SKAB3323

REKABENTUK STRUKTUR KELULI DAN KAYU

Prof Madya Ir Dr Shek Poi Ngian

ASSIGNMENT 4

NAMA NO MATRIK

AHMAD ZARUL HAKIM BIN ZAMALUDIN SX180360KAWS04

ABDUL RAZEF BIN ABDUL RAHIM SX180566KAWS04

 Problem 6.1

Analyze the truss in Figure 6.14 and identify the internal forces of each individual member, then design the
top chord and bottom chord using single angle section. Assume the steel grade is S355 and the connections
are using 2 nos. of M20 4.6 bolts.

20.0 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN

A B C D E F G

2.00 m

H I J K L M N

6 @ 2.00 m

Figure 6.14

Solution :
RH = RN = 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN
2
= 140 kN
2
= 70 kN

1) Calculation of internal forces of each member

A 2.00 m B 2.00 m C 2.00 m D 2.00 m E 2.00 m F 2.00 m G

2.83 m 2.83 m 2.83 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

2.83 m 2.83 m 2.83 m

H 2.00 m I 2.00 m J 2.00 m K 2.00 m L 2.00 m M 2.00 m N

Length each member
At joint H
FAH (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
FAH = 70.00 kN
FHI
 70.00 kN (+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
FHI = 0.00 kN
At joint A
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
70 kN - 20 kN - 2.00 m / 2.83 m FAI = 0 kN
FAB
FAI = 70 kN - 20 kN 2.83 m / 2.00 m
70.00 kN FAI = 70.75 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
2.00 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN - FAB = 0 kN
FAB = 2.00 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN
= 50.00 kN
At joint I
70.75 kN FBI (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
2.00 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN - FBI = 0 kN
FIJ
FBI = 2.00 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN
= 50.00 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
- 2.00 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN + FIJ = 0 kN
FIJ = 2.00 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN
= 50.00 kN
At joint B
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
50 kN - 20 kN - 2.00 m / 2.83 m FBJ = 0 kN
50.00 kN FBC
FBJ = 50 kN - 20 kN 2.83 m / 2.00 m
50.00 kN FBJ = 42.45 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
50 kN + 2.00 m / 2.83 m 42.45 kN - FBC = 0 kN
FBC = 50 kN + 2.00 m / 2.83 m 42.45 kN
= 80.00 kN
At joint J
42.45 kN FCJ (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
2.00 m / 2.83 m 42.45 kN - FCJ = 0 kN
50.00 kN FJK
FCJ = 2.00 m / 2.83 m 42.45 kN
 = 30.00 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
- 2.00 m / 2.83 m 42.45 kN - 50 kN + FJK = 0 kN
FJK = 2.00 m / 2.83 m 42.45 kN + 50 kN
= 80.00 kN
At joint C
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
30 kN - 20 kN - 2.00 m / 2.83 m FCK = 0 kN
80.00 kN FCD
FCK = 30 kN - 20 kN 2.83 m / 2.00 m
30.00 kN FCK = 14.15 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
80 kN + 2.00 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN - FCD = 0 kN
FCD = 80 kN + 2.00 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN
= 90.00 kN
At joint K
14.15 kN FDK 14.15 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
2.00 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN + 2.00 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN
80.00 kN 80.00 kN
- FDK = 0 kN
FDK = 2 / 2.83 14.15 kN + 2 / 2.83 14.15 kN
= 20.00 kN

20.0 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN

A 50.00 kN B 80.00 kN C 90.00 kN D 90.00 kN E 80.00 kN F 50.00 kN G

70.00 kN

50.00 kN

30.00 kN

20.00 kN

30.00 kN

50.00 kN

70.00 kN

70.75 kN 42.45 kN 14.15 kN 14.15 kN 42.45 kN 70.75 kN

2m

H 0.00 kN I 50.00 kN J 80.00 kN K 80.00 kN L 50.00 kN M 0.00 kN N

70 kN 70 kN

6@ 2m
 Top Chord Bottom Chord
AB -50.00 kN Compression HI 0.00 kN -
BC -80.00 kN Compression IJ 50.00 kN Tension
CD -90.00 kN Compression JK 80.00 kN Tension
DE -90.00 kN Compression KL 80.00 kN Tension
EF -80.00 kN Compression LM 50.00 kN Tension
FG -50.00 kN Compression MN 0.00 kN -

2) Design of Top chord

The most critical member is CD & DE = 90.00 kN →(NEd)
Length, L = 2.00 m
tf = 10 mm < 40 mm fy = 355 N/mm²
fu = 490 N/mm²
Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm

90 X 10³
A = + 20 + 2 10 = 1065 mm²
0.3 X 355

Try section 100 X 75 X 10 ,A = 1660 mm²

Details :
h = 100 mm
b = 75 mm
t = 10 mm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 210 kN/mm²
Axis v-v = 42.20 cm⁴
Second moment of area, Axis y-y = 162.00 cm⁴
Axis z-z = 77.60 cm⁴
ϒM0 = 1.00
Partial factors for resistance,
ϒM1 = 1.00
ϒM2 = 1.25

Section classification
0.5
235
ε =
 ε =
fy
0.5
235
ε = = 0.81
355

h / t = 100 / 10
= 10 < 15 ε = 12.15

b + h 75 + 100
= = 8.75 < 15 ε = 12.15
2t 20
Section is class 3, semi-compact section

Compression resistance
Verify that :
NEd
≤ 1.0
Nc,Rd

A fy 1660 mm² X 355 N/mm²

Nc,Rd = = = 589.30 kN
ϒM0 1.0

NEd 90.00 kN
= = 0.15 < 1.0
Nc,Rd 589.30 kN
Therefore, the compression resistance of the cross section is adequate

Member buckling resistance

Buckling length

Assuming the column is pin ended with no intermediate restraints, the buckling length (L cr) may be taken as :

Lcr = L = 2000 mm

Flexural buckling resistance

π² EI
Ncr =
L²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 42.20 cm⁴
Ncr,v = = 218.66 kN
4000000 mm²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 162.00 cm⁴
Ncr,y = = 839.41 kN
 Ncr,y = = 839.41 kN
4000000 mm²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 77.60 cm⁴
Ncr,z = = 402.09 kN
4000000 mm²

A fy
λ =
Ncr
1660 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λv = = 1.64
218.66 kN
1660 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λy = = 0.84
839.41 kN
1660 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λz = = 1.21
402.09 kN

λeff,v = 0.35 + 0.7 X 1.64 = 1.50 for buckling about v-v axis
λeff,y = 0.35 + 0.7 X 0.84 = 0.94 for buckling about y-y axis
λeff,z = 0.35 + 0.7 X 1.21 = 1.20 for buckling about z-z axis

From table 6.4, for curve (b)

χv = 0.34
χy = 0.64
χz = 0.48
Verify that :
NEd
≤ 1.0
Nb,Rd
A fy
Nb,Rd = χ
ϒM1
χ → Minimum value = 0.34

1660 mm² X 355 N/mm²

Nb,Rd = 0.34 = 200.36 kN
1.0

90.00 kN
= 0.45 < 1.0
200.36 kN
Therefore, the flexural buckling of the cross section is adequate
Therefore, use single angle 100 X 75 X 10 for top chord

3) Design of Bottom chord

The most critical member is JK & KL = 80.00 kN →(NEd)
Length, L = 2.00 m
tf = 10 mm < 40 mm fy = 355 N/mm²
fu = 490 N/mm²
Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm
80 X 10³
A = + 20 + 2 10 = 971 mm²
0.3 X 355

Try section 100 X 65 X 10 ,A = 1560 mm² → Same as top chord section

Details :
ϒM₀ = 1.0
Partial factors for resistance,
ϒM₁ = 1.0
Min edge distance, e₂ = 30 mm
Min end distance, e₁ = 40 mm
Min pitch, p₁ = 60 mm

A fy 1560 mm² X 355 N/mm²

Npl,Rd = = = 553.80 kN
ϒM0 1.0

The net cross-sectional area, A net :

 A net = A - allowance for bolt holes
= 1560 mm² - 20 + 2 10 = 1340 mm²

From table 3.8 : Reduction factor β₂ and β₃

use β₂ → 0.40
β₂ X A net X fu
Nu,Rd =
ϒM2
0.40 X 1340 mm² X 490 N/mm²
Nu,Rd = = 210.11 kN = Nt,Rd
1.25
NEd
≤ 1.0
Nt,Rd
80.00 kN
= 0.38 < 1.0
210.11 kN
→ Unequal angle 100 X 65 X 10 in grade S355 connected using 2 bolts of M20 4.6
is adequate.
Problem 6.3

Analyze the truss in Figure 6.16 and identify the internal forces of each individual member, then design the
top chord and bottom chord using rectangular hollow section. Assume the steel grade is S355 and the
connections are using 2 nos. of M20 4.6 bolts.

20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN

A B C D E

1.50 m

F G H I J K L

6 @ 2.00 m

Figure 6.16

Solutiuon :
RF = RL = 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN
2
= 100 kN
2
= 50 kN

1) Calculation of internal forces of each member

A 2.00 m B 2.00 m C 2.00 m D 2.00 m E

2.50 m 2.50 m 2.50 m

1.50 m

1.50 m

1.50 m

1.50 m

1.50 m

2.50 m 2.50 m 2.50 m

F 2.00 m G 2.00 m H 2.00 m I 2.00 m J 2.00 m K 2.00 m L

Length each member
At joint F
FFA (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
50 kN - 1.5 m / 2.5 m FFA = 0 kN
FFG
FFA = 50 kN 2.5 m / 1.5 m
 50.00 kN = 83.33 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
- 2.0 m / 2.5 m 83.33 kN + FFG = 0 kN
FFG = 2.0 m / 2.5 m 83.33 kN
= 66.67 kN
At joint G
FAG (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
FAG = 0.00 kN
66.67 kN FGH

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
- 66.67 m + FGH = 0 kN
FGH = 66.67 kN
At joint A
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- 20 kN + 1.5 m / 2.5 m 83.33 kN
FAB
- 1.5 m / 2.5 m FAH = 0 kN
83.33 kN FAH FAH = - 20 kN + 1.5 m / 2.5 m 83.33 kN
X 2.5 m / 1.5 m
= 50.00 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
2.0 m / 2.5 m 50.00 kN - FAB = 0 kN
FAB = 2.0 m / 2.5 m 50.00 kN
= 40.00 kN
At joint B
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- 20 kN + FBH = 0 kN
40.00 kN FBC
FBH = 20.00 kN
FBH
(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
40 kN - FBC = 0 kN
FBC = 40.00 kN
At joint H
50.00 kN 20.00 kN FCH (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- 20 kN + 1.5 m / 2.5 m 50.00 kN
66.67 kN FHI
 66.67 kN FHI
- 1.5 m / 2.5 m FCH = 0 kN
FCH = - 20 kN + 1.5 m / 2.5 m 50.00 kN
X 2.5 m / 1.5 m
= 16.67 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
1.5 m / 2.5 m 16.67 kN - 1.5 m / 2.5 m 50.00 kN
+ FHI = 0 kN
FHI = - 1.5 m / 2.5 m 16.67 kN + 1.5 m / 2.5 m
X 50.0 m
= 20.00 kN
At joint C
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- 20 kN + 1.5 m / 2.5 m 16.67 kN
40.00 kN 40.00 kN
+ 1.5 m / 2.5 m 16.67 kN = 0 kN
16.67 kN FCI 16.67 kN FCI = 0.00 kN

20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN 20.00 kN

A 40.00 kN B 40.00 kN C 40.00 kN D 40.00 kN E

83.33 kN 16.67 kN 50.00 kN

20.00 kN

20.00 kN
0.00 kN
0 kN

0 kN

50.00 kN 16.67 kN 83.33 kN 1.5 m

F 66.67 kN G 66.67 kN H 20.00 kN I 20.00 kN J 66.67 kN K 66.67 kN L

50 kN 50 kN

6@ 2m

Top Chord Bottom Chord

FA -83.33 kN Compression FG 66.67 kN Tension
AB -40.00 kN Compression GH 66.67 kN Tension
BC -40.00 kN Compression HI 20.00 kN Tension
CD -40.00 kN Compression IJ 20.00 kN Tension
DE -40.00 kN Compression JK 66.67 kN Tension
 EL -83.33 kN Compression KL 66.67 kN Tension

Steel grade = S 355

Connections = 2 nos. of M20 4.6 bolts

2) Design of Top chord

The most critical member is FA & EL = 83.33 kN →(NEd)
Length, L = 2.50 m

Try section 120 X 60 X 3.6 RHS

Details :
h = 120 mm
b = 60 mm
t = 3.6 mm
A = 12.3 cm²
cw/tw = 30.3
cf/tf = 13.7
Iy = 227 cm⁴
Iz = 76.3 cm⁴
fy = 355 N/mm²
fu = 490 N/mm²
E = 210 kN/mm²
0.5
235
ε = = 0.81
355
ϒM0 = 1.00
ϒM1 = 1.00
ϒM2 = 1.25

Section classification
Limit for Class 1 = 33 ε = 26.73 < cw/tw = 30.30
Therefore, this section is not Class 1

Cross-section compression resistance

A fy 1230 mm² X 355 N/mm²
Nc,Rd = = = 436.65 kN
ϒM0 1.0
 Nc,Rd = 436.65 kN > NEd = 83.33 kN
Therefore, the cross-section is adequate

Member flexural buckling resistance

Lcr = L = 2500 mm
π² EI
Ncr =
L²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 76.30 cm⁴
Ncr = = 253.03 kN
6250000 mm²

A fy
λ =
Ncr
1230 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λ = = 1.31
253.03 kN

For hot-rolled square hollow section, use curve 'a'

α = 0.47

ɸ = 0.5 1 + α λ - 0.2 + λ ²
= 0.5 1 + 0.47 1.31 - 0.2 + 1.31 ²
= 1.62

1
χ =
ɸ + ɸ² - λ ² 0.5
 1
=
1.62 + 1.62 ²- 1.31 ² 0.5

= 0.39

A fy
Nb,Rd = χ
ϒM1
1230 mm² X 355 N/mm²
= 0.39 = 169.90 kN
1.0

Nb,Rd = 169.90 kN > NEd = 83.33 kN

Therefore, the buckling resistance is adequate

3) Design of Bottom chord

The most critical member is FG & KL = 66.67 kN →(NEd)
Length, L = 2.00 m

Try section 120 X 60 X 3.6 RHS (same section as top chord)

A fy 1230 mm² X 355 N/mm²

Npl,Rd = = = 436.65 kN
ϒM0 1.0

0.9 X A net X fu
Nu,Rd =
ϒM2
0.9 X 1230 mm² X 490 mm²
=
1.25

= 433.94 kN = Nt,Rd

Nt,Rd = 433.94 kN > NEd = 66.67 kN

Therefore, the tension resistance of this member is adequate
 Problem 6.5

Analyze the truss in Figure 6.18 and identify the internal forces of each individual member, then design the
top chord and bottom chord using single angle section. Assume the steel grade is S355 and the connections
are using 1 nos. of M20 4.6 bolts.

20.00 kN

20.00 kN C 20.00 kN

20.00 kN B D 20.00 kN

3@ 2.00 m
A E

F G H I J K L

6 @ 2.00 m

Figure 6.18

Solutiuon :
RH = RN = 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN + 20 kN
2
= 100 kN
2
= 50 kN

1) Calculation of internal forces of each member

C
2.83 m 2.83 m

B D
2.83 m 4.47 m 4.47 m 2.83 m
6.00 m

A E
4.00 m

4.00 m

2.83 m 2.83 m 2.83 m 2.83 m

2.00 m

2.00 m

F 2.00 m G 2.00 m H 2.00 m I 2.00 m J 2.00 m K 2.00 m L

Length each member
At joint F
FAF (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
50.00 kN - 2.0 m / 2.83 m FAF = 0 kN
FFG
FAF = 50.00 kN 2.83 m / 2.0 m
50.00 kN = 70.75 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
- 2.0 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN + FFG = 0 kN
FFG = 2.0 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN
= 50.00 kN
At joint G
FAG (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
FAG = 0.00 kN
50.00 kN FGH

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
- 50.00 m + FGH = 0 kN
FGH = 50.00 kN
At joint A
20.00 kN FAB (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- 20 kN + 2.0 m / 2.83 m 70.75 kN
- 2.0 m / 2.8 m FAB + 2.0 m / 2.8 m FAH
70.75 kN FAH = 0 kN
30 kN - 0.71 FAB + 0.71 FAH = 0 kN → 1

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
2.0 m / 2.8 m 70.75 kN - 2.0 m / 2.8 m FAB
- 2.0 m / 2.8 m FAH = 0 kN
50 kN - 0.71 FAB - 0.71 FAH = 0 kN → 2

2 - 1
50 kN - 0.71 FAB - 0.71 FAH - 30 kN
- 0.71 FAB + 0.71 FAH = 0 kN
20 kN + -1.41 FAH = 0 kN
FAH = 20 kN / 1.41
= 14.15 kN
 50 kN - 0.71 14.15 kN - 0.71 FAB = 0 kN
FAB = 50 kN - 10 kN / 0.71
= 56.60 kN
At joint H
14.15 kN FBH (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
FBH - 2.0 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN = 0 kN
50.00 kN FHI
FBH = 2.0 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN
= 10.00 kN

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
2.0 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN - 50 kN + FHI = 0 kN
FHI = - 2.0 m / 2.83 m 14.15 kN + 50 kN
= 40.00 kN
At joint B
20.00 kN FBC (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- 20 kN + 2.0 m / 2.83 m 56.60 kN
- 2.0 m / 2.8 m FBC + 4.0 m / 4.47 m FBI
56.60 kN 10.00 kN FBI = 0 kN
20 kN - 0.71 FBC + 0.90 FBI = 0 kN → 1

(+→) ∑Fx = 0 kN
2.0 m / 2.8 m 56.60 kN - 2.0 m / 2.8 m FBC
- 2.0 m / 4.47 m FBI = 0 kN
40 kN - 0.71 FBC - 0.45 FBI = 0 kN → 2

2 X 2 + 1
80 kN - 1.41 FBC - 0.90 FBI + 20 kN
- 0.71 FBC + 0.90 FBI = 0 kN
100 kN + -2.12 FBC = 0 kN
FBC = 100 kN / 2.12
= 47.17 kN

40 kN - 0.71 47.17 kN - 0.45 FBI = 0 kN

FBI = 40 kN - 33.33 kN / 0.45
 = 14.81 kN

At joint C
20.00 kN (+↑) ∑Fy = 0 kN
- FCI + 2.0 m / 2.83 m 47.17 kN
+ 2.0 m / 2.83 m 47.17 kN - 20 kN = 0 kN
47.17 kN FCI 47.17 kN FCI = 2.0 m / 2.83 m 47.17 kN
+ 2.0 m / 2.83 m 47.17 kN - 20 kN
= 46.67 kN

20.00 kN

20.00 kN C 20.00 kN

47.17 kN 47.17 kN

20.00 kN B D 20.00 kN
46.67 kN

56.60 m 14.81 kN 14.81 kN 56.60 m

2.00 m
A E
10.00 kN

10.00 kN

70.75 kN 14.15 kN 14.15 kN 70.75 m

0.00 kN 0.00 kN

F 50.00 kN G 50.00 kN H 40.00 kN I 40.00 kN J 50.00 kN K 50.00 kN L

50.0 kN 50.00 kN

6 @ 2.00 m

Top Chord Bottom Chord

FA -70.75 kN Compression FG 50.00 kN Tension
AB -56.60 kN Compression GH 50.00 kN Tension
BC -47.17 kN Compression HI 40.00 kN Tension
CD -47.17 kN Compression IJ 40.00 kN Tension
DE -56.60 kN Compression JK 50.00 kN Tension
EL -70.75 kN Compression KL 50.00 kN Tension

2) Design of Top chord

The most critical member = 70.75 kN →(NEd)
Length, L = 2.83 m
tf = 10 mm < 40 mm fy = 355 N/mm²
fu = 490 N/mm²
Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm

70.75 X 10³
A = + 20 + 2 10 = 884 mm²
0.3 X 355

Try section 90 X 90 X 10 ,A = 1710 mm²

Details :
h = 90 mm
b = 90 mm
t = 10 mm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 210 kN/mm²
Axis v-v = 52.60 cm⁴
Axis u-u = 201.00 cm⁴
Second moment of area,
Axis y-y = 127.00 cm⁴
Axis z-z = 127.00 cm⁴
ϒM0 = 1.00
Partial factors for resistance,
ϒM1 = 1.00
ϒM2 = 1.25

Section classification
0.5
235
ε =
fy
0.5
235
ε = = 0.81
355

h / t = 90 / 10
= 9 < 15 ε = 12.15

b + h 90 + 90
= = 9 < 15 ε = 12.15
2t 20
Section is class 3, semi-compact section

Compression resistance
Verify that :
NEd
≤ 1.0
Nc,Rd
A fy 1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²
Nc,Rd = = = 607.05 kN
ϒM0 1.0

NEd 70.75 kN
= = 0.12 < 1.0
Nc,Rd 607.05 kN
Therefore, the compression resistance of the cross section is adequate

Member buckling resistance

Buckling length

Assuming the column is pin ended with no intermediate restraints, the buckling length (L cr) may be taken as :

Lcr = L = 2830 mm

Flexural buckling resistance

π² EI
Ncr =
L²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 52.60 cm⁴
Ncr,v = = 136.12 kN
8008900 mm²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 201.00 cm⁴
Ncr,u = = 520.17 kN
8008900 mm²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 127.00 cm⁴
Ncr,y = = 328.66 kN
8008900 mm²
π² X 210 kN/mm² X 127.00 cm⁴
Ncr,z = = 328.66 kN
8008900 mm²

A fy
λ =
Ncr
1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λv = = 2.11
136.12 kN
1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λu = = 1.08
520.17 kN
1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λy = = 1.36
328.66 kN
 1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²
λz = = 1.36
328.66 kN

λeff,v = 0.35 + 0.7 X 2.11 = 1.83 for buckling about v-v axis
λeff,u = 0.35 + 0.7 X 1.08 = 1.11 for buckling about u-u axis
λeff,y = 0.35 + 0.7 X 1.36 = 1.30 for buckling about y-y axis
λeff,z = 0.35 + 0.7 X 1.36 = 1.30 for buckling about z-z axis

From table 6.4, for curve (b)

χv = 0.24
χu = 0.53
χy = 0.39
χz = 0.39

Verify that :
NEd
≤ 1.0
Nb,Rd
A fy
Nb,Rd = χ
ϒM1
χ → Minimum value = 0.24

1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²

Nb,Rd = 0.24 = 145.69 kN
1.0
 70.75 kN
= 0.49 < 1.0
145.69 kN
Therefore, the flexural buckling of the cross section is adequate
Therefore, use single angle 90 X 90 X 10 for top chord

3) Design of Bottom chord

The most critical member = 50.00 kN →(NEd)
Length, L = 2.00 m
tf = 10 mm < 40 mm fy = 355 N/mm²
fu = 490 N/mm²
Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm
50 X 10³
A = + 20 + 2 10 = 689 mm²
0.3 X 355

Try section 90 X 90 X 10 ,A = 1710 mm² → Same as top chord section

Details :
ϒM₀ = 1.00
Partial factors for resistance, ϒM₁ = 1.00
ϒM₂ = 1.25
Min edge distance, e₂ = 30 mm
d₀ = 22 mm

A fy 1710 mm² X 355 N/mm²

Npl,Rd = = = 607.05 kN
ϒM0 1.0

The net cross-sectional area, A net :

A net = A - allowance for bolt holes
= 1710 mm² - 20 + 2 10 = 1490 mm²

2.0 X e₂ - 0.5 d₀ t fu
Nu,Rd =
ϒM2
2.0 X 30 mm - 0.5 22 mm 10 mm X 490 N/mm²
Nu,Rd =
1.25
 = 148.96 kN = Nt,Rd

NEd
≤ 1.0
Nt,Rd
50.00 kN
= 0.34 < 1.0
148.96 kN
→ Equal angle 90 X 90 X 10 in grade S355 connected using 1 bolts of M20 4.6
is adequate.