3.A-Quantative & Qualitative Research - L-3 - Part-I - Hypothesis in Research

School of Liberal Education
Course Code : SLE2007 Course Name: Qualitative and quantitative analysis & reasoning
Lecture-03
HYPOTHESIS
IN
RESEAECH
Name of the Faculty: Sanatanu Mukerji Program Name: BA(H) ALL DEPARTMENT
HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis is a formal tentative
statement of the expected
relationship between two or more
variables under the study.
Hypothesis helps to translate the

research problem and
objectives into a prediction of
the expected results or
outcomes of the research study.
A clearly stated hypothesIs includes

the variables to be manipulated or
measured, identifies the population
to be examined and indicates the
proposed outcome for the study.
The formulation of
hypothesis plays an
important role in the
theory building.
HYPOTHESIS
CENTRAL TO
RESEARCH
DEFINITION
• “Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or
explanation of the relationship between
two variables’ It implies that there is a
systematic relationship between an
independent and dependent variable”.
“ Hypothesis is a shrewd guess or

inference that is formulated and
provisionally adopted to explain
observed facts or conditions and to
guide in further investigations”
… GOOD & HATT
IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS •
Hypothesis enables the researcher
to objectively investigate new areas
of discovery, thus helps in theory
building .
Hypothesis provides objectivity

to the research activity.
• Hypothesis provides directions
to conduct research.
Hypothesis provides clear and

specific goals to the researchers.
These goals provide the
investigator with a basis for
selecting sample and research
procedures to meet the set goals.
Hypothesis provides a link

between theories and actual
practical research. • It serves
as a bridge between theory
and reality.
A hypothesis suggests the methodology to

be chosen to conduct the study.
• It is a tentative statement of the anticipated
results, it guides the researcher towards the
direction in which the research should
proceed.
It stimulates the thinking process of

the researcher a the researcher
forms the hypotheses by
anticipating the outcome. • It
provides directions about the
methodology to be chosen &
techniques of data analysis.
Hypothesis provides an
understanding of the researchers
about what to expect from the
results of the study. • It serves as a
framework for drawing conclusions
of a research study.
Without a hypothesis
a research would be
an aimless
wandering.
CHARATERISTICS OF Hypothesis:
• A good hypothesis must be written in
declarative form using present tense. • It
must contain variables, population
under study and should be relevant to
the research problem & objectives .
A GOOD HYPOTHESIS
1. CONCEPTUAL CLARITY.
2. EMPIRICAL REFERENTS.
3. OBJECTIVITY.
4. SPECIFICITY.
5.RELEVANT.
6. TESTABILITY
7. CONSISTENCY.
8. SIMPLICITY.
9. AVAILABILITY OF TECHNIQUE.
10. PURPOSIVENESS.
11. VERIFIABILITY.
12. PROFOUNDITY OF EFFECTS.
13. ECONOMICAL.
CONCEPTUAL CLARITY • A good

hypothesis consists of clearly defined
and understandable concepts.
• It is stated in a very clear terms, the
meaning and implications of which
cannot be doubted.
Course Code : SLE2007 Course Name: Qualitative and quantitative analysis &
reasoning
EMPIRICAL REFERENTS
• A research must have an ultimate
empirical referent. • No usable
hypothesis can embody moral
judgments. A good hypotheses must
have empirical basis from the area of
enquiry.
reasoning
OBJECTIVITY
• Hypothesis must be objective.
Objectivity in data collection, and should be
able to keep research activity from
researcher value judgment.
reasoning
SPECIFICITY
• A good research hypothesis must be
specific, not general and should explain the
expected relations between variables . • (
E.g., Exercise and stress).
reasoning
RELEVANT •
The hypothesis should be relevant to
the problem and objectives under
enquiry. • In addition hypothesis must
have relevance with a theory under test
in a research process.
reasoning
TESTABILITY
• Hypothesis should be testable and
should not be a moral judgment. • It
should be directly or indirectly
measurable.
reasoning
It must be verifiable.
• E.g., a hypothesis such as “bad parents
produce bad children”., cannot be
tested
reasoning
• A testable hypothesis clearly states the

manipulatable independent variables and
measurable dependent variables in specific
population which provides a clear idea
about an interventional protocol and
whether it will be implemented precisely
and consistently as a treatment in the study.
reasoning
A good hypothesis states the causal

link between independent and
dependent variables, which is later
evaluated by using inferential
statistical tests.
reasoning
CONSISTENCY
• A hypothesis should be consistent with an
existing body of theories, research findings
and other hypothesis. • It should correspond
with existing knowledge
reasoning
SIMPLICITY
• A hypothesis should be formulated in
simple and understandable terms. • It
should require fewer conditions and
assumptions.
reasoning
AVAILABILITY OF TECHNIQUE
• The researcher must ensure that
scientific methods are available for
testing their proposed thesis
reasoning
PURPOSIVENESS
• The researcher must formulate only purposeful
hypothesis. • Purposiveness refers to the
relevance of hypothesis to the research problem
and its objectives.
reasoning
VERIFIABILITY
• A good hypothesis should be
verifiable in practical terms.
reasoning
PROFOUNDITY OF EFFECT
• A good hypothesis should have
profound effect upon a variety of
research variables
reasoning
ECONOMICAL
• The expenditure of resources can
be controlled if the hypothesis
underlying the research that which
is undertaken is good.
reasoning
SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS •
Research hypothesis are generated
from a variety of sources such as
theoretical or conceptual frameworks.
reasoning
SOURCE-HYPOTHESIS THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK PREVIOUS RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS - SOURCE ACADEMIC
LITERATURE REAL LIFE
EXPERIENCES
reasoning
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK Theoretical

framework or conceptual framework are the
most important sources of hypothesis
reasoning
Through a deductive approach these

hypothesis are drawn for testing them. •
E.g., Pavlov’s theory – a hypothesis can
be drawn about modification of
behaviour.
reasoning
PREVIOUS RESEARCH Findings or

previous research may be used for
framing the hypothesis for a new study
that have an area of relevance
reasoning
REAL-LIFE EXPERIENCES • Real

life experiences may contribute in
the formulation of hypothesis.
reasoning
Newton had life changing experience of

the falling of an apple and formulated
the hypothesis that the earth attracts all
the mass towards its center before
generating a law of gravity.
reasoning
ACADEMIC LITERATURE Academic

literature is based on formal theories,
empirical evidences, experiences,
observations and conceptualizations of
academicians.
reasoning
These literatures may serve as good

source for formulating hypothesis for
research studies.
reasoning
TYPES
1. SIMPLE or COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS.
2. ASSOCIATIVE or CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS.
3. DIRECTIONAL or NON DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS.
4. NULL or RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
reasoning
SIMPLE/COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
• SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS: It is a
statement which reflects the relationship
between two variables.
• (E.g., low levels of hemoglobin & risk of
infection)
reasoning
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS : It is a statement

which reflects the relationship between
more than two variables.
• (E.g., satisfaction among patients who are
older & dwelling in rural areas than those
who are younger & living in urban areas)
reasoning
ASSOCIATIVE/CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS
• ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS : Reflects a
relationship between variables that occurs or
exists in natural settings without manipulation.
• This hypothesis is use in correlational research
studies.
reasoning
• CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS : Predicts the cause-

and-effect relationship between two or more
dependent and independent variables in
experimental or interventional setting, where
independent variable is manipulated by
researcher to examine the effect on dependent
variable.
reasoning
DIRECTIONAL/NON DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS • DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS: Specifies not only the
existence, but also the expected
direction of the relationship between
variables.
reasoning
• E.g., There is a positive experience

between years of teaching experience
and job satisfaction among teachers.
reasoning
NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS : Reflects

the relationship between two or more variables,
but it does not specify the anticipated direction
and nature of relationship such as positive or
negative.
reasoning
1.It indicates the existence of relationship

between the variables.
• E.g., There is a relationship between years
of teaching experience and job satisfaction
among teachers.
reasoning
NULL/RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) : It is also known as
STATITICAL HYPOTHESIS. And is used for
statistical testing and interpretation of statistical
outcomes.
reasoning
• It states the existence of no relationship

between the independent and
dependent variable.
• E.g., There is no relationship between
smoking and incidence of lung cancer
reasoning
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (H1) : It states

the existence of relationship between two or
more variables.
• E.g., There is relationship between
smoking and incidence of lung cancer.
reasoning
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School of Liberal Education

Hypothesis helps to translate the

A clearly stated hypothesIs includes

“ Hypothesis is a shrewd guess or

Hypothesis provides objectivity

Hypothesis provides clear and

Hypothesis provides a link

A hypothesis suggests the methodology to

It stimulates the thinking process of

CONCEPTUAL CLARITY • A good

• A testable hypothesis clearly states the

A good hypothesis states the causal

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK Theoretical

Through a deductive approach these

PREVIOUS RESEARCH Findings or

REAL-LIFE EXPERIENCES • Real

Newton had life changing experience of

ACADEMIC LITERATURE Academic

These literatures may serve as good

COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS : It is a statement

• CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS : Predicts the cause-

• E.g., There is a positive experience

NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS : Reflects

1.It indicates the existence of relationship

• It states the existence of no relationship

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (H1) : It states

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