL,-~. (2.14)

Hence it follows that

(2.15)

468
where %~,~,.t~)=e.o~ [ c ~ ( ~ - t , ) ~ 2 d ~ - c ~ c t _ t / } . If we r e c a l l that ~ = C~,r~) "~ is a continuous mono-
tonically i n c r e a s i n g function of ~ [for 0 ~ -_~ : ma~c~.,~~ (~], equal to z e r o for ~ =0 , and that ~C~):

II~rc~)tl'~llu(~lfe-~,* ,.,, it b e c o m e s c l e a r that inequality (2.15) guarantees the c o r r e c t n e s s of the d i r e c t p r o b -

Lem (2.1) and its inverse in the interval t~ ~ b ~ t~ and, m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y , the vanishing of ~.(~)
when ~.(~,~ or u,~ 0 is equal to zero. In the communication [6] Krein has investigated the case of a
self-ad~oint o p e r a t o r ~([~ under the conditions that ~ ( ~ ] does not depend on t and (~tu.,u.)l
cCRt~.u,). Case 1) d i s c u s s e d above g e n e r a l i z e s K r e i n ' s r e s u l t [6] to nonself~ AC~) o Related
p r o b l e m s have also been d i s c u s s e d in [7-9]. In those p a p e r s ~ is a s y m m e t r i c o p e r a t o r independent
of ~ . We apply the r e s u l t s of c a s e s 2) and 1) to problem (1.1),(1.2) of the preceding section and to
parabolic equations, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Let ~'~cc,~) and g'C~.,[) be two smooth solutions of the problem (we assume, for example, that
in the given domain the moduli

It~'l, ILf'l I~'~l tt~l, 1 tt, till

do not exceed the constant r involved in the e s t i m a t e s derived above; it will be c l e a r f r o m the t r a n s f o r -
mations and e s t i m a t e s p r e s e n t e d below what kind of generalized derivatives must exist for these solu-
tions). The difference u.Cz.~ =tfCZ,~) -U'(~c,t) is a solution of the following linear boundary-value p r o b -
lem:

F o r the o p e r a t o r we pick ~u. = A, ~, + ~ . , ~4 ~ = - VA u., and A~y,, = ~(O"~ tO:~ + tt,~~ ) . The fundamental

Hilbert space is ~fl~', and the domain of definition of i~ and A~ is ~0(A~) = ~ ; 1 ) (~ N (;l~. We show
that the assumptions of case 2) a r e satisfied for these o p e r a t o r s . We make the number s large
enough that for ~t~ C~) ~ ~0 ( ~

A
v
(Au,u)---LA, u J~G§ ~ ~ ilu~11~. (2.17)

It is possible to do so, because

where the constant C, , like all the constants C~ introduced below, depend only on V , C~ , and f~ .
Thus, let ~,=C~ C~VY4 . F r o m (2.17) we infer

(2.18)

so that

IIU~ll ~c5 IIAull. (2.19)

469
On the basis of this result and the definition of the operators A and A~ we have

(2.20)
Our next task is to verify condition (2.12):

^ ^

Also,

(2.21)

As is easily verified for t6 s ~ (~l), tre~)(A~),

(2.22)

In view of the latter and (2.18)

(2.23)

We partition the integral ~2 into two parts:

(2.24)
ft

The following estimate for ~5 is obvious:

5a (2.25)

Here we have made use of inequality (2.20). The most "undesirable" t e r m is ~ . We p r e l i m i n a r i l y

t r a n s f o r m it through integration by parts, as follows. We represent ~ in the form

and invoke the familiar estimate

(2.26)

(see [3], Chap. III, ~5). Then

470
 (2.27)

In t h e s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s we have allowed f o r the f a c t that the v e c t o r s v" and if' v a n i s h at the c o n t o u r

and have z e r o - v a l u e d d i v e r g e n c e . It is evident f r o m (2.27) and (2~ that

Id~ I ~-r ( fl tr~ I{ + I1~ u 11. !i ~s II) -~C,~ il ~,~s II- Iltrll.

We have a g a i n m a d e u s e of inequalities (2.19) and (2.20)~ F r o m the e s t i m a t e s obtained f o r I j,I we

,deduce the inequality

A
I~,l + Ij~l + lj31 ~-c, il Atsli. liuil,

and, t h e r e f o r e , inequality (2.12) a s well. We a r e now entitled to conclude that e s t i m a t e (2.15) holds
f o r ~ C~.) =_ I! ID t~,~ I1e 2xr .

Inasmuch as problem (1.1)-(1.2) is invariant under t -translations, the interval [s ,%=] , for
which estimate (2.15) was derived can be taken anywhere that the solutions tr' and I/ exist and that
., AID , ~ , U~)
the majorant of their n o r m s ~ u ~,n ~ .2>ais known, inequality (2.15) gives a continuous variation
of the solutions in the ~tfD n o r m II II ~ That inequality and the ma]orant of the n o r m s U-P~'~ for U'
and lff imply a continuous dependence of the solutions in the n o r m ~. ~:~ as well, because for any
function t~C~) in ~(Sl~ the following multiplicative inequality holds:

9~ts / if.) .t-:~cs

II u, It<~:) .<.c< il~ll=.~ Ltl mll~ =) with s o m e z(l,~ecoA). (2.28)

We s t a t e d at the o u t s e t of 81 that a l m o s t all the r e s u l t s of the p r e s e n t study can be extended to

the c a s e of the i n h o m o g e n e o u s b o u n d a r y condition ~ts =~ (5) 9 An exception is the r e s u l t p r o v e d in this
s e c t i o n u n d e r the condition ( ~ ' ~ / s =0 . It is s e e n at once f r o m the i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n
that the s a m e r e s u l t is a l s o valid f o r solutions tr' and U" such that (~','~)ls = (u", ~)Is =0 .

We b r i n g to attention a n o t h e r p r o b l e m f o r the s y s t e m (1.t). Specifically, we r e p l a c e the a d h e -

sion condition ~ls =0 by the a l t e r n a t i v e condition

in which u/(~:,~) is. the s t r e a m function r e l a t e d to V by the equations ~ = %u , g~ =- W~, , An e s -

t i m a t e of the type (2.11) holds f o r the solutions of this b o u n d a r y - v a l u e p r o b l e m , b e c a u s e it falls u n d e r
the h e a d i n g of c a s e 1). The v e r i f i c a t i o n of this fact is a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e as f o r p r o b l e m (1.1)-
(1.2).

As an a p p l i c a t i o n of the inequality (2.11) p r o v e d above (first case) we c o n s i d e r a q u a s i l i n e a r

p a r a b o l i c equation of the g e n e r a l type

471
 g~ -7_ a~jcm,~,mff| m +a(~,t, , ~,~.) = 0 (2.29)

with smooth functions a,~j(~c,t,~, p) ,, 0,(~c,t,U, p). Let t~' and if' be "good" (sufficiently smooth) solu-
tions of (2.29) that coincide on the boundary $ (also presumed to be smooth) of the bounded domain ;I
in which (2.29) is considered. Then, as is.well known, their difference ~,(~c,t) can be treated as a
solution of the linear equation

where v,ls =0 and ~..~: ~ t . We assume that (2.30) is a nondegenerate parabolic equation, i.e., that

v~~ ~,~ ~,,b%~ -->~f, ~ , ~ : co~st > O. (2.31)

The coefficients (2.30) are smooth functions. We adopt L: (11~ as the fundamental Hilbert space, the
operator A ~ u , = ~ n +~u. as A~, and inthe role of A~ the operator

It is well known that ~ is self-adjoint and positive definite on ~)(A~. We make the number
large enough that for ~ ~r(~)e~)(A,~

which is, of course, possible. The expression

admits the estimate

(2.33)

Further,

= C A, tr, - ~f,, %) 4. c.x,u ~- A,~,- ~,g, ~,, -~,,~, u) 4-

It is readily noted that

472
 (2.3.4)

A l l t h a t r e m a i n s now i s to a n a l y z e j} . We f i r s t c o n s i d e r the s p e c i a i c a s e in which

~a. tr.~ I s = 0 . (2.35)

i . e . , in w h i c h the v e c t o r =C~, ..... ~,,} i s d i r e c t e d a l o n g t h e t a n g e n t to ~ . F o r it we c a n t r a n s f o r m j~

as follows:

11 n

= (2.36)
ri

wh e r e up on

s
(2.37)

It f o l l o w s f r o m the e s t i m a t e s f o r a l l the j , that

till ,e, (Ae,~),

and c e r t a i n l y t h a t c o n d i t i o n (2~ holds. T h i s r e s u l t t h e n g u a r a n t e e s e s t i m a t e (2.11) f o r

Finally, we investigate the general situation in which (2.35) does not hold. In that event we would
9 Jl -r

have for i3 the representation j3 =j'~ + ~3 , where j~ coincides with the right-hand side of (2.36) and

(2o38)
5

We p i c k an a r b i t r a r y p o i n t ~~ on ~ and i n t r o d u c e at t h a t p o i n t l o c a l C a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e s ( ~ 4 , . 9 ~..) ,
assuming that ~~ i s d i r e c t e d a l o n g the o u t w a r d n o r m a l r~ to S at the p o i n t ~ .

At the p o i n t :c~ the e x p r e s s i o n f o r ~ ( S ) a s s u m e s the f o r m

where ~ = ~.e C . tie , ~. = ~e r and (fi.~) i s the o r t h o g o n a l m a t r i x of the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ~ =

c~r ~cr - ~ ' ~ . Since v~ls=O , we h a v e

473
where L ~ >v and ~ = (~, r~). If at e v e r y point of the boundary

( [ , ~ ) ~, O, (2~

we would have ~, ~ 0 and the following lower bound would be obtained for j~ :

(240>

[see (2.36)]. Such an inequality is also at our d i s p o s a l ; see condition (2.12). Thus, it suffices to have
(2.39) in place of (2.35). We r e f e r back to Eq. (2.30) and p e r f o r m the substitution ~=taq)(:c~. We show
that it is p o s s i b l e to s e l e c t a positive function (~(~) in such a way that the coefficients of ur~ in the
equation for ur [which has the s a m e f o r m as (2.30)] will satisfy condition (2.39). In (2.30) we substitute
for t~ the function u ~ and divide both sides of the r e s u l t i n g equation by ~b . We t h e r e b y obtain the"
equation

9% ^

(2.30)

in which

and

We i n t e r p r e t ~b as a positive function equal to a constant ~ on the contour S and such that

(-v~5. r~) ~ ~, where is a sufficiently l a r g e positive number, to be evaluated below. Then

cr ^
We pick a a'E0- whereupon g~ r~ >~0 and, t h e r e f o r e , condition (2.39) is satisfied for Eq. (2.30).
This operation also enables us, as mentioned above, to use the r e s u l t s of case 1) for ur , i.e., u~ is
subject to inequality (2.11), f r o m which is implied, in turn, the r e q u i r e d e s t i m a t e for w = w ~b . By v i r -
tue of (2.28) we infer f r o m (2.11) the continuous dependence of the solutions in any n o r m II 9 n~e'
"~,n~* if the
maj orant for the n o r m s (1" ~) of those solutions a r e known.

w Properties of t h e Solutions of Problem

(1.1)-(1.2) in ~]~

This section is r e s t r i c t e d to solutions ~(t) of p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) that a r e situated in 11~=~:

It has been shown in ~Sl and 2 that p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) g e n e r a t e s a d y n a m i c a l s y s t e m on D~ and that
~/~ itself is a closed c o m p a c t subset of t h e b a l l K=.. F o r e l e m e n t s v~cm)~-~ the n o r m s rlvoJl'e'
a r e u n i f o r m l y bounded, II~ll~e)~ ~ M~ , where the s m o o t h n e s s of ~ and S i n c r e a s e s with ~ . In p a r t i c u l a r ,
for infinitely differentiable ~ and S the n u m b e r ~ can be a r b i t r a r y . It follows f r o m this fact and the

474
continuous dependence p r o v e d in w for the solutions of p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) in ~ ( m n o r m [or, equiv-
alently, in L, (;z~ n o r m ] on the initial data (the initial data can be specified at any t i m e Lo, and the
solutions analyzed e i t h e r f o r L>to or f o r ~ t o ) that a continuous dependence on the initial data also
holds, in fact, in the l~,~"(m n o r m s , where the n u m b e r 5 is at our d i s p o s a l [see (2.28)]. Due to (2.28),
in the ensuing investigation of such p r o p e r t i e s of the solutions as p e r i o d i c i t y or a l m o s t - p e r i o d i c i t y on
t we can r e f e r to different n o r m s of the type il il'~"a and, proving, for example, the p r o p e r t y of a l m o s t -
periodicity on ~ in the norm II.~.~ thus guarantee the almost-periodicity of tr in the norm ~" ~,~ .

Let us consider the spectral problem (1.9) in w We know (see [3], Chap. If, w that its solu-
tions [~'(~)} form a complete orthonormal system in ~(rl) . The functions q*(~ are infinitely dK-
ferenttable, and estimates of the norms ~ ll~.n are given for them in terms of the eigenvalues ~,, .
Also investigated is the convergence of their Fourier series in the spaces t~c(~ . We denote by
the orthogonal projector in the space ~(rz) onto the subspace ~ spanned by the first r~ eigenlunc-
tions [~f~ ..... q~] , and by (~ the projector I-~ onto the complementary subspace. The operators
~ commute with the operator ~ , and for V~(~e~(~

.k, II v~ II' .r C- ~o ~ u., ~) =C-~,.A t~,,u,'}~ ~... II~,il' (3.1)

and
(-fl.j,u..Q=(-Q.Au..Q >A,... II ~,~l', (3.2)
w h e r e it is i m p o r t a n t to r e c a l l that ~ . ~ - ~ as r ~ . L e t u(s be a c e r t a i n solution of p r o b l e m (1.1)-
(1o2) in ?lt~ o We d e c o m p o s e it into two components: t~ =II'+g" , where t~'=~t~ and v " = Q ~ . Ap-
plying the p r o j e c t o r s ~ and ( ~ to the s y s t e m (1.1), we obtain the s y s t e m s

(3.3)

where = -V ff~ a d' * ff~. (V, t~'~ § tr'. t ~ , ) and

+~ +Q,,,~.o,, ~,,~ =Q.,~.-Q,,,(d,, o'~,') ~!:;,,, (3.4)

where ~ ' t / ' = - v Q ~ Aft" + Qj(t~'. ts"~, + t/: t ~ , ) . F r o m the boundedness of n trll .<~ and ll~il-~C and the
orthogonality of ~q~] in ~(~) and ~-tCn) we deduce the following:

Ila'lt.~P~, }ld"ll.~, lttr'~il.-c, il~ll~-c. (3.5)

We p r o v e that the function tf'Ct) is r e c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m Lr'(s i.eo, that the entire t r a j e c t o r y of •C%)
is d e t e r m i n e d by its p r o j e c t i o n onto &~ if ~ is sufficiently l a r g e ; in other words, we p r o v e t:hat Eq.
(3.4), given a fixed ~ ' , cannot have two distinct solutions bounded on the entire axis. Let u.~t) be the
d i f f e r e n c e ~r- ~ = tr" - ~" between two such solutions tit = t~'* g", ~ = tfl. d"). F o r that difference we in-
f e r f r o m (3.4)

(3.6)

We s c a l a r - m u l t i p l y (3,6) by t~ and i n t e g r a t e o v e r ~2 :

d
d'Y t}u ~ + v Ilu~ll~ + (t& v~,, u) =0.

475
E s t i m a t i n g the l a s t t e r m by m e a n s of the Cauchy inequality and then inequality (1.18), we obtain

-~ ~ IIu II~ + V IIU~ll~-~ U~ I~IItlItIIu~ I ~ O, (3.7)

By v i r t u e of (3.2) and (3.5) we find f r o m (3.7)

~-y~ ~u II~ * ( v ~ - = , - / ~ c ) ~ IIu II~-~0 (3.8)

We make ~ l a r g e enough that, say,

v/J~':~ - ~ c ~ (3.9)

The inequality (3.8) and the uniform boundedness of II~ti g u a r a n t e e ~ - 0 , Q.E~176 The n u m b e r ~ is
d e t e r m i n e d by v , ll~ll and 12 . We point out that in p r o v i n g the coincidence of tr and ~ we did not
r e l y on the fact that ~ is situated in K~

I f ~' does not depend on t , then neither does ~" depend on t (because (3.4) has a solution
that is p r o v e d in the s a m e way as f o r (1.1); see [3], Chap. V). Consequently, the s t a t i o n a r y (independent
of t ) solutions of p r o b l e m (1.1)-(1.2) f o r m a bounded set in the f i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e ~ . This
r e s u l t has been e s t a b l i s h e d p r e v i o u s l y in [2] (see a l s o [6]). If t~'(t~ is a p e r i o d i c function with p e r i o d
, then ~r'[t~ a l s o has the s a m e period. This fact is p r o v e d by a s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e . Thus, we c o n -
s i d e r the m o n o d r o m y o p e r a t o r ~ c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the s y s t e m (3.4), i.e., the o p e r a t o r mapping the
original function 0"(o~ into ff"r .

We show that it m a p s a c e r t a i n ball Ka c~[n) with c e n t e r at the origin into itself. We multiply
(3.4) by v" and integrate o v e r fl . After the c u s t o m a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s and e s t i m a t e s analogous to
those p e r f o r m e d above, we obtain

f r o m which, in conjunction with (2.5), (2.2), and (1.18!, we infer

• ,~ f '
~z~" ~u II + C v ~ . - ~ ' c ) ~ II~r'H~ ,. t$'.:ll llu"ll. (3.11)

By virtue of (3.8)

~ + ~/~'=,LIu'Ir~ u~"~IIi1.%
-~~ li~'lj

so that

_e "~r i

ma~ II~., If.

476
We take ~ =~.~ mo~ll~:'~o,~** ' Then u.,(K~,~ c K~', also, l ~ is a c o m p l e t e l y continuous o p e r z t o r . By a

t h e o r e m of S c h a u d e r K~, c o n t a i n s at l e a s t one fixed point w"(~) f o r the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ~ . A solu-

tion ~" t~) of (3.4) that is equal to ~'r for t=o is p e r i o d i c with p e r i o d I: . By the p r e c e d i n g
p r o o f we have Tr"d:)=t/'(:E).

We now p r o v e that if tr'~) is an a l m o s t p e r i o d i c function of ~ , then tr"({) is a l s o a l m o s t

periodic. As mentioned, it is i m m a t e r i a l in this c a s e w h e t h e r we a r e c o n c e r n e d with the a l m o s t -
p e r i o d i c i t y of td (and v" ) as e l e m e n t s of ~(~1) o r N(a) [one follows f r o m the o t h e r by the e x i s t e n c e
of t - u n i f o r m e s t i m a t e s of the n o r m s B" B ~ f o r tr , and and (2.28)]. As we know, a c h a r a c -
t e r i s t i c a t t r i b u t e of the a l m o s t - p e r i o d i c i t y of a function u~(t) with v a l u e s in a H i l b e r t s p a c e ~IY is the
c o m p a c t n e s s of the f a m i l y (wtt. +"CO] f o r any set of t r a n s l a t i o n s ~} in the s e n s e of the Banach n o r m
~" II~ =l l ~. ., . II~ We pick an a r b i t r a r y s e t [%} and its c o r r e s p o n d i n g function ~'~(t) - ~ ' ( t § . We

can a s s u m e without l o s s of g e n e r a l i t y that t~'~(~) c o n v e r g e s as s -~,~ in the n o r m S~,?, ~" i l ~ . We

show that then the correspondingt~'sc~) ~- tr (t %) c o n v e r g e in the n o r m .~t~,, i1,11. All p a i r s q's ff*s

s a t i s f y (3.4). We denote the d i f f e r e n c e s t~'~ = ~ ' s - t r '* and ur ~ tr"~ tr'~ S u b t r a c t i n g Eq. (3.4) for tr '~
q"" f r o m the s a m e e q u a t i o n f o r tr'~ tr"~ we w r i t e the r e s u l t in the f o r m

-vQ., au/ +

(3.12)
$~ ~

We s c a l a r - m u l t i p l y (3.12) by u~~ and i n t e g r a t e o v e r /1 . A f t e r e l e m e n t a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s we obtain

(~.1~)
=-(1~? t~4- I/'~ tl,z, ,

We denote .~,S~v.p~,II~ ~.~

"' ~- ~,~ and take into a c c o u n t the fact that II t ;s, l l a r F r o m (3.13), by a n a l o g y
with (3.8), we obtain

C esv nv55~~ sr Jh s~

F r o m this r e s u l t , in light of (3.2), we i n f e r

(3.14)

477
 see condition (3.10). integrating (3.14), we obtain

I s,,. r st, ~ _~r -~ -zC~r

t,~ ( -{ - e ).

Letting t~ tend to - , ~ , we a r r i v e at the estimate

which guarantees the uniform s m a l l n e s s of lu~s~r on the entire t axis. This p r o v e s our a s s e r t i o n
r e g a r d i n g the a l m o s t - p e r i o d i c i t y of ~r" on t .

It is proved by analogous reasoning that if the function u~'r , to which the p r o j e c t i o n ~ r

causes the solution of problem (1.1)-(1.2) to tend in the n o r m I. t ",.a as t -*,~ , is known, then f r o m
it we can r e c o n s t r u c t the function wit) to which the solution ~r(s itself tends as ~ - ~ .

Relevant to the p r e s e n t section, see [2], in which the solutions of the Cauchy problem for (1.1)-
(1.2) for t>~0 and t h e i r projections ~ , t r a r e studied.

It is readily verified that the discussion of w implies the m e m b e r s h i p in ~/bz of all ~ -limit
points for all the solutions trc~)= ~Jt(0~) ~ Va ~ K~ , s >~0 of problem (1.1)-(1o2), i.e., of all limits in ~ ell)
of the f o r m ~ Vt= ta~ that e x i s t . It would be enlightening to d i s c e r n whether or not the entire set

~]rC~ is exhausted by those co - l i m i t points, ioe., whether or not e v e r y point of T ~ is a ~)-limit

point for the t r a j e c t o r i e s of the dynamical s y s t e m (1.1)=(1o2) on ~ / L a .

LITERATURE CITED

I. E. Hopf, "A mathematical example displaying f e a t u r e s of turbulence," Commun. P u r e Appl.

Math., 1_, 303-322 (1948).
2. C. Foias and G. Prodi, "Sur le c o m p o r t e m e n t global des solutions nonstationaires des equations
de N a v i e r - S t o k e s en dimension 2," Rend. Semin. Matem. Univ. Padova, 39__,1-34 (t967).
3. O. A~ Ladyzhenskaya, Mathematical Aspects of Viscous Incompressible Fluid Dynamics [in Rus-
sian], Nauka, Moscow (1970).
4. Oo Ao Ladyzhenskaya, "Integral e s t i m a t e s , the convergence of approximative methods, and solu-
tions in functionals for linear elliptic o p e r a t o r s , " Vest. Leningrad. Gos~ Univ., No. 7, 60-69
(1958).
5. V. V. Nemytskii and V. V. Stepanov, Qualitative T h e o r y of Differential Equations [in Russian],
GITTL, Moscow (1949).
6. S. Go Krein, " C o r r e c t n e s s c l a s s e s for certain boundary-value p r o b l e m s , " Dokl. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, 114, No. 6, i162-I165 (1957).
7. P~ J. Cohen and M. Lees, "Asymptotic decay of solutions of differential inequalities," Pacific
J. Math., 11__,1235-1249 (1961)o
8. S. Agmon and L. Nirenberg, "Properties of solutions of ordinary differential equations in Banach
space," Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 16___,121-239 (1963).

478
 9. H. Ogawa, " L o w e r bounds for solutions of differential inequalities in Hilbert space, ~ P r o c .
Amer. Math. Soco, 16__~No. 6, 1241-1243 (1965}.
10. V. L Yudovich, ~Remark on the stationary solutions of the N a v i e r - S t o k e s equations, ~ in: Math-
e m a t i c a l Analysis and Its Applications [in Russian], Izdo Rostov. Gos. Univo, Rostov-on-Don
(1969), pp. 190-194.

479