Cognitive Personality Theory - Harry Murrell

bbyy H
Copyright © 2019 by Harry Murrell

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Contents
F o r e w o r d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6i
I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
T h e B a s i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
T h e C o g n i t i v e M a p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 93
C o g n i t i v e F u n c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15
C o g n i t i v e T y p e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 92
T y p o l o g y & B e h a v i o u r . . . . . . . . . . 1 98 3
P e r s o n a l A r c h e t y p e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 34 07
I n d i v i d u a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 54 81
C o g n i t i v e F l u i d i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 56 19
C o n c l u s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 86 13
G l o s s a r y o f T e r m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 86 46
R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 86 79
Foreword
Cognitive Personality Theory is an individualised typology system
inspired by Carl Jung’s ‘Cognitive Functions’, as well as the more
specific Jung-derived classification system of MBTI®. It was through
these theories that my interest in this field developed, and I can safely
say that in the absence of either this system would not have been
created.
Special thanks to my friend Hannah for the countless hours of idea-

bouncing, as well as the illustrative works within this book. Thanks
also to all friends, family members, and acquaintances who have
been at some point on the receiving end of my endless analyses - your
patience was not in vain.
For this second edition, I wish also to thank everyone who has believed
in and supported CPT over these last years. I extend my additional
gratitude to my Patreon supporters, especially those special people
who have worked by my side on this latest version.
CPT is the result of hundreds of case studies and applications of

Jungian personality theory, without which the system would be little
more than a concept.
The intention of CPT is not to discredit other typology systems, but

rather to propose a method of personality typing centered around
individual variation, and the means through which an individual may
develop.
CPT proposes type as a set of cognitive parameters that can, with

patience and understanding, be overcome. The goal of this system is
not to give people a set of letters to define who they are, but rather
to impart a set of tools with which to overcome our self-imposed
limitations.
Introduction
If you’re reading this, you’re either idly curious or, like me, feel there’s
something deeply amiss in personality systems. That is not to say any
system is flawless, nor to discredit those systems effectively propelling
Jungian psychology into the mainstream and distributing useful tools
for self-reference and identity construction. Instead, I intend to outline
an approach based more upon individual variation, as well as present
a clearer picture of the mental pathways through which cognitive
processes interact. The trade-off? Utilisation of this new system will
require significantly more understanding of the specific components
of a personality, and a more lateral (and altogether less hierarchical)
perspective of typology as a whole. The aim of this book is not to
alienate or sow confusing subdivisions into an already complex topic.
Instead, it is to clarify the true nature of our cognitive processes and
provide a framework through which to flexibly understand the core
predispositions of any one person, and the subtle ways in which these
can change in response to external factors.
At the dawn of the 20th century, Carl Jung coined the terms introvert
and extravert, terms which remain, to this day, staple components
of popular personality typing systems. You may also know this
individual for the discovery of the cognitive functions, as well as for
laying the groundwork for using these functions in a more in-depth
and specific manner. Sure, some of the concepts needed fleshing out
a bit, but sadly modern and future adaptions have done little more
than shift functions around and condense a highly complex theory of
individuality into rigid boxes and cognitive hierarchies.
Introduction 1
Of course, such simplifications are, to some degree, necessary in
behavioural typology; if we are looking for trends in how a person
behaves we will likely notice certain cognitive preferences and can if
we so wish proceed to average these preferences out into your standard
cognitive hierarchy. Lo and behold we are left with a list of what
functions a person is supposed to prefer over other ones and what
functions are de facto weak and innately neglected as a result.
The problem with this approach is that it renders a cognitive and more
individualised approach increasingly unreliable: suddenly a cognitive
type is no more than a list of preferences that prescribes what a person
should do rather than what they can do. The whole ‘law of averages’
approach is inevitably more concerned with the output of cognitive
processes than the processes themselves, and thusly tends to overlook
the pathways and networks of the mind, as well as the neuroplasticity
by which these pathways can be rendered fluid.
Attempts to evolve Jungian personality theory have often brought

about more flaws than they intended to fix, particularly regarding
individualised (rather than group-specific) psychology. But I digress –
the point of the matter here is that this theory needed very little work
to render it applicable to the field of psychology, and applying more
work than is necessary can cause more harm than good.
It is my intention within these pages to illuminate the meanings of

otherwise widely misunderstood personality concepts, and to shift
what has become an entirely behaviourally-focused instrument into a
system capable of in-depth analysis of self and others across a lifetime
of personal development. This is not a ‘personality’ theory, but rather
an entirely more neurological system that does away with unnecessary
and confusing metaphors and makes transparent those psychological
concepts that may be otherwise lost within a sea of contradictions.
2 Introduction
1 The Basics
It wouldn’t make a great deal of sense to write further on this topic

without first elucidating the meaning behind the various terms
thrown about in the previous paragraphs. The following sections
are very brief, and much of what you will read shall be revisited in
greater depth in the following chapters. Those of you already familiar
with the MBTI® (a popular adaption of Jung’s personality system)
paradigm may wish to skip to the next chapter. However, for anyone
with an element of uncertainty regarding cognitive functions, as well
as other psychological components making up the contemporary view
of personality, I would advise becoming acquainted with the following
subject matter. Should the subsequent summaries be insufficient,
I would urge you to read Jung’s writing on these very things – it
never hurts to go back to the source material. On that note, it is also
recommended that anyone remotely new to these concepts stay within
the confines of Jung’s original work and this book. While there are
many other valid interpretations of this widely applied theorem,
there are just as many that do little more than sow confusion and
contradictions into an already complex subject.
The Four Functions

While I will be devoting a separate chapter to the four cognitive
functions, for now, I will brush over the general concepts so that they
The Basics 3
may be sufficiently understood when referred to over the following
pages.
Foremost, it is important to note that every individual uses each

and every one of the functions – how (and to what extent) these
functions are used will vary wildly across any population sample.
You may have heard that there are a total of eight functions (four
introverted; four extraverted). This is not strictly accurate, as whether
a function is extraverted or introverted does not change the function
itself, but rather its orientation. Furthermore, bearing in mind a
function is constantly fluctuating in said orientation, it is extremely
problematic to force these fluid concepts into overly static categories.
Therefore, while I appreciate that splitting a function in two may make
differentiation between introversion and extraversion easier, relying
too much on this distinction will impair a more fluid understanding of
the movement between each of these two states.
4 The Basics
As mentioned, each of these four functions can fluctuate between
introverted and extraverted orientations – that is to say, their outlook
can be internalised or externalised. A function cannot be used in a
simultaneously extraverted and introverted manner, but as with all
continuums will always hover somewhere between these two extremes.
Generally speaking, an introverted function will vary in the degree to
which it approaches absolute introversion, but will nonetheless remain
in an inwardly-directed state until it is, well, no longer introverted.
However, the ease through which this transition can take place will
vary according to the position of the function in relation to others. The
same can be said (albeit in reverse) of a primarily extraverted function,
varying in the degree to which it approaches absolute externalisation.
While on the topic, I must add that the conscious mind tends not to
inhabit a completely extraverted or introverted state, and there will
always be some information exchanged between the two orientations.
Furthermore, one function is always used alongside an auxiliary, so

one will never inhabit a single function either, a statement which I will
clarify later. One could suppose the closest approximate to an entirely
introverted state is dreaming, whereas the purely extraverted state is
something close to a ‘flow-state’, or nirvana, achievable to some degree
through meditative techniques.
Now I will briefly cover what these thus far entirely enigmatic
‘cognitive functions’ are, and how they relate to the human experience:
the four functions are Thinking, Feeling, Sensing and Intuition.
Thinking and Feeling are codification (a ‘codec’ within CPT) functions
used exclusively for storing values in relation to internal and external
stimuli. Thinking stores and collates objective data (logical circuits
relating mostly to the cerebral cortex), while Feeling stores and
collates subjective data (subjective circuits relating mostly to the limbic
system). Both Thinking and Feeling are essential to adaptive processes,
and, despite what their opposition may imply, one relies naturally on
the other for complete understanding of any given set of information.
The Basics 5
Sensing and Intuition are perceptual (lens) functions, used exclusively
for perceiving both the external and internal (the mind) world.
The easiest means of understanding these two functions is to use a
lens analogy – Sensing is a narrow lens perceiving down to minute
detail, ultimately at the cost of field of view. Intuition, on the other
hand, struggles with details, all the while taking in a broader scope
of information. Technically, each of these ‘lenses’ takes in an equal
amount of information – it is merely the scope and depth that
changes, with one increasing as another diminishes. As with Thinking
and Feeling, a constant fluctuation between these two functions is
necessary in order to fully function in reality.
The four functions in the human mind occupy differing positions –

the dominant two functions are of one orientation (e.g. introverted)
6 The Basics
and are countered by two more functions of the opposing orientation
(extraverted in the same individual). As previously mentioned, the first
two functions are referred to as the dominant and convergent auxiliary,
(or ‘agency’) functions. The additional two are, within CPT, referred
to as the divergent auxiliary (or ‘authority’) and oppositional function
(otherwise known as the ‘inferior’ function within other Jung-derived
systems). As auxiliary means to perform an assistive role to another,
it follows that there are two auxiliary functions performing such a role
to the two functions on the dominant axis. For now, this will suffice as
a brief explanation of these core building blocks of Jungian typological
theory.
The Cognitive Map

Cognitive functions are in essence networks within the brain that
each specialise in a certain type of cognition. There are two perceptual
functions and two codifying functions, and, in the majority of adult
brains, there will a high degree of activity from each and every one.
To reiterate – we have four functions. A person will always reside

within one of sixteen ‘types’ according to the relative order in which
these four functions are used and how they relate to one another
within the brain. Within any given ‘type’ there exists an endless
potential for individual variation, and no person of any given cognitive
type will be exactly the same as another of that type. Nonetheless,
these otherwise entirely different people will still navigate reality
with comparable cognitive maps – that is, the layout of a person’s
cognitive functions. Cognitive maps do not themselves change a huge
amount, and a person will (with the possible exception of extreme
circumstances such as brain trauma) generally stay within the same
‘type’ they were born with – this is not nearly as limiting as it implies,
The Basics 7
however. In subsequent chapters I will elucidate the ways in which all
functions can be effectively employed regardless of the cognitive layout
one inhabits.
While each function can move between introversion and extraversion,

each individual has a layout of these four functions with a ‘default’
setting occupying a particular portion of the cognitive continuum –
two functions will be introverted, and two will be extraverted. Thus, it
becomes apparent that each of us are simultaneously introverted and
extraverted. The degree to which a person is one or the other depends
not only on the plasticity of their functions, but also the orientation of
the function in dominant position.
The Dominant Function
As the name implies, there is one function in particular that we use

far more than any others, which is, generally, far more consciously
intensive as a result. Indeed, in Jung’s original theory his focus was
almost entirely on the dominant function. While recognising the
influence of other functions (particularly an equally aligned auxiliary)
he felt this function was by far the greatest determinate of behaviour
and cognition.
However, this is somewhat reductionistic and is not aligned with how

brain networks tend to work. Many types sharing the same dominant
8 The Basics
function can, despite their relative level of affinity, occupy completely
different personalities and processing styles. Look at the difference
between two entirely different types that share the same dominant
function and this distinction will become all the more apparent. Of
course, Jung didn’t have the time (or necessarily the human data) to
explore cognitive maps any more than he did, and even in the most
extremely different individuals of the same dominant function, it is
fair to say there exists one behavioural constant between the two. As
it is both the greatest constant and the most employed function at any
given time, it is no surprise that our leading function remains, to this
day, the crown of a cognitive type, and often the foremost component
and central gateway of the cognitive map therein.
The Auxiliary Functions
Here’s where this may get a little confusing and perhaps even
potentially controversial for those already familiar with other MBTI®-
derived systems. Furthermore, as the first paragraphs of this section
are aimed exclusively at such people, those entirely new to this subject
may avoid a level of confusion by just reading the summary of this
section. When I say auxiliary function, I am referring to the function of
the same orientation as the dominant. After all, to be auxiliary means
to serve as an important complement in conjunction with a primary
unit – this perfectly defines the relationship between the two functions
in the pairing of dominant orientation.
The Basics 9
That function referred to as ‘tertiary’ by modern Jungian-derived
typology systems is, in fact, the auxiliary of the dominant pairing
(some would even say ‘true’ auxiliary). The reason it has been
somewhat degraded over time is largely due to the behavioural, rather
than cognitive, approach of MBTI®. Generally, the auxiliary will be
relatively deactivated (particularly in early years of development),
while the divergent auxiliary (the auxiliary spoken of in other systems)
is, loosely speaking, always affecting behavioural output. Therefore,
observers may conclude that the dominant’s auxiliary plays a more
tertiary role, and the non-dominant function that supersedes should
ergo be referred to as the auxiliary.
The first problem with this approach is the divergent role this
particular function plays – the auxiliary of MBTI® and such systems
has the opposite orientation to the dominant (e.g. extraverted rather
than introverted) and is as such never entirely conscious at the same
time. Rather, it tends to play an antagonistic role that serves to
ground the dominant function and, indeed, the ego, and keeps one’s
cognition in a balanced state. That the divergent auxiliary can perform
an incredibly important role is not in doubt. However, it is inaccurate
to call such a function auxiliary to a function that a) it cannot inhabit
consciousness alongside and b) it does not serve a complementary role
to. Instead, this is a counteractive function that is, in fact, an auxiliary
(playing as it does a supportive role) to that function directly opposing
the dominant: namely, the oppositional function.
Secondly, the function of the same orientation to the dominant fits

far better into the definition of ‘auxiliary’. Proper use of semantics is
incredibly important in any system of classification, and the true (or
‘convergent’) auxiliary serves entirely at the behest of the dominant
function. Unlike the other two functions in a type, the convergent
auxiliary is the same orientation as the dominant, performs an entirely
agonistic function in complement to the ego, and, unlike the pseudo-
10 The Basics
auxiliary of modern systems, can be bypassed with little to no effort –
this is a function performing a true auxiliary role to the dominant.
There is a reason Jung referred to this function as ‘auxiliary’, and

bestowing this title to another function simply because (in about, say,
half of people) it is more immediately observable than another sows
unnecessary confusion. The purpose of the transition was to simplify
the system to allow for greater ease of global application, but focusing
on behavioural transients rather than psychological constants is
one reason why modern systems are so poorly suited to ascertaining
anything more than the behaviour of a person within a narrow
confinement of time.
Now that this has been cleared up, hopefully you can read further the
contents of this book without a constant state of inner conflict. To
summarise, the auxiliary of the same orientation as the dominant shall
be referred to as either the prime or ‘convergent’ auxiliary due to the
directly assistive role it plays to the dominant function. Conversely,
the auxiliary to the oppositional function (being of the opposing
orientation to the dominant) will be referred to as the ‘divergent’
auxiliary, due to both the corrective role it plays alongside the
oppositional and its direct opposition to the convergent auxiliary.
These two functions can be further distinguished from each other

through the recognition of the opposing roles they play within the
psyche. The convergent auxiliary may be understood as the ‘Agency
Function’ within CPT – this is because, whereas the dominant function
has a degree of attitudinal fluidity (enjoying a degree of divergence
despite its primarily convergent attitude), its auxiliary is almost
invariably convergent.
As convergence is an active attitude, the Agency Function is ergo the

most naturally active of all positions within the cognitive map. That
is to say, this is the primary focal point of all convergent energies; the
greater this function’s activation, the greater one’s agency.
The Basics 11
The divergent auxiliary, the convergent auxiliary’s natural opposite,
may be understood as the ‘Authority Function’. However, it is
important not to regard this function as the Agency Function’s
attitudinal converse – as the Authority Function (the divergent
auxiliary) is not directly opposed to the dominant, it is not competing
for attitudinal energies on the lens-codec spectrum: if the dominant
is a lens, the authority is a codec, and vice versa. As a result of this,
this function can enjoy a degree of convergent attitude relative to its
development.
This function is authoritative owing to its opposition to the dominant

orientation alongside its more naturally observant attitude. Even more
suppressed authority functions, therefore, retain a strong influence
over dominant agenda – it is the antagonism itself that can render this
function authoritative over the dominant.
The Opposing Function
This function is the direct opposite of one’s dominant, and, due to

this opposition, tends to be egoistically suppressed and difficult to
bring to a more dynamic position within consciousness for any great
length of time. Due to the relative complexity of this topic, and the
various misunderstandings surrounding it, I will be postponing a more
thorough exploration until a little later in the book. For now, let it
suffice to say that the oppositional function is generally underutilised,
12 The Basics
and to such an extent as its underuse is often sufficient to effectively
guess the dominant function it opposes – in other words, the opposing
function will often be relatively inferior, and the dominant function
will be opposite in both cognition and orientation (e.g. Ni dominant
vs Se oppositional). This is not a hard and fast rule, however, as this
functional position represents an important growth pathway for any
given type. Furthermore, as will be explored later, the lack of natural
dynamism of this function actually owes to its high sensitivity.
So far we have explored the cognitive map and the four different
positions a cognitive function may occupy in any given person
– think of the cognitive map as a ‘default state’ rather than
something entirely more rigid. We can, to some degree, change
the position in the map a function occupies, and with it, the
influence that function has over our behaviour. Those of you new
to Jungian personality typing may by now be feeling somewhat
confused – this is only natural considering the amount of
terminology introduced over these initial pages.
The Basics 13
We have established that our cognition is comprised of four
different functions, across two different continuums – namely,
codification and perception. There are 16 combinations of
cognitive functions, known as ‘cognitive types’, and in each
person there are four specific ‘positions’ for a function to occupy.
One function is the dominant, which is opposed by the often
underdeveloped oppositional function. Another function is
the convergent auxiliary (auxiliary to the dominant), which
is opposed by the divergent auxiliary (the auxiliary to the
oppositional). Thus, we have two convergent functions (the
dominant and its auxiliary), and two divergent functions (the
oppositional and its auxiliary).
Cognitive Attitudes: Convergence and Divergence

To expand upon that previously stated, not only is there an opposing
set of functions, but there are also opposing ways in which these
functions can be employed. The default for one’s cognitive map is
an equal division of such employment between the dominant and
opposing maps – the two dominant functions are convergent in
nature, while the opposing functions are divergent. However, as with
the functions themselves (and their respective orientations), these
temperaments are not binary. It is therefore not a matter of a function
being entirely one or the other – rather, all functions fluctuate between
the two extremes, with some straying to one side more than another.
This is not to say these fluctuations are particularly wild in nature,
but it is important to note that while there is a cognitive magnetism
towards one disposition on each side of the cognitive map, the
human mind is capable of significant plasticity and the cognitive map
14 The Basics
of any one person possesses a similar adaptability under the right
circumstances.
As the name suggests, convergent functions are generally focused

towards a specific goal or realisation, used as they are in a positive
manner to provoke change and forward motion. This convergent
activity is directed either internally or externally, depending on the
dominant pairing, with such activity encompassing both orientations
(e.g. Introverted Thinking in an Extraverted Thinking prime auxiliary),
whether the influence be conscious or otherwise.
A function is divergent when it exerts a level of restraint, and direction,

upon the individual, generally holding the convergence of the
dominant pairing in check – the authority of any given person usually
stems from the divergent auxiliary. Therefore the accomplishments
(internal or external) of any given person are usually directed and
criticised by this function. The opposing function is equally divergent
and serves more as an anchor into reality rather than an authority in
and of itself.
Cognitive Attitudes and Function Positions

The attitudes tend not to be distributed across cognition in a top-down
fashion. Rather, the attitude of a cognitive function is most extreme in
more inflexible positions.
As such, more naturally dynamic function positions (which correlates

with compulsivity, explored in Chapter 2) such as the dominant enjoy a
degree of their opposing attitude. In this case, the naturally convergent
dominant function can also be employed in a divergent manner.
On the converse, less naturally dynamic positions – such as the

convergent auxiliary – tend to exhibit far stronger attitudinal
preferences. In this instance, the auxiliary to the dominant is more
The Basics 15
convergent than the dominant itself, and requiring of greater will to
shift its attitude in a more divergent direction.
Both dominant and authority (divergent auxiliary) positions can be

considered attitudinally flexible; the naturally convergent dominant
function can shift its attitude divergently, whereas the naturally
divergent authority function can shift its attitude convergently.
Conversely, the oppositional and agency (convergent auxiliary)

positions are attitudinally rigid; the agency function is hyper-
convergent, whereas the oppositional function is hyper-divergent.
For this reason, the former function is highly interactive at the expense
of observation, whereas the latter tends to be highly observant at the
expense of interaction. It is for this reason these functions – be they
termed agency and oppositional functions, or tertiary and inferior as
in the case of MBTI® – tend to be associated with certain cognitive
traits: the agency function is known for being creative yet difficult
to concretely observe, whereas the oppositional is known for its
sensitivity. The more divergent a function, the more sensitive it is to its
relevant stimuli.
16 The Basics
Extraversion and Introversion
These concepts are rather easy to explain and are already enmeshed
within contemporary society. While you may already be aware of these
terms, it may be necessary to remove a certain amount of negative and
generally inaccurate stigma from each.
Terms initially popularised by Jung, introversion and extraversion

have become increasingly muddied with various behavioural
associations (such as solitude as introversion, confidence as
extraversion, and various types of observable intelligences associated
with each). Thus, it is important to cover what is implied by these
terms in this context so as not to sow unnecessary confusion. While
both terms can be applied to behaviour, in this instance they are
The Basics 17
solely concerned with cognitive processes. A person whose dominant
pairing is introverted in nature would be classified as belonging to an
‘introverted’ personality type and, loosely speaking, would therefore
be labelled an introvert, but it does not automatically follow that the
person displays predominantly introverted behavioural patterns.
Rather, such an individual would tend to (albeit not invariably)
process the majority of information internally and make decisions
primarily over an internal landscape. This may result in relative
solitude, and less tolerance for external stimuli (that which would
disrupt the decision making process).
However, depending on the relation to the extraverted pairing, as

well as the extent to which the dominant functions are introverted to
begin with, the individual in question may exhibit behaviour more
associated with an extraverted personality. For example, an ITN-S may
behave in an attention-seeking manner and happily subject themselves
to a series of intense sensory experiences all the while performing
a leadership role among others. This person may be behaviourally
categorised as an extravert, all the while predominantly relying on a
dominant introverted pairing of Introverted Thinking and Introverted
Intuition to both framework reality and form identity. Equally, an
ENT-F might be highly solitary, quiet, and considered in their actions
– a dominant extraverted map does not necessitate extraverted
behaviour, nor does it imply an underuse of opposing functions (those
introverted in this case). In this instance, thought is still taking place
over an external medium – relying less upon internal representations
– but is doing so in the independent manner commonly associated
with introversion by societal standards.
A quick and effective means of distinguishing between introverted

and extraverted states is through the notion of cognitive ‘proactivity’
vs. ‘reactivity’. Here cognition is the converse of behaviour and
therefore the former category applies to cognition for (‘pro’) it’s own
18 The Basics
sake, whereas the latter applies to cognition operating against (‘re’)
an external medium. As such, the behaviourally proactive extravert
can be considered cognitively reactive, and the behaviourally reactive
introvert cognitively proactive.
The Extravert
To be extraverted to any degree simply means to intake information
from and actively affect one’s external world. While this carries with it
underpinnings of superficial behaviour or a certain reactively energetic
state, it is entirely possible to be extraordinarily extraverted without
being particularly one or the other, given a healthy inner dialogue and,
perhaps, communal values. So long as one intakes and constructively
filters large quantities of external information, and manipulates the
The Basics 19
sources of this information through one’s own deliberations, one may
be classically considered more extraverted than introverted. This may
even be in spite of leading with an introverted function – this is where
the Jungian definitions of these concepts depart from those generally
used in society.
For instance, the prior example of extraverted behaviour is considered

sufficient by the standards of most to determine an individual
predominantly an extravert. However, by Jungian standards (and
those cognitive in general), behaviour is simply a hint with which
to determine a person’s inner cognitive map – their behaviour may
come across as extraverted, but under the surface there may be
a greater amount of introverted activity. In such an instance, the
person may have active extraverted circuits, but those which are
introverted may be more active still. Hence, determining extraversion
or introversion within the cognitive field is far hazier than in others.
Even the dominant function (the function we typically use the most
and construct our ego upon) is an insufficient determinate of overall
orientation – some dominant functions are more neutral than others,
sometimes leaning only very slightly towards one orientation over
another. This would be considered ambiversion.
The Introvert
Again, here it is important to dispel behavioural associations between
introversion and the stereotype of introverted mannerisms. Those
whose dominant functions are introverted are not necessarily less
superficial or more energetically conservative, and it is entirely
common for introverted personalities to absorb and exhibit just
as much energy as the extravert alongside them. True, introverted
personalities will, generally speaking, deal better with solitude and
20 The Basics
require more such alone time to facilitate the inner dialogue they are
comparably more drawn to. Generally speaking, however, behavioural
characteristics are an unreliable determinate of external or internal
orientation. This becomes more and more the case as a person
matures, which tends to coincide with an increase in confidence and
security, as well as a greater development of opposing functions, which
applies equally to extraverts who will often become more ‘introverted’
as they age.
Cognitively speaking, those who are introverted are those who direct
most of their processing power inwardly rather than outwardly.
As such, in so far as the dominant functions are concerned – and
notwithstanding development of opposing (and in this instance
extraverted) functions – a relative lack of information will be observed
in the external world, and there will be a trend of inward dialogue in
preference to outward dialogue. In cognitive terms, dialogue refers
simply to the interaction between associative processes, and is as much
concerned with the mechanistic interaction of objects and moving
parts as it is with communication with other human beings. Thus, an
introvert interacts more with internally stored information (concepts,
emotions, memories etc.), but, in absolute terms, may appear to
interact with those objects external more than people around them.
This a behavioural observation, and while, say, an INT-F may be
exerting an above average amount of influence into the external social
atmosphere, this will across a continuum be lower energy than they
will generally direct inwardly.
Can it be effective to label a person extraverted or introverted by the

general behaviour they exhibit? Absolutely, so long as the terms are
used to refer more to sociability and energetic demeanour such as in
the Big Five, which certainly has a variety of lower resolution (and
therefore overt and measurable) applications. However, behaviour
alone is not a sufficient determinate of cognition, and if one seeks
The Basics 21
to understand oneself and others on a deeper level, it becomes
paramount to view extraversion and introversion in a more fluid, and
altogether less rigid, manner.
Everyone is both an introvert and an extravert – those whose

dominant functions are extraverted will have a convergent
extraversion and divergent introversion, and as a result affect
change in the external world while keeping the inner world more
rigid and authoritative in nature. Those with an introverted
dominant pairing (the first two functions) will have a convergent
introversion directing change towards the inner world, while the
external world is perceived in a comparably more serious and
rigid manner.
22 The Basics
One person’s divergent expression may be stronger than
that convergent in nature, and as such the extent to which a
function is expressed is not always sufficient determinate of both
orientation and cognitive type. While a function can change in
both orientation and nature with passing context, identifying
whether a person is extraverted or introverted (in other words,
the orientation of the dominant pairing) is generally more
reliable when looking at whether convergent/divergent energy is
directed either internally or externally.
Rationality vs Irrationality: Codec vs Lens

Jung described the processes of Sensing and Intuition as irrational
functions. This was never to imply anything ‘wrong’ with these
functions, but rather that by their purely empirical and unbiased
nature, they’re entirely attuned to the contingency of the world they
inhabit, without any rational agenda of their own. While either of
these functions can perceive inwardly as much as the other does
outwardly, this process is not in of itself one of rationality – the act of
rationalising is the act of codifying, and the processing of any given
perceiving function is done in accordance to the agenda of the codifier.
Absent such agenda, Sensing and Intuition simply experience internal
and external stimuli without any agenda of understanding.
The Basics 23
An ‘irrational type’, according to Jung, would be those who
subordinate the codifier to the perceiver – that is, any given type
who concerns themselves more with the experience alone than the
understanding of the experience. While Jung stated that those with a
dominant perceiving function will fall under this category (specifically
the extraverted function in the case of MBTI® affiliations), I would
argue this depends more upon personal makeup than alignment
of cognitive functions. For example, one ENT-F may be entirely
predisposed to sensory indulgence, while another may be fiercely
analytical.
Rational functions, on the other hand, occupy the Thinking–Feeling

continuum. Whether subjective or objective in nature, rational
functions serve to assign values to perceived information, ultimately
leading to a framework through which to navigate both external and
internal realities. The act of rationalisation invariably leads to the
setting of an agenda, through which the processing capabilities of the
perceiving functions are activated – in essence, the rational function
seeks to find a series of related values, and the irrational function
scans internal and external landscapes in search of these relations.
Ultimately, neither function is rational in and of itself, but as it is the
irrational that allow for perception, it is the rational that allows for
codification.
Whereas one individual may be predisposed more towards empirical

observation than rationalisation (or vice versa), these two processes
are intrinsically connected; every person will, to some degree, utilise
both of these rational and irrational processes in their experience of
life.
24 The Basics
The Ego, Superego and Id
It may come as a relief to some that the psychoanalytical triad of the
ego superstructure are not a central building block of this theory. I seek
now to clarify their meanings to both dispel confusion arising from
their misuse/misappropriation, and impart a basic understanding of
these terms as generic placeholders should I see fit to use them over
the course of this book. This nomenclature tends to become somewhat
muddied within varying definitions, the most inaccurate of which
being those using this terminology to refer to little more than levels
of consciousness. In reality, the three levels of the mind referred to by
both Freud and Jung (with an emphasis on the latter here) refer more
to the relationship between the limbic system and cerebral cortex than
they do to degrees of consciousness.
The Ego is the most universally understood of these terms, serving as

an awareness of the self and the identity constructed thereupon. Any
information pertaining to self-realisation, sentience, and all higher
levels of internal dialogue operate from the Ego, and those feelings
pertaining to the spark of inspiration and the desire for a kind of
existential transcendence also comes from this.
The Superego is the part of us that is connected to something more

than ourselves – whereas the Ego defines and connects with reality
in relation to the self as being that from which the world springs,
the Superego views the self as being but a part of a larger picture.
The Superego was originally conceived to represent our intrinsic
connection to community - and the values and beliefs we both
consciously and unconsciously absorb from those around us, the prime
of which tends to be those imparted from parents and close family
members in formative years. There is in all but the most balanced of
people a constant conflict between the desires of the Ego (or ‘self’) and
the needs and values of the Superego (the latter often reigning in the
The Basics 25
desires of the self to safeguard one’s place in human society) – the
Ego is not to be thought of as a lesser function, however, as it is the
Ego through which reality is initially perceived, and accordingly must
retain a level of power in this oftentimes antagonistic relationship so as
to ensure both survival and continued relation to the world around us.
The Id tends to be equally conscious within this cognitive trinity

and serves almost entirely our basic needs as creatures of the Earth.
The dopaminergic circuits (or desires, for short) of the Id tend to
be hardwired and thus to some extent requiring of satiation for a
balanced state of mind. However, if one were to indulge our primal
desires haphazardly, as with any such reward-circuit, there is a
capacity for addiction and subsequent over-satiation. Thus, while
the Id serves to remind the higher-limbic and cerebral pathways of
needs that may otherwise be (with grave consequences) overlooked,
overindulgence of the Id can render a person stupefied and limited in
both integrity and intellect.
The process of individuation (to be explored in later chapters) is one

in which (among other factors) these three corners of the mind are
brought into harmony with one another. Rather than being mutually
antagonistic, the Ego, Superego and Id instead serve the needs of one
another in an entirely reciprocal relationship.
While these ego structures are useful concepts for understanding

Jungian psychology and the human psyche as a whole, they are
entirely superfluous to this theory and, as such, not constructs
you need commit to memory in order to acquire a thorough
understanding of CPT.
26 The Basics
To Summarise
• There are four different cognitive functions, each with an

introverted and extraverted side.
• Two functions are lens-based – Sensing is the concrete, detailed

lens, whereas Intuition is of an abstract, plethoric nature.
• Two functions are codec-based – Thinking is the codification of

objective information (objects; physics and hard sciences; humans as
an extension of a greater whole). Feeling is the collation of subjective
information (emotions; people; feelings and sensations; life as an
extension of the human experience).
• We all have the four functions, and every person has one of sixteen
possible cognitive maps.
• The crown of the cognitive map is the Dominant Function, to

which we naturally divert the most conscious (and unconscious)
attention. This function has the greatest magnetic pull, which is why
it tends to be both tiring and stressful to use its opposing function for
any length of time.
• The Oppositional Function is often inferior in nature for this

reason, so it is often difficult to use for long durations and tends to be
underdeveloped in many people. This function, being oppositional, is
also of the opposite orientation (introversion vs extraversion) to the
dominant.
• Both the dominant and oppositional have a corresponding

auxiliary.
• Alongside the Dominant Function there is a Convergent Auxiliary

of the same orientation, and alongside the Oppositional there is a
Divergent Auxiliary.
The Basics 27
• A convergent function (the dominant and its auxiliary) is active,
permissive and often playful in nature, whereas a divergent function
(the Oppositional and its auxiliary) is passive, inhibitive, and more
serious on the whole.
• An extravert is one whose dominant map corresponds to that

orientation, and vice versa for the introvert.
• No function is completely extraverted or introverted; all functions

fluctuate in orientation, while staying within certain parameters.
• Cognitive introversion is different to the behavioural model. Those

with an extraverted cognitive map can be introverted by behavioural
terms (easily fatigued, reclusive, quiet, contemplative), and vice
versa.
• A ‘rational’ type is one whose dominant and opposing functions

are codecs, and as such tends to value order and truth; an ‘irrational’
type is one whose dominant and opposing functions are lenses, and
accordingly tends to value the experience (internal or external) and
exploration more than order for its own sake. As we are all comprised
of a multitude of functions, we are all rational and irrational in
nature, and there is always some degree of variance in the previously
outlined principle.
• The Ego is concerned with the self and houses values pertaining to
individuality; the Superego is concerned with others and upholds the
values of culture and loved ones; the Id is concerned with our animal
needs and prioritises our own survival. Individuation is the state in
which these parts of our mind complement (rather than hinder) one
another.
28 The Basics
2 The Cognitive Map
The Function Hierarchy Myth

Before we go any further, I’d like to dispel the widely held assumption
that our cognitive functions exist in some linear descending list of
preferences, and also explore how this strange consensus came into
being. Jung himself stated, quite accurately, that we have an innate
preference for our dominant function which, both in itself and in
consequential relation to its opposing function, defines to the greatest
extent the way we individually process information and form identity.
A central component of Jung’s theory is the law of opposition – that
is to say, each function has an opposite that will play a part in both
preference and the levels of consciousness to which it is predisposed.
Jung stated that to each dominant function there is an auxiliary,
a function taken from the unconscious and brought to the same
orientation as the dominant – the less conscious oppositional function,
on the other hand, has its own auxiliary of the opposing orientation to
the dominant pairing.
While this may be controversial to some, it is important to keep in

mind that an auxiliary role would be in support of the dominant
process, and thus aligned with the dominant in orientation (be the
direction internal or external). It wouldn’t make a whole lot of sense
for an auxiliary function to be facing the opposite direction to the
process it is supposed to be directly assisting. The word ‘direct’
is important here, as while a function of an opposing orientation
The Cognitive Map 29

would no doubt serve a valuable assistive role to the overall cognitive
process, this function would be ‘indirectly’ assistive to the dominant
in this case, and directly assistive to the function of the same attitude
and orientation – namely, the oppositional function. As a result, one
cognitive pairing can be considered dominant and the other opposing,
and each are equally assistive to cognition in its entirety.
As this theory was further developed and streamlined by Myers-Briggs,

these rules got left behind a bit, and in their place was an admittedly
more accessible list of functions ordered by preference. Within the new
system the four functions later went through a strange fission process
to birth four entirely new ones, leading to eight functions and, later
still, misleading conceptions of ‘shadow functions’. I find the notion of
splitting an existing function into two completely separate ones to be
an oversimplification, dismissing the fluid nature of orientation and
also asserting two otherwise identical functions to be more different
than they actually are – take Introverted Intuition compared to
Extraverted Intuition, for example.
So, partially owing to an attempt to make accessible and commercially

viable a rather complex Jungian theory – and partially owing to
a radically different interpretation of the original system – the
relationship between functions was largely ignored in favour of
simply stating which function a person uses more than another. It
was through this frontier epistemology that the auxiliary function got
conveniently switched around with its opposite, leading to bizarre
occurrences of orientationally opposed functions being equally
conscious at any one time. This is in addition to cognitive personalities
whose ‘auxiliary’ (actually the divergent auxiliary) happens to
be rational and yet unable to fulfil this role owing to a lack of
corresponding perceptual information from the direction it faces. For
example, Extraverted Feeling requires a perception source (be it Ne or
Se) before it can even begin disseminating social data from the object,
so it is hardly to fit to be one’s prime (let alone sole) external antennae.
30 The Cognitive Map

There could be arguments that, say, the Fe of an INT-F switches in and
out of consciousness with Ni on some kind of axis – the logic here is
almost correct, save for the fact that the cognitive axis is based on the
law of opposition and thus in this instance applies to Ni and Se instead
(opposing functions on the perceptual continuum). Following this path
of understanding, we glean that Fe is therefore an auxiliary to Se, and
accessed through the oppositional pathway.
I will be covering this in greater detail later, but the reason for the
oppositional auxiliary’s high cognition is twofold – first, the function
to which it is attached is the opposite of the dominant and therefore
prone to suppression; second, the function as a whole, whether
extraverted or introverted, is the alternative auxiliary to the dominant
(see the INF-T in contrast to the INT-F). Naturally, it takes a certain
amount of mental maturity to dynamically utilise two functions at once
(or, phrased alternatively, the full capabilities of a lens-codec pairing),
so early in life – and for many individuals into adulthood – the
oppositional auxiliary will see greater overall use than the dominant
auxiliary, leading to misunderstandings of the cognitive map as a
whole.
Perhaps the greatest reason for the popularisation of the functional

hierarchy approach is the notable inferiority of the ‘fourth function’
(oppositional) in the majority of subjects. If the dominant function
is strongest, and the oppositional function is weakest: ergo every
function must be used in a distinct order of preference. However,
this is inaccurate, as while people will not vary so much as to the
weakness of the oppositional, individual preference for the middle two
functions here tends to vary dramatically, making a universal hierarchy
defunct. It makes little sense to prescribe upon people their functional
preferences, as the only assertion that can be made in any reliable
manner is the predisposition for dominant function over the ‘inferior’
oppositional function.

But even the term ‘inferior’ is a simplification, as it applies a kind of
mental Achilles Heel to each person, in spite of the fact that the degree
of this function’s ‘inferiority’ will vary between individuals based on
a) their reliance on the dominant pairing, and b) their willingness
and ability to accept and subsequently develop a modality contrary
to what is, in most cases, their natural orientation. Simply put, this
is a generalisation used to help the many at the expense of the few –
helpful in regards to coming to terms with our natural strengths and
weaknesses; not so helpful in so far as failing to encourage the mental
plasticity needed for individuation. The fact of the matter is that many
people achieve healthy relationships with their opposing function, and
while there may be a cap on its development relative to the use of the
dominant, this cap is not sufficiently low as to warrant the arbitrary
and universal prescription of the term ‘inferior’.
I’m not sure where the additional four functions sprung up from,
aside from the greater ease with which one can distinguish between
an externalised and internalised function if they inhabit entirely
separate categories. In this regard, this heterogeneous splitting of
the four functions has been effective in so far as allowing the general
user of personality systems to better understand the building blocks
of their psyche. However, as it pertains to self-development and
effective neurological mapping, this cognitive fission does more harm
than good. For example, an INT-F may seek to come to better and
altogether more conscious terms with their emotional psyche, and
perhaps even more fluidly empathise with other people’s dilemmas in
a more innate and intuitive manner. Modern systems will place this
‘Introverted Feeling’ well below the already under-utilised fourth/
inferior (oppositional) function and almost dismiss this endeavour as
an exercise in futility. Using an eight-function, list-based hierarchy, it
is almost impossible not to come to this conclusion, as that which is
towards the bottom of this list will be so weak as to make any attempts
at conscious utilisation a largely fruitless activity.

Thankfully, there are no more eight functions as there are two moons
orbiting the Earth, and any suppositions to the contrary are valid only
for allegorical convenience. An INT-F’s Introverted Feeling, while
at times unconscious, has an enormous impact upon their behaviour
and life choices, and is perfectly capable of being brought up from the
unconscious. The reason it may not be so, and why any given type’s
sub-authority will usually exert only an unconscious influence, is due
to its direct opposition to the auxiliary of the dominant pairing. For
example, an INT-F cannot consciously utilise Introverted Thinking and
Introverted Feeling alongside each other, simply because they inhabit
opposing ends of the codec spectrum.
However, if the Thinking function were to be suppressed to the

unconscious, then the Feeling function naturally rises to the surface,
and vice versa. Thus, any given type is equally capable of accessing
any given function, but can only do so through the suppression of the
function’s opposite. It is even possible to reduce this to a two-function
system, whereby Thinking and Feeling are both constituent parts of
an ever-sliding continuum – and vice versa for Sensing and Intuition.
While this is feasible, such a theory will not be addressed in this book
due to the difficulty in conveying the already complex ideas that arise
as a result.

Those personality systems also using Jung’s cognitive functions
tend to have a more hierarchical and list-like approach to the
cognitive map, which, belonging to theories more behavioural
in nature, is useful for the purpose of data collation and ease-of-
measurement. As many readers will already be acquainted with
these other systems, I consider it necessary to explain the reasons
why Cognitive Personality Theory (CPT) diverts from otherwise
widely accepted fundamentals.
Firstly, CPT has two auxiliary functions and splits the cognitive
map in two – the convergent auxiliary of this system is perceived
as ‘tertiary’ by others. While this matter is somewhat contentious,
it’s generally accepted by Jungian scholars that the tertiary
function of other systems (being the same orientation as the
dominant) is, in fact, the auxiliary to the dominant. CPT places
the remaining two functions in divergent auxiliary (opposite to
Jung’s auxiliary) and oppositional (opposite to the dominant
function) positions, thus completing the distribution. As such,
we have two opposing pairings of cognitive functions: one
introverted and one extraverted, each with their own respective
attitude.

Secondly, other systems divide the four functions into eight,
which, again, makes sense for ease of measurement and
data collation. The problem with this approach is its overly
reductionist nature – in dividing a function into two separate
boxes, one ignores the vast space for movement between
introverted and extraverted states. In reality, no function is ever
entirely introverted or extraverted; instead, it occupies a space
in between – interestingly, this position can vary wildly between
individuals. There are four cognitive functions, each with the
ability to shift its orientation to varying degrees of extraversion
and introversion across contexts.
Furthermore, CPT does away with cognitive hierarchies –

whereas other systems tend to place eight functions in a list
in order of preference, CPT places four functions (each with
a default, but nonetheless flexible, orientation) into a more
lateral order that allows for the frequent real-life occurrence of
preference relative to context. That is to say, we do not use our
functions (except perhaps the dominant) in order of preference,
but rather in a more flexible manner that adapts according to the
needs of the situation.
As will be explored later, each function serves as a gateway to its

reverse orientation (e.g. Ni as a gateway to Ne), so the cognitive
map remains complete from an eight-function perspective also.

The Two Spectrums and the Law of Opposition
I imagine many of you will now be getting somewhat impatient for

the section on the major building blocks of our personality, be it the
functions or the pairings they operate within. However, before we
begin covering this, we must first visit the underlying framework upon
which this theory is constructed. Regarding the functional spectrums,
this is applicable not only to this system but to a whole range of others,
so regardless of what you glean from this book, this section should be
particularly useful.
As previously mentioned, the law governing the ways in which

cognitive functions interact within the brain presides upon the
opposition of one function to another. It is generally accepted that
Thinking circuits (or the logical pathways of the mind) are opposed to
Feeling circuits, and while in a healthy individual they each serve an
important role (often at the behest of each other) they will, due to their
opposition, never be employed consciously at the same time. As such,
those heavily oriented towards the former become Thinking-dominant
types with the Feeling function serving an oppositional role, which,
due to this predisposition to logical pathways, generally sees less
dynamic engagement.
In a Thinking-auxiliary type like an INT-F, the opposing Feeling

function becomes auxiliary to the oppositional function. In this
instance, the convergent auxiliary sees intensive use as an agency
function while the divergent auxiliary is employed more in
authoritative, agenda-setting capacity, and it is due to the opposition
that this type tends to have little conscious employment of Extraverted
Thinking and Introverted Feeling. The law of opposition does not
mean that these alternative orientations cannot be developed, but,
rather, that for one to see the light of consciousness, the other must be

equally reoriented; for one function to become conscious, its opposite
must become unconscious. As such, every function is on an axis with
another, and must therefore rotate for any opposing function to be
consciously utilised. Sensing and Intuition have the same oppositional
relationship as Thinking and Feeling, and, whether the relationship
is between dominant or auxiliary positions, one function must be
rendered unconscious for the other to rise to consciousness.
As the word implies, an individual’s cognitive predisposition (the

general gravitation towards one function or another) can average out
sufficiently so as to be placed on a four axis (or Cartesian) graph –
much like ideology on the political compass, for example.
On the x-axis we have a scale between the abstract and concrete

processing functions – Intuition and Sensing, respectively. While one
lens being abstract and the other concrete is not a hard and fast rule,
this is nonetheless a useful heuristic. As Intuition perceives breadth at
the expense of intensity, there tends to ensue a loss of concrete, and
a reliance upon abstraction in order to essentially ‘fill in the gaps’.
Conversely, as Sensing perceives intensity at the expense of breadth,
that outside the function’s scope is not so much abstractly accounted
for as it is ignored. Here the intensity of perception renders reality
so concrete as to allow the object and subject to be perceived in such
a high resolution manner as to make abstraction within the scope of
perception unnecessary.
A folly of many Jung interpretations is to assume the predisposition

of each person to be on either end of a polar spectrum, whereas in
reality one person’s Extraverted Intuition, for example, can lean
significantly more towards the concrete than another. The same can
be said for the codec functions on the y-axis, as rarely (if ever) will
someone’s Introverted Feeling be entirely subjective and removed
from evidence, both anecdotal and otherwise. The very extremes
of a function (for example, the maximal breadth of Ne perceptual

scope) are theoretically possible to attain, but more often serve as
means of binary contrast; in reality, many Ne preferences may have
a moderately wide perceptual preference, as opposed to the hyper-
breadth implied by a theoretical definition.
There are two ways we could chart a personality on such a map –

the first is to assign them two markers, representing extraverted and
introverted pairings, and place them accordingly on the chart. The
second is to take take the total sum of a person’s cognitive tendencies
and instead form an average resulting from the combined interactions
between dominant and opposing modes – while this approach is not
as effective, it could be used as a reference point in aid of acquiring
a more balanced cognition. From such a perspective, the emphasis
would be less upon type and more upon ensuring there is no reliance
upon one cognitive modality over another. The approach could also be
used to assume a person’s predisposition from the preference for one
modality over another, but such preference is usually entangled with
its necessity – that is to say, it can just as well be the circumstances a
person finds themselves within that leads to a strong preference of one

modality over another. Whereas type can be understood as cognitive
predisposition and context-independent, cognitive output is more
independent of predisposition and rather dependent on context.
To demonstrate such an average, I will use myself as an example. My

dominant pairing could be argued to be, as a general estimate, about
80% abstract and 70% objective, whereas my oppositional pairing
would perhaps be 60% concrete and 40% subjective. The way this
averages out is relative to the person’s reliance on either pairing,
which in my case is overwhelmingly in favour of the dominant.
Therefore, my overall output would display a 50% abstract bias and
50% objective bias. This surface level analysis can be misleading,
however, as each person is the sum of two opposites and it is wiser
to consider our opposing sides separately – the main reason for this
being the unconscious influence of the suppressed function once the
axis is rotated, as well as the effect of an alternate auxiliary (in my

case Introverted Feeling/Extraverted Thinking depending on the
axial alignment). As such, there are too many variables to form an
average of someone’s functions, with the superior alternative being the
plotting of two points on the cognitive graph, while accounting for the
influences of unconscious functions, respectively. While still simplistic,
the two-point method allows for greater accuracy in light of the
constantly changing variables that affect our cognition. Furthermore,
switching from dominant to oppositional significantly changes both
our behaviour and outlook, making it all the more imperative to view
an individual as two separate modalities rather than the sum of all
combined behaviours.
If one were to surmise a person’s orientation, it becomes paramount

to treat the introspective and externalised self as two separate entities
– a union of opposites, if you will. Once this natural disjunction
is accounted for, this pursuit becomes entirely more consistent
and reliable (and can better and more elegantly demonstrate the

unconscious effect of any given opposing function when another is in
the light of consciousness). For example, a Thinking dominant would
in very few scenarios be altogether autonomous from the agenda of
their opposing Feeling. As such, even in the strictest implementation
of a plan, most Thinking-compulsive (those for whom Thinking is
more automatic than manual) individuals would do so in service to
their subjective values. Likewise, an Introverted Intuitive dominant
operating from their opposing Extraverted Sensing would, despite
their preoccupation with the task at hand, still be serving the bigger
picture.
It is still important to bear in mind these four-way charts are for

demonstrative purposes only. Firstly, abstraction and concretisation
have variable meanings dependent on the perspective from which the
terms are used, and, secondly, type is more complicated than – and
partially independent from – a person’s sum cognitive output.
In the application of this theorem, it is unwise to simply assume

the predisposition of the oppositional relative to the strength of
the dominant, as while this may be natural for some, for others it is
more natural to jump from one extreme to the other. Speaking with
some degree of stereotyping, it is not in the slightest bit unusual for
an ETS-N type to be deeply caring and humanitarian one minute, and
contrastingly cold and task-oriented the next. In this example, the
Subjective-Abstract oppositional pairing of FiNi would be somewhere
near the exact opposite end of the spectrum to the dominant Objective-
Concrete pairing. While this dichotomy lends itself more towards
the rarer eccentric types, it does effectively demonstrate the folly of
assuming the orientation of the second pairing in relation to the first.
To conclude, in surmising orientation, an individual must be treated

as the union rather than the sum of two opposing cognitive faculties
which, through doing so, allows a thorough understanding of how the
individual operates as a whole. While some may engage a function in

light of (and even in service of) its opposite, another person may give
both pairings equal credence and as such alternate between what can
be construed as two completely different cognitive circuits.
While these charts are intended to be useful, outside of simply

demonstrating the laws of opposition and the two halves of our
cognitive map, they are not intended as essential components to
the understanding and application of CPT. Indeed, it is advisable
to exercise caution when charting one’s position on such a
graph, owing to the fact that such a position would change over
time and across different contexts. That being said, I would
nonetheless recommend becoming familiar with these graphs
in aid of coming to terms with a more spectral and continuous
understanding of cognitive preferences. Furthermore, it may
even be an interesting exercise to measure how the cognition of
both oneself and others changes according to the situation at
hand.

Compulsive and Volitional Functions
This very law of opposition arises from the natural cognitive

magnetism within any given type. As the dominant function is
preferred, the oppositional is not engaged so dynamically in quite as
intuitive a manner. Similarly, as the authority function – unlike the
oppositional – opposes the dominant in attitude and orientation only,
it performs a more consistently counteractive role within the Ego. That
is to say, while still an opposing force to the dominant, the authority
function is not so easily suppressed; the dominant and authority
functions can be considered the two compulsive yet opposing functions
within the psyche.
Conversely, the convergent auxiliary and oppositional functions can

both be considered volitional - they do not exert as strong a cognitive
magnetism as the former two functions, rather requiring volitional
activation in order to be fully engaged in a conscious manner.
While CPT is not per se an eight function system, opposing

orientations of the four functions do yet take on different roles
within the psyche, and from this perspective only can be considered
additional functions: one could consider there to be four functions
and many more than eight positions owing to the manner in which a
function changes according to the gateway from which it is entered.
The reverse orientation of a compulsive function can be considered

hypo-compulsive, whereas the reverse orientation of a volitional
function can be considered hyper-volitional. For example, the reverse
orientation of the convergent auxiliary requires that additional will be
diverted to its reorientation; the reverse orientation of the dominant
exerts a magnetic pull, but there is partial volition involved in
reorientation.

Oppositional relationships
The Ignored Oppositional

One may favour one’s dominant function to such an extent as to
altogether dismiss the existence of, and essentially put oneself at
odds with, one’s oppositional function. This instance belies the most
common cause for the oppositional function becoming the ‘inferior’
function lamented by most, if not all, other schools of Jungian
typology. While any attempts to completely suppress the oppositional
function will be futile, such suppression can significantly weaken the
efficiency of the function and, indeed, the divergent auxiliary to which
it is connected.
The influence that both oppositional and div-aux functions exert will,
as a result, be more unconscious in nature, and the individual will
generally find themselves in various circumstances thinking or acting
in ways that do not correspond to the identity they’ve constructed. An
introvert unwilling to directly connect with the world is an example
of this individual, as is an extravert who surrounds themselves with

constant stimulation in an effort to avoid introspection. Generally, this
person will need to limit their scope of influence in order to achieve
fulfilment. However, even in the most neurotic of such personalities,
the insecurity resulting from the disavowal in relation to the second
self will result in feelings of insecurity and loss (which the specialism
of the dominant pairing never entirely makes up for).
The Autonomous Oppositional

As the name implies, this is a relationship where the opposing pairings
that make up a person exert little influence, unconscious or otherwise,
over each other. While in a balanced individual the agenda of any given
function will be to some extent determined by the function it opposes
(e.g. Introverted Thinking serving a humanitarian/ethical Fe agenda),
one can minimise this influence to such an extent as to appear
to others to have two entirely separate characters. Generally, the
autonomous split will achieve greater distance from the oppositional
function than the ignored variant, as instead of suppressing and
allowing the oppositional to manifest in a more unconscious manner,
this variant consciously acknowledges both pairings in such a way as to
allow them to exist independently of one another.
Of course, in any fully functioning brain there will always be some

level of lateral influence of one opposing function to another and it
is unlikely for an individual to adhere to this variant for any length
of time due to inevitability of a single identity. Nonetheless, this
behavioural phenomenon can often be perceived in high-stress
environments where the preoccupation of the self has more to do with
the task at hand than realisation of an individual desire.

The Reconciled Oppositional
Perhaps the healthiest inter-function relationship, this is where the
opposing functions are both fully realised and fully aligned with the
dominant functions. Rather than a one way relationship, each pairing
influences the agenda of the other; the dominant pairing will always be
influenced by the opposing pairing. For example, in an INT-F of this
type (such as myself) the SeFe data intake inevitably preoccupies the
meta-theoretical NiTi pairing with more social concerns (hence the
subject matter of this book).
Thus, while the opposing pairing is aligned with the agenda of the
dominant, this very agenda is also determined by the opposing
pairing’s nature. This type contrasts starkly with the ignored-
oppositional, as, while the dominant is given dominion, here the
influence of the opposing functions is accepted and compromise
reached between the two opposing pairings, thus allowing a person’s
opposing natures to benefit from one another rather than remain at
odds. While this relationship is reciprocal, the dominant ultimately
remains sovereign, with the opposing functions playing a more
assistive role.
The Subjugated Dominant

Often surprisingly high functioning, some individuals build their
identity instead on their opposing functions and use the greater
processing power of the dominant pairing to supplement an agenda
determined by the oppositional. An ITS-N who devotes most of their
time to socialising and the sharing of ideas; an IFN-S who concerns
themselves more with immediate social hierarchies than artistic
realisation of self; an EFS-N who researches and precisely stockpiles
theorems in solitude; an EST-F more interested in philosophy than
engaging with the moment – such are examples of the subjugated
dominant relationship. Many such individuals may be riddled with

anxiety or inferiority-complexes, but this is not always the case, and
I would argue that wholesome individuation can be achieved if this
relationship is consciously determined via self-realisation.
To Summarise
• There is no top-down list of functions (and their respective
orientations) that we use in order of preference and strength –
while the Dominant-to-Oppositional relationship is in most people
hierarchical, the relationship between the other two auxiliaries is not.
• The auxiliaries switch with each other depending on whether we’re

engaging with the external or internal world, and every function
has an opposing orientation – opposing orientations (described as
‘shadow functions’ in other systems) tend to have equal magnitude

and the degree to which they become conscious at any given time
depends on the context of one’s life.
• There exist two spectrums – Concrete vs Abstract, and Objective

vs Subjective.
• We are each comprised of two halves, each with opposing

positions on these spectrums.
• While a cognitive average can be formed (at least for a certain

point in time), it is more reliable to summarise the general output
of each side of the self through two different points on the cognitive
graph.
• While for the sake of measurement the polar extremes of each

continuum are drawn, no function or cognitive output will ever (at
least consciously) be entirely one way or the other. It is far more
likely that, for example, one person’s intuitive lens is 60% abstract
and thus they have a degree of concrete perception. To intuitively
grasp this theory, you must disengage with black-and-white polarity,
and recognise the natural fluctuations of cognition.
• The relationship of the Convergent to Divergent pairing varies

from person to person – the oppositional function may be entirely
ignored, bent to the will of the Dominant, or exist autonomously as a
counteracting function. It is also possible for the Divergent pairing to
completely dictate the actions of the Dominant.

3 Cognitive Functions
The four cognitive functions, contrary to what some might believe,

exist within two entirely different mental continuums. Rather than
having a separate, rigidly divided faculty for each function, we instead
have two different processing centres with a preference for one of the
two functions that inhabit it. One set of values concern the relation,
or lack thereof, of the person to the objective and cerebral – these
can be considered logical and emotional circuits, or, within Jungian
psychology, Thinking and Feeling functions – and the other concerns
the manner in which this information is perceived.
Depending on the individual’s preferences, the values assigned to

the internal and external world are determined either by the relation
to the self (or one’s emotional state) through the Feeling function, or
via the relation of the world to itself (the Thinking function). This is,
in essence, subjectivity vs objectivity. Both circuits are fundamental to
the understanding of all that life entails, and, while a person may have
a predisposition to favour one circuit over another, there is always an
employment of both (consciously or otherwise).
The other continuum belongs to the two lens functions, Intuition and
Sensing. Whereas Thinking and Feeling assign values either in relation
or non-relation to the subject, Intuition or Sensing is the means by
which the data is attained in the first place – without this information,
there would be nothing to assign value to in the first place. While
Intuition is broad and malleable, Sensing is concerned only with the
Cognitive Functions 51
absolute as can be perceived. For example, a Sensing-dominant will
primarily be using concrete information, but whether they assign
values in a manner subjective or objective depends on the function
Sensing is paired with.
It is important to note that, while for illustrative reasons the following

functions are described as discrete and independent of each other,
their true nature is far more continuous. An individual is not either
Thinking or Feeling, but, rather, both simultaneously to differing
degrees. As such, it is important to bear the cognitive continuums in
mind when coming to terms with the functional extremes presented
below.
Thinking
“When thinking holds prior place among the psychological functions, i.e.,
when the life of an individual is mainly governed by reflective thinking
so that every important action proceeds, or is intended to proceed, from
intellectually considered motives, we may fairly call this a thinking type.”
Carl Jung, Psychological Types
The thinking function is concerned with assignment of a value to

any given object based on how it interacts with the outside world,
and the subsequent navigation of this object based upon said value.
To think in this instance is to determine the nature of an object, and
interact with it in such a way as to achieve an optimal outcome. An
externalised outcome would be concerned with utilising this value in
order to harmonise the object with the outside world. By contrast, an
internalised outcome fixates on collating this value within the inner
world to eliminate contradictions and refine the value to its purest
form.
The Extraverted Thinker (Te)
“The thinking of the extraverted type is positive, i.e., productive. It leads

to the discovery of new facts or to general conceptions based on disparate
empirical material. It is usually synthetic too. Even when it analyses it
constructs, because it is always advancing beyond the analysis to a
new combination, to a further conception which reunites the analysed
material in a different way or adds something to it.”
To think in an extraverted manner is a two-step process. Foremost

it is a basic filtration of information and subsequent breakdown into
components based on how closely a new value adheres to old ones
– it’s helpful to think of these pre-existing values as boxes in this
instance. After this filtration, the complexity of which depends upon
the function’s position in a cognitive map, the Te user reacts to the
given scenario in a manner that corresponds as precisely as possible to
the values of the external world.
That is to say, the thinking mind seeks absoluteness comparable to

mathematics, which is (non-surprisingly) an archetypal thinking
domain. While estimation of values and subsequent answers is
essential for a decisive and productive lifestyle, the extraverted thinker
will strive for as complete a solution as possible, so long as the solution
takes little further investment on the thinker’s part. Te is the territory
of strategy and rule-adherence in pursuit of efficiency and productivity.
The Te user perceives disharmony of external values, and sets about
correcting them in a timely and resource-efficient manner.
The Introverted Thinker (Ti)
“The thinking of the introverted type is positive and synthetic in

developing ideas which approximate more and more to the eternal
validity of the primordial images. But as their connection with objective
experience becomes more and more tenuous, they take on a mythological
colouring and no longer hold true for the contemporary situation.
Hence his thinking is of value for his contemporaries only so long as it is
manifestly and intelligibly related to the known facts of the time.”
The introverted thinker is one who focuses the values of the outside
world internally – that is to say that, rather than pursuing the act of
organisation externally, Introverted Thinking is instead concerned
with the determining of a value as an end in and of itself. While the
extraverted thinker estimates and generalises values in order to
achieve maximum correspondence between object and objective, the
introverted thinker endlessly cross-references a value against other
stored values in pursuit of a logically perfect answer.
As a result, Introverted Thinking is far less interested in estimation.

Due to this intellectual perfectionism, there is potential for a lack of
interaction with the outside world. Exceptions occur when absolute
answers are reached, or acquired from elsewhere, and are ready
to be applied to the outside world – however, due to the nature of
introverted thinking, and depending on the function’s place in a given
cognition, this energy may instead be spent on the pursuit of further
knowledge to be internalised accordingly.
It is important to note that Introverted Thinking is, despite its

introverted origin, still in principle an objective function. While it is
true that Ti occurs within the self, where it differs from the altogether
more subjective Feeling is that the internal processes are still in
relation to the object. Any exploration of self through Ti means posits
the self as an entirely abstract and vastly more cerebral construct than
that innately felt at the centre of any Feeling dialogue. Thus, while
Introverted Thinking is contained within the self and not entirely
objective in origin, it is still a function oriented around the object
and thus objective in concern – the degree to which this objective is
fictional may of course vary. Though, in almost all cases, this fiction
will be intrinsically connected to – and derived from – the objective
medium.
Feeling
Modern psychology tends to recognise logical and emotional circuits as

somewhat mutually exclusive mental processes – as the name implies,
our feeling function falls under the domain of emotional processing.
More than the processing and reaction to one’s emotional world,
Feeling is an entire function dedicated to the decoding and intuitive
understanding of the behaviour of humans and comparable lifeforms.
It is, as a distinct function, largely – if not entirely – limbic in origin.
Indeed, personification (and anthropomorphisation) is often at the
behest of feeling, as once a previously incomparable form of life (or
even an object) has been so personified it becomes comprehensible
to our emotional circuits – naturally a dominant feeler may be more
inclined to perform this feat of mental acrobatics to give the brain an
easier time.
It may seem apparent from this description that the Feeling

function has some level of cerebral interaction, just as the goals
and ruminations of Thinking do with the limbic. Feeling is often
concerned with harmony and coexistence as a natural conclusion of
its empathetic tendencies. However, the more feeling is limited to our
immediate surroundings, the greater the animosity and fear towards
things outside established perimeters.
The Extraverted Feeler (Fe)

Extraverted Feeling is the intake and filtration of external emotional
data, and like its Thinking antagonist assigns values to this
information based on a desire for order – the difference being, whereas
Thinking brings order to objects, Feeling brings order to emotions.
Because of this, any display of emotional distress is likely to make
an Extraverted Feeler extremely uncomfortable, while a display of
euphoria and contentment is a sign of immediate social harmony, and
is as such rendered desirable.
Similarly, the acceptance and adherence to social norms is equally

desired so long as such norms bring about social stability – within this
context, those whose behaviour threatens the continued prevalence
of such norms will be seen as a threat to social order. A natural grasp
of emotional data and sensitivity to the feelings of those around them
tends to lead an Extraverted Feeler to acquire an advanced social
skill set at an early age, as well as a generally calming and socially
cohesive presence. However, this emotional sensitivity can lead to
issues with anxiety should the Fe user’s confidence and self-belief ever
be compromised, particularly given an unwillingness to refine the
Introverted Thinking framework this function naturally opposes.
While Jung pioneered the concept of cognitive functions and laid
much of the groundwork for both this typological system and
others, it was clear that he paid significantly more attention to
Intuition and Thinking than he did to Sensing and Feeling. For
the sake of coherence, direct quotations have only been used in
this section when the essence of a function is captured within
a select amount of his original words. If you are interested in
reading more of Jung’s words on these specific functions, I would
advise reading ‘Psychological Types’.
The Introverted Feeler (Fi)
“As they are mainly guided by their subjective feelings, their true
motives generally remain hidden. Their outward demeanour is
harmonious, inconspicuous, giving an impression of pleasing repose,
or of sympathetic response, with no desire to affect others, to impress,
influence, or change them in any way”
Whereas Extraverted Feeling concerns itself with the outer world seen
through an emotional lens, its introverted cousin directs such attention
internally. Introverted Feelers are directly in touch with their own
emotions, and conversely make decisions based upon these emotions
rather than exclusively upon the emotions of others. That is not to say
Fi is inherently self-centred. In fact, it is due to this connection to the
mind’s emotional circuits that Fi users can be incredibly empathetic
(largely through relation), and, with little mental expenditure, relate
another person’s emotional environment to that of their own.
Thus, even in the absence of external emotional data, an Introverted
Feeler can respond to the emotional states of others in a similar
manner to their extraverted cousins. Being conscious of their
emotional state, Fi users tend to prioritise inner harmony along with
personal identity, and act in such a way as to secure the happiness of
both themselves and those to whom they relate. Such an individual
may deliberately limit their social attachments and even interactions
so as to avoid over-investment, and a privatisation and safeguarding
of their emotions and true self is not uncommon in the pursuit and
preservation of inner harmony.
Sensing
Just as the functions of Thinking and Feeling share an antagonistic

relationship, the same can be said for Sensing as opposed to Intuition.
While Intuition is concerned with the relativity between a broad scope
of components, Sensing focuses on the absolute value of objects within
a sphere of absolute singularity. It is due to this concrete nature that
Sensing has primarily been previously associated with the pursuit of
pleasure, but this would be an oversimplification. While Sensing does,
by its nature, take the world and the senses, through which the world is
perceived, at face – rather than representational – value (accordingly
seeking sensations and focusing on the present more than an intuitive
type might), this does not necessarily imply the singular pursuit
of pleasure or excessive stimulation that sensors are archetypally
associated with.
To sense simply means to take reality as it is perceived through our
faculties (in this instance that which is focused upon), and to act to the
benefit of the immediate scenario based on what has previously been
explored, sacrificing long-term extrapolation for greater attentiveness
to the primary concern of the present moment. Sensors will tend to be
focused, specialised and, due to the absolute nature of their existential
interpretation, more likely to appear confident within any area they
have previous experience of.
The Extraverted Sensor (Se)

To externalise the Sensing function is to have one’s primary
information received through a concrete perception of reality
governed by a present tense. An Extraverted Sensor will often have an
enormous capacity for sensory information before becoming fatigued
or distracted from a given task. While extraverted sensors are more
likely than others to be pleasure-driven, this has far more to do with
the concrete orientation than sensing itself being a pleasure-seeking
function. Being present in the moment to a high degree an extraverted
sensor is more likely to indulge in transient sensations.
Conversely, they are also more focused on any task that requires
attention to the immediate. It is for this reason that extraverted
sensors are well suited to sports and other performance-based
pursuits, as well as those of an artistic nature requiring intense
attention to aesthetic detail. It is worth noting that living in the present
tense in such a manner, while allowing greater capacity for stimulus,
can also make one more sensitive to positive and negative stimuli.
For this reason, an extraverted sensor might seek, more than others,
the praise and acceptance of their immediate circles. Partially owing
to this sensitivity, Se users are also prone to putting important tasks
and issues on the backburner, adopting an ‘out of sight, out of mind’
mentality.
The Introverted Sensor (Si)

Introverted Sensing is, in essence, the process by which external data
is stored and reflected upon. Si forms connections between these
sensations to determine a chain of associative causality between
immediate components; less given to the abstract, Si associations
tend to be absolute, relating to what can be directly perceived and
experienced. As such, Introverted Sensors base real-world navigation
far more on previously charted sequences than predictions of the
future. Due to this oftentimes reflective, past-tense orientation, they
are far less inclined to make decisions based on conjecture alone.
While Si has a high capacity for focused sensory stimulation, and

similarly is more apt at the precise storage and categorisation of
established experiences, as with its extraverted counterpart, it is
no more a pleasure-seeking function than Intuition. The defining
quality of the Sensing function is an attention to detail at the
expense of a wider, less focused perspective. When this becomes
introverted, sensory information is stored with greater precision
and more thoroughly cross-referenced against sensations previously
encountered. As with all introverted functions, this greater facilitation
of knowledge and deductive prowess can often come at the cost of the
real-time processing and present-tense orientation enjoyed by the
extraverted counterpart.
Intuition
As the name implies, intuition relies more on the unconscious to

process information that the conscious mind would find strenuous.
That is not to say it is entirely unconscious, but rather that not all the
values of any given intuitive perception will be discrete enough to fall
within the contemporary understanding of what consciousness entails;
as perceived values are indistinct, consciousness is rather spread
out across a larger surface area. As such, to process the world using
intuition is to cast one’s eye across a wide scope and instinctively form
connections between observed components. Intuition is generally less
focused than Sensing, and accordingly more preoccupied with the
bigger picture.
Being an abstract function, Intuition concerns itself with the

underlying framework or principle in any given scenario, which
oftentimes is not observable through any other means than the
influence this function has upon those parts that can be observed –
parameters must in essence be intuited. Generally an intuitive would
concern themselves with some amount of detail within a multifaceted
present tense, and subsequently predict how that detail will change
over time as other details collide – as such, this function operates from
a more predictive standpoint.
I would add that Intuition is not a ‘subconscious’ function as
some would believe. Rather, it is a lens function with such a
broad scope as to forgo assimilating all observed components
into more vivid consciousness for the sake of neural efficiency.
Oftentimes these components may initially appear to
contradict themselves, which in the light of vivid consciousness
would be fixated upon and distract from the task at hand.
All functions, however, rely on some degree of unconscious
processing, and it is unwise to consider intuitive perception by
nature less conscious than any other.
The Extraverted Intuitive (Ne)

While Intuition is generally a predictive function, Extraverted Intuition
is predominantly concerned with micro-conjectures operating from a
present tense perspective – that is to say, the predictions of Ne tend
to be in reaction to ongoing external stimuli. Extraverted Intuition
is generally highly cause-and-effect, and experimental within this
medium; an Ne user will often be fascinated with the observation of –
and interaction with – multiple objects in such a way as to explore all
possible outcomes in a more immediate future. Generally, this scenario
will play out within a space of hours rather than years, but, with
concentration, the Ne user has little difficulty stretching this to a much
wider stretch of time via orientational dip – Extraverted Intuition
seeks extensive activity through which it may enjoy an ongoing sense
of progression and exploration.
While Ne is undoubtedly an abstract perception, there are many

occasions when an Ne user’s behaviour leans more towards the
concrete than abstract – afterall, an external medium is generally
prerequisite to this function’s creativity. It is important to note that
Ne does not automatically drive the host towards experimentation,
but instead gives them a more general, wide-scope outlook on the
environment than their Sensing cousins. This may often, but not
invariably, bestow a more future-oriented and exploratory disposition.
As an extraverted function, Ne can process a high degree of external

stimuli at any one time, and due to the relatively less concrete
orientation has little difficulty absorbing and adapting to new rule
structures and radical changes in their environment. However, being
extensive rather than intensive, focusing on a detail, or learning a
structure in depth would take time and effort that an Ne user would
not necessarily have the patience or attention for.
The Introverted Intuitive (Ni)

As with the other introverted processing function, Introverted
Intuition perceives collated and categorised internal data – the only
difference being, Ni does this in a broad, abstract fashion, as opposed
to the more discrete and detail-oriented Si. Whereas the extraverted
variant (Ne) applies this wide angle lens to the outside world, Ni does
so to the mental landscape. As such, out of all the types, the Ni user’s
perception of life can be the most abstract and multi-faceted. This can
make attention to external detail even lower than that of an Ne user
while making the capacity for processing multiple variables internally
the highest of all the perception functions. For this reason, Ni users
often make good theorists and philosophers, and are often ‘creative’ in
nature.
Atop the future-tense orientation, this also adds to the complex mental
landscape and need to define life by non-concrete means, ultimately
leading to expression through abstract mediums and a softer scientific
approach more concerned with underlying mechanisms than
those more readily observable to the human eye. Despite popular
misconceptions, this is not due to Ni being any more intelligent than
other functions, but rather that the nature of intuition applied inward
inevitably sweeps a larger portion of the mental landscape, often at the
expense of precise attention to a specific area.
How this may manifest within the individual depends entirely upon
the structure of the person’s other functions in relation to Ni. However,
an Ni dominant tends to be one who is continually forming patterns
and associations across a large swath of the mind, often leading to a
dreamlike experience of external reality and greater reliance upon
internal representations.
The Oppositional Function
“The first function to be affected by the conscious inhibition is feeling,

since it is the most opposed to the rigid intellectual formula and is
therefore repressed the most intensely. No function can be entirely
eliminated—it can only be greatly distorted. In so far as feeling is
compliant and lets itself be subordinated, it has to support the conscious
attitude and adapt to its aims.”
– Carl Jung, Psychological Types (Feeling Oppositional in a
Thinking-Dominant type)
In a slight departure from Jung, I must state that while the

Oppositional function can, due to its very nature, manifest in a manner
so described, this is not necessarily the case. In fact, someone who
has such an antagonistic relationship with this function will either be
high in neuroticism or at an early stage of their life – and often both.
However, due to its nature, the Oppositional function will often be
undesirable, especially considering the situations we place ourselves
in are often within our comfort zones – those conditions under which
we can utmostly apply our dominant function. As such, the greater the
ability of a person to enjoy that which they do not naturally gravitate
to, the more balanced their relationship will be to their Oppositional
function.
Thankfully, a majority of people display a balance between Dominant

and Opposing functions. As such, many ITS-Ns are friendly and
polite despite their Oppositional Fe, and many ENT-F types are
extremely comfortable with routine and stability in accordance with
the grounded Si. It can be argued that a healthy relationship with
the Oppositional function would result in adherence to its principles
in order to avoid extensively using it in the first place, and this is
true to an extent, as this function will almost always be weaker than
the dominant and generally tiring to use intensively for a prolonged
amount of time.
But while, in any individual who works to their strengths the

Oppositional function will be ‘weaker’, using it in such a manner as
outlined previously allows it to effectively counterbalance primary
behaviour, and allow harmonious interaction with this alternate
behavioural mode in order to adapt to most of life’s situations. I
would also contest the inevitability of this function to be weaker than
any other, all the while acknowledging the circumstances through
which we develop it may be considered undesirable by the dominant
function. It is also vital to note the role the Oppositional function plays
as an axis on which to rotate to our opposing orientation and attitude
(extraverted/introverted; convergent/divergent) and maintain a
balance between the interior and the exterior.
Cognitive Synergy
It is important to note that, while functions are separate from one

another, there can be a high degree of overlap between two opposites.
For example, Feeling has been described in this chapter as a subjective
function responsible for not just emotions, but more cerebral concepts
of identity and ethics as well – while stemming from the Feeling codec,
these constructs are originally conceived by an objective Thinking
codec as heuristics for logical understanding of reality and one’s place
in it.
Similarly, while Thinking is an objective function directly opposed to

the subjectivity of Feeling, almost all logical processes have with them
an attachment to a desired outcome – desire is the territory of the
Feeling codec, yet is given cerebral form when undergoing an objective
procedure.
The same can be said of the two lenses – Sensing always perceives with
some awareness of the periphery, while Intuition will always lock on to
that, within its broad view, most relevant to a codec’s agenda.
This is not to say that functions do not truly exist, quite the opposite
in fact – the principle here is that every cognitive function will be
influenced by the function to which it opposes. The moral compass of
Feeling is employed on a subjective level, but nonetheless stems from
an objective conception – this is just one example of the synergistic
process that exists between all functions. Whenever one is to observe
the cogitations of a specific function, it pays to be mindful of the degree
to which it is influenced by its opposite.
To Summarise
• Thinking is the Objective Codec function, which seeks to

harmonise one objective value with another.
• Extraverted Thinking seeks to bring external objective information

into harmony with itself through organisation of the exterior;
Introverted Thinking seeks to bring internal objective information
into harmony to eliminate contradictions of internally stored values.
• Feeling is the Subjective Codec function, seeking to bring

subjective values in harmony with one another.
• Extraverted Feeling brings order to the external emotional world

through the maintenance of the local community and overarching
ecosystem/society; Introverted Feeling brings order to the internal
emotional world, aligning desires and personal values to eliminate
contradictions and preserve internal harmony.
• Sensing is the Concrete Lens function, perceiving absolute detail

at the expense of breadth.
• Extraverted Sensing turns this narrow lens outwards to perceive

details in their absolute form in the external world; Introverted
Sensing directs the lens inwards towards stored information,
examining memories in minute detail so as to make assumptions
unnecessary.
• Intuition is the Abstract Lens function, perceiving a vast scope of

information at the expense of singular detail.
• Extraverted Intuition projects this lens outwards to actively

perceive all components within view; Introverted Intuition directs
the lens towards internally stored information, perceiving the
internal world in its entirety while necessitating various assumptions
and leaps of logic to make up for a lack of precision.
• The Oppositional function can, and often is, brought into
relative harmony with the rest of the cognitive map, and will always
(whatever its development) play an important authoritative role in
governing behaviour.
• Every function is influenced by, and even reliant on, its opposing
function – Feeling and Thinking inform one another, as do Sensing
and Intuition.
4 Cognitive Types
Here shall serve as a basic summation of the sixteen possible

combinations of cognitive functions, referred to colloquially as
‘personality types’. While cognitive functions are not sole determinate
of the entirety of what constitutes a personality, they do determine
the cognitive processes through which a personality may arise. For
example, both Ego and Superego are, to some extent, programmed
via life experience, and some individuals are more genetically
predisposed to excel and subsequently build an identity around one
thing more than another. Such things are independent of cognitive
type, and it is not cognition alone that determines how such stimuli
are processed. Thus, it would be irresponsible to align to any great
extent, the concept of cognitive type with that of personality. There
are many correlations to draw between the two (to be explored in a
later chapter), but any such comparisons must be done carefully and
without overgeneralisation.
With that being said, we shall now briefly explore the cognitive
processes of each of the sixteen types. Each of these types has eight
potential manifestations relative to which function is valued more
by the individual in question, but unlike the overarching type itself,
these ‘archetypes’ are more fluid in nature and, accordingly, given to
change over time (I may in later instalments explain such subdivisions
in relation to each specific cognitive type). These archetypes are not
subtypes, however, as they may not significantly influence cognitive
processes, but they may yet give rise to a subtype as a result of
Cognitive Types 69
preference. It is important to distinguish between a CPT Archetype
and CPT Subtype: an archetype is an egoistic concept representing
a person’s relationship with one function over another, whereas a
subtype is a literal change in cognitive pathways within a type. As you
might imagine, these categories are not always mutually exclusive.
On a final note, archetype and subtype are, unlike the cognitive

type under which it resides, at least partially (and at times entirely)
determined by factors outside of the self – given these behavioural
components, and liability to change over time, I shall be exploring
these subjects in entirely separate chapters.
Type Codes
For the purpose of direct relation of a type to the cognitive functions
within, I have created an entirely new set of acronyms while including
the equivalent MBTI® code alongside for ease of reference for those
of you more familiar with that system. The acronyms are constructed
in lateral order of functions, with the initial letter representing
the orientation of the dominant pairing. Therefore, the order is:
orientation (extraverted/introverted), dominant function, convergent
auxiliary, divergent auxiliary, oppositional.
Unlike with MBTI® and similar systems, there is no Judging-

Perceiving dichotomy within CPT, and as such there are no J or P
characters included in the codes. Furthermore, some MBTI® code
employments include a further dichotomy of Assertiveness-Turbulence
(A-T), which are essentially markers for neuroticism (or emotional
stability for short). Again, I have not included this dichotomy, for as
with the J-P characters, these are markers of behaviour and, while
they do have some cognitive implications, they do not directly relate
to the functions themselves. I also find, as with many behavioural
markers, the degree to which someone is either one or another is
70 Cognitive Types
entirely transient and given to a significant amount of fluctuation over
time and, as such, should not be included in otherwise entirely more
permanent neural structures.
E – Extraversion of the Dominant

I – Introversion of the Dominant
S – Sensing
N – Intuition
T – Thinking
F – Feeling
Cognitive Types 71
Lens-dominant Types
The person whose dominant function is that which perceives and

processes information, as opposed to storage and collation, would
fall under this category. Whether the lens is directed externally or
internally, this is a type who tends to be concerned foremost with
the experience and intake of information. The lens-dominant
was known to Jung as the ‘irrational type’. Generally such an
individual will be primarily empirical by nature – that is, they
operate on what they themselves experience (or have/will have
experienced) as opposed to that which is already ‘known’ to
others. Just as a person is not the sum of their dominant function,
neither is a lens-dominant entirely empirical – rather, due to
the nature of the dominant function, an empirical outlook is the
default modality. The lens-dominant is highly predisposed to
be an ego-centric type, in so far as they innately trust their own
experience over that of others – generally, lens-dominants will be
as a result highly individualistic. Existentially speaking, the lens-
dominant is more likely to see the world as an extension of self
than oneself as an extension of the former.
72 Cognitive Types
The Extraverted Sensing Dominant (ESX-X)
This individual’s dominant function is Extraverted Sensing (Se) –

therefore, they will view life primarily through an extraverted concrete
lens. Dominant Se is a highly focused function attuned to the raw and
tangible, with the intensity of external experience often anchoring
the type into the present moment. Therefore, these types are attuned
to what is known and what is currently experienced, and owing to a
natural preference for quality of experience over diverse quantity may
find themselves staying within more homogenous circles. Se in such
a dynamic position has an enormous capacity for absorbing sensory
information – this is partially owing to the present-tense orientation,
but also to the relative lack of macroscopic pattern-seeking befitting
the more abstract Intuition, to which Sensing opposes.
As the dominant function here is so attuned to experiential

intensity, the external world is experienced by this type in a rich and
sophisticated manner – far from craving experiential intensity for
its own sake, the dominant lens of these types allows for a nuanced
perception of the external concrete that oftentimes results in refined
aesthetic tastes. It is often through the cultivation of the aesthetic
palette that this type expresses best their authentic self. Dipping
into this function’s reverse orientation – Introverted Sensing – is
often fairly intuitive, and the tangible external can as such be easily
compared against what is internally familiar.
Introverted Intuition (Ni) in these types is, as with all oppositional

functions, susceptible to suppression via the dominant function. A
suppressed Ni in this type will often manifest as unconscious anxiety
and paranoia, and such an individual may very well feel like they’re
constantly running away from responsibilities and, indeed, their true
selves. However, those Se dominants who have a more active internal
Cognitive Types 73
dialogue, and can draw their attention away from the present moment,
can bring to consciousness a high degree of Ni.
With an abstract lens turned inwards, the types can not only be highly
philosophical, but also actively reshape their identity according to a
greater perception of their human needs. Activation of Ni can, in this
instance, open the internal eyes to various existential revelations,
construct new dopamine pathways, and ultimately build a system
of habits and desires leading to a more sustainable happiness and an
ability to live in the present without a perpetual feeling of underlying
anxiety. Due to their natural intensity and strength of personality, an
Ni-wisened Se dominant can become a mentor and spiritual leader
to a large amount of people, and learn to live for a cause greater than
momentary sensation.
74 Cognitive Types
EST-F (ESFP)
The EST-F has alongside Se an auxiliary Extraverted Thinking (Te)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Te acts at the behest
of the experiential Se rather than the other way round. Accordingly,
this allows this Se dominant type to quickly and intuitively grasp
mechanisms and skill sets in order to inform and improve the person’s
own experience. The EST-F has no overwhelming compulsion to
constantly organise the external world, and, indeed, many of this
type will pay little to no heed to this function. However, those who
effectively activate the convergent auxiliary (Te) will find a talent for
picking up various skills and nuanced interests, as well as achieving
a high level of mastery over them – often the level of mastery here
is positively correlated with the intensity and sophistication of the
sensory experience. Thus, it is of no surprise that this type, known as
the ESFP in the MBTI® community, is often archetypally portrayed
as an entertainer and athlete, two areas to which the flexibility of
auxiliary Te is well suited. Such stereotypes, however, discredit this
Cognitive Types 75
type’s natural flexibility.
Typically, the hardest function for a type to bring to consciousness

is the inverse orientation of the convergent auxiliary – in this case,
Introverted Thinking. As such, while this type may quickly understand
external logical infrastructure, particularly those fairly repetitive
in nature, such a person will tend to have great difficulty learning
complex theoretical frameworks and forming an inner dialogue
with themselves in a more objective manner. Since Ti is oftentimes
relatively difficult for the EST-F to bring to consciousness, this is
one of the least likely types to read a work of non-fiction and quickly
assimilate the information within its pages. Similarly, this type
will often have difficulty entering discourse with their Introverted
Thinking, and as such struggle with internally assimilating and
deconstructing the objective associations they uncover in real-time.
Those who activate this function, via either Si or Ni lenses, will enjoy
moments of objective lucidity and capacity for new theoretical subject
matter – the difficulty here lies not only in finding anchors through
which to activate the function, but the desire to do so in the first place.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Introverted Feeling, which

is often the strongest perceivable introverted function in this type.
The EST-F, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to their own needs, values, and
sense of identity. Due to Fi playing a divergent role, this subjective
codec function is generally given little to change, rather performing
a much more authoritative role within the cognitive map – the SeTe
pairing often acts at the behest of the Fi authority and, owing to the
concrete lens through which the type is informed, the needs and values
of this type will generally but not always be intertwined with external
intensity. This type will be highly aware of their more intrinsic urges
and those more hard-wired dopamine pathways of a more primal
nature, including (but not limited to) sustenance and release of
76 Cognitive Types
biological tension. Most, if not all of these drives, are essential for well-
rounded development and personal happiness, so in many ways, the
EST-F is at an advantage to other types for acquiring the sought-after
state of nirvana more contingent upon homeostasis. However, this
hyper awareness of Se-related needs brings with it a higher capacity
for addictive behaviours, relative to the development of the more
abstractly oriented oppositional function.
Generally, the divergent auxiliary is relatively easy to reorient, and

often this type will exert a high degree of Extraverted Feeling –
however, this Fe will often be more unconscious. As such the EST-F
may not always be consciously aware of the emotional order of their
external world. They will, nonetheless, find themselves acting at the
behest of the immediate needs of a person or group in the moment
and, with time, can learn to do so in a more conscious manner. Fe
does yet exert a significant, secondary authoritative influence over
this type’s external interaction, and those of this type who embrace
a level of responsibility over the Fe landscape may find its conscious
employment like a second nature.
Te-Fi axis – The EST-F employs objective external codification at the

behest of values, identity, and core needs.
Ti-Fe axis – Often relatively unused, frameworks can be refined

and subsequently communicated at the behest of social cohesion.
Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an extension of the primary
auxiliaries.
Se-Ni axis – The present tense is here ultimately informed by a

general and sometimes metaphorical understanding of reality – the
more Ni is developed, the richer the momentary experience becomes.
Conversely, suppression of Ni triggers via guilt-response over reliance
upon the dominant function, in pursuit of which the type may seek
the approval of others and the avoidance of Ni associations across the
board. Awakening of this axis is imperative for holistic life experience.
Cognitive Types 77
Lens-Codec Pairings
SeTe – A narrow and intense lens perceiving objective information in

external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – objective
infrastructure informs an oftentimes more aesthetic and experiential
agenda.
NiFi – Holistic perception of expansive individual identity. The Fi

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Ni oppositional.
Dip Functions
SeTe - NeFe – Intense objective interaction expands into broader

social context in a predictive and adaptive manner.
SeTe - SiTi – External experience is cross-referenced against what is

familiar and established.
NiFi - NeFe – Holistic individual identity is expressed and morphed

into social context.
NiFi - SiTi – Self-concept and relational understanding relate upon

precise objective definitions and frameworks.
SeTe - NeTe – With some effort, multiple external elements may be

interwoven via multitasking and improvisation.
SeTe - SeFe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
singular social interaction.
NiFi - SiFi – Identity may be over time concretised and niched down.
NiFi - NiTi – Holistic internal thought may, with some effort, be

engaged from an existential centre.
78 Cognitive Types
ESF-T (ESTP)
The ESF-T has alongside Se an auxiliary Extraverted Feeling (Fe)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Fe acts at the behest
of the experiential Se function rather than the other way round.
Accordingly, this allows this Se dominant type to quickly understand
a general social infrastructure in order to inform and improve external
experience. As a result, this type is perhaps the most innate social
chameleon, effectively moving between various social circles and often
achieving some sense of popularity through their present-oriented
Extraverted Feeling function. The ESF-T has no overwhelming
compulsion to constantly organise and maintain a social framework,
rather using Fe in a more convergent manner in order to make
their own individual experience more enjoyable. However, with
development of the otherwise mostly unconscious Introverted Feeling
function, this type may find oneself employing their social mastery at
the behest of another’s experience rather than just their own. Those
who effectively activate the convergent auxiliary (Fe) will find a talent
for manoeuvring through numerous social situations and achieving
some level of mastery over the social skill set – often the level of
Cognitive Types 79
mastery is positively correlated with the intensity of the sensory
experience. As with all types, there are many individuals within this
classification who fail to activate Fe to a level of conscious control,
and, owing to the function’s influence, while such people will still often
be highly sociable in nature, this will tend to come across as an often
bumbling good natured-ness rather than the more deliberate – and
oftentimes assertive – intrapersonal skills this type would otherwise be
known for.
Typically the hardest function for a type to bring to consciousness is

the function of the inverse orientation to the convergent auxiliary – in
this case, Introverted Feeling. While this type may quickly understand
surface-level external social infrastructure, such a person will have
greater difficulty understanding people on a deeper, psychological
and relational level, and will, for all their knowledge of the traits
of others, struggle understanding and coming to terms with their
own. For example, the ESF-T is one of the most likely types to form
a social identity entirely informed by external feeedback, with little
intentional identity-construction on their own part. Due to a lack
of internal emotional dialogue, this type is highly prone to carrying
with them into adulthood numerous unresolved conflicts and
resentments that may manifest as bitterness as the years pass. Those
who activate Introverted Feeling, often through either an Si or Ni
gateway, will enjoy a greater clarity and active identity construction,
particularly when they open up emotional dialogue and subsequent
exploration with others. When Fi is not to any degree brought to the
light of consciousness, the ESF-T can be one of the most emotionally
vulnerable of all the types. It is largely this vulnerability that compels
in this type an active evasion of loneliness and rejection through a
constant SeFe modality, and due to its convergent nature, this Fi may
even lead to psychological projection and feelings of strong repulsion
to those who reflect this person’s own vulnerability. Conversely, it is
this very vulnerability – or, more accurately, the defence mechanisms
80 Cognitive Types
that arise from it – that can propel this type into the spotlight and peak
of social hierarchies.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Introverted Thinking, which is

often the strongest perceivable introverted function of their cognition.
The ESF-T, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to objective understanding
of their perceived reality. Due to Ti playing a divergent role, this
objective codec function is generally given little to change, rather
performing a much more authoritative role within the cognitive map.
The SeFe pairing often acts at the behest of Ti frameworks and, owing
to the concrete lens through which the type is informed, the logical
frameworks of this type will often – but not always – be specific
to a more immediate and oftentimes present tense application. As
such, Introverted Thinking here will not be used as a storehouse for
theories and such conjecture, but rather an internalised and more-
frequently consulted understanding of immediate objective and social
infrastructure. Objective codification in this type is often to a large
degree used for the effective understanding of others, society, and
group mentality. This holistic gravitation is amplified by the Ni lens to
which Ti is assigned here, allowing for a more generalistic employment
of internal frameworks. Again, due to the divergent placement of this
function, the ESF-T has often next to no tolerance for those who do not
conform to this type’s understanding of social structure, particularly
when this is correlated with a general lack of practicality and concrete
relevance. Indeed, out of all the types the ESF-T is often the first to
express frustration towards those who operate outside the bounds
of conventional society. This is less to do with innate conformist
tendencies and more with the generalist nature of the type’s Ti
authority function: that which is outside Ti parameters is intuited as
illogical.
Generally the divergent auxiliary is relatively easy to reorient, and

often this type will exert a high degree of Extraverted Thinking –
Cognitive Types 81
however, this Te will often be unconscious. As such, an ESF-T will
not always be consciously aware of the more objective order of
their external world. Indeed, those within this type’s circle may be
surprised by occasional lapses in ‘common sense’ relating to objects
and organisational systems. They will, nonetheless, find themselves
acting and socially enforcing the most effective means of production,
and, with time, can learn to do so in a more conscious manner.
Furthermore, due to the charismatic influence of the convergent
auxiliary Fe, effective development of Te can improve this type’s
leadership potential as they guide those drawn to them through an
envisioned strategy. The ESF-T in particular – given a developed
Te – is often well suited to such management owing to the socially
emphasised engagement with external management.
Fe-Ti axis – The ESF-T employs social skill set at the behest of an
often socially-informed Ti framework – the more this framework is
developed, the deeper this type’s mastery over the social spectrum. In
the instance of a more mechanically-informed Introverted Thinking,
this type will still use this to promote social standing and positively
affect one’s own experience and, oftentimes, that of others.
Fi-Te axis – Often relatively unused, identity can be reconstructed

and others actively empathised with at the behest of external order.
auxiliaries.
Se-Ni axis – The present tense is here ultimately informed by a

general and sometimes metaphorical understanding of reality – the
more Ni is developed, the richer the momentary experience becomes.
Conversely, suppression of Ni triggers via guilt-response over reliance
the approval of others and the avoidance of Ni associations across the
82 Cognitive Types
Lens-Codec Pairings
SeFe – A narrow and intense lens perceiving subjective information

in external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – socio-
emotional infrastructure informs an oftentimes more aesthetic and
experiential agenda.
NiTi – Holistic perception of expansive objective frameworks. The Ti

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Ni oppositional.
Dip Functions
SeFe - NeTe – Intense socio-emotional interaction expands into

broader objective and mechanistic context in a predictive and adaptive
manner.
SeFe - SiFi – External interactions are cross-referenced against what

is familiar and true to the self.
NiTi - NeTe – Holistic internal frameworks are expressed into – and

cross references against – broader objective context.
NiTi - SiFi – General internal frameworks rationalise upon internal

desires and self-concept.
SeFe - NeFe – With some effort, multiple social elements may be

interwoven towards greater social adaptation.
SeFe - SeTe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
singular objective interaction.
NiTi - SiTi – General frameworks may over time be concretised and

refined.
Cognitive Types 83
NiTi - NiFi – Internal identity may, with some effort, be engaged and
expanded from an objective centre.
84 Cognitive Types
The Extraverted Intuition Dominant (ENX-X)
This individual’s dominant function is Extraverted Intuition (Ne), an

abstract lens function taking in a plethora of external information at
the expense of detail. These types will generally have a big-picture
orientation preoccupied with new experiences and the observation
of patterns in real-time. Dominant Ne will tend to exert an intense
desire for new experiences as opposed to what is already known, and
as such many of this type will have a natural curiosity and a certain
restlessness of character. Although the Ne dominant may struggle
with prolonged concentration and the day-to-day details, they are
remarkably adaptable and tend to take emerging contexts in their
stride. While details are not such a type’s strong point, the very lack
of details necessitates the development of predictive capabilities, and
though a specific external component may not be actively observed,
such a person may be nonetheless able to assume and subsequently
account for its existence.
Being an extraverted function, the natural curiosity of the Ne dominant

is turned less towards insight and revelation – as with its introverted
counterpart – but rather with that unexplored in the external world.
This individual will often be highly interested in different cultures
and subcultures, and may often take an active role in experimenting
with different perspectives through various means in their quest to
perceive as many things at any one time as possible. The extent to
which this ‘hyperactivity’ can manifest in these types is often inversely
related to the strength of the auxiliary function. On a final note,
many Ne dominants will have an Extraverted Intuition bordering on
the concrete rather than abstract. In this case, the function will be a
balance between the detail orientation of Se and the kaleidoscopic
nature of Ne. Dipping into this function’s reverse orientation –
Introverted Intuition – is often fairly intuitive, and the abstract
Cognitive Types 85
external can as such be easily compared against the bigger picture by
way of holistic internal representations.
The oppositional function of these types are Introverted Sensing

(Si). Being a detail-oriented introverted-lens, Si in this type can be a
much-needed grounding force to an often hyper-actively investigative
individual, particularly when fully activated. Due to the pull and tug
between the absolute of Si and the immediate future of Ne, the Ne
dominant often finds themselves constantly seeking new experiences
and novel perspectives in order to escape the details of Si. Relative to
the authority function, it can manifest as an acute awareness of either
emotions or logical realities that the type may very well seek to escape
from or refute entirely. As such, there is a danger for these types to get
so caught up in what they are actively pursuing as to take for granted
or, even worse, forget about the more concrete aspects of reality
relating in particular to the person’s innate needs.
Alternatively, an oppositional Si may manifest as a slightly more

healthy consecration of external Si-related objects and people so as to
have fundamental needs taken care of without having to consciously
access the function to which they are connected. This can result in a
high degree of nostalgia, as well as various fetishisms and, on occasion,
an inability to move on from the obsolete. A healthy Ne dominant may
alternate between a little of the above and a more active employment
of Si to ascertain what is essential to happiness, and what is not.
Furthermore, once Si is brought into relative harmony with Ne, the
dominant function can be used not only to seek new experiences, but
to build upon existing ones, and ultimately construct an external (and
indeed internal) world more conducive to personal fulfilment.
86 Cognitive Types
ENT-F (ENFP)
The ENT-F has alongside Ne an auxiliary Extraverted Thinking (Te)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Te acts at the behest
of the experiential Ne rather than the other way round. Accordingly,
this allows this Ne dominant type to quickly understand a general
objective infrastructure in order to inform and improve the person’s
own experience. Convergent Te allows this type to actively create
external organisational structures, and, due to the oftentimes future-
tense dominant function, they will find themselves with a natural
affinity for time-sensitive action plans. This type will often assume an
administrative role within a group, and due to the position of Te in the
cognitive map – alongside a predictive dominant function – are well
suited to management positions. Over time, the ENT-F may begin to
use Te in a more divergent manner to more permanently organise the
external world. Since Ne is generally future-oriented, they are more
given than other types to forget the previous location of a particular
object, and as such may employ Extraverted Thinking to organise
Cognitive Types 87
external objects into predictable locations.
Generally, despite their logical disposition, a failing point for this type
will be in the acquisition of more complicated logical frameworks –
since Introverted Thinking is oftentimes relatively difficult for the
ENT-F to bring to consciousness, this is one of the least likely types
to read a work of non-fiction and quickly assimilate the information
within its pages. Similarly, this type will often have difficulty entering
discourse with their Introverted Thinking, and as such struggle
internally assimilating and deconstructing the objective associations
they uncover in real-time. Due to the more abstract nature of the
ENT-F dominant function, this type will nonetheless often possess
a generalist knowledge across a variety of subjects, and, indeed, a
rich and varied vocabulary – unless Ti is brought to consciousness,
however, this knowledge will often surprise the individual, and it is not
uncommon for Ne dominants to find conversation an active listening
experience to the self. When this function is activated, this type may
become extremely theoretical and oftentimes more comfortable
achieving mastery over otherwise superficial skill sets.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Introverted Feeling, which

is often the strongest perceivable introverted function in this type.
The ENT-F, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to their own needs, values, and
sense of identity. Due to Fi playing a divergent role, this subjective
codec function is generally given little to change, rather performing
a much more authoritative role within the cognitive map. The NeTe
pairing often acts at the behest of Fi and, owing to the abstract lens
through which the type is informed, the needs and values of this type
will be in anticipation of future circumstances. This type will, while
still highly aware of their more primal urges and those more hard-
wired dopamine pathways, follow emotions that have a more abstract
significance. They will often take a big-picture view of their overall
88 Cognitive Types
emotions in order to reach an equation for their own happiness, and
will often pursue emotional components as part of an ‘elixir’ or grand
answer rather than each in a specific manner. Furthermore, the
future orientation and imaginativeness of the dominant function will
lend this type’s Fi a kind of idealism, particularly in regards to love
and a deeper, more long-term sense of happiness. Since the scope of
NeTe is relatively unspecific, and owing to the innate idealism of this
type, they may pursue happiness in an unrealistic manner and even
sacrifice the satiation of hard-wired dopaminergic circuits for those
of a more cerebrally programmed nature – the abstract dominant
function, the playful Thinking and idealistic Feeling of the ENT-F
does leave them prone to manipulation from those people selling
linear and entirely generalist life elixirs (metaphorical or otherwise),
and it is highly important for this type to ground themselves in the
detailed and concrete oppositional Introverted Sensing in order to
stay in touch with their more fundamental human needs. On a final
note – again due to the broad scope of the dominant function – the
divergent Introverted Feeling of this type is often highly empathetic
and altruistic, and as such will often find greatest individual happiness
placing the needs of others above the self.
Generally, the divergent auxiliary is relatively easy to reorient,

and often this type will exert a high degree of Extraverted Feeling.
However, this Fe will often be unconscious and the ENT-F may not
always be consciously aware of the emotional order of their external
world. They will, nonetheless, find themselves acting at the behest
of the immediate needs of a person or group in the present-tense
and, with time, can learn to do so in a more conscious manner. Fe
does yet exert a significant, secondary authoritative influence over
this type’s external interaction, and those of this type who embrace
a level of responsibility over the Fe landscape may find its conscious
employment like a second nature.
Cognitive Types 89
Te-Fi axis – Extraverted Thinking in this type is predominantly
activated at the behest of Introverted Feeling – as such, most instances
in which convergent Te is activated are when organising and planning
on behalf of a movement, community, or other Fi-related attachment.
The external world may also be organised to promote an internal
sense of harmony and mitigate human conflict the Fi user may find
obtrusive.
Ti-Fe axis – While a relatively rare conscious axis, the ENT-F may
activate Introverted Thinking at the behest of Extraverted Feeling
in order to construct internal frameworks relating to psychology,
morality, and various other theorems relating to the human condition.
auxiliaries.
Ne-Si axis – Introverted Sensing acts as an anchor with which to

ground the future-oriented and often hyperactive Extraverted Intuition
to what is concretely known and established. If Si is suppressed,
its grounding influence will be significantly less pronounced, often
resulting in a type so forward moving as to be unable to settle or
build something lasting before attention is shifted elsewhere. In
such an instance, the ENT-F may find themselves running away
from the past and, indeed, various projects and relationships in
pursuit of new emerging stimuli. Such a behaviour pattern can lead
to breakdowns and trauma until the individual comes to terms with
the more permanent aspects of reality. Given the detail orientation
of Introverted Sensing, nourishment of this function lends the type a
level of scrutiny necessary to tame the excitable dominant function and
avoid over-investing in exciting but ultimately unrealistic concepts.
90 Cognitive Types
Lens-Codec Pairings
NeTe – A broad and plethoric lens perceiving objective information

in external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with –
objective infrastructure informs an oftentimes more exploratory and
SiFi – Intense perception of concretised individual identity. The Fi

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Si oppositional.
Dip Functions
NeTe - SeFe – Expansive objective interaction narrows into specific

social engagement in an intense and focused manner.
NeTe - NiTi – External experience is cross-referenced against

internal abstraction and meta-frameworks.
SiFi - SeFe – Concretised individual identity is expressed and

projected into social context.
SiFi - NiTi – Self-concept and relational understanding relate upon

holistic internal frameworks.
NeTe - SeTe – With some effort, perception may be shifted to a more

specific portion of external reality in aid of focused concentration.
NeTe - NeFe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
and adaptive social interaction.
SiFi - NiFi – Identity may be over time adapted and expanded.
SiFi - SiTi – Specific and more refined internal thought may, with
some effort, be engaged from an existential centre.
Cognitive Types 91
ENF-T (ENTP)
The ENF-T has alongside Ne an auxiliary Extraverted Feeling (Fe)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Fe acts at the behest
of the experiential Ne rather than the other way round. Accordingly,
this allows this Ne dominant type to quickly understand a general
social infrastructure in order to inform and improve the person’s
own experience. Convergent Fe allows this type to actively influence
the emotional world around them, and, due to the oftentimes future-
tense dominant function, will find themselves with a natural affinity
for transforming the context of a social engagement to one more
desirable, often predicting the behaviour of others as part of a fluid
conversational style. Often this type will assume a charismatic role
within a group, and due to the position of Fe in the cognitive map
alongside a predictive dominant function are well suited to leadership,
presentation, and other performance-related activities that benefit
from a wide scope of immediate interaction. The ENT-F may, over
time, begin to use Fe in a more divergent manner to actively organise
and preserve external intrapersonal harmony, rather than risk being
blindsided by Fe interaction to the social parameters it should operate
92 Cognitive Types
within.
Generally, despite their outwardly emotional disposition, a failing

point for this type will often be in the monitoring and development
of their own emotions and identity. Since Introverted Feeling is
oftentimes relatively difficult for the ENF-T to bring to consciousness,
this is one of the least likely types to take an active role over their
emotional frameworks and may often find themselves defining their
identity solely by the activities they pursue. Similarly, this type will
often have difficulty entering discourse with their Introverted Feeling,
and as such struggle internally assimilating and deconstructing what
drives them as an individual, as well as coming to terms with various
psychoses and unresolved internal conflict. Neurosis tends to be
high within this cognitive type due to the intense emotions often
swirling relatively unchecked below the logical exterior. Due to the
more abstract nature of the ENF-T’s dominant function, this type can
nonetheless be highly objective about their own behaviour and be able
to make predictions as to their emotional state and inner values based
upon the behaviour they themselves exhibit – unless the Fi is brought
to consciousness, this knowledge will often surprise the individual,
and it is not uncommon for Ne dominants to find conversation an a
mirroring act to their otherwise unconscious identity. When this
function is activated, this type may become extremely self-aware and
oftentimes more comfortable seeking an internal emotional harmony
rather than that of a collective they may at any time inhabit.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Introverted Thinking, which

is often the strongest perceivable introverted function in this
type. The ENF-T, assuming a balance between convergent and
divergent functions, is generally highly attuned to their own internal
understanding of how the world operates, particularly within those
fields that catch the individual’s intense interest. Due to Ti playing a
divergent role, the existing information within this objective codec
function is generally given little to change, rather performing a much
Cognitive Types 93
more authoritative role within the cognitive map – NeFe often acts
at the behest of the Ti and, owing to the abstract lens through which
the type is informed, the logical frameworks of this type will be
constructed to aid future experiences and, indeed, an increasingly
effective social skill set. This type will, while still highly aware of the
general building blocks of reality, follow logical tangents that have a
more abstract significance – they will often focus their Ti interest on a
field relatively unexplored, within which they find previously unmade
connections that in turn inform their own individuality. Because of
the divergent role of Ti in this type, such a process will more often
manifest in the way of digesting a multitude of different individual
theories and ideas, subsequently placing them into a melting pot in
hopes of uncovering something relatively new. Since the scope of Ti
is relatively unspecific, this type tends to place logical building blocks
into rather large and at times clunky components – this gives the
ENF-T an often remarkably fast construction of Ti frameworks and
some predisposition towards various hard sciences. Those areas that
require a higher precision and Ti malleability may, however, be less
suited to this cognitive type. Owing to the speed with which emerging
subject matter is stored within this person’s Introverted Thinking, this
type is more likely than others to thrive in an academic environment,
as well as impress others with the speed at which they can acquire a
high degree of competence within an entirely new area.
ENF-T will not always be consciously aware of the objective order of

their external world, being preoccupied as they are with that of the
internal. They will, nonetheless, find themselves externalising their
Thinking function when breaking subject matter down into initial
components, especially when the person learns more kinaesthetically.
At such times as they deem necessary, the ENF-T will often have little
difficulty bringing Te into consciousness – in these instances, the type
can be highly strategic, though generally these spurts of strategic and
mechanistically ordered activity may lack long-term consistency.
94 Cognitive Types
Fe-Ti axis – Extraverted Feeling in this type is predominantly
activated at the behest of Introverted Thinking – as such, most
instances in which convergent Fe is activated are when seeking to
impress or inform another to the betterment of social experience.
The external emotional world may also be organised to affirm logical
circuits, often manifesting as an intense desire to generate and explore
new Ti-informed perspectives via a conversational medium. Finally,
Introverted Thinking is often employed early on in this individual’s life
in order to framework behaviour itself – as a result, this type will often
be more likely than other to consciously program and tailor their own
‘social strategy’.
Ti-Fe axis – While a relatively rare axis, the ENF-T may activate
Introverted Thinking at the behest of Extraverted Feeling in order to
construct internal frameworks relating to psychology, morality, and
various other theorems relating to the human condition. Generally,
this axis is engaged as more of an extension of the primary auxiliaries.
Ne-Si axis – Introverted Sensing acts as an anchor with which to

ground the future-oriented and often hyperactive Extraverted Intuition
to what is concretely known and established. If Si is suppressed,
its grounding influence will be significantly less pronounced, often
resulting in a type so forward moving as to be unable to settle or
build something lasting before attention is shifted elsewhere. In
such an instance the ENF-T may find themselves running away from
the past and, indeed, various projects and relationships in pursuit
of new emerging stimuli. Such a behaviour pattern often leads to
breakdowns and trauma until the individual comes to terms with the
more permanent aspects of reality. Given the detail orientation of
Introverted Sensing, nourishment of this function lends the type a
level of scrutiny necessary to tame the excitable dominant function and
avoid over-investing in exciting but ultimately unrealistic concepts.
Cognitive Types 95
Lens-Codec Pairings
NeFe – A broad and plethoric lens perceiving subjective information

in external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – social
context informs an oftentimes more exploratory and experiential
agenda.
SiTi – Intense perception of concretised objective frameworks. The Ti

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Si oppositional.
Dip Functions
NeFe - SeTe – Expansive social context narrows into specific

mechanistic interaction in a focused and intense manner.
NeFe - NiFi – External experience is cross-referenced against internal

values and expansive self-concept.
SiTi - SeTe – Concretised individual frameworks are expressed into,

and cross-referenced against, tangible objective reality.
SiTi - NiFi – Specific internal frameworks inform and inspire holistic

internal identity.
NeFe - SeFe – With some effort, perception may be shifted to a

more specific portion of external reality in aid of more nuanced social
engagement.
NeFe - NeTe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
and expansive mechanistic interactions, allowing for seamless multi-
tasking.
SiTi - NiTi – Specific frameworks may be over time interwoven into a

larger picture.
96 Cognitive Types
SiTi - SiFi – Specific and more refined personal values, identity and
self-concept may, with some effort, be engaged from a logical centre.
Cognitive Types 97
The Introverted Sensing Dominant (ISX-X)
In this type the dominant function is Introverted Sensing (Si) – this is

a concrete lens function that is directed internally into the self rather
than the external world. Like its extraverted variant, Si sacrifices
breadth of scope for attention to detail. As such, the internal landscape
of the Si dominant will tend to be composed of few components, often
of more immediate relation to concrete reality. Due to its singular
nature, Si will not be connecting a multitude of seemingly unrelated
internal experiences at once, but, rather, will focus on a select few in
order to form associations in a more absolute manner at the expense
of the abstract. Owing to the concreteness of Sensing as a whole, both
past and present are seen as more reliable with future projections
grounded in thus, and the more this function is internalised (rendered
introverted), the more intrinsic the relationship between these two
tenses.
It would be highly inaccurate to assume, based on this nature, an

overall lack of imagination – while the imagination of the Introverted
Sensor tends to be less archetypically ‘dreamlike’ than that of an
intuitive, it will nonetheless be highly potent and more directly
related to previously assimilated experiences. In fact, owing to the
function’s concretisation imagination here tends to be rich and
vivid, with oftentimes exquisite attention to detail and fidelity. An Si
dominant will often – though not invariably – have a highly potent
memory, particularly that of those experiences they choose to absorb,
and may even excel at associative mental puzzles like crosswords and
various tasks that require instant recall of facts and other concretised
truths within the mind. Indeed, so long as these facts are absolute in
nature and unburdened by an accompanying web of countless other
associations, Introverted Sensors can be excellent storehouses for
knowledge and other pertinent information.
98 Cognitive Types
Furthermore, again owing to the detail orientation of the Sensing
function, Si dominants, more than any other type, tend to excel at
those tasks that require attention to detail and, in particular, repetitive
action that requires a consistent level of focus. Indeed, Introverted
Sensors may often remark upon how they find these repetitive tasks
cathartic and, even meditative – this is not to say the Si dominant is
by nature repetitive, but the exceptional concentration of this type
tends to lend the type a natural ‘flow state’ others may find difficult.
The acute attention to detail and equally detailed memory make
Si dominants highly reliable members of society, excelling at
management, administrative, and mechanistic pursuits – indeed,
global civilisations as a whole, particularly in the age of information,
are almost tailor made for the Si dominant’s excellence. Dipping
into this function’s reverse orientation – Extraverted Sensing – is
often fairly intuitive, and the tangible internal can as such be easily
compared against – and expressed into – the concrete external world.
This dip from dominant position tends to afford people of this type a
high degree of focus and attention to external detail.
Extraverted Intuition (Ne) in these types is, as with all oppositional

suppressed Ne in this type will often manifest a relatively unconscious
anxiety and paranoia, and such an Si dominant may very well feel
like they’re constantly resisting change, even if this change would be
beneficial to their own experience. However, those who have a more
active external interaction – and can draw their attention away from
what is already known as established – can bring to consciousness a
high degree of Ne.
With an abstract lens turned outwards, these types can not only be
highly investigative, but also actively reshape the social situation to
project and subsequently achieve a desirable outcome. Activation
of Ne can, in this instance, open the eyes to various revelations as
more external values are actively perceived, and construct new social
Cognitive Types 99
skills and perceptual modes sufficient to allow for continued living
in concrete reality without a perpetual feeling of missing valuable
information. The Ne-wisened Si dominant can become a leader and
teacher within a community and learn to live for a cause greater than
simple reiteration of the past.
100 Cognitive Types

IST-F (ISFJ)
The IST-F has alongside Si an auxiliary Introverted Thinking (Ti)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Ti acts at the behest of
the experiential Si rather than the other way round. Accordingly, this
allows this Si dominant type to formulate internal logical frameworks
towards organising facts and stored experiences in a coherent manner.
Convergent Ti allows this type to actively create internal organisational
structures, and, due to the reflective dominant function, the type
will find themselves with a natural affinity for understanding the
connections between collated experiences. This gives the IST-F a
highly theoretical slant as they reflect upon previous experiences with
a high degree of specificity, elucidating and storing causal relationships
as they do so. Often this type will assume an administrative role within
an organisation, and, due to a highly refined SiTi dominant pairing, are
well suited to management positions. The IST-F may, over time, begin
to use Ti in a more divergent manner to actively and efficiently intake
new theoretical information, and rely less on their own cogitations –
indeed, this individual can otherwise be one of the more stubborn of
the types. While not all IST-Fs fully activate their convergent auxiliary,
Cognitive Types 101

those who do may enjoy a detailed knowledge and an oftentimes
refined vocabulary, ultimately becoming excellent scrutinisers of
information. The IST-F as a result often excels within the medical and
legal sectors of society.
Generally the hardest function for a type to bring to consciousness

Extraverted Thinking. As such, while this type may deeply understand
internal logical infrastructure, such a person will tend to have great
difficulty quickly assimilating external mechanistic frameworks and
skill sets, and will oftentimes need to spend more time than average
creating time-sensitive action plans. Furthermore, particularly owing
to the narrow-lens dominant function to which is it often entwined,
any plan or framework the IST-F creates will generally be given very
little to any kind of change or tweaking, particularly from an external
source. Any divergence from said plan will often produce within this
type a remarkable amount of stress. Generally, Te is activated when
necessary, in a comfortable environment of this type’s choosing, and
adapting on the fly to changing mechanistic circumstances tends not to
be this type’s forte.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Extraverted Feeling, which

is often the strongest perceivable extraverted function in this type.
The IST-F, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to the immediate, outwardly
expressed needs of others, as well as the overall harmony of any social
situation. Due to Fe playing a divergent role, this subjective external
codec is generally given little to change, rather performing a much
more authoritative role within the map. SiTi often collates at the
behest of the Fe authority in order to understand a general framework
for social organisation. This type will be highly aware of the more
immediate emotional expressions of other people, and, as a result
of both Fe and internal SiTi correspondence, extremely sensitive to
pronounced fluctuations in the emotional atmosphere. For as long as
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Extraverted Feeling is entirely divergent within this person, they will,
more than any other type, view laws and social etiquette as absolute
and to be followed to the letter. Any digression from human laws (or
even norms) has the potential to bring about a great deal of stress
and anxiety in this type, and, as such, IST-Fs are often the most polite
and socially harmonious people to be around, particularly in the
company of relative strangers with whom social parameters are yet
to be established. If the convergent capacity of Fe is activated within
this Si dominant, the individual will be able to comfortably transgress
against conventional social law at the behest of their logical dominant
pairing. Owing to the more concrete and homeostatic dominant
function, most people within this type seek to maintain the status quo,
and it is relatively rare for an IST-F to use Fe in a convergent manner
for the sake of reformation alone. Generally, this is an individual who
serves the immediate needs to others in order to ensure a comfortable
internal experience and continued reflection.

this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Feeling – however,
this Fi will often be unconscious. As such, the IST-F will not always
be consciously aware of the emotional order of their internal world.
Since they are not acutely aware of their own emotions, this type will
often struggle to understand why they feel a certain way, and will
often find tenuous connections between memories and their internal
frameworks to explain or justify their emotional state. They will,
nonetheless, find themselves acting at the behest of a deep sense of
inner values, identity, and emotional needs, and despite their logical
dominant pairing will often follow an innate sense of right and wrong
according to their relatively unconscious Fi. With time, the IST-F can
gradually become more aware of their authoritative Fi network, and
eventually take a more active role in consulting their own needs and
shaping personal identity. Until such a point, the IST-F will often
have to predict personal emotions based upon previous experience,
Cognitive Types 103

and as such may altogether avoid circumstances similar to those that
previously brought about an inner-emotional turmoil sufficient to
degrade intrapersonal harmony and Si experience.
Ti-Fe axis – The IST-F employs internal objective codification

at the behest of external emotional information, with frameworks
being constructed in order to refine personal understanding of Fe
components – Ti theories and frameworks within this type will often
be traceable to a human element.
Te-Fi axis – When necessary, the IST-F can actively organise the
external mechanistic landscape in order to appease and satiate their
own feelings and values. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an
extension of the primary auxiliaries.
Si-Ne axis – The internal concrete world is here ultimately informed

by a broader, multi-faceted perception of reality – the more Ne
is developed, the richer the stored sensory information becomes.
Conversely, suppression of Ne triggers via guilt-response over reliance
the approval of others and the avoidance of Ne associations across the
104 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
SiTi – A narrow and intense lens perceiving objective information

within the mind. Understanding of – and interaction with – objective
frameworks informs an oftentimes more aesthetic and inner-
NeFe – Holistic perception of expansive social atmosphere. The Fe

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Ne oppositional.
Dip Functions
SiTi - NiFi – Intense objective reflection expands into broader and

expansive identity in adaptive manner.
SiTi - SeTe – What is familiar and established is cross-referenced

against what can be tangibly experienced.
NeFe - NiFi – Expansive social context goes on to inform holistic

values and identity.
NeFe - SeTe – Broad perception of the social context narrows in

to tangible external interaction, oftentimes at the behest of social
necessity.
SiTi - NiTi – With some effort, multiple internal elements may be

interwoven and synergised towards more holistic understanding.
SiTi - SiFi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed self-
reflection.
NeFe - SeFe – Social perception may become over time more

nuanced, intimate, and singularly intense.
Cognitive Types 105

NeFe - NeTe – Holistic external exploration may, with some effort, be
engaged from a sociocontextual centre.
106 Cognitive Types

ISF-T (ISTJ)
The ISF-T has alongside Si an auxiliary of Introverted Feeling

(Fi) – being the convergent auxiliary, this Fi acts at the behest of
the experiential Si rather than the other way round. Accordingly,
this allows this Si dominant type to directly relate introverted lens
experience to emotional substrate, including (but not limited to)
values and identity. Convergent Fi allows this type a more active
and relational emotional landscape, and, due to the concrete and
oftentimes more past-reflective internal experience, this type will
find themselves with a natural affinity relating to stored experiences
on an emotional level. This gives the ISF-T a high awareness of their
emotions and desires, and they will often the be most likely of all
the types to hold to their values and beliefs in the face of adversity.
The strong identity of a convergent auxiliary Introverted Feeling,
when fully activated, bestows upon this type a certain strength of
character, and when not in leadership positions they will often still
lead or represent others through alternative means. It is this strength
Cognitive Types 107

of character that often carries with it a certain stubbornness and
egoism, often relative to self-esteem. The ISF-T may, over time,
begin to use Fi in a more divergent manner to more reflexively relate
to the emotional information of others as well as acquiring a more
permanent and secure (and less easily threatened) sense of self-worth.
Until such a time, the ISF-T will often seem overly defensive, and even
outright avoid anything that undermines their values and perception
of self. While not every ISF-T will activate their convergent auxiliary,
those who do will have a strong code of personal values and an ease
of communicating (sometimes more forcefully than others) these
values upon others. Though this type may also be highly empathetic,
particularly towards those who have earned their trust, the primary
drive of convergent Fi is to inform and act upon needs and identity.
Thus, this type will often be a highly driven, career-oriented individual.
On a final note, since this type is often so eager to communicate their
character in an acceptable manner with others, it is not unheard of for
the type to engage in the humanities (such as art and music), and often
the more mechanical pursuits of this type are themselves a form of
self-realisation and expression.
Generally, the hardest function for a type to bring to consciousness

Extraverted Feeling. As such, while this type may deeply understand
their own internal emotional environment – and that of others in so
far as it is a duplicate of their own – such a person will have great
difficulty feeling the emotional environment of the external world,
and may oftentimes find themselves acting in a manner that others
consider insensitive. This is not due to a lack of emotional warmth on
their part, but rather an innate lack of understanding regarding the
emotional expression of those around them. To further compound
the problem, due to the pride and self-protectiveness of their hyper-
convergent Fi, the ISF-T will sometimes find themselves unable to
acknowledge a fault on their part, often in such situations causing
108 Cognitive Types

a complete disinterest in developing Extraverted Feeling lest they
feel obliged to do so in the future. Generally, Fe is activated when
in such situations the type can combine their strong sense of character
and identity with a more charismatic outlet in order to more fully
realise themselves in their external world.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Extraverted Thinking, which

The ISF-T, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to the immediate objective
needs of the situation, as well as the overall order of their external
world. Due to Te playing a divergent role, this objective codec
function is generally given little to change, rather performing a
much more authoritative role within the cognitive map. The SiFi
dominant pairing often interacts at the behest of this Te authority
as they seek greatest realisation of the self, relative to the objective
structures of outer world. This type will be highly aware of the more
immediate needs of this world, and, as a result of both Te and the
detail-oriented dominant function, are extremely sensitive to any
lack of order around them. For as long as Extraverted Thinking is
entirely divergent within this person, they will, more than any other
type view rules, hierarchies, and Te-imposed plans as absolute and to
be followed to the letter. Any digression from such laws brings about
a great deal of stress and anxiety in this type, and as such ISF-Ts are
often the most likely to adhere strictly to a sufficiently logical plan as
well as encourage others to do the same. If the convergent capacity
of Te is activated within this Si dominant, the individual will be able
to comfortably transgress against said rules at the behest of their
emotional dominant pairing, imposing a new set of rules and more
actively creating plans of their own as a result. Owing to the more
past-reflective nature of the dominant function, most people within
this type seek to maintain the status quo, and it is relatively rare for an
Cognitive Types 109

ISF-T to use Te in a convergent manner. Generally this is an individual
who serves the immediate mechanistic needs of the situation in order
to ensure a comfortable internal experience. As such, the ISF-T will
often be attracted to highly structured environments with a secure
and relatively unchanging rule-system in place, and, owing to the
specificity of the dominant function, often excel in fields that require
step-by-step execution of protocol. As such, various public services
(including the military) are often attractive to this type, as are various
security, legal, and engineering fields in the private sector. For as long
as there is structure, this type may excel.

often this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Thinking –
however, this Ti will often be unconscious and the ISF-T will as such
not always be consciously aware of the logical order of their internal
world. Since they are not necessarily aware of their own logical
frameworks, this type will often struggle understanding why they
think a certain way, and will often find tenuous connections between
memories and their internal emotional frameworks to explain or
justify a logical conclusion they have reached – this is one of the
most likely types to, when having made a praiseworthy calculation, in
response to a request to explain their internal reasoning, simply shrug
their shoulders and respond, “It just is”. They will, nonetheless, find
themselves acting at the behest of a deep sense of logical coherence,
and despite their emotional dominant pairing will often follow an
innate sense of logic according to their relatively unconscious Ti.
With time, the ISF-T can gradually become more aware of their
authoritative Ti network, and eventually take a more active role
consulting one’s own frameworks and consciously intaking, and
constructing, Introverted Thinking frameworks.
Fi-Te axis – The ISF-T employs internal objective codification at

the behest of external mechanical information, with frameworks
being constructed in order to refine personal understanding of Te
110 Cognitive Types

components – Fi values within this type will often be intrinsically
connected to those objects and components they wish to impose order
upon.
Fe-Ti axis – When necessary, the ISF-T can actively organise the
external social landscape in order to align external order with the
internal and even have others act at the behest of an internally reached
logical conclusion. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an
Si-Ne axis – The internal concrete world is here ultimately informed

by a broader, multi-faceted perception of reality – the more Ne
is developed, the richer the stored sensory information becomes.
Conversely, suppression of Ne triggers via guilt-response over reliance
the approval of others and the avoidance of Ne associations across the
Cognitive Types 111

Lens-Codec Pairings
SiFi – A narrow and intense lens perceiving subjective internal

frameworks. Understanding of – and interaction with – concretised
internal values informs an oftentimes more tangible experiential
agenda.
NeTe – Holistic perception of external objective infrastructure. The Te

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Ne oppositional.
Dip Functions
SiFi - NiTi – Intense self-reflection expands into broader objective

frameworks in a holistic manner.
SiFi - SeFe – Concretised identity and values are naturally expressed

into intense and intimate social setting.
NeTe - NiTi – Broad objective perception informs and inspires

holistic internal frameworks.
NeTe - SeFe – Broad objective perception narrows in to social context

towards nuanced – oftentimes task-oriented – communication.
SiFi - NiFi – With some effort, identity and values may be expanded
and adapted over time.
SiFi - SiTi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into that objective
information established to be true and familiar.
NeTe - SeTe – General objective perception may be niched down over

time in aid of greater focus and prioritisation.
NeTe - NeFe – More fluid and adaptive social interaction may, with
some effort, be engaged from an objective centre.
112 Cognitive Types

The Introverted Intuition Dominant (INX-X)
The dominant function here is Introverted Intuition (Ni), an abstract

lens function directed internally. As such, the Ni dominant will tend
to have a kaleidoscopic experience of their internal world, with a
vast scope of associations constantly being connected in the back
of the mind – other theories, including that of Jung himself, posited
Introverted Intuition to be highly unconscious in nature. While this
function does indeed utilise a high degree of unconscious processing,
this statement is also true of all other functions and, thusly, it is
misleading to associate Introverted Intuition with unconscious
processes more than any other function. Rather, the Introverted
Intuitive will, like any other type, be forming patterns and connections
in the back of their mind – the reason this may seem to occur more
in these types is due to the vast scope of the internal lens. As Ni
encompasses a wider scope of information than Si, it follows that a
greater variety of stimuli comes into play.
Thus, Introverted Intuition typically has a more dreamlike and

surreal quality than the more concrete Introverted Sensing, but this
typically comes at the cost of detail and precision within this internal
landscape. While these types will have the gift of forming patterns
between what may seem at a surface level unrelated subjects, and
– due to the abstraction of Intuition as a whole – excel at directing
such pattern finding towards entirely original theorem and visions of
change, memory itself tends to be hazy. As such, the various knowledge
and memories accessed by this type are often highly unspecific. It
is for this very reason that this cognitive type, absent the universal
theory of everything which they so often desire, will often come to
conclusions based on hunches and predictions. Rather than being
an unconscious function, Ni is in actuality highly conscious, albeit
perceiving inner details in such a hazy manner as to necessitate (much
Cognitive Types 113

as Ne does towards the outer world) giant leaps of logic and sweeping
generalisations.
This lack of detail plays as much to the type’s strength as its

weaknesses, withwith the sum resulting in an individual who directs
their vast internal lens towards understanding the underlying fabric
of reality. The more of life’s underlying patterns the Ni dominant
uncovers, the more the individual can essentially make up for their
plethoric-but-vague inner world. In short, Introverted Intuition
seeks to make everything entirely predictable so as to render details
irrelevant. Often the philosophers, theorists, and artists of society,
this type is at their best when putting their plethoric imagination to
work. Whether they choose to communicate through theoretical or
artistic mediums, the Ni dominant is a gifted innovator that, through
a kaleidoscopic inner landscape, can process and agglomerate
great (albeit blurry) swathes of internalised data in the pursuit of
meaningful originality. Dipping into this function’s reverse orientation
– Extraverted Intuition – is often fairly intuitive, and the abstract
internal can as such be easily compared against – and expressed into
– the plethoric external world. This dip from dominant position tends
to afford people of this type a means to further realise internal vision
through external exploration.
Extraverted Sensing (Se) is in these types, as with all oppositional

suppressed Se in this type will often manifest as a remarkable lack
of awareness to surrounding details as the type relies instead on a
more subconscious Ne, and such an Ni dominant may very well feel
like they’re constantly running away from interacting with tangible
reality as a whole, favouring instead the sanctum of their inner world.
However, those who have a more active external interaction, and can
draw their attention away from the potentials of the future, can bring
to consciousness a high degree of Se.
114 Cognitive Types

With a concrete lens function turned outwards, these types can be
not only highly attuned to the moment, but also actively reshape the
more concrete components of a situation to reach an outcome more
desirable for the betterment of all, rather than be limited to the more
lofty abstractions of Ni. Activation of Se can in this instance open the
eyes to a greater depth of reality as more details are actively perceived,
and construct new logical skills skills and perceptual modalities
sufficient to allow for living in the abstract reality of the dominant
function without a perpetual feeling of missing out on meaningful
external experiences. Due to their oftentimes calming presence, the Se-
wisened Ni dominant not only envisages change but can also anchor
themselves into the moment in order to lead others to that better
future.
Cognitive Types 115

INT-F (INFJ)
The INT-F has alongside Ni an auxiliary Introverted Thinking (Ti)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Ti acts in aid of the
experiential Ni dominant function rather than the other way round.
Accordingly, this allows this Ni dominant type to formulate internal
logical frameworks in order to collate data and stored experiences in
a coherent manner. Convergent Ti allows this type to actively create
internal organisational structures, and, due to the abstract dominant
function, this type will find themselves connecting collated experiences
so as to elucidate patterns and, ultimately, forming theory so as to
effectively explain and predict that of the future. This gives the INT-F
a highly philosophical slant as they seek to subjugate all experiences
to a single vast theory of understanding. Due to the convergent
placement of Introverted Thinking, objective understanding in this
type is often achieved through an active theorisation rather than
the intake of that not their own. This can often manifest as a certain
narcissistic protectiveness over their own ideas, and more often than
not the holding of a deliberately contentious viewpoint for the sake
116 Cognitive Types

of individuality. The INT-F may, over time, begin to use Ti in a more
divergent manner to actively intake theoretical information, and,
subsequently, rely less on their own cogitations – this individual
can otherwise be some of the most stubborn out of all the types,
with an entirely convergent Introverted Thinking being remarkably
unreceptive to the insights of others. While not all INT-Fs fully
activate their convergent auxiliary, those who do may enjoy a fierce
theoretical intelligence and a broad vocabulary, ultimately becoming
highly original free-thinkers. The INT-F, as a result, will often excel
in creative fields as well as softer, theoretical subjects ranging from
philosophy to psychology.

Extraverted Thinking. As such, while this type may deeply understand
internal logical infrastructure, such a person will have great difficulty
quickly assimilating external mechanistic frameworks and skill sets,
and will oftentimes need to spend more time than average absorbing
such into procedural memory. Furthermore, particularly owing to the
broad-lens dominant function to which is it often entwined, any plan
or procedure the INT-F creates may very well miss important details
as the type struggles to encompass every eventuality. Generally, Te
is activated when necessary, in a comfortable environment of this
type’s choosing, and adapting on the fly to changing mechanistic
circumstances tends not to be this type’s forte.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Extraverted Feeling, which

The INT-F, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to the immediate outwardly
expressed needs of others, as well as the overall harmony of any social
situation. Due to Fe playing a divergent role, this subjective codec
function is generally given little to change, rather performing a much
more authoritative role within the cognitive map – the NiTi dominant
Cognitive Types 117

pairing often collates at the behest of the Fe authority as the type seeks
to understand a general framework for social organisation. This type
will be highly aware of the more immediate emotional expressions of
other people, and, as a result of both Fe and the reflective dominant
function, extremely sensitive to pronounced fluctuations in the
emotional atmosphere. Indeed, due to the often more future-oriented
dominant function, such fluctuations will produce in this type anxiety
related to the longevity of the relationships involved, as well as a rather
tiring process of contingency measures. For as long as Extraverted
Feeling is entirely divergent within this person, they will more than
any other type, view laws and social etiquette as absolute and to be
followed to the letter. Any digression from human laws brings about
a great deal of stress and anxiety in this type, and as such INT-Fs are
often the most polite and socially harmonious people to be around,
particularly in the company of relative strangers. If the convergent
capacity of Fe is activated within this Ni dominant, the individual
will be able to comfortably transgress against conventional social
law at the behest of their logical dominant pairing. Owing to the
reformative persuasion of the dominant pairing, many people within
this type actively rebel against the otherwise normative Fe authority,
and as such this type is more likely than the IST-F to be controversial
and sometimes outright confrontational, and the more narcissistic
INT-F may even enjoy a level of experimentation with the emotional
boundaries of others. Generally, however, this is an individual who
serves the immediate needs of others in order to ensure a comfortable
internal experience, and most INT-F types will play an active role in
caring for the immediate needs of those around them.

often this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Feeling –
however, this Fi will often be unconscious, and the INT-F will as
such not always be consciously aware of the emotional order of their
internal world. Since they are not acutely aware of their own emotions,
118 Cognitive Types

this type will often struggle understanding why they feel a certain way
and will often find at times tenuous connections between imagination
and their internal frameworks to explain or justify their emotional
state. An Ni dominant will often project a current emotional state into
the future, and as such any worry that this type will be experiencing
unconsciously will provoke feelings of anxiety and even physical
symptoms such as aches and digestive problems as stress of a more
acute nature is assumed to be chronic. They will, nonetheless, find
themselves acting at the behest of a deep sense of inner values and
emotional needs, and despite their logical dominant functions will
often follow an innate sense of right and wrong according to their
relatively unconscious Fi. With time, the INT-F can gradually become
more aware of their authoritative Fi network, and eventually take a
more active role consulting their own needs and shaping personal
identity. Until such a point, however, the INT-F will often have to
predict personal emotions based upon previous experience and
Ti theory of self-understanding, and as such may altogether avoid
circumstances similar to those that previously brought about an inner-
emotional turmoil sufficient to degrade intrapersonal harmony and Ni
experience.
Ti – Fe axis – Introverted Thinking frameworks are constructed in

the INT-F at the behest of Extraverted Feeling, and therefore almost
invariably involve the human condition to some extent. Whether it
be psychology, philosophy (particularly that existential in nature), or
fields with an indirect yet equally substantial humanistic link such as
politics and, indeed, biology, the vast majority of Ti frame-working will
be comprised of human emotional data.
Te – Fi axis – When necessary, the INT-F can actively organise the

external mechanistic landscape in order to appease their own feelings
and values. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an extension of
the primary auxiliaries.
Cognitive Types 119

Ni – Se axis – When sufficiently activated, Extraverted Sensing
in the INT-F can be employed as an anchor to reality – the more
developed this individual’s Se, the more effectively they can realise
their Introverted Intuition visions in real-time. Furthermore, the more
competent the employment of the concrete Se lens, the more genuinely
enjoyable connecting with the outside world becomes, and thus, in
an Se-realised INT-F, the details of the present moment become less
menial distractions to a grand vision and more stable ground on which
to realise themselves in external reality. Were this type to ignore Se
entirely, they will find themselves in constant retreat from reality
as they seek to protect themselves in an entirely fictitious internal
landscape – often such a person will trundle through day-to-day
experiences impatiently waiting for their dream to be realised, while
reluctant to engage with the concrete world sufficiently to do so.
120 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
NiTi – A broad lens perceiving aggregate objective information

within the mind. Understanding of – and interaction with – objective
frameworks informs an oftentimes more exploratory and inner-
SeFe – Specific and nuanced perception of expansive social

atmosphere. The Fe authority function serves an auxiliary role to the
Se oppositional.
Dip Functions
NiTi - SiFi – Plethoric objective reflection narrows into specific and

concretised identity in an incrementally adaptive manner.
NiTi - NeTe – Internal associations and frameworks are cross-

referenced against what can be externally explored and realised.
SeFe - SiFi – Intense and specific social input goes on to inform

concretised values and identity.
SeFe - NeTe – Specific perception of the social scenario expands into

external exploration, oftentimes at the behest of social necessity.
NiTi - SiTi – With some effort, internal associations may be refined

towards more nuanced and concretised understanding.
NiTi - NiFi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed self-
reflection.
SeFe - NeFe – Social perception may become over time more holistic,
contextualised and adaptive.
Cognitive Types 121

SeFe - SeTe – Intense external interaction may, with some effort, be
engaged from a social centre.
122 Cognitive Types

INF-T (INTJ)
The INF-T has alongside Ni an auxiliary Introverted Feeling (Fi)

function – being the convergent auxiliary, this Fi acts in aid of the
experiential Ni dominant function rather than the other way round.
Accordingly, this allows this Ni dominant type to directly relate
introverted lens experience to emotional substrate, including, but not
limited to, values and identity. Convergent Fi allows this type a more
active and relational emotional landscape, and, due to the abstract
dominant function, this type will find themselves with a natural
affinity relating to projected future outcomes on an emotional level.
This gives the INF-T a high awareness of their emotions and desires,
and will often be the most likely of all the types to hold to their
values and beliefs in the face of adversity. The strength of character
of a convergent auxiliary Introverted Feeling, when fully activated,
bestows upon this type a certain strength of character, and when not in
leadership positions they will often still lead, impact, or even represent
others through other means – it is this strength of character that often
Cognitive Types 123

carries with it a certain stubbornness and egoism, often relative to self-
esteem. The INF-T may over time begin to use Fi in a more divergent
manner to more reflexively relate to the emotional information of
others as well as acquiring a more permanent and more secure (and
less easily threatened) sense of self-worth – until such a time, the
INF-T may often seem overly defensive and even outright avoidant
of anything that undermines their values. While not every INF-T will
activate their convergent auxiliary, those who do will have a strong
sense of character and an ease of communicating, and sometimes
imposing, these values upon others. While this type may also be highly
empathetic, particularly towards those who have earned their trust,
the primary drive of convergent Fi is to inform and act upon needs
and identity, and as such these types will often be highly driven career-
oriented individuals. On a final note, since the type is often so eager
to communicate in an acceptable manner their character with others,
it is not unheard of for the type to engage in the humanities (such as
art and music), and often the more mechanical pursuits of this type are
themselves a form of self-realisation and expression.

Extraverted Feeling. As such, while the type may deeply understand
their own internal emotional environment – and that of others in so
far as it is a duplicate of their own – such a person will have great
difficulty feeling the emotional environment of the external world,
and may oftentimes find themselves acting in a manner that others
consider insensitive. This is not due to a lack of emotional warmth on
their part, but rather an innate lack of understanding regarding the
emotional expression of those around them. To further compound
the problem, due to the pride and self-protectiveness of their hyper-
convergent Fi, the INF-T will sometimes find themselves unable to
acknowledge a fault on their part, often in such situations causing
a complete disinterest in developing Extraverted Feeling lest they
124 Cognitive Types

feel obliged to do so in the future. Generally, Fe is activated when
in such situations the type can combine their strong sense of character
and identity with a more charismatic outlet in order to more fully
realise themselves in their external world.
The divergent auxiliary of this type is Extraverted Thinking, which

The INF-T, assuming a balance between convergent and divergent
functions, is generally highly attuned to the immediate mechanical
needs of the situation, as well as the overall order of their external
world. Due to Te playing a divergent role, this objective codec function
is generally given little to change, rather performing a much more
authoritative role within the cognitive map – the NiFi dominant
pairing often interacts at the behest of the Te authority as they seek
greatest realisation of the self, relative to the objective structures
of the outer world. This type will be highly aware of the long-term
needs of this world, and, as a result of both Te and expansive Ni, are
extremely sensitive to any lack of efficiency around them, and can’t
help but fixate on why seemingly obvious improvements have yet to be
implemented. For as long as Extraverted Thinking is entirely divergent
within this person, they will view rules, hierarchy, and Te-imposed
plans as absolute and to be followed to the letter – any digression
from such laws brings about a great deal of stress and anxiety in this
type, and as such INF-Ts are often the most likely to adhere strictly to
a sufficiently logical plan as well as encourage others to do the same.
However, owing to the future-oriented dominant function, the INF-T
will also carry an innate scepticism of existing structures, social and
otherwise, tending to war as they do against the past and status quo
in search of a more ordered system – for this reason, there will often
be a pull and tug within this type between their desire for order and
their desire for innovation. If the convergent capacity of Te is activated
within this Ni dominant, the individual is able to more comfortably
Cognitive Types 125

transgress against said rules at the behest of their emotional dominant
pairing, imposing a new set of rules and more actively creating plans
of their own as a result. Owing to the more future-tense orientation
of the dominant function, most people within this type long to
deconstruct and transgress the status quo, and it is therefore not
uncommon for an INF-T to use Te in a convergent manner. Generally
this is an individual who serves the immediate and long-term needs
of the mechanistic situation in order to ensure a comfortable internal
experience, and as such the INF-T will often be attracted to highly
structured environments with ample room for positive change, and,
owing to the dominant function, often excel in fields that strike this
balance between structural accord and creative expression. As such,
various hard sciences are often attractive to this type, as are any fields
that straddle the line between order and innovation.
Generally, the divergent auxiliary is relatively easy to reorient, and this

type will often employ a high degree of Introverted Thinking. However,
this Ti will often be unconscious, and the INF-T will as such not always
be consciously aware of the logical order of their internal world. Since
they are usually not acutely aware of their own logical frameworks to
a high degree, this type will often struggle understanding why they
think a certain way, and will often find at times tenuous connections
between memories and their internal emotional frameworks to
explain or justify a logical conclusion they have reached. Indeed, this
is one of the most likely types to, when having made a praiseworthy
calculation, in response to a request to explain their internal reasoning
simply shrug and respond, “It just is”. They will, nonetheless, find
themselves acting at the behest of a deep sense of logical coherence,
and despite their emotional dominant functions often follow an innate
sense of logic according to their relatively unconscious Ti. With time,
the INF-T can gradually become more aware of their authoritative Ti
network, and eventually take a more active role consulting their own
frameworks and consciously intaking, and constructing, Introverted
126 Cognitive Types

Thinking frameworks.
Fi – Te axis – Introverted Feeling frameworks are constructed

in the INF-T at the behest of Extraverted Thinking, and therefore
almost invariably attach values of the self to external mechanistic
structures – whether it be information technology, engineering
(particularly design) or fields with an indirect yet equally substantial
mechanistic link such as entrepreneurial endeavours and investment,
the INF-T will find greatest self-actualisation in Fi expression through
mechanistic means.
Fe – Ti axis – When necessary, the INF-T can actively communicate

their Introverted Thinking processes in a manner conducive to social
unity. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an extension of the
primary auxiliaries.
Ni – Se axis – When sufficiently activated, Extraverted Sensing

in the INF-T can be employed as an anchor to reality – the more
developed this individual’s Se, the more effectively they can realise
their Introverted Intuition visions in real-time. Furthermore, the more
competent the employment of the concrete Se lens, the more genuinely
enjoyable connecting with the outside world becomes, and thus, in
an Se-realised INF-T, the details of the present moment become less
menial distractions to a grand vision and more stable ground on which
to realise themselves in external reality. Were this type to ignore Se
entirely, they will find themselves in constant retreat from reality
as they seek to protect themselves in an entirely fictitious internal
landscape – often such a person will trundle through day-to-day
experiences impatiently waiting for their dream to be realised, while
reluctant to engage with the concrete world sufficiently to do so.
Cognitive Types 127

Lens-Codec Pairings
NiFi – A broad and plethoric lens perceiving subjective internal

frameworks. Understanding of – and interaction with – holistic
internal values informs an oftentimes more abstract experiential
agenda.
SeTe – Specific and nuanced perception of external objective

structure. The Te authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Se
oppositional.
Dip Functions
NiFi - SiTi – Broad self-reflection narrows into discrete objective

frameworks in a specific and discerning manner.
NiFi - NeFe – Abstract identity and values are naturally expressed

into the broader social context.
SeTe - SiTi – Specific objective perception informs and refines

specific internal frameworks.
SeTe - NeFe – Specific objective perception expands outwards into

social context towards oftentimes task-oriented communication.
NiFi - SiFi – With some effort, identity and values may be refined and
concretised over time.
NiFi - NiTi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into broader objective
internal associations and holistic principles.
SeTe - NeTe – General objective perception may be expanded over

time in aid of greater breadth of influence and responsibility.
128 Cognitive Types

SeTe - SeFe – More nuanced and intimate social interaction, may
with some effort, be engaged from an objective centre.
Cognitive Types 129

Codec-dominant Types
The codec-dominant type is one whose perception is secondary

to what is already known – referred to by Jung as a ‘rational
type’, the codec-dominant operates upon a framework of values
ascertained either by sources trustworthy to the individual (e.g.
scientific literature) or via a more innate or unconscious sense
of right and wrong. Just as with the lens-dominant type, the
dominant function of this type does not have total sovereignty
over cognition, with the codec-dominant type being entirely
capable of adjusting their perception to emerging empirical
data. Nonetheless, this type will oftentimes be superego-
centric, trusting the collective experience over one’s own,
experiencing reality from an understanding of oneself as part
of a larger mechanism rather than a world unto itself. Given the
experiential potential of the respective auxiliary functions here,
it is important to note those cases where codec-dominant may
be altogether more egocentric.
130 Cognitive Types

The Extraverted Thinking Dominant (ETX-X)
The dominant function of this type is Extraverted Thinking (Te),

which predisposes the person towards an active organisation
of their mechanistic external landscape. Such an individual will
experience greatest affinity with objective reality, specifically what
can be measured – the Te dominant will instinctively look for causal
relationships between objective components and seek to manipulate
these in such a way as brings desirable order to the external world.
An active organiser, the Te dominant ultimately seeks to bring
mechanistic external values into harmony with one another, with
a person being as much a part of this mechanistic environment as
altogether more static entities.
However, since the latter is comparatively easier to manipulate

and bring into alignment with surrounding components, these
types will often (but certainly not always) prefer to work with
objects than people. This is not to say the Te dominant is in any way
unsociable (indeed, it is often the reverse), but rather that they prefer
environments where everything follows an immediate and relatively
simplistic order – after all, humans are by comparison far from
predictable. So long as people follow a plan understood (and often
conceived) by the Te-dominant, there need be no difference between
a person and an object. Ultimately, these concepts to Extraverted
Thinking are one and the same, with the major distinguishing
component being control over the former.
Absent an Extraverted Thinking framework (be it a plan or code of

conduct), such control often requires the intuitive grasp of emotional
meta-data from this type’s oppositional (and sometimes inferior)
function of Introverted Feeling. As such, while Te refers to the active
management of external order in general, these types will tend to limit
the scope of their control to objects and other mechanical components.
Cognitive Types 131

As absolute objective order is determined from the immediate
environment rather than an internal dialogue pursuant of some kind
of absolute truth, the Extraverted Thinker will tend to internalise
thinking in the form of knowledge only in so far as is necessary to
bring an object into harmony with another. So long as there is a direct
and immediately relevant application for knowledge, the Te dominant
will learn so much as is necessary to exert influence upon the object
of their respective auxiliary’s gaze. Any lack of such order tends to be
stressful to this type, thus bringing about an overwhelming desire to
shoulder responsibility for bringing this order into being. Conversely,
if unwilling to take up this oftentimes heavy burden, these types may
instead live a life of relative solitude in return for maximal control over
what little they have.
While this may sound dismal, sacrificing scope for intensity in such
a manner has allowed for many innovations to occur throughout
history, as the Te dominant focuses all of their mechanistic prowess
upon bringing, say, new inventions into being. But in the more usual
cases, Te dominants tend to make excellent managers and project
leaders. As long as a plan is uniformly adhered to by those within
the social structure, these types are perhaps the most innately suited
to bring order to the external world. Dipping into this function’s
reverse orientation – Introverted Thinking – is often fairly intuitive,
and objective external values can as such be easily compared against
– and collated within – internal frameworks. Such frameworks allow
for greater systemisation, as the Te dominant refines skill sets and
knowledge banks over time.
Introverted Feeling (Fi) is in these types, as with all oppositional

functions, susceptible to suppression via the dominant function. Owing
to this potentially antagonistic relationship, the Te dominant will
oftentimes be less in touch with their feelings than other types, which
relative to the type’s respective divergent auxiliary may predispose
this type more to neuroses and even breakdowns than other types as
132 Cognitive Types

internal trauma goes without conscious recognition for too long. This
is not to say the type will lack a sense of self or be unaware of their
desires – again, it is often the reverse – but more that they may
struggle to understand why they have these desires in the first place.
For many Te dominants, the self simply ‘is’, and more a force to be
abided by than actively shaped and questioned.
As such, it is imperative that this individual develop their Introverted

Feeling, both as an anchor for an otherwise unchained ambition,
and, more importantly, as a way to bring to consciousness the
deeper human needs and desires that this type may otherwise
completely ignore in their rational external fixation. A Te dominant
with a developed oppositional function will as such be not only an
excellent concrete-thinker, but also an individual who can realise and
subsequently implement powerful visions for mechanistic change,
gearing this type for both innovation and leadership.
Cognitive Types 133

ETS-N (ENTJ)
Included in the dominant map is a convergent auxiliary Extraverted

Sensing (Se) function. Due to this, the cogitations of Extraverted
Thinking are directed outwards through a narrow but focused lens.
While this makes the ETS-N slightly limited in their field of view, and
thus less suited to fast moving scenarios that require an immediate
big-picture orientation, it does, on the other hand, make them more
attuned to the moment. This lends them a certain charisma and
certainty of projected character, and also leads to this type being
remarkably non-distractible and relentlessly single-minded. As such,
while this type is suited less to mechanical situations involving a
fast assembly of multiple components (whether it be coordination of
people or assembly of an object or superstructure), the ETS-N makes
up for this with a high degree of present-oriented focus. Since this type
is so often completely grounded in the moment, there goes with this
auxiliary Se a certain predisposition towards pleasure and comfort.
Oftentimes, it is the pursuit of a superior experience in the present
moment that gives this type their strength of personality and makes
them overall more seeking of positive reinforcement than their Ne-
134 Cognitive Types

using counterpart. This alone can explain the ambitious streak of this
cognitive type, especially in consideration of their entirely future-
oriented divergent auxiliary function.

Introverted Sensing. As such, while being otherwise concrete and
present-oriented, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting that
lens internally and, thusly, the internal world will tend to be rather
undetailed, often leading to a hazy relationship with more tangible
aspects of memory as they relentlessly pursue new experiences. When
activated, Si in an ETS-N allows for more detailed recollection of
memories as well as an altogether more grounded personality aware of
past, present, and future implications.
The divergent auxiliary of the ETS-N is Introverted Intuition, an

abstract future-oriented lens looking inwards. Thus, absent the active
employment of their present-tense convergent auxiliary Se, this type
will be ruminating on future goals as well as various psychological and
philosophical concepts to shape a deeper, often playful understanding
of reality. Owing to the highly focused nature of the dominant pairing
within this individual, once a desirable future outcome has been
decided upon, out of all the types this will be one of the least likely
to alter their course of action. This can make the ETS-N remarkably
unadaptable, but also relentless in their achievement of desired goals.
However, despite the overachieving stereotype, it is oftentimes, owing
to an oppositional Fi, difficult for this type to settle on a desirable
outcome. Due to this, a great portion of their lives may as such be
spent playing with Ni concepts and living an altogether transient (and,
arguably, less meaningful) life experience. Nonetheless, owing to the
objective filters through which they perceive reality, the divergent
auxiliary Introverted Intuition of this individual allows for a vast
understanding of abstract and theoretical concepts, and makes them
one of the types most suited to the entire field of sciences.
Cognitive Types 135

often this type will employ a high degree of Extraverted Intuition.
However, this Ne will often be unconscious. As such, the ETS-N will
as such not always be consciously aware of all the components in their
external world. Since they are not to a high degree acutely aware of
the immediate external big picture, they may find themselves acting
in knowledge of this without being able to pinpoint what pattern
they perceived in order to come to a decision. When brought into
consciousness, Ne in this type can act as an anchor to the oftentimes
hyperactive convergent Se, and curtail their pursuit of concrete
experience with an active perception of a larger breadth of reality and
all that the current scenario implies. Furthermore, an ETS-N with such
Ne will be far better suited to adapting on the fly to emerging stimuli,
as well as various managerial and mechanical professions.
Se – Ni axis – Here a narrow scope lens of Extraverted Sensing is

employed at the behest of an abstract, future-oriented Introverted
Intuition. As such, the ETS-N will often engage with the present
moment in order to obtain data to be internalised by Ni processing and
ultimately be merged into a framework with which to inform future
experiences. Ni, connected to Fi as it is here, will subsequently form a
vision of the future desirable to this type, to be realised in reality by the
dominant pairing.
Si – Ne axis – Although relatively rare, the ETS-N may employ

a focused lens of Introverted Sensing at the behest of an abstract
extraverted intuitive perception of reality. External data is gathered
and coalesced under an Si microscope, enabling this type to overcome
their tendency to overgeneralise and analyse a given problem with
a greater amount of detail. With a greater sense of tangible details, a
convergent auxiliary Si will also encourage a more active integration
and recall of memory. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an
136 Cognitive Types

Te – Fi axis – Extraverted Thinking is employed at the behest of a
divergent Introverted Feeling, and therefore serves according to the
values and needs of identity and core limbic desires. A matured Fi in
this type will allow for both a strong sense of identity and character,
and an anchor with which to control an otherwise relentless pursuit of
external objective order. Furthermore, such a well-rounded Te-Fi axis
will produce a greater awareness of underlying emotional needs and
simultaneously allow Extraverted Thinking to be employed directly
according to the desires of the limbic system rather than entirely for
its own sake. As such, a Te dominant with a well-developed Fi can
channel their extraverted dominant function in a way that is deeply
meaningful, and even step back from the desire to exert order and
change to reflect on whether their energy may be better directed
elsewhere. An ETS-N with a less developed, more ‘inferior’ Introverted
Feeling will generally have little understanding of their own motivation
and ambitions, and have greater difficulty forming a sense of
direction conducive to personal happiness. Furthermore, since this
less balanced manifestation lacks awareness of their own emotions,
they will have an equally hard time relating to that of others, and in
some situations be capable of remarkably callous behaviour. Finally,
if Te is not sufficiently anchored by Fi, the ETS-N has the capacity to
be manipulated by those who trust the Te dominant to put all of their
energies into completing an objective at the expense of their own long-
term needs.
Cognitive Types 137

Lens-Codec Pairings
TeSe – A narrow and intense lens perceiving objective information in

external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – tangible
concrete reality informs an oftentimes more rational, industrious
agenda.
FiNi – Holistic perception of expansive individual identity. The Ni

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Fi oppositional.
Dip Functions
TeSe - FeNe – Intense objective interaction expands into broader

social context in a predictive, adaptive, and oftentimes exacting
manner.
TeSe - TiSi – External data is cross-referenced against what is known

and established.
FiNi - FeNe – Holistic individual identity is expressed and morphed

into social context.
FiNi - TiSi – Frameworks and definitions may be refined from a more

existential centre.
TeSe - FeSe – With some effort, more intimate and nuanced social
interaction can be engaged from a rational centre.
TeSe - TeNe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
and exploratory objective interaction.
FiNi - FiSi – Identity and ambitions may be over time concretised

and niched down.
138 Cognitive Types

FiNi - TiNi – Holistic internal reflection may, with some effort, be
engaged from an existential centre.
Cognitive Types 139

ETN-S (ESTJ)
Included in the dominant pairing is a convergent auxiliary Extraverted

Intuition (Ne) function. Due to this, the cogitations of Extraverted
Thinking are directed outwards through a wide and relatively
unfocused external lens. While this makes the ETN-S slightly limited
the intensity of their Te gaze, and thus less suited to analysing
everything in minute detail, it does, on the other hand, make them
completely attuned to the general future orientation of the immediate
scenario. This lends them a certain tactical mindset and also leads
to a remarkable awareness of all the mechanistic components
(particularly those non-static in nature) within their perception. As
such, while this type is suited less to static and relatively minimalist
mechanical scenarios (such as studio technology and lab sciences),
the ETN-S makes up for this with a high degree of macroscopic focus
as they seek to accomplish a multitude of tasks seamlessly alongside
each other. Since this type is so often moving towards an immediate
future, there goes with this auxiliary Ne a certain neglect of momentary
sensations. Thus, the ambition of this type is determined not as much
140 Cognitive Types

by momentary intensity as it is by moving towards a more immediate
future result, as well as the discoveries that come along the way.
This alone can explain the restless nature of this personality type,
a restlessness relative to the relationship between the two auxiliary
functions.

Introverted Intuition. As such, while being otherwise big-picture
oriented, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting that broader lens
internally, and the internal world will often be relatively less abstract
and overall less perceiving than Ni’s reverse orientation. This can lead
to a hazy relationship with more abstract visions of the future and
concepts that are not grounded in what is immediately perceivable;
generally, abstraction must have its root in what can be feasibly
actualised. When activated, Ni in an ETN-S allows for a more vivid and
far-reaching internal landscape as the abstract information perceived
is collated internally to form entirely new understandings of reality –
with an activated Ni, this type is able to consider a greater amount of
components to lend a far greater originality to an already innovative
dominant pairing.
The divergent auxiliary of the ETN-S is Introverted Sensing, a concrete

reflective – often past-inclined – lens directed inwards. Thus, absent
the active employment of their future-tense convergent auxiliary, Ne,
this type will be ruminating on previous experiences and nostalgic
inclinations, as well as various specific mental challenges involving
effective recall such as quizzes and crossword puzzles. Owing to the
managerial nature of the dominant pairing within this individual,
once a proven concept has been decided upon (be it a tradition or
previously effective method of carrying out the task at hand), out of
all the types this will be one of the least likely to alter their course of
action. The more a suggested alternative diverts from that which has
been previously tried and tested, and, conversely, the less proven this
Cognitive Types 141

alternative is, the more resistant the ETN-S will be to its adoption.
As such, owing partially to an oppositional Introverted Feeling, it is
oftentimes difficult for this type to adopt any kind of new strategy or
even life change. Because of this, a great portion of their lives may as
such be spent living in the past while living a relatively status-quo and
non-changing existence. Nonetheless, owing to the objective filters
through which they perceive reality, the divergent auxiliary Introverted
Sensing in this individual makes for a highly evidence-based and
thorough individual who is simultaneously able to perceive a vast
amount of moving parts. Due to this, the ETN-S are often excellent
project leaders and well suited to positions of office.

often this type will employ a high degree of Extraverted Sensing –
however, this Se will often be unconscious. As such, the ETN-S will as
such not always be consciously aware of all minutiae in their external
world. Since they are not acutely aware of the immediate specific
details, they may find themselves acting in knowledge of thus without
being able to pinpoint what pattern they perceived in order to come to
a decision. When brought into consciousness, Se in this type can act
as an anchor to the oftentimes hyperactive convergent Ne and curtail
pursuit of a multi-faceted experience with an active perception of the
details their restless gaze may otherwise miss. Furthermore, an ETN-S
with an active Se lens will be far better suited to examining specific
components effectively, as well as various scientific professions that
may otherwise test this type’s patience.
Ne – Si axis– Here a wide scope lens of Extraverted Intuition is

employed at the behest of a concrete, past-oriented Introverted
Sensing. As such, the ETN-S will often engage with the immediate
future in order to obtain data to be internalised by Si processing and
ultimately merged into a framework with which to inform future
experiences. Si, connected to Fi as it is here, will subsequently collate
the information to see what is proven most effective, and set about
142 Cognitive Types

constructing habits and strategy within parameters of effective
orientation.
Ni – Se axis – Although relatively rare, the ETN-S may employ

an abstract lens of Introverted Intuition at the behest of a concrete
Extraverted Sensing perception of reality. External data is gathered
and coalesced under a wide Ni-gaze, enabling this type to overcome
their tendency to resist more abstract innovation and analyse a given
problem with a greater number of variables in service of the big
picture. A convergent auxiliary Ni will also encourage a more active
imagination and visions of a desirable future. Generally, this axis is
engaged as more of an extension of the primary auxiliaries.
Te – Fi axis – Extraverted Thinking is employed at the behest of a

divergent Introverted Feeling, and therefore serves according to the
values and needs of identity and core limbic desires. A matured Fi in
this type will allow for both a strong sense of identity and character,
and an anchor with which to control an otherwise relentless pursuit of
external objective order. Furthermore, such a well-rounded Te-Fi axis
will produce a greater awareness of underlying emotional needs and
simultaneously allow Extraverted Thinking to be employed directly
according to the desires of the limbic system rather than entirely for
its own sake. As such, a Te dominant with a well-developed Fi can
channel their extraverted dominant function in a way that is deeply
meaningful, and even step back from the desire to exert order and
change to reflect on whether their energy may be better directed
elsewhere. An ETN-S with a less developed, more ‘inferior’ Introverted
Feeling will generally have little understanding of their own motivation
and ambitions, and have greater difficulty forming a sense of
direction conducive to personal happiness. Furthermore, since this
less balanced manifestation lacks awareness of their own emotions,
they will have an equally hard time relating to that of others, and in
some situations be capable of remarkably callous behaviour. Finally,
if Te is not sufficiently anchored by Fi, the ETN-S has the capacity to
Cognitive Types 143

be manipulated by those who trust the Te-dominant to put all of their
energies into completing an objective at the expense of their own long-
term needs.
144 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
TeNe – A broad and plethoric lens perceiving objective information in

external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – objective
infrastructure informs an oftentimes more industrious and innovative
agenda.
FiSi – Intense perception of concretised individual identity. The Si

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Fi oppositional.
Dip Functions
TeNe - FeSe – Expansive objective interaction narrows into specific

social engagement in an intense and focused manner.
TeNe - TiNi – External experience is cross-referenced against

internal abstraction and meta-frameworks.
FiSi - FeSe – Concretised individual identity is expressed and

projected into social context.
FiSi - TiNi – Internal frameworks may be expanded from a limbic

centre.
TeNe - TeSe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
and singular objective interaction.
TeNe - FeNe – With some effort, multiple social elements can be

entertained in a looser, more adaptive fashion.
FiSi - FiNi – Identity may be over time adapted and expanded.
FiSi - TiSi – Specific and more refined internal thought may, with
some effort, be engaged from a self-reflective centre.
Cognitive Types 145

The Extraverted Feeling Dominant (EFX-X)
The dominant function of this cognitive type is Extraverted Feeling

(Fe), and is as such concerned with the active organisation of the
external emotional landscape. As such, people of this type are
constantly compelled to bring the exhibited emotional expressions of
others into harmony with one another and are most comfortable when
people are perceived to be cooperating in relative harmony. When
social order falls short of their expectations, the Fe dominant will often
take it upon themselves to restore a level of balance and camaraderie
to the group or community in question. A lack of social order tends to
make this type extremely uncomfortable. Oftentimes any display of
emotion this individual construes to be of a negative nature will have
to be ‘dealt with’ to bring back a harmonious social environment –
often the most effective strategy for this tends to be either gestures of
comfort or dealing directly with the source of someone’s distress to
remove the problem altogether.
As such, individuals of this type tend towards work where they

may play an active communal role, either in the form of benevolent
management or more direct social work with any given group of
society. Regardless of their chosen profession, the Fe dominant will,
more often than not, have a high social impact upon any community
they find themselves in, attaining a high level of popularity, which
quickly propels them to roles of higher management. This individual
also tends to have the strongest work ethic out of all the types, mostly
due to the influence of the dominant function. Extraverted Feeling
feels social pressure greater than any other function, and the standard
of societal contribution this type sets for others applies manifold to
the self. For reasons relating to leading by example, this type will often
have an innate need to comply with the norms and expectations of the
community, as well as a general desire to please others, often going
above and beyond the demands of social compliance in order to ensure
146 Cognitive Types
greatest harmony between the self and society as a whole. While this
socially driven work ethic, alongside generally excellent social skills,
paves the way to remarkable success, it does render the Fe dominant
susceptible to manipulation.
This type is innately driven to please others, in particular those who

manifest and represent the norms and wishes of society, and the
great lengths they will go to with this goal in mind allows those who
appear socially acceptable a degree of leverage over this type. As long
as such Machiavellianism goes unnoticed or is simply accepted by the
community this type trusts, the types may have a remarkably difficult
time looking after their own needs. This does not just apply to people
of mal-intent, however; even the most well-meaning of people may
inadvertently take advantage of the Fe dominant’s need to please the
community, and oftentimes, in both work and relationships, the Fe
dominant may be so concerned with taking care of another’s expressed
needs that they may forget to look after their own.
If the Fe dominant is driven to breaking point too many times, or

generally finds their need to maintain social order is not matched
by their own self-esteem and social skillset, they have a tendency to
become rather reclusive, shy individuals with a somewhat ambivalent
relationship with their dominant function. Such variants of this
type will still be remarkably polite and play an active role in the
relationships they limit themselves to, and perhaps in part owing to
a slight feeling of inferiority, may possess an even higher work ethic
than the more extraverted people of this type. As such, regardless of
the degree to which this type is comfortable projecting order onto the
social landscape, this will be an individual who feels deeply the needs
of the social situation both at home and at large, and takes on such
needs to push themselves to their limits as they seek to go above and
beyond the expectations of others.
Dipping into this function’s reverse orientation – Introverted Feeling

– is often fairly intuitive, and subjective external values can as such
Cognitive Types 147

be easily compared against – and potentially influence – identity and
the values of the self. Fi frameworks allow this type to remain true to
themselves even amidst differing external values, cultivate internal
motivation, and more consciously direct limbic adaptation in response
to Fe feedback.
The oppositional function of this type is Introverted Thinking (Ti), a

codec function directed inwards serving as an objective anchor to the
subjective dominant Fe. With a developed Ti, the Fe dominant can
better develop their own opinions and theories and come to rely less
on that of others. Furthermore, an activated Introverted Thinking
in this type can also be brought to some level of scrutiny, allowing
the type a greater amount of originality as they actively deconstruct
assimilated information and, through the divergent auxiliary lens, find
a string of otherwise unconsidered connections and contradictions.
However, should the Ti of this individual be suppressed, the reverse

would be true: this type will rely completely on the theories and
opinions of those they trust to form their world view, and tend to live
an altogether – albeit often successful by contemporary standards
– conformist lifestyle as they constantly seek to emulate those they
admire and meet the approval of their peers. While such an attitude
may yield a certain productivity, it tends to also produce a high degree
of anxiety and a fear of self-expression, which ultimately serves to limit
the potential of an otherwise highly creative cognitive type. As such,
it is paramount that this individual achieves some level of conscious
dynamism of their Introverted Thinking function, upon the activation
of which this may become one of the most readily versatile of all the
cognitive types.
148 Cognitive Types

EFS-N (ENFJ)

Sensing (Se) function. Due to this, the assertions of Extraverted
Feeling here are directed outwards through a narrow but focused
lens. While this makes the EFS-N slightly limited in their field of view,
and thus less suited to fast moving social scenarios that require an
immediate big-picture orientation, it does on the other hand, make
them completely attuned to the moment. This lends them a certain
charisma and certainty of projected character, and also leads to this
type being remarkably non-distractible and relentlessly single-minded.
As such, while this type is suited less to emotional situations involving
an immediate awareness of a variety of social variables, the EFS-N
makes up for this with a high degree of present-oriented focus. Since
this type is so often completely grounded in the moment, there goes
with this auxiliary Se a certain predisposition towards pleasure and
comfort. Oftentimes, it is the pursuit of a superior experience in the
present moment that gives this type their strength of personality and
makes them overall more seeking of positive reinforcement than their
Ne-using counterpart. This alone can explain the ambitious streak of
Cognitive Types 149

this personality type, especially in consideration of their conceptual
and otherwise future-oriented divergent auxiliary.

Introverted Sensing. As such, while being otherwise concrete and
present-oriented, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting
that lens internally and, thusly, the internal world will tend to be
rather undetailed. This often leads to a hazy relationship with the
more tangible aspects of memory as they relentlessly pursue new
experiences. When activated, Si in an EFS-N allows for more detailed
recollection of facts, memories, and other internal details, as well as
an altogether more grounded personality aware of past, present, and
future implications.
The divergent auxiliary of the EFS-N is Introverted Intuition, an

abstract future-oriented lens looking inwards. Thus, absent the active
employment of their present-tense convergent auxiliary Se, this type
will be ruminating on future goals as well as various psychological
and theoretical concepts to shape a deeper, absolute understanding
of reality. Owing to the highly focused nature of the dominant pairing
within this individual, once a desirable future outcome has been
decided upon, out of all the types this will be one of the least likely
to alter their course of action. This can make the EFS-N remarkably
unadaptable, but also relentless in their achievement of desired
goals. Owing to the oppositional Introverted Thinking to which
this Ni is connected, the EFS-N often has difficulty deconstructing
the knowledge they have so far attained, and as such tend to be not
only stubborn but also unreceptive to theories not yet supported by
scientific literature. As such, this type tends to seek out a reliable truth
that needs no further alteration or scrutiny upon absorption. Thus, the
Ni of an EFS-N is the least playful and imaginative out of all the inter-
type Ni auxiliaries, instead being used as a vision for change and an
understanding of the more absolute knowledge structures absorbed.
150 Cognitive Types

Nonetheless, the divergent auxiliary Introverted Intuition of this
individual allows for a vast understanding of abstract and theoretical
concepts, and makes them one of the types most suited to all fields
requiring more holistic understanding, be it theoretical sciences or
business management.

often this type will employ a high degree of Extraverted Intuition
– however, this Ne will often be unconscious. As such, the EFS-N
will not always be consciously aware of all the components in their
external world. Since they are not to a high degree acutely aware of
the immediate external big picture, they may find themselves acting
in knowledge of this without being able to pinpoint what pattern
consciousness, Ne in this type can act as an anchor to the oftentimes
hyperactive convergent Se, and curtail their pursuit of concrete
experience and realisation with an active perception of a larger breadth
of reality. Furthermore, an EFS-N with such Ne will be far better suited
to adapting on the fly to emerging stimuli, as well as various situations
requiring of improvisation – a concept that is otherwise terrifying to
the highly forward-planning EFS-N type.
Se – Ni axis – The concrete external lens of Extraverted Sensing

perceives at the behest of a future imagined by Introverted Intuition –
goals are achieved by precise attention to detail in the moment as the
individual fluctuates between conception and execution. As such, the
EFS-N will often engage with the present moment in order to obtain
data to be internalised by TiNi processing and ultimately be merged
into a framework with which to inform future experiences.
Si – Ne axis – Although relatively rare, the EFS-N may employ

a focused lens of Introverted Sensing at the behest of an abstract
extraverted intuitive perception of reality. External data is gathered
and coalesced under an Si microscope, enabling this type to overcome
Cognitive Types 151

their tendency to overgeneralise, and analyse a given problem with
a greater amount of detail. Being a concrete-reflective function, a
convergent auxiliary Si will also encourage a more active integration
and recall of memory. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an
Fe – Ti axis – Extraverted Feeling is employed at the behest of

a divergent Introverted Thinking, and therefore serves according
to notions of absolute truth and logic. A matured Ti in this type will
allow for both a strong analytical ability and an anchor with which to
control an otherwise relentless pursuit of external social order and
validation. Furthermore, such a well-rounded Fe-Ti axis will produce a
greater awareness of the logical concepts driving this type’s behaviour
and simultaneously allow Extraverted Feeling to be employed directly
according to the cogitations of more cerebral processes rather
than entirely for its own sake. As such, an Fe dominant with a well-
developed Ti can channel their extraverted dominant function in a way
that is deeply meaningful, and even step back from a desire to exert
order to reflect on whether their energy is better directed elsewhere.
An EFS-N with a less developed oppositional Introverted Thinking will
generally have little scrutiny over what they hold to be true, and have
greater difficulty forming a balanced and open minded world view.
Furthermore, since this less balanced manifestation lacks awareness
of their own logical frameworks, they will have an equally hard time
relating to that of others.
152 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
FeSe – A narrow and intense lens perceiving subjective information

in external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – tangible
concrete reality informs an oftentimes more industrious, altruistic
agenda.
TiNi – Holistic perception of expansive internal frameworks. The Ni

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Ti oppositional.
Dip Functions
FeSe - TeNe – Intense subjective interaction expands into broader

mechanistic context in a predictive, adaptive, and oftentimes exacting
manner.
FeSe - FiSi – External emotional data is cross-referenced against

what is known and established.
TiNi - TeNe – Holistic individual frameworks are tested against

reality.
TiNi - FiSi – Values and relation may be concretised via a holistic

rational gateway.
FeSe - TeSe – With some effort, focused and tangible objective

interaction can be engaged from a more social origin.
FeSe - FeNe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
and adaptive social modality.
TiNi - TiSi – Principle-based frameworks may be over time

concretised and niched down to higher resolution understanding.
Cognitive Types 153

TiNi - FiNi – Holistic relation and limbic adaptation may, with some
effort, be engaged from a rational centre.
154 Cognitive Types

EFN-S (ESFJ)

Intuition (Ne) function. Due to this, the assertions of Extraverted
Feeling are directed outwards into a broad scope of the external world.
While this makes the EFN-S slightly limited in their perceived details
and thus less suited to social nuance and minutiae, it does, on the
other hand, give the type a high breadth of social vision, as well as a
contingency-orientation sufficient to perceive potential disorder and
stabilise it before it can manifest in the present. Since the type is so
often projecting Fe into a nearby future, there goes with this auxiliary
Ne a certain distance from the more tangible concrete experiences
such as pleasure and comfort. As the dominant pairing of this type
is more abstract in nature, they tend to be less seeking of immediate
reward and reinforcement than the EFS-N, and partially for this
reason tend to be both less intense and reward-orientated. Rather,
owing in part to the primarily intuitive external lens, the EFN-S is
most content when the course of a perceived social future appears
predictable and safe, and will go to great lengths to ensure it remains
thus.
Cognitive Types 155

Introverted Intuition. As such, while being otherwise big-picture
oriented, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting that broader lens
internally, and the internal world will often be relatively less abstract
and overall less perceiving than Ni’s reverse orientation. This can lead
to a hazy relationship with more abstract visions of the future and
concepts that are not grounded in what is immediately perceivable;
generally, abstraction must have its root in what can be feasibly
actualised. When activated, Ni in an EFN-S allows for a more vivid and
far-reaching internal landscape, as the abstract information perceived
is collated internally to form entirely new understandings of reality.
The divergent auxiliary of the EFN-S is Introverted Sensing, a concrete

reflective lens turned inwards. Thus, absent the active employment
of their near-future-tense convergent auxiliary, Ne, this type will be
ruminating on previous experiences in a reflective manner in order to
inform a reliable understanding of truths and reality as a whole. Owing
to the intuitive nature of the dominant pairing within this individual,
once a method has been decided upon, this individual will set out using
a tried-and-tested method while allowing their broad external lens to
make adjustments in the present moment. This can make the EFN-S
both reliable and adaptable, but also less given to wild experimentation
than other types. Owing to the oppositional Introverted Thinking
to which this Si is connected, the EFN-S often has difficulty
deconstructing the knowledge they have so far attained and, as such,
tend to be not only stubborn but also unreceptive to theories yet to be
firmly established. As such, this type tends to seek out a reliable truth
that needs no further alteration or scrutiny upon absorption. Thus,
the Si of an EFN-S tends to be the least playful and receptive out of
all the Si auxiliaries across types, instead being used as a valuable
internal scaffolding on which to safely commence Ne exploration. The
Si authority allows for a concrete, detail-oriented understanding of
156 Cognitive Types

knowledge absorbed. Nonetheless, the divergent auxiliary Introverted
Sensing of this individual allows for a vast understanding of detailed
mechanistic concepts and makes them one of the types most suited to
those fields requiring reliable replication of procedure alongside an
adaptable character – this is one of the most likely types to find success
as pilots and astronauts, for example.

often this type will employ a high degree of Extraverted Sensing –
however, this Se will often be unconscious. As such, the EFN-S will
not always be consciously aware of the details and more tangible
components of their external world. Since they are not to a high degree
acutely aware of the immediate details, they may find themselves
acting in knowledge of this without being able to pinpoint what details
consciousness, Se in this type can act as an anchor to the oftentimes
hyperactive convergent Ne and curtail their pursuit of plethoric
experience with an active perception of a finer portion of reality.
Ne – Si axis – The concrete external lens of Extraverted Intuition

perceives at the behest of the ‘known’ of Introverted Sensing – finely
tuned procedures are replicated by a broad external lens able to
perceive underlying problems and adjust accordingly. As such, the
EFN-S will often engage with the relative future in order to obtain data
to be internalised by Si processing and ultimately be merged into a
framework with which to inform future experiences.
Ni – Se axis – Although relatively rare, the EFN-S may employ

a focused lens of Introverted Intuition at the behest of a concrete
extraverted sensing perception of reality. External data is gathered
and coalesced under an Ni microscope, enabling this type to overcome
their tendency to rely on the tried and tested and create entirely
new procedures and inventions. Being a future-oriented function, a
convergent auxiliary Ni will also encourage a more active imagination
Cognitive Types 157

and sense of long-term purpose. Generally, this axis is engaged as
more of an extension of the primary auxiliaries.
Fe – Ti axis – Extraverted Feeling is employed at the behest of

a divergent Introverted Thinking, and therefore serves according
to notions of absolute truth and logic. A matured Ti in this type will
allow for both a strong analytical ability and an anchor with which to
control an otherwise relentless pursuit of external social order and
validation. Furthermore, such a well-rounded Fe-Ti axis will produce a
greater awareness of the logical concepts driving this type’s behaviour
and simultaneously allow Extraverted Feeling to be employed directly
according to the cogitations of more cerebral processes rather
than entirely for its own sake. As such, an Fe dominant with a well-
developed Ti can channel their extraverted dominant function in a way
that is deeply meaningful, and even step back from a desire to exert
order to reflect on whether their energy is better directed elsewhere.
An EFN-S with a less developed oppositional Introverted Thinking will
generally have little scrutiny over what they hold to be true, and have
greater difficulty forming a balanced and open minded world view.
Furthermore, since this less balanced manifestation lacks awareness
of their own logical frameworks, they will have an equally hard time
relating to that of others.
158 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
FeNe – A broad and plethoric lens perceiving subjective information

in external reality. Understanding of – and interaction with – social
context informs an oftentimes more orderly, altruistic agenda.
TiSi – Intense perception of concretised objective frameworks. The Si

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Ti oppositional.
Dip Functions
FeNe - TeSe – Expansive social context narrows into specific

mechanistic interaction in a focused and intense manner.
FeNe - FiNi – External experience is cross-referenced against

internal values, principles, and adaptive self-concept.
TiSi - TeSe – Concretised individual frameworks are expressed into,

and cross-referenced against, tangible objective reality.
TiSi - FiNi – Specific internal frameworks inform and inspire holistic

internal identity.
FeNe - TeNe – With some effort, large-scale management and multi-

tasking may be engaged from a more social origin.
FeNe - FeSe – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more specific
and intimate social scope.
TiSi - TiNi – Specific frameworks may be over time interwoven and

synergised towards greater holistic understanding.
TiSi - FiSi – Specific and more individualised personal values,

identity, and self-concept may, with some effort, be engaged from a
logical centre.
Cognitive Types 159

The Introverted Thinking Dominant
The dominant function of this individual is Introverted Thinking (Ti),

which manifests as a desire to exert maximal order upon the internal
world of objective information. Being intensive rather than extensive,
this function is innately more personal than its extraverted counterpart
(Te). Nonetheless – being cerebrally oriented rather than limbic –
Ti remains, unlike the Feeling functions, more objective than it is
subjective. To clarify the need for this distinction, one who seeks to
organise internal objective information inevitably attributes a degree
of ownership to the system they erect in order to do so. For this reason,
no organisational approach, whether internal or external, will ever
be entirely removed from the self. However, when contained within
the self this renders inevitable a higher degree of personal alignment;
introverted logic integrates systems and order into the self and, as
such, will have a degree of protectiveness over the perceived integrity
of what they personally consider ‘ordered’.
Introverted Thinking is at its essence the active organisation of

internally stored components in an objective manner – that is to
say, this is a function that seeks absolute truth for its own sake. Any
disorder, or cognitive dissonance tends to put the Ti dominant in a
state of unease and for this individual it is imperative for sanctity
of mind that the subject of perception make as much ‘sense’ as
possible. It would be incorrect to say all Introverted Thinkers are
inherently curious as to the way in which all things connect –
rather, the employment of Ti is relative to the scope of perceived
information and it is only the perception of contradictions that
activates the investigatory attitude Ti is associated with; if there are
no contradictions perceived by the user, then the internal objective
world is considered orderly. Relative to the lens to which it is assigned,
Introverted Thinking may be concerned with either assimilation and
160 Cognitive Types

integration of pre-established facts or more conceptual innovation.
While employment of such in the external world can be deeply

fulfilling, it is often only thus in those instances where externalisation
of logic is conducive to greater internal order. An excellent example
of this is a skillset which the Ti dominant will acquire and research
into and, through consistent externalisation of these frameworks,
effectively refine. In pursuit of a more theoretical truth, this is also
the case – for the theory to be refined, the Introverted Thinker must
test it in the external world in order to bring internal components into
harmony. Introverted Thinking is less about the active perception of a
vast internal world (as in the case of Introverted Intuition), and more
about ensuring logical compliance between whatever truths happen to
be stored.
As such, not all Introverted Thinkers will go out of their way to absorb
and collate as much information as possible. However, depending
on a variety of other factors including (but not limited to) coinciding
cognitive functions, the Ti dominant’s relentless pursuit of internal
order can make for an individual who is not only a vast storehouse of
trustworthy knowledge across a variety of subjects, but who also has
a much sought-after gift of distinguishing truths from falsehoods for
the betterment of humankind. Dipping into this function’s reverse
orientation – Extraverted Thinking – is often fairly intuitive, and
objective internal frameworks can as such be easily compared
against – and implemented into – external systems and structures.
Such frameworks allow for internal frameworks to be applied on a
more practical level, as the Ti dominant more directly applies their
knowledge and skill sets into external reality.
The oppositional function of this type is Extraverted Feeling (Fe), a

codec function directed externally, serving as a subjective anchor to
the objective dominant Ti. With a developed Fe, these types can use
a social orientation to both communicate their logical frameworks
Cognitive Types 161

to others as well as use conversation as a medium of intellectual
exploration. However, should the Fe of this individual be suppressed,
the reverse would be true – this type will rely completely on their
own ruminations and generally be resistant to the opinions of all
but a select few, as well as, perhaps more significantly, experiencing
very little motivation to interact with others, living a highly reclusive
existence as a result.
While such an attitude may yield a certain productivity, it tends

to also produce a high degree of anxiety and a fear of projecting any
cogitations into reality, which ultimately serves to limit the potential
of an otherwise highly creative cognitive type. As such, it is paramount
that this individual achieves some level of conscious activation of their
Extraverted Feeling function, the activation of which enables a far
greater degree of investigative prowess and a deeper sense of fulfilment
from sharing and exploring objective logic with others. On a final note,
as with all oppositional functions, Fe in this type will – regardless of
its development and conscious recognition – exert a strong influence
upon the dominant pairing.
Thus, even the most reclusive Ti dominant will have enough Fe

information being absorbed to predispose a certain amount of Ti
analysis towards various ethical and existential issues. Conversely,
owing to this strong oppositional influence, it is not uncommon for
those this type to become highly sociable people, flitting from one
circle to the next, all the while employing Ti to facilitate a kind of
‘social skillset’. This honed networking ability may be especially the
case in the FeNe-employing ITS-N variant.
162 Cognitive Types

ITS-N (INTP)
The convergent auxiliary to the dominant function is in this case

Introverted Sensing (Si), a detail-oriented concrete lens directed
internally. As such, the internal processing of Introverted Thinking
is highly specific and concrete, lending this type an often highly
refined recall and scrutiny of internalised objective components. This
individual will be scrupulous in their pursuit of internal objective
order, but, in the pursuit of Ti-detail they may, absent a healthy
employment of the function to which Si opposes (Introverted
Intuition), focus so much on internal specificities as to completely
miss how these components fit within the bigger picture. Owing
to Introverted Sensing, this type is quite given to specialism, often
achieving a highly detailed knowledge base of a few select subjects.
Being a reflective function in an often playful convergent auxiliary
position, this type tends to not only be highly nostalgic but, owing to
the divergent auxiliary to which this function opposes and acts at
the behest of, use the function of Introverted Sensing to precisely
consolidate a plethora of Intuitive information. This can, despite the
specific nature of this type’s Introverted Thinking, give this individual
Cognitive Types 163

a highly existential slant, as they constantly seek to unify the concrete
and abstract under a single objective framework.
Generally the hardest function for a type to bring to consciousness

Extraverted Sensing. As such, despite a high attunement to both past
and future, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting their Sensing
lens outwards and, thusly, the external world will often be rather
undetailed, often leading to a hazy relationship with the present
moment and difficulty taking in all the details of the immediate
situation as the type feels continuously pulled into a dreamlike
reconciliation of previous experiences and future concepts. Time as
a result tends to be intangible, and even somatic sensations such as
hunger and temperature can be more abstract experiences to this
type. When activated, Se in an ITS-N allows for a higher degree of
focus on the present moment, as well as an altogether more grounded
personality aware of past, present, and future implications.
As previously mentioned, the divergent auxiliary within this individual

is Extraverted Intuition, which plays an authoritative role as the
primary external lens of this type and compels the ITS-N to take in a
great swathe of relatively undetailed information from the outside
world. Being an abstract function, Ne tends to make this type highly
imaginative and attracted to various philosophical and theoretical
substrates, as well as highly concerned with the big picture as it
relates to disparate external curiosity. As such, despite their internal
musings being of an often (albeit not always) specific Si nature, the
externalisations of this type are highly plethoric and multi-faceted. Out
of all the types, this one tends to benefit from various brainstorming
and note-making processes more than others as they seek to collate as
many disparate concepts as they possibly can. This Ne authority makes
this type (alongside the IFS-N) highly creative, and more capable of
– owing to the divergent and thus observant attitude of this authority
function – seeing a larger external picture (perhaps more than any
164 Cognitive Types

other type). However, this comes at the cost of prioritisation, and
the type often has great difficulty limiting themselves to a select few
possibilities amidst countless others. Due to this, it can often take this
type longer than others to settle on a career path, or even identity, as
they take the time they need to assess all the alternatives. This abstract
external lens makes this type perhaps the greatest critic and analyst,
as they take the larger perceived picture and collate it within a highly
detailed and reflective TiSi process, and, ultimately, sharing their
findings with others with the aid of their oppositional Extraverted
Feeling.

often this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Intuition –
however, this Ni will often be unconscious. As such, the ITS-N will
not always be consciously aware of the vast kaleidoscope of vague
information their mind will draw from the internal world. Since
they are not acutely aware of this plethoric information to a high
degree, they may find themselves theorising in knowledge of this
without being able to pinpoint what associations they perceived in
order to come to a conclusion. When brought into consciousness, Ni
in this type can act as an anchor to the oftentimes overly precise TiSi
combination of the dominant pairing and curtail their pursuit of exact
knowledge in order to give this type a sense of the bigger picture.
Indeed, it is entirely common for both this type and the IFS-N to
bring Ni into consciousness to use in a harmonious manner with their
Si microscope, undulating between precise critique and conceptual
innovation.
Si-Ne axis – Introverted Sensing focuses its narrow concrete

lens inwardly at the behest of external abstract data received from
an Extraverted Intuition authority, taking the broad scope of
information received from the primary extraverted lens of this type
and subsequently applying a detailed scope to specific components for
reliable Introverted Thinking codification.
Cognitive Types 165

Se-Ni axis – While relatively rare, Extraverted Sensing can gather
precise concrete information from the external world at the behest of
an Introverted Intuition conceptualisation, often applying detail to the
exterior to realise a vision of the future. Generally, this axis is engaged
as more of an extension of the primary auxiliaries.
Ti-Fe axis – Introverted Thinking acts at the behest of Extraverted

Feeling, collating detailed skill sets and bases of knowledge to
ultimately benefit the experience of others. If Fe is not sufficiently
activated, this type may pursue TiSi constructs purely for their own
sake and feel an innate sense of despair out of an inability to share
this information with others. As such, it is imperative for this type to
develop Extraverted Feeling in order to satisfy this individual’s deep
craving to understand and connect with the human external landscape.
166 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
TiSi – A narrow and intense lens perceiving precise internal

frameworks. Understanding of – and interaction with – objective
internal reality informs an oftentimes more rational, investigative
agenda.
FeNe – Holistic exploratory perception of the external social

realm. The Ne authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Fe
oppositional.
Dip Functions
TiSi - FiNi – Intense objective consultation expands into broader

limbic context in an expansive and adaptive manner.
TiSi - TeSe – Internal frameworks are cross-referenced and tested

against tangible external reality.
FeNe - FiNi – Holistic individual identity is informed by expansive

social context.
FeNe - TeSe – Precise, focused mechanistic interaction may be

engaged through a social gateway and the tangible concrete more
easily navigated.
TiSi - FiSi – With some effort, self-concept and values may be refined
and concretised from an objective internal centre.
TiSi - TiNi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed and
holistic consultation of logical principles.
FeNe - FeSe – Social attention may over time become more nuanced
and organic.
Cognitive Types 167

FeNe - TeNe – Macroscopic external management may, with some
effort, be engaged from a sociocontextual centre.
168 Cognitive Types

ITN-S (ISTP)
The convergent auxiliary to the dominant function is in this case

Introverted Intuition (Ni), a lens directed internally that is more
broad than narrow in its scope. As such, the internal processing of
Introverted Thinking here is far less precise than that of the ITS-N,
rather relying on aggregates and a more abstract perception of internal
data. This individual will be more vague in their pursuit of internal
objective order, sacrificing detail for breadth of scope, but in their
pursuit of Ti-breadth, they may, absent a healthy employment of the
function to which Ni opposes (Introverted Sensing), focus so much
on the big picture as to completely miss the specific details involved.
Owing to Introverted Intuition, this type is quite given to acquire
multiple interconnecting interests, often achieving a degree of synergy
between all that they pursue, potentially even creating an entirely new
specialism as a result. Being an abstractly-inclined, oftentimes vision-
forming function in the more playful convergent auxiliary position,
this type tends to not only be highly ambitious but, owing to the Se
divergent auxiliary to which this function opposes and acts at the
Cognitive Types 169

behest of, use Ni to form a vision of an idealised version of self in order
to maximise both comfort and intensity of present-based experiences.
Use of the Ni-Se axis to generate bursts of excitement and inspiration
is particularly common in auxiliary position. When Ni in this type is
sufficiently activated, they may obtain a vision of the future so strong
as to become relentless in both pursuit and objective-codification
of how to most efficiently bring this future outcome into reality. This
convergence of Introverted Intuition alongside Introverted Thinking
can make for some of the most single-mindedly driven and charismatic
personalities the world has known.

Extraverted Intuition. As such, despite a high attunement to both
past and far-future, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting their
extraverted lens outwards and, thus, the external world will tend to be
perceived rather narrowly, often leading to a hazy relationship with
the more immediate future and a difficulty taking in the full picture
of the immediate situation as the type feels continuously pulled
between enjoyment of the concrete present and conceptualisation
of a far future. This can result in a degree of blindness to the short-
term consequences of one’s actions, as well as a difficulty entertaining
alternate paths and methods to what one has instigated. When
activated, Ne in an ITN-S allows for a higher degree of focus on the
near-future as well as an altogether more grounded personality aware
of past, present, and future implications.

is Extraverted Sensing, which plays an authoritative role as the
primary external lens and compels the ITN-S to take in a narrow but
extremely detailed scope of information from the outside world. Being
a concrete function, Se tends to make this type highly grounded to
the moment and attracted to the more immediate rewards in life.
As such, despite their internal musings being of an often (albeit not
170 Cognitive Types

always) expansive Ni nature, the externalisations of this type tend to
be more worldly and far more concerned with what can be tangibly
experienced than abstract explorations for their own sake. This Se
authority can make this type (alongside the IFN-S) highly sanguine
and more capable of locking into the present moment than most other
types. However, this can come at the cost of a sense of consequence, as
the type often has great difficulty considering a bigger picture (or even
immediate-future) when enjoying themselves in the present. As such,
they tend to take ill-considered risks and sometimes act entirely out of
character as they indulge a momentary impulse. Because of this, the
immense capacity for present-focus of this type can have significant
setbacks if both Intuitive lenses are not sufficiently activated so as
to allow for a greater sense of causality. This concrete external lens
makes this type perhaps the greatest visionary and innovator, as
they take the detailed perceived picture and collate it within a highly
imaginative and motivational TiNi process, before ultimately sharing
their transmutations with others via the aid of their oppositional
Extraverted Feeling.

often this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Sensing
– however, this Si will often be unconscious. As such, the ITN-S
will not always be consciously aware of the detailed perception of
concrete information their mind will draw from the internal world.
Since they are not acutely aware of such information to a high degree,
they may find themselves acting in knowledge of this without being
able to pinpoint what pattern they perceived within their memories
in order to come to a decision. Owing to the strength and relative
unconsciousness of this function, it is not unheard of for ITN-Ss to
have an ambivalent relationship with enduring concrete connections
as well as the memories that stems from thus. When brought into
consciousness, Si in this type can act as an anchor to the oftentimes
overly vague and potentially naive TiNi combination of the dominant
Cognitive Types 171

pairing, and curtail the pursuit of a grand vision of change in order
to take stock of the details involved. Indeed, it is entirely common
for both this type and the IFN-S to bring Introverted Sensing into
consciousness to use in a harmonious manner with Ni, allowing this
type to become far more scientific and practical as a result.
Ni-Se axis – Introverted Intuition focuses its broad, abstract lens

inwardly at the behest of external concrete data received from an
Extraverted Sensing authority, taking the detailed information
received from this primary extraverted lens of this type and applying a
broad scope to a vast array of both abstract and concrete components
to be collated through Introverted Thinking codification.
Ne-Si axis – While relatively rare, Extraverted Intuition can gather a

plethora of more abstract information from the external world at the
behest of an Introverted Sensing anchor, often forgoing external detail
for a wider breadth of field as the type seeks to re-establish context and
consequence. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an extension of
Ti-Fe axis – Introverted Thinking acts at the behest of Extraverted

Feeling, collating detailed skill sets and bases of knowledge to
ultimately benefit the experience of others. If Fe is not sufficiently
activated, this type may pursue TiNi internal constructs purely for
their own sake and feel an innate sense of despair out of an inability
to share this information with others. As such, it is imperative for this
type to develop Extraverted Feeling in order to satisfy this individual’s
deep craving to both understand and connect with the human external
landscape.
172 Cognitive Types

Lens-Codec Pairings
TiNi – A broad and general lens perceiving holistic internal

frameworks. Understanding of – and interaction with – objective
internal reality informs an oftentimes more rational, innovative
agenda.
FeSe – Precise intensive perception of the external social realm. The

Se authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Fe oppositional.
Dip Functions
TiNi - FiSi – Holistic objective consultation narrows into self-concept

and personal values in a concrete manner.
TiNi - TeNe – Internal frameworks are cross-referenced and tested

against external potentials.
FeSe - FiSi – Concrete individual identity is informed by specific and

immediate social context.
FeSe - TeNe – Broad and plethoric mechanistic interaction may

be engaged through a social gateway, and alternatives more easily
entertained.
TiNi - FiNi – With some effort, self-concept and values may be

adapted and expanded from an objective internal centre.
TiNi - TiSi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed and
specific consultation of what is known and established.
FeSe - FeNe – Social attention may over time become more

contextualised and adaptive.
Cognitive Types 173

FeSe - TeSe – More precise and focused mechanistic interaction may,
with some effort, be engaged from a sociocontextual centre.
174 Cognitive Types

The Introverted Feeling Dominant (IFX-X)
The dominant function here is Introverted Feeling (Fi), which is

concerned with the active organisation of the internal emotional
landscape. As such, this is an individual who prioritises sanctity of
mind above all things and is often directly in touch with both identity
and desire as they seek the most effective way to balance these
facets together as effectively as possible. More than just a set of pre-
programmed impulses, the emotional landscape of the Fi dominant
is one in a constant state of analysis as the individual weighs up
conflicting internal and external data against the core of the self to
determine what must be changed or avoided in order to remain in
a state of internal harmony. While potentially stubborn in nature
(such as in those situations where external factors conflicting with
the internal value system are ignored or repressed), this is also a type
that can adapt the self in light of emerging information should it be
conducive to self-expansion and integrity of mind.
Being a subjective function, Introverted Feeling occupies a domain

of logic entirely more existential in nature, as all values and truths
are considered around the singularity of the self – in order to actively
integrate reality into this codec, this individual proceeds to develop
(with varying degrees of success) relational empathy, whereby the
concept of the self is extended to occupy external concepts. While
this individual does also manifest an oftentimes subconscious level
of Extraverted Feeling – and subsequently feels external emotional
order as a reality in and of itself – the conscious understanding of this
external landscape tends to be through actively relating both objects
and people to the experience of the perceiver. This tends to oscillate
between the two extremes of seeing the self as an extension of the
other, and the other as an extension of the self. This dichotomy can
be represented by the concepts of selflessness and selfishness, and is
Cognitive Types 175

why the Fi dominant has the potential to vary wildly between these two
standpoints.
While this individual has just as much potential for self-delusion

as any other type, absent pathology, this person will generally be
deeply in touch with and secure within who they are. It is this deep
connection to the self that equips this type with not only a strong
desire to express their individuality, but also a natural aptitude for
doing so in an authentic and genuine manner. This lends this person
a quiet charisma, as well as equipping them for various industries of
self-expression such as arts and humanities. Furthermore, given their
oftentimes highly developed relational empathy, these individuals tend
to exhibit a high degree of insight into various human and existential
scenarios and often excel within psychiatry and various soft sciences.
Dipping into this function’s reverse orientation – Extraverted Feeling
– is often fairly intuitive, and internal value systems can as such be
easily compared against – and adapted in response to – the expressed
values and emotions of others. This Fe dip allows for intuitive Fi
expression, as well as more fluid and seamless social interactions as it
is developed.
The oppositional function of the Fi dominant is Extraverted Thinking

(Te), an objective codec directed externally – as such, the average
individual of this type will generally be of a perfectionist nature and
rather organised in their external world. This perfectionism owes
to the observational sensitivity of this hyper-divergent position.
Generally, this type operates outwardly within a set of clearly defined
rules and tends to use this function alongside the divergent auxiliary so
as to select an array of components to balance together in logical order.
Given the contrast to the entirely relational and subjective dominant
function, this individual will tend to dislike imposing rules onto others
and making any kind of decision that would affect another person. The
Fi dominant is oftentimes perfectly happy to hold their own conduct
to strict mechanistic standards, but outside this limited range tends to
176 Cognitive Types

be very uncomfortable exerting Extraverted Thinking in a convergent
manner.
It is not unusual for the calculating nature of Te to be dismissed

entirely by the dominant function, resulting in a person who relies on
others to satisfy their needs and is unwilling to control the external
world or even bring it into alignment with their values. Such an
individual will vary between being highly agreeable and entirely
aloof as they refuse to take responsibility for the world they inhabit.
Generally, the mechanisations of Te would seem so strange to such
an Fi dominant as to create an alarmingly black and white view of
external order – either the world is organised to an approximate of
perfection, or it is in complete disarray, and the dominant function
would have difficulty coming to terms with anything in between these
two extremes. As Te matures in this type, they learn to plan on behalf
of themselves and others, and through their abstract external lens, take
in an array of possibilities and weigh up respective pros and cons in a
remarkably mathematical manner in order to objectively assess which
option holds the most merit.
Furthermore, even the slightest rebalancing of Fi and Te can lend

this person excellent organisational and deductive skills well suited
to mathematical and computer sciences, especially when operating
within clearly defined external parameters. Indeed, even the most well-
rounded of this type would rather act on the behest of an institution
they believe in than in a more autonomous and mechanistically
uncertain manner. Should this function be developed, this is an
individual who can apply Te ingenuity to their world in an intuitive,
non-stressful manner while remaining deeply in touch with their own
needs as well as those of others.
Given the relational intensity of the dominant function, it is likely,

even in light of this Fi-Te balance, that the Fi dominant would remain
very uncomfortable and overwhelmed in a leadership position, but, in
so far as achieving personal happiness and creating a positive impact
Cognitive Types 177

upon the world, a Te-activated variant of these types has not only an
awareness of their own values, but also the means to realise these
values in reality.
178 Cognitive Types

IFS-N (INFP)
The convergent auxiliary for this type is Introverted Sensing (Si),

a concrete lens directed internally. As such, the emotional and
existential ponderings of this individual are often highly specific and
focused upon the absolute and previously experienced. This function
can manifest a past-tense, reflective nature, lending the Fi in these
instances a fairly nostalgic slant, and also a desire for the comfort of
that already experienced. As a result, the IFS-N will generally form
deep attachments to people with whom they have shared experiences
and have a similar attraction to the places (and residing objects within)
in which these experiences occur. The Si of this type, being convergent
in nature, may actively seek the formation of new experiences to reflect
on, but all the while doing so will prioritise existing attachments
to continue to unify the past with the present. This gives the ISF-N
an extremely long-term orientation which is easily confused with
Introverted Intuition. However, rather than looking to the future with
a sense towards the new and unexplored, the Introverted Sensing
of this type builds upon past experiences and views the long-term as
Cognitive Types 179

a unification of past and present. In short, the IFS-N builds not as
much for the sake of discovery or innovation, but rather to render
those things meaningful to the dominant Fi concrete and everlasting.
Owing to this Si auxiliary, this type generally forms Fi-attachments to a
select few, and often (but not always) keep to a tightly knit social circle.
Oftentimes, this function is used to codify various external information
using sensation-based symbols and metaphors, as this Fi dominant
seeks to align external experience with somatic familiarity.

Extraverted Sensing. As such, despite a high attunement to both past
and future, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting their Sensing
lens outwards and, thus, the external world will often be rather
undetailed. This often leads to a hazy relationship with the present
moment and a difficulty taking in all the details of the immediate
situation as the type feels continuously pulled into a dreamlike
reconciliation of previous experiences and future concepts. Indeed, as
external reality is not tangibly experienced, life can take on an ethereal
quality to this type, and it is not uncommon for this type to report
experiences of dissociation, particularly of a more physical nature.
This disconnect from the tangible external can on occasion result in a
difficulty balancing idealism with pragmatism, as what is desired and
what can be tangibly realised blur together within the mind. When
activated, Se in an IFS-N allows for a higher degree of focus on the
present moment, as well as an altogether more grounded personality
aware of past, present, and future implications.

is Extraverted Intuition, which plays an authoritative role as the
primary external lens and compels the IFS-N to take in a great swathe
of relatively undetailed information from the outside world. Being an
abstract function, Ne tends to make this type highly imaginative and
attracted to various philosophical and theoretical substrates as FiSi
180 Cognitive Types

relates upon the abstract external world, as well as highly concerned
with the big picture as it pertains to external exploration. As such,
despite the internal musings of this type being of an often (albeit not
always) specific Si nature, the externalisations of this type are highly
plethoric and multi-faceted. Out of all the types, this one tends to
benefit from various brainstorming and note-making processes more
than others as they seek to collate as many disparate concepts as they
possibly can. This Ne authority makes this type (alongside the ITS-N)
highly creative, and more capable of – owing to the divergent and thus
observant attitude of this authority function – seeing a larger external
picture (perhaps more than any other type). However, this comes at
the cost of prioritisation, as the type often has great difficulty limiting
themselves to a select few among countless other possibilities. Due
to this, it can take this type longer than others to settle on a career
path or even identity as they take the time they need to assess all the
alternatives. It is not unusual for people of this type to reject the notion
of choice entirely, striving rather to pursue all interests and desires
simultaneously through the TeNe pairing. The abstract external lens
of Ne makes this type a natural critic and analyst, as they take the
larger perceived picture and collate it within a highly detailed and
relational FiSi process, before ultimately sharing their findings with
others through their oppositional Extraverted Thinking in the form of
products, structures, and application of skills. Indeed, it is not in the
least bit uncommon for the IFS-N to have myriad skill sets within their
belt.

often this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Intuition
– however, this Ni will often be unconscious. As such, the IFS-N
will not always be consciously aware of the vast kaleidoscope of
vague information their mind will draw from the internal world.
Since they are not acutely aware of this plethoric information to a
high degree, they may find themselves acting in knowledge of this
Cognitive Types 181

without being able to pinpoint what patterns and associations they
perceived in order to come to a decision. Owing to the strength and
relative unconsciousness of this function, it is not unheard of for
IFS-Ns to have an ambivalent relationship with enduring concrete
connections as well as the memories that stem from thus. When
brought into consciousness, Ni in this type can act as an anchor
to the oftentimes overly precise and singular FiSi combination of
the dominant pairing, and curtail their pursuit of exact desires and
concrete identity in order to give this type a sense of the bigger picture.
Indeed, it is entirely common for both this type and the ITS-N to
bring Ni into consciousness to use in a harmonious manner with their
Si microscope, undulating between precise critique and conceptual
innovation.
Si-Ne axis – Introverted Sensing focuses its narrow concrete lens

inwardly at the behest of external abstract data received from an
Extraverted Intuition authority, taking the broad scope of information
received from the primary extraverted lens of this type and applying a
detailed scope to specific components to be collated via an Introverted
Feeling value system.
Se-Ni axis – While relatively rare, Extraverted Sensing can gather

precise concrete information from the external world at the behest of
an Introverted Intuition conceptualisation, often applying detail to the
exterior to realise a vision of the future. Generally, this axis is engaged
as more of an extension of the primary auxiliaries.
Fi-Te axis – Introverted Feeling acts at the behest of Extraverted

Thinking, seeking to harmonise the external objective world with the
self and become an integral component of the world. The self will
be developed to be of use to others and life as a whole, and identity
will align itself with skill sets according to the needs of the situation.
Poor development of Te can result in a subservient or outright aloof
personality, as the individual seeks to escape from either the demands
182 Cognitive Types

of the self or the external world, relinquishing responsibility to escape
the Te pressures of the external world. Such a person may even
possess a kind of entitlement complex as they expect their needs to
be provided for while neglecting to take responsibility for themselves.
However, there more often manifests a degree of Te-activation, with
the individual working hard – and to a high standard – on behalf
of another while often relying on an external body to provide a
framework of rules and regulations to operate within.
Cognitive Types 183

Lens-Codec Pairings
FiSi – A narrow and intense lens perceiving subjective information

within internal reality. Understanding of – and interaction with
– concrete internal representations informs an oftentimes more
investigative, altruistic agenda.
TeNe – Holistic perception of expansive external potentials. The Ne

authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Te oppositional.
Dip Functions
FiSi - TiNi – Intense subjective consultation expands into broader

objective principles in an adaptive and oftentimes existential fashion.
FiSi - FeSe – Internal emotional data is cross-referenced against

nuanced external feedback.
TeNe - TiNi – External potentials inform holistic internal

understanding.
TeNe - FeSe – Precise social interaction may be engaged from an

external macroscopic perspective.
FiSi - TiSi – With some effort, definitions and frameworks may be

refined and concretised from an internal limbic centre.
FiSi - FiNi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed and
expansive self-exploration.
TeNe - TeSe – External mechanistic engagement may over time

become more focused, and concrete experience rendered more
meaningful.
184 Cognitive Types

TeNe - FeNe – Adaptable and fluid social interaction may, with some
effort, be engaged from a rational exploratory centre.
Cognitive Types 185

IFN-S (ISFP)
The convergent auxiliary for this type is Introverted Intuition, an

abstract lens directed internally. As such, the emotional and existential
ponderings of this individual are often highly plethoric and concerned
with the whole picture and visions of the future – the oftentimes
future-tense orientation of this function lends the Fi of this person a
fairly forward looking and highly idealistic nature. As a result, the
IFN-S will generally form deep attachments to people who represent a
journey and speak of a path towards a better future, and have a similar
attraction to objects, concepts, and entirely fictional entities that align
with the ideals of the dominant pairing. The Ni of this type, being
convergent in nature, may actively reflect upon previous experiences
in order to predict future outcomes, but all the while doing so will
prioritise new emerging concepts so as to continue to realise future
conceptions within the present. This can give the IFN-S a transient
nature that may run contrary to what is commonly associated with
Introverted Intuition as they discard attachments that no longer
align with the future in a manner that may seem short-term oriented
186 Cognitive Types

and impulsive. However, rather than looking at the present with a
sense towards mindless repetition, the Introverted Intuition of this
type tends to anchor into the present moment in order to manifest a
desired future self or outcome. In short, the IFN-S builds not for the
sake of security, but rather towards abstract self-realisation. Owing
to Introverted Intuition, this type generally forms Fi-attachments
to a broad range of people, and often (albeit not always) maintains a
variety of social circles representing different aspects of their identity.
This can, however, result in a lack of depth and integrity in both
self and relationships, especially if the IFN-S seeks to spread their
relational energies as broadly as possible.

Extraverted Intuition. As such, despite a high attunement to both
past and far future, this type will tend to have difficulty shifting their
Extraverted lens outwards and, thus, the external world will often be
perceived rather narrowly, often leading to a hazy relationship with
the more immediate future and a difficulty taking in the full picture
of the immediate situation as the type feels continuously pulled
between enjoyment of the concrete present and conceptualisation
of a far future. This can result in a degree of blindness to the short-
term consequences of one’s actions, as well as a difficulty entertaining
alternate paths and methods to what one has instigated. When
activated, Ne in an IFN-S allows for a higher degree of focus on the
near-future as well as an altogether more grounded personality aware
of both past, present, and future implications.

is Extraverted Sensing, which plays an authoritative role as the
primary external lens and compels the IFN-S to take in a narrow but
extremely detailed scope of information from the outside world. Being
a concrete function, Se tends to make this type highly grounded to
the moment and attracted to the more immediate rewards in life. As
Cognitive Types 187

such, despite the internal musings of this type being of an often (albeit
not always) plethoric Ni nature, the externalisations of this type tend
to be more worldly and far more concerned with what can be tangibly
experienced than abstract explorations for their own sake. This Se
authority can make this type (alongside the ITN-S) highly sanguine
and more capable of locking into the present moment than most other
types. However, this can come at the cost of a sense of consequence,
as the type often has great difficulty considering a bigger picture (or
even immediate-future) when enjoying themselves in the present. As
such, they can be known to take ill-considered risks and sometimes
act entirely out of character as they indulge a momentary impulse.
Because of this, the immense capacity for present-focus of this type
can have significant setbacks if Intuitive lenses are not sufficiently
activated so as to allow for a greater sense of causality. This concrete
external lens makes this type perhaps the greatest visionary and
innovator as they take the detailed perceived picture and collate it
within a highly imaginative and motivational FiNi process, before
ultimately sharing their transmutations with others through the
means of product or performance with aid of the Extraverted Thinking
oppositional function.

often this type will employ a high degree of Introverted Sensing.
However, this Si will often be unconscious. As such, the IFN-S will
not always be consciously aware of the detailed perception of concrete
information their mind will draw from the internal world. Since they
are not acutely aware of such information to a high degree, they may
find themselves acting in knowledge of this without being able to
pinpoint what pattern they perceived within their memories in order
to come to a decision. When brought into consciousness, Si in this
type can act as an anchor to the oftentimes overly vague and naive
FiNi combination of the dominant pairing, and curtail their pursuit
of a grand vision of change in order to give this type a sense of the
188 Cognitive Types

details involved. Indeed, it is entirely common for both this type and
the ITN-S to bring Introverted Sensing into consciousness to use in a
harmonious manner with Ni, allowing this type to become far more
scientific in nature.
Ni-Se axis – Introverted Intuition focuses its broad, abstract lens

inwardly at the behest of external concrete data received from an
Extraverted Sensing authority, taking the detailed information
received from the primary extraverted lens of this type and applying a
broad scope to a vast array of both past and present components to be
collated through an Introverted Thinking codification.
Ne-Si axis – While relatively rare, Extraverted Intuition can gather a

plethora of more abstract information from the external world at the
behest of an Introverted Sensing anchor, often forgoing external detail
for a wider breadth of field as the type seeks to re-establish what is
normative. Generally, this axis is engaged as more of an extension of
Fi-Te axis – Introverted Feeling acts at the behest of Extraverted

Thinking, seeking to harmonise the external mechanical world with
the self and become an integral component of the world – the self will
be developed to be of use to others and life as a whole, and identity
will align itself with skill sets as well as the needs of the situation.
Poor development of Te can result in a subservient or outright aloof
personality as the individual seeks to escape from either the demands
of the self or the external world, relinquishing responsibility to escape
the pressures of the mechanical world. Such a person will tend to
possess a kind of entitlement complex as they expect their needs to
be provided for while neglecting to take responsibility for themselves.
However, more often there manifests a degree of Te-activation,
with the individual working hard and to a high standard on behalf of
another, while relying on an external body to provide a framework of
rules and make decisions on the Fi dominant’s behalf.
Cognitive Types 189

Lens-Codec Pairings
FiNi – A broad and plethoric lens perceiving subjective information

within internal reality. Understanding of – and interaction with
– abstract internal representations informs an oftentimes more
innovative, altruistic agenda.
TeSe – Intense and singular perception of external concrete

reality. The Se authority function serves an auxiliary role to the Te
oppositional.
Dip Functions
FiNi - TiSi – Broad and abstract subjective consultation narrows

in to what is known and established principles in an adaptive and
oftentimes existential fashion.
FiNi - FeNe – Internal emotional data is cross-referenced against

broader social and societal context.
TeSe - TiSi – External experience informs specific internal

understanding.
TeSe - FeNe – Broad and adaptive social interaction may be engaged

from a more precise and intense objective perspective.
FiNi - TiNi – With some effort, definitions and frameworks may be

expanded and synergised from an internal limbic centre.
FiNi - FiSi – The auxiliary may be dialed back into more relaxed
consultation of concrete familiarity.
TeSe - TeNe – External mechanistic engagement may over time

become more expansive and new potentials more easily entertained.
190 Cognitive Types

TeSe - FeSe – Precise and more nuanced social interaction may, with
some effort, be engaged from a tangible external perspective.
To Summarise
• There are sixteen possible combinations of cognitive functions,

each with their own distinct predispositions.
• While the way we process information has a significant impact on

behaviour, it is not the sole factor. Therefore, these type descriptors
are more for personal exploration than they are the reliable typing
of others; this pertains to inner processes more than behavioural
projections.
• Each person is the sum of opposites, alternating as they do on two

axes. The axis not only switches function, but also orientation. As
such, there is at the end of each side, an introverted function and its
extraverted opposite.
• Every combination has various cognitive inhibitions that may,

over time, be overcome – the goal of individuation is not to develop
one’s strengths, but to overcome one’s cognitive type to render every
facet a strength in itself.
Cognitive Types 191

1 Typology and Behaviour
What sets this theory apart from others is a higher focus on the
deeper cognitive aspects of psychology as opposed to the altogether
more transient behavioural factors. That being said, none of us has a
window into another person’s mental sanctum, and when seeking to
type relative strangers, one must rely on behavioural ques in order
to effectively ‘guess’ inner cognitive workings. A more behavioural-
based instrument becomes almost inevitable in these circumstances,
which is indeed part of the reason why a more personalised individual
application of such science can be preferable.
Given a limited time span and limited prior knowledge of the

individual, there are multiple shortcuts one can take to form a
behaviourally-based prediction of cognitive type. Using these
heuristics, alongside a reasonable understanding of the theory as a
whole, you can enjoy a relatively high success rate. However, there will
always be individuals who, owing to exceptional circumstances and
differentiation of social archetype – and cognitive subtype – cannot
be effectively typed by behavioural means. In such instances, one will
require a deep knowledge of them as an individual or, failing that, a
sufficiently in-depth conversation specific to their cognitive functions
to effectively type them. However, for the majority of cases, you may
find the guidance below a useful stepping stone for time-efficient
personality typing.
Typology and Behaviour 193

On the typing of others
Over the following pages, I will list mannerisms and general cues
one can draw from others in order to effectively guess the underlying
cognitive functions.
Dominant Functions
Se dominant Pragmatic-hard; improviser; present-oriented
Such a person will still employ some use of Introverted Sensing, and
thus atop being fairly normative and concrete in nature, also exhibit
behaviour based on what has been established as acceptable and
desirable by the past, tradition, and local culture. Being a concrete
extraverted type, they will be highly pragmatic and trust what they
themselves can observe. Rather than reflecting upon and weighing
up various strategies, they will instead prefer to react in the moment
to emerging stimuli and trust previous experiences to inform their
adaptive abilities.
Fe dominant Value oriented; rule abiding/polite
This individual will, atop their Extraverted Feeling, also exert a high
degree of often unconscious Introverted Feeling – therefore, while
being primarily concerned with the harmony of the external world,
they will often have a strong sense of personal identity and move
through life in a manner befitting both their chosen role and ideals.

This type will often have a moral conscience informed by subculture,
while also upholding this moral value as sacred to personal integrity.
Generally, such a person will also be both highly polite and conformist,
though if their role and, indeed, culture is one which encourages a
more brash communication style, such politeness will not always be
the case. Owing to the duality of the dominant Feeling function, this
type is often highly committed to all close relationships and is capable
of extreme empathy and anthropomorphisms.
Te Dominant Structure oriented; rule abiding/strict
While primarily concerned with the objective logic which is externally

perceivable, this type will nonetheless also exert a high degree of often
unconscious Introverted Thinking, particularly in regard to skill sets
and knowledge bases that have obvious and oftentimes immediate
external applicability (i.e. those that inform external logic). Generally,
external harmony in this type is sought ubiquitously, with people being
viewed as components of this external logic and as such being seen in
a fairly mechanistic manner. However, due to both the comparative
complexity and autonomy of human beings, control over others
outside a reliably hierarchical social structure is often relinquished
entirely. So long as people are fulfilling their respective functions,
external emotional order is often of less interest to the Te dominant, as
they seek to bring objective components into order and efficiency.
Owing to the convergent nature of this Extraverted Thinking, this

type will enjoy an element of external chaos so long as they can exert
order upon it in a sometimes playful fashion. However, if there is a
rule system in place that this type agrees with, they will be highly rule-
abiding and expect the same of others. This person will generally have
little patience for elaborate social etiquette and tend to hate any use of

time they personally consider wasteful – owing to the extraverted lens,
so long as such waste is not within their immediate scope, it will often
have little impact upon their desire for immediate order.
Ne dominant Pragmatic-soft; improviser; immediate future-oriented
The Extraverted Intuitive dominant type will often employ a high

degree of relatively unconscious Introverted Intuition, and as such
have an abstract imagination and a curiosity for the underlying
substrate of reality itself. Being an extraverted lens-type, this
individual will often be highly pragmatic and concerned with the
realisation of new experiences in the real world, often sacrificing
intensity and minutia for breadth of scope. As such, this person will
often appear highly fast paced and interested in fitting in as many
contrasting experiences alongside each other as possible; such a life
may appear haphazard and somewhat ungrounded in nature, whereas
this diversity under sufficient Si moderation often has a grounding and
overall calming effect upon the Ne dominant.
Owing to the abstract external nature of the dominant function, this

individual will often have an improvisational approach to emerging
situations and, in their need for experimentation and diversity, often
be remarkably willing to simply see what happens. However, alongside
this more chaotic side this person does have, due to the relative future-
orientation of Extraverted Intuition, an attunement to the causality
of that which is observable, and will often be seen pre-empting the
needs of the situation to better fit their sense of order. This person will
generally be the most naturally curious of all the extraverts, and, owing
to the nature of their dominant function, often come across as having
a strong sense of how they may influence any given situation to make
any given experience more holistically fulfilling.

Si Dominant Maintenance-hard; planner; past-oriented
Generally a slightly more past-reflective individual, the Si dominant

will nonetheless employ a high degree of relatively unconscious
Extraverted Sensing as they shift their concrete lens outwards to
engage with the present moment and relate that observed to previous
experiences. This person will generally seek to preserve the status
quo and will often be heavily invested in order, particularly those
structures previously established to be correct and reliable. While
not particularly future-oriented in an abstract sense, this type will
nonetheless construct and engage with plans in a more certain and
concrete manner – this is not as contradictory as it may appear, as the
planning of this type is usually done to preserve previously established
methods rather than create new ones.
Generally, this type will be highly logical and analytical in nature,

though directing such energy inwards in order to scrutinise that
currently observed against that observed in the past, and inevitably
align present with the past to ensure continued stability within both
external and internal landscapes. This person will often have an
excellent recall ability, and high sensitivity to change and non-proven
concepts.
Fi Dominant Value oriented; resonance seeking; subjective-mediator
This individual will, alongside Introverted Feeling, employ a high

degree of relatively unconscious Extraverted Feeling. As such, this
individual will not only relate their emotional substrate to that of
others, but also less consciously feel the emotional order of any given
situation and seek to exert influence upon that atmosphere in pursuit
of both internal and external stability. Being an Fi dominant, this

person will be highly in touch with their moral compass and sense of
personal identity and values, and owing to the convergent nature of
the function be in a constant state of reinvention as they seek to align
subjective internal order with truths perceived in the outside realm.
Generally, this individual will value honesty and integrity above

all else, and tend to place a great emphasis on authenticity. As this
individual diverts so much energy towards identity construction
and personal needs, they tend to have difficulty connecting with
those who do not, and as such will tend to surround themselves with
those of equally strong senses of self. Such a type tends to be highly
reflective and at times capable of remarkable empathy, but owing to
the subjective internalised nature of the dominant function tends to
appear at times overly self-indulgent and even aloof in nature. Despite
this preoccupation with the self, these types are nonetheless highly
concerned with truth as a whole as they seek to reconcile their own
reality with that of others.
Ti Dominant Structure oriented; truth seeking; objective-mediator
The Introverted Thinking dominant type will, for all their objective
internalisations, still concern themselves with the logical order of
the external world, particularly in relation to areas of interest and
execution of skill set. The need for internal structure also produces
a predisposition to, and appreciation for, structure in general.
Oftentimes, expression of identity itself is done in a Te manner as
a means of rendering absolute that which is not always consciously
available. This individual will often be highly critical and have both a
precise set of standards for how they believe things should be run on
an objective-absolute level, as well as a general framework for human
conduct.

Furthermore, these are often highly focused people with intense
and ever deepening interests in a select few areas, lending this type
a strength of character and even leadership capabilities when in
those areas in which they possess a comparatively superior level
of understanding. Owing to the pressure of the opposing function,
these individuals often give high credence to various forms of social
etiquette, and, manners withstanding, tend to be the type that above
all others values honesty and transparency.
Ni Dominant Maintenance-soft; planner; longterm future-oriented
This individual will, alongside an abstract internal lens, use a high

degree of oftentimes unconscious Extraverted Intuition. As such,
while this type ruminates and explores a vast internal landscape of
abstract information, they tend to spend much of their time seeing
external reality in a similarly vague and plethoric fashion. While it is
a combination of this unconscious Ne and particularly narrow (yet
comparatively more conscious) Extraverted Sensing that gives this
type a certain absence from the present moment, there are times in
which Se is abandoned entirely for an altogether less dreamlike Ne.
This gives this type unusual bursts of external mastery either when in
situations where the type is sufficiently comfortable or on those rarer
occasions that shift the abstract lens entirely outwards.
Due to this person’s more abstract future-orientation, they will spend

much time ruminating on future trajectories and planning an often
vague set of steps to undertake in order to realise a desired outcome.
This preoccupation with the future also engenders a remarkable
awareness of longterm causality, with the individual often drawing
a trajectory from emerging components and predicting a potential
end result based on such. While this type is not particularly adept at
details – particularly those more concrete in nature – they tend to be

able to work with a greater amount of internal components than most,
accessing a great swathe of internal data in order to draw as many
associations as possible from the information available to them. This
makes this type a natural innovator and analyst, often using their
vast internal lens to draw connections between values others would
otherwise consider completely unrelated.

Dominant Pairings (Convergent)
SeFe - Social Specificity; Experiential Emphasis

The Se dominant with a convergent Extraverted Feeling will
generally have a strong and consistent character and be known to be
relatively unchanging and, indeed, unapologetic for who they are.
The convergent auxiliary is generally highly focused, and thus the
social skill set employed by this type’s Fe will be – while often highly
developed – relatively unchanging and seek to accommodate all
circumstances without requiring any change of actual character. This
type’s socio-chameleonic abilities come not from an adjustment of
social framework, but rather ensuring the framework is relatable to
the desired amount of people. This individual will often seek to find
common ground with others, and take an active role in maintaining
desired social harmony, but will also be relatively static in character,
which in itself lends this type a certain authenticity and charisma.
Owing to the concrete nature of the dominant function, this type

will focus their Fe control on a few select social circles and much of
the time stay within the confines of a particular subculture. It is this
allegiance to the narrow portion of reality perceived by the Se lens that
tends to make this individual highly conformist to the ideals within.
The convergent nature of Extraverted Feeling here makes for an
individual who innately cares less for pre-established social boundaries
and related etiquette, and more for influencing the social atmosphere
in a way that benefits concrete and tangible external experience.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Sensing Dominance – Concrete, real experiences;
high stimuli tolerance.
• Extraverted Feeling Agency– Used to inform experience; non-

authoritative.
• Introverted Thinking Authority – Seeks objective understanding;

rigid.
• Introverted Intuition Oppositional – Evasive of long-term; desires

long-term assurance.
Additional Cues:
• Highly sociable and confident within a social medium.
• Approval-seeking; conformist.
• Oftentimes strong personality; actively controls social situations.
• Fears ostracism.
• Evasive of future and abstract concepts; engaged with concrete

reality.
• Protective of inner emotional world; known to run from reflective

inner-dialogue.
• Convergent Fe known to push social boundaries and both impress

and potentially offend the sensibilities of others.

-
FeSe - Social Specificity; Rational Emphasis

This individual, owing to the influence of a convergent auxiliary
Extraverted Sensing, will tend to be highly specific about whom
they cast their concrete gaze upon and tend to exert their powerful
Extraverted Feeling within a fairly small breadth of reality. This
can make this individual surprisingly shy and even reticent around
strangers, or those outside their subculture/identity spectrum. In
those instances where such shyness is not experienced, this individual
will often have a more rehearsed and even robotic social output as they
seek to make up for a lack of Feeling depth with an effective social skill
set comparable to Introverted Thinking types.
Such FeSe users may have a ‘cold-socialite’ façade as they seek to

protect themselves and their identity from those who they do not
know or who have yet to acquire their trust. While unusual for this
otherwise highly empathetic type, given appropriate social pressures
and conformity to a business-like archetype, such a person may rely
completely on a more robotic social skill set, and employ a level of
Thinking at the expense of a depth of dominant function. Nonetheless,
the Fe exertions of this type will often be highly intense and directed
towards a concrete and very specific portion of reality.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Feeling Dominance – Seeks to control social
atmosphere/gain approval.
• Extraverted Sensing Agency – Used to ground in the present

moment and shape experience; non-authoritative.
• Introverted Intuition Authority – Subservient to ambitions/

requires holistic internal view.
• Introverted Thinking Oppositional – Evasive of logical scrutiny;

desires absolute facts.
Additional Cues:
• Highly productive and reliable; often an overachiever.
• Highly specialised within their chosen field; relentlessly pursues

vision.
• Approval-seeking; conformist; embodies norms of their

subculture.
• High stimulus tolerance; somewhat pleasure-seeking.
• People-person; gifted manager.
• Somewhat intolerant of that which does not fit within their logical
framework.

-
SeTe - Objective Specificity; Experiential Emphasis

These types will, given a fully activated convergent auxiliary, employ a
level of playful mechanical mastery in order to benefit this individual’s
experience of life. Generally, this person will have very specific
interests, functioning as an outward expression of their identity and
be seen to have little difficulty acquiring a general understanding of
how things work within this spectrum. This individual will often have
an impressive strength of character owing largely to the very specific
Te-centric manifestation of identity, and will often manifest identity
via their chosen craft as well as those activities espoused by their
subculture.
This person can sometimes be somewhat abrasive and overtly

attention-seeking as they seek to impress others with their strong
identities, particularly through those skill sets they have constructed
around thus. Nonetheless, with Te acting at the behest of a divergent
Introverted Feeling, this person will often be highly compassionate
to those within their narrow Se gaze, and be known to express their
affections through objective affect, such as services like performance
or purchasing of gifts. Extraverted Thinking here is almost entirely
subjugated to the present moment, and as such the interactions of
this type will generally be time-sensitive with an immediate reward in
mind. As such, patience is generally not this type’s virtue, as they seek
to use Te to elicit maximal reward within the present tense.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Sensing Dominance – Concrete, real experiences;
high stimuli tolerance.
• Extraverted Thinking Agency – Used to inform experience; skills;

non-authoritative.
• Introverted Feeling Authority – Seeks self-understanding; rigid;

pleasure.
• Introverted Intuition Oppositional – Evasive of yet seeking long-

term; desires holistic identity.
Additional Cues:
• Overvalues personal autonomy.
• Fast to commit, but will not always follow through with these
commitments.
• Impulsive nature.
• Highly individualistic and often charismatic.
• Self-expressive through archetypal identity.
• High stimulus tolerance; pleasure-seeking.
• Seeks to escape the future and abstract.

-
TeSe - Objective Specificity; Rational Emphasis

An Extraverted Thinking dominant type with an auxiliary Extraverted
Sensing will tend to focus objective manipulations towards a very
specific portion of concrete reality. As such, rather than exerting order
in a holistic fashion, this individual will be more interested in the
relative minutia and apply great Te scrutiny to often one particular
thing. For this reason, this individual will tend to have a tangible
obsession with a select few external subjects and even limit the scope
of their world so as to exert maximal control upon everything within it.
Partially owing to this narrowing of scope, this is often one of the more
reclusive extraverted types, and for similar reasons of control and
need for reliability absent a natural Fe, this type will tend to limit their
closest social circle to all but a few. Nonetheless, this type will often
be friendly and popular with those outside of this small circle, owing
– much like with the SeTe type – to passionate interest in a select few
topics as well as the innate need to control the minutia of the present
moment.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Thinking Dominance – Seeks to control mechanisms/
realise product.
• Extraverted Sensing Agency – Used to ground in the present

moment; and shape experiences; non-authoritative.
• Introverted Intuition Authority – Subservient to ambitions/

requires holistic internal view.
• Introverted Thinking Oppositional – Evasive of self-scrutiny;

desires absolute fulfilment.
Additional Cues:
• Very specific objective interests; exerts maximal control over small
locus.
• Emotionally private.
• Intense interests and vivid imagination.
• Strong personality and oftentimes equally strong opinions.
• Improvisational and somewhat chaotic Te outside of Se-scope.
• Somewhat restless; seeking of abstract novelty.
• High tolerance for stimuli; hedonistic tendencies.
• Goal-oriented with strong visions for future-self.
• Often enjoys exploration of abstract concepts (e.g. politics and

philosophy).

-
NeFe - Social Adaptivity; Experiential Emphasis

This individual will, much as with the SeFe type, program a universally
applicable social skill set that gives this type a certain consistency
of character and an ability to exert social influence across chosen
mediums – the greatest difference as the broader applicability of this
type’s skill set owing to the Extraverted Intuition to which Extraverted
Feeling is here connected to. This type will generally be able to fit into
almost all social situations and, assuming a balance of character, be
able to form bonds of familiarity with almost anyone they come into
contact with. However, owing to the abstract and plethoric nature
of Ne, this is often at the expense of specificity, and for all this type’s
apparent social mastery they may struggle to form deeper and more
meaningful connections with others as the skill set sacrifices depth for
ubiquity. This person will often form highly desirable first impressions
upon others, and continue to enjoy a level of popularity as they interact
with everyone in their proximity in a friendly and basic manner. Over
time, however, they may begin to become somewhat estranged within
any given community as they struggle to form the same depth of
bonding as those around them.
The NeFe type will often come to be highly charismatic and able to
weave into (and accordingly influence) any given social situation to
the betterment of their own experience and often those around them
– there will, however, alongside this charisma, be a certain loneliness
and anxiety as the individual struggles to form connections with others
past the superficial. The future-tense orientation of the dominant
function does, to some extent, offset this drawback, as connections are
formed with others for the sake of the near-future. As this individual
taps into a deeper sense of future outcome and becomes more in touch

with their own human needs, the NeFe type will begin to develop
closer social circles atop those within their periphery.
Generic Map:
• Extraverted Intuition Dominance – Abstract, multi-faceted
external experiences; high stimuli tolerance.
• Extraverted Feeling Agency – Used to inform experience; non-

authoritative.
• Introverted Thinking Authority – Seeks objective understanding;

rigid.
• Introverted Sensing Oppositional – Evasive of repetition and

details; desires stability upon which exploration can ensue.
Additional Cues:
• Project oriented; often engaged with the development of a skill set
or understanding of mechanical infrastructure.
• Restless nature; enjoys a plethora of contrasting social

atmospheres and experiences.
• Socially adaptable and often takes the lead in various

intrapersonal settings.
• A need for affirmation; anxiety complexes stemming from

unawareness of self.
• Highly developed social skill set that may become repetitive

absent self-growth.
• Evasive of repetition and, absent constant supply of novelty, likely

to become tired of any one pursuit; difficulty staying engaged with
something long enough to achieve desired results.

-
FeNe - Social Adaptivity; Rational Emphasis

This individual will commonly have a broad social skill set and a
variety of different social mediums, as well as emanate a strong desire
to connect superficially with whomever it is their path crosses. As
a result, this person will often be highly charismatic and well known
within all of their communities – owing to the plethoric nature of
Extraverted Intuition, the FeNe type will seek to encompass as many
people on an Extraverted Feeling level as possible, and feel highly
uncomfortable and even deeply hurt when any given person refuses
to engage with them on a mutual level. This person will as such tend
to dislike those who distance themselves from their community, and
will tend to be judgemental of the more reticent individuals – to this
type trying is everything, and those who are overly selective with whom
they engage with on a polite and human level will tend to grate on this
cognitive type.
Nonetheless, given the extraverted nature of the dominant lens, it is

only those communities and people that are actively perceivable by this
person that will receive the Fe attention and generally any subculture
or network that is not within this person’s scope will receive little
thought or interaction. This lens also has a future-orientation, and
as such the social efforts of FeNe are done with a kind of prospective
expectation of interactions to come – thus, those with whom this
person does not share a community in common will tend not to receive
much attention at all. This type tends to build, and will often expect
a certain permanence for, their close relationships – close circles,
romantic partners, and family will be a rock for this type and form an
integral part of their identity.

However, owing to the wide scope of the dominant lens, much Fe
effort will be transmitted more holistically towards more transient
communal relationships. This type, as much as they like to explore
socially, will tend to stay within the confines of their immediate
network and community while simultaneously exerting perhaps more
Extraverted Feeling energy to the oftentimes relatively vast scope of
such more than any other. Owing to the divergent Introverted Sensing
auxiliary, this person will often embody the norms and traditions of
their subculture, and often be fiercely protective of these ideals and
accompanying moral framework. As they exert their Fe energy towards
many different people, they will oftentimes seek to encompass and
transmit their culturally informed values.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Feeling Dominance – Seeks to blend into social
atmosphere/maintain harmony.
• Extraverted Intuition Agency – Used to perceive entire situation

and gauge trajectory; non-authoritative.
• Introverted Sensing Authority – Subservient to traditions/

requires specific internal view.
• Introverted Thinking Oppositional – Evasive of logical scrutiny;

desires absolute facts.
Additional Cues:
• Highly sociable; adhering to social etiquette.
• Communally oriented/engages with various community projects

and activities.
• An organiser of people; often communicates to ensure group is of

accord.
• Traditionally informed ethics; impulses to impose these values on

others.
• Interested in culture and history.
• Loyal to subculture; upholds the norms and values imposed via

upbringing.

-
NeTe - Objective Adaptivity; Experiential Emphasis

This person will generally have a single, all-encompassing
understanding of their mechanical reality and while this person
will, owing to a naturally investigative and exploratory nature,
enjoy experimenting with other perspectives and understandings
(particularly in relation to psychological substrates), they often prefer
to invest and rely on that which they have constructed themselves. As
such, this person will often be very particular with their specific way of
organising their external world, preferring to operate (albeit commonly
at the behest/in support of another) with a fair degree of autonomy.
Generally, this person will adopt a holistic life equation for happiness
and fulfilment, and enthusiastically share this in the form of advice
to others – out of all the types, it is the NeTe user that takes the most
mechanical attitude to human happiness, often categorising various
objects and categories in relation to elicited experience.
This predisposition is heightened by the future-tense orientation of

the dominant function, as the individual constantly strives after new
and refreshing experiences while staying within the holistic confines
of mechanical perspective. This experiential attitude carries over to
hobbies as well, whereby this type will tend to choose and build an
identity upon a narrow selection of activities while being careful to
select that which promises a journey of continuous and potentially
infinite improvement. Thus, the perspective through the very specific
application of mechanical mastery may continue to expand and obtain
new information without leaving the confines of a single craft.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Intuition Dominance – Abstract, multi-faceted
external experiences; high stimuli tolerance.
• Extraverted Thinking Agency – Used to inform experience; non-

authoritative.
• Introverted Feeling Authority – Seeks self-understanding; rigid

values.
• Introverted Sensing Oppositional – Evasive of repetition and

details; desires stability upon which exploration can ensue.
Additional Cues:
• Somewhat restless; fills life with variety of experiences and human
projects.
• Plans on behalf of others in a forward-thinking manner.
• Experimental and self-expressive.
• Sociable, often seeking deep one-on-one connections.
• Humanistic and naturally interested in the inner workings of self

and others.
• Evasive of repetition; difficulty staying in one place/with one

project for long.

-
TeNe - Objective Adaptivity; Rational Emphasis

The TeNe user will generally be one who seeks to exert mechanical
control over a broad spectrum of perceivable objects so as to make
them all harmonious with each other. Typically a managerial
personality, this person lives to exert influence over a general
array of objects, often enjoying pursuits that involve assembly and
maintenance of anything with a multitude of parts, be it components
or subordinates. Often a planner and decision-maker, this individual
will highly value productivity and be fairly easy to spot in their
general intolerance of both inertia and ineptitude. However, due to
the primary extraverted lens (and the relative lack of internalisation
of this), the need for this person to exert control over their external
reality applies (more often than not) only to that which is readily
perceivable. As a result, the deliberations of this type tend to remain
within the confines of their immediate environment, be it community,
family, or the business to which they are accountable.
That being said, the same lens has with it a predisposition towards a
near-future, which, rather than grounding this type solely within the
present, instead grants an affinity for those mechanisations with a
more long-term investment – this is not so much a grand design or
distant goal, but instead, entirely more pragmatic enterprises that may
be accomplished within the space of a few months. The TeNe user will
often move through a variety of such projects within the span of a year,
completing one in an efficient manner and moving on to the next –
while not so much of a visionary as the TeSe cousin, it is the fixation
on the near-future that lends this type their relentless practicality
as they efficiently complete one goal and pursue that which follows

naturally from it. It is for this reason that these individuals are often
perfectly suited to entrepreneurialism, particularly within a society
that encourages free-enterprise.
Applying the external logic of Extraverted Thinking to a broad array of

perceivable components often makes this type an excellent manager,
and it is both their reliability and their scrupulous pragmatism that
encourage others to elect and promote the TeNe type to various
leadership positions. What’s more, out of all the types, this is the
one that enjoys both planning and oversight of said plan’s execution,
and it is often the enjoyment of broad mechanical manipulation that
predisposes this type to success in a variety of practical areas.

Generic Map:
• Extraverted Thinking Dominance – Seeks to control mechanisms/
secure results.
• Extraverted Intuition Agency – Used to perceive entire situation;

non-authoritative.
• Introverted Sensing Authority – Subservient to traditions/

requires specific internal view.
• Introverted Feeling Oppositional – Evasive of self-scrutiny;

desires absolute fulfilment.
Additional cues:
• High objective output/work ethic; often exerting order.
• Clipped speaking style; direct and to-the-point; intolerance for

subtlety.
• Rule-oriented and naturally managerial.
• Seeks to maintain the status-quo and ensure human systems run

efficiently.
• Restless nature.

-
SiFi - Limbic Specificity; Experiential Emphasis

This individual will tend to have a strong, and oftentimes imposing,
sense of personal values and ethics which they will be fiercely
protective of. Given the past-orientation and preservative nature of the
dominant function, the code and identity of this type will oftentimes
be traditional in nature, making this the most likely of all the cognitive
types to fiercely uphold a set of rules as well as the various prejudices
and perspectives (benevolent or otherwise) passed down to them
through their family and close circles. Generally, this type will also be
the least likely to change their set of values, which offers this person
both remarkable integrity and moral inadaptability – with such a
deontological framework, this individual will believe in absolute
morality and seek to apply an existing set of values to any situation
they come across, often seeking to align the present with the past.
Were this individual to be taken out of their respective community and

placed into another, where was once a person who blended in perfectly
with their subculture, there would now be a person with conflicting
sets of values who refuses to compromise what they consider to be
the core of themselves – this is both a blessing and a curse, as while
this integrity can very well communicate the essence of one collective
identity to another, the individual can also be somewhat rude and
inconsiderate of any identity and value system that conflicts with their
own. For this reason, the SiFi type is capable of being remarkably
considerate and unyieldingly rude relative to the alignment of values
with another.

Generic Map:
• Introverted Sensing Dominance – Seeks repetition and refinement
of previous concrete experiences; high stimuli tolerance; habitual
and curious towards cyclical patterns.
• Introverted Feeling Agency – Used to inform internal experience;

non-authoritative.
• Extraverted Thinking Authority – Seeks external order; rigid.
• Extraverted Intuition Oppositional – Evasive of abstract; desires

holistic perception of external trajectory.
Additional Cues:
• Reserved, strong sense of character.
• Rule and system-oriented; intolerance of chaos and the unknown.
• Concrete and interested in what can be seen.
• Mechanistic and systematic.
• Strong depth of emotional experience; private inner world.
• Absolute values and ethics.

-
FiSi - Limbic Specificity; Rational Emphasis

This Introverted Feeling type will tend to be in touch with the minutia
of their emotional experience and have a highly concrete sense of self
and needs. Less given to profound self-realisations and transformation
of self, this individual will rather exhibit a somewhat earthly quality,
exhibiting a calm rationality resulting from experiencing the self as
intrinsically connected to reality, rather than the other way round
as with their Ni-auxiliary cousins. Experiencing emotions on the
microscopic (as opposed to macroscopic) level as they do, the FiSi user
will often have a profound level of control over the emotions which
enter consciousness and even those which are to be expressed. As such,
it may often come as a surprise to others when the emotional language
of this type does not match what is being experienced internally
(consciously or otherwise). This self-control can be both a blessing and
a curse, as while the emotional processing of this type is oftentimes
highly effective, the option to pick and choose what emotions are to be
dealt with can result in various complexes – equally, the control over
emotional expression itself can, while at times affording this individual
an air of mysterious tranquillity, lead to various intrapersonal crises
when the internalised feelings are not assumed by/communicated
effectively to another.
Being a more past-oriented function in the highly focused position of

convergent auxiliary, this type tends to be highly nostalgic and often
turns towards nature and other cyclical reoccurrences when seeking
oftentimes holistic solutions to various profound issues. Generally, this
type seeks how things ‘should be’ and tends to have an absolute sense

of morality and, owing to the Fi to which Si is connected, an idealistic
viewpoint of cyclical life patterns.
It is this desire to manifest concepts of harmony within concrete

metaphors that often lends this individual a fairly unique use of
language that will stand out amid that of others – while not always
the case, the vocabulary of this type will tend to overflow with various
experiential comparisons as they seek to align abstract concepts with
that which has been concretely experienced, ranging anywhere from
the sound of wind through the leaves to the taste (or indeed shape)
of everyday foodstuff. To the FiSi user, the concrete favourable to
internal harmony is often given a sacred quality. Because of this, this is
one of the most likely types to hold on to those items with a historical
connection to specific emotional experiences, ranging from small
mementos to entire plots of land. In those with a consciously activated
Si, the desire to unify the past of this function with the immediate
future of Extraverted Intuition (the primary external lens) will often
lead to a fixation upon the present tense, associating with it a kind of
attainment of existential harmony.

Generic Map:
• Introverted Feeling Dominance – Seeks internal harmony; strong
sense of self and personal values; relational empathy.
• Introverted Sensing Agency – Used to inform internal harmony;

non-authoritative.
• Extraverted Intuition Authority – Seeks possibilities and holistic

picture; subservient to the new, original, and the unexplored.
• Extraverted Thinking Oppositional – Evades creation of rules and

structural rigidity; desires external stability and systems of order.
Additional cues:
• Evasion of decision-making.
• Calm demeanour.
• Outwardly independent and secure in self.
• Detached from external concrete reality – otherworldly.
• Seeker of internal harmony; dislikes conflict.

-
SiTi - Cerebral Specificity; Experiential Emphasis

The SiTi pairing will tend to be an extremely harmonious and polite
individual within their community or workplace, often fulfilling their
role to the letter and, although generally conflict evasive, if such
a conflict does arise they will often convey their stance in a calm
but nonetheless steadfast manner. Indeed, this is one of the most
stubborn of all the types, and despite their calm, sociable demeanour
will often be fiercely protective of the status quo and be at extreme
odds with anyone who threatens this or fails to fulfil their respective
contemporary role.
So long as reality conforms to their insular SiTi framework, this is

often the most peace-loving and considerate of all the types, but should
this reality be threatened, there will manifest a strong inner turmoil –
due to the strong Fe-boundaries these individuals place on themselves,
as well as the oftentimes forgive-and-move-on attitude of dominant
Si, this turmoil may not be outwardly expressed until it boils over in
a breakdown of sorts. However, in the company of a close loved-one,
such Fe-boundaries tend to be done away with completely, resulting
in an individual fiercely protective of traditional order and rather
expressive of any departure from what they consider the tried-and-
tested communal structure. Generally not particularly interested in the
mechanical, the SiTi ruminations of this type are far more interested
in humanity, particularly those components perceived from concrete
experience rather than those more abstract and heterogeneous in
nature.
Generally, this type will construct a single sweeping model of

acceptable human conduct and be rather dismissive (but not

necessarily critical) of that which their narrow Si-lens does not
encompass – if it bears no relation to their own concrete reality, it is of
little consequence until rendered so. Such a model will be constructed
primarily from past experiences, for which reason this is a type who
tends to embody the cultural norms and values they were brought
up with, generally remaining within the confines of a single culture
or community throughout their entire lives. For this reason, as well
as their normative orientation, this person will tend to stay within a
single situation (be it a job, relationship or something else entirely) for
a much longer duration than most and will be observed to be one who
builds for the long-term rather than hopping from one experience to
the next.

Generic Map:
• Introverted Sensing Dominance – Seeks repetition of previous
concrete; high stimuli tolerance; habitual and curious towards
cyclical patterns.
• Introverted Thinking Agency – Used to unify concrete theory/

experiences; non-authoritative.
• Extraverted Feeling Authority – Seeks to maintain social

harmony; subservient to norms, customs, and duty.
• Extraverted Intuition Oppositional – Evasive of abstract; desires

holistic perception.
Additional Cues
• Calm and harmonious demeanour.
• Seeks to maintain social harmony; extremely sensitive to

emotional fluctuations.
• Precise and exacting nature.
• Routine based and oftentimes rigid life structure.
• Devoted to the task and highly conscientious.
• Orderly, structured individual.
• Has difficulty understanding more abstract concepts and can be

evasive of philosophical and existential substrate.
• Dislikes change.

-
TiSi - Cerebral Specificity; Rational Emphasis

This individual will often have very specific conceptions of truth,
which depending on the level of Si-activation, may be so extreme as
to be completely black and white. The TiSi user will often live a fairly
insular lifestyle and be very hesitant to engage in new ventures and
even form new social connections beyond a superficial level. This type
will often stay within a safe and routine-based lifestyle, but within
the confines of this tends to display a high level of confidence and
engagement with the external world. Generally, this person will have a
detailed knowledge of a very specific area, and due to the focus of this
Introverted Thinking be very careful to ensure a new interest aligns
with their identity and lifestyle – once this person is engaged and
passionate, they tend to display an insatiable curiosity and relentless
pursuit of more Ti information.
However, many of this type may not be so easily identifiable in such

instances where they have yet to acquire such an intense interest –
in such cases, the person will still have a few dedicated interests and
express various theories and curiosities in the presence of others of a
similar persuasion, and that information they already know to be true
will be fiercely protected by this type. This person will often have an
extremely polite demeanour owing to the oppositional function, but
around those they trust to behave predictably, will have it in them to
be the bluntest and most fiercely objective of all the types.
The influence of the Ne authority attracts this otherwise specific and

insular individual to the abstract and multi-faceted, and instils a
natural curiosity about almost every objective topic. Both divergent
functions of this individual make for an excellent conversationalist,
and for all this type’s unwillingness to become emotionally attached

to anything outside their insular lifestyle, the accompanying natural
curiosity and polite demeanour make for an extremely likeable and
quietly charismatic social presence. This can make this type seem
somewhat of a walking contradiction to some, as the intense emotional
privacy can appear juxtaposed to the amiable social nature – even
close friends of this individual may find themselves put at arms-length
while their limited social energies are recharged.

Generic Map:
• Introverted Thinking Dominance – Seeks to bring objective values
into alignment; high information-tolerance.
• Introverted Sensing Agency – Informs internal harmony; non-

authoritative.
• Extraverted Intuition Authority – Seeks possibilities and holistic

picture; subservient to the new, original, and the unexplored.
• Extraverted Feeling Oppositional – Evasive of social over-

expenditure; desires to serve needs of others.
Additional Cues
• Highly specific and detailed Ti knowledge of a particular field.
• A select few intense interests; researches as a pastime.
• Curious about all abstract objective information.
• Calm and polite in social situations; often expresses genuine

interest in the thoughts and opinions of others.
• Emotional distance contrasts with amiable nature.
• Intensely dislikes any form of social drama.
• May appear withdrawn and aloof when socially exhausted, even to

loved ones.
• Highly independent, yet goes to great lengths to maintain insular

network.
• Values permanence, particularly long-term relationships.

-
NiFi - Limbic Adaptivity; Experiential Emphasis

This individual will tend to display an extremely strong sense of
identity and be acutely aware of their own desires – often both these
aspects will be rather rigid in nature. Even in those instances where
their values do not align with objective reality, such a person will
hold fast to their principles and be very slow to adapt their values to
the needs of a situation. Generally, this person will appear brooding
and, in stark contrast to the inner Fi intensity, display a distinct lack
of emotions. This can give the false impression of the NiFi user being
calm and emotionally stable, when in reality this is an extremely
idealistic type who tends to experience intense highs and lows relative
to their emotional needs being satisfied.
Thankfully, this person often has a holistic perception of these needs

and tends to have great success in surrounding themselves with those
things they consider right and meaningful. Owing to the Te authority,
this is a person who places a high value on external order and will
often find any mechanical chaos in the external world extremely
stressful – indeed, this person tends to display a high intolerance
for mechanical incompetence and holds the same high mechanical
standards for themselves. The NiFi type absorbs external objective
information in their stride, and will often be both proficient and
adaptable within all sports and practical sciences. However, they will
also display a lack of patience with that which they consider overly
complicated, and development of more intricate Ti pathways tends to
take a much lengthier time of study and commitment.
Despite this, given the right amount of time and emotional adaptation,
this is a type who can master any mechanical field. That which the

NiFi user chooses to pursue will often have immense emotional value
and that which does not align with Fi values will not be pursued for
long – should such an alignment occur, here is an individual who will
relentlessly pursue an objective manifestation of their desires, and due
to an intense future-tense orientation, do so with a series of long-term
goals in mind. The mechanical information of a Te authority makes
this Ni dominant type a natural innovator – they will often be the
first to find faults with an existing mechanical system and implement
solutions others would not have even considered.

Generic Map
• Introverted Intuition Dominance – Future-oriented and
conceptual; vast and plethoric imagination.
• Introverted Feeling Agency – Used to inform internal experience;

non-authoritative.
• Extraverted Thinking Authority – Seeks external order; rigid.
• Extraverted Sensing Oppositional – Evasive of concrete, real

experiences; seeks to manifest abstractions in concrete reality.
Additional Cues
• Inward emotional intensity; emotionally private.
• Strong sense of identity.
• Autonomous and independent.
• At times socially awkward; difficulty with emotional expression.
• Prideful and stubborn.
• Fast uptake of mechanistic information; often excels at sports and

fast-paced games.
• Drawn towards the mechanical; innovator within the objective

external world.
• Strong awareness of their own needs and that of others when

similar to themselves.
• Clipped style of speech.
• Focused gaze some may consider intense and unrelenting.

-
FiNi - Limbic Adaptivity; Rational Emphasis

This individual is extremely idealistic and will often have a single
specific vision of a desired future – depending on the practicality of
this future (amongst other factors) the internal state of this individual
may vary from a bright and excitable expectation of new experiences
or an entirely more cynical sense of gloom as undesirable experiences
draw closer. This person will often have a few, very intense interests
to which they are deeply emotionally attached and often highly
knowledgeable in, often relating to metaphorical concepts intrinsically
connected to an experience of entertainment. Since the Se authority
of this type makes concrete experience so essential to this type’s
fulfilment, the plethoric scope of their personal needs and values is
always connected to an expectation of desirable experience, be it a
passive entertainment or an altogether more active participation such
as musical performance or social activity.
Grounded in the concrete, the FiNi type will often engage well with
emerging situations and, alongside the innate perfectionism of
oppositional Te, will possess an extraordinary attention to detail as
they bring the object of their gaze closer to an Ni-ideal. Should this
type find an intense interest and have the confidence to make decisions
sufficient to pursue this interest to its end, this will be a highly driven
and innovative individual who can attain levels of perfection many
would only dream of. However, the idealistic nature of this type and
the intensity of their emotional state can often result in extremely low
confidence, which may either manifest in narcissistic bravado or an
entirely more reticent and moody demeanour.
With a strong support network, self-patience, and a willingness to

temporarily lower expectations, the FiNi individual can often achieve
the personal transformation they so often seek. Even in the absence
of such a well-rounded personality, this type will still on occasion
surprise others with their existential insightfulness and creative
ingenuity. Sadly, in many cases this is a type who, due to their
sensitive and idealistic nature, will often become dulled and cynical,
surrounding themselves with concrete transient experiences in an
effort to distract themselves from their internalised disappointment.

Generic Map
• Introverted Feeling Dominance – Seeks internal harmony; strong
sense of self and personal values; relational empathy.
• Introverted Intuition Agency – Informs concepts; non-

authoritative.
• Extraverted Sensing Authority – Seeks concrete experiences;

subservient to the tangible and present.
• Extraverted Thinking Oppositional – Evades creation of rules and

structural rigidity; desires external stability and systems of order.
Additional Cues
• Often the most sociable and concretely-engaged of all introverted
types.
• Insightful into the emotions of others.
• Intensely attached to metaphorically-rich substrate.
• Pleasure-seeking and desiring of intense concrete-experience.
• Idealistic; prone to expect ideals to manifest with no effort on their

part.
• Emotionally sensitive; desires to be accepted.
• Often hides sensitivity behind a social construct/mask.
• Desires others to perceive them as their ideal/impatient for ideal

to be realised.
• Finds decision making stressful and tends to avoid positions of

authority.
• Perfectionistic.

-
NiTi - Cerebral Adaptivity; Experiential Emphasis

This individual will often have a universal theorem of reality and
seek to force everything into this singular framework of objective
understanding. In social settings, this can make the NiTi user
intellectually intense should they be of a more expressive nature,
actively communicating new insights with a hope to do so towards
the betterment of the social situation. Generally, the theories of this
individual are abstract in nature, relating more to an underlying
framework of existential connectedness than harder sciences – such a
person will often display an intense interest in spirituality, psychology,
humanities, and various abstract substrates relating to the objective
patterns of life as a whole.
Those of a more pragmatic nature may bring this theoretical intensity

closer to the concrete and also display a keen interest in pragmatic
matters such as politics and economics – however, much of this
person’s inner world will invariably be intensely preoccupied with
that directly related to the Fe authority, and as such any interest
will have an intensely humanistic slant. Oftentimes, however, this
person can be so used to having a strong opinion that they may feel
compelled to communicate an opinion on absolutely everything, no
matter how ill-informed they might be. Generally, though, despite
their oftentimes intense intellectualism, this type tends to prioritise a
harmonious emotional environment in the external world and tends
to communicate their more philosophical musings only when they
feel this would be of benefit to another – indeed, this person does not
pursue knowledge for its own sake, but rather to better their reality
and that of others.

Regardless, this person is communicative by nature and when in
the company of those they trust and understand, will be intensely
emotionally expressive, and actively look after the communicated
needs of others in a manner almost contradicting their usual pensive
demeanour. Indeed, the emotional expressiveness of this person
alongside an abstract dominant function may incline this person to
fields of creative expression and performance, particularly if they feel
a need to communicate their otherwise largely unconscious emotional
world. When absent a small and easily controlled social situation, this
type can be remarkably solitary and quite contentedly exist within
an insular world of self-exploration. This individual is at their best
when in a position to actively communicate their philosophical and
humanitarian nature to a willing audience, and whether through
spoken word or a more abstract medium, finds greatest fulfilment
when positively affecting the lives of others.

Generic Map
• Introverted Intuition Dominance – Future-oriented and
conceptual; vast and plethoric imagination.
• Introverted Thinking Agency – Used to unify abstract knowledge/

conceptions; non-authoritative.
• Extraverted Feeling Authority – Seeks to maintain social

harmony; subservient to norms, customs, and duty.
• Extraverted Sensing Oppositional – Evasive of concrete, real

experiences; seeks to manifest abstractions in concrete reality.
Additional Cues
• Verbose and drawn towards abstract discussion.
• Can appear arrogant and opinionated.
• Seeks to understand and improve others; may do so more

forcefully than desired.
• Emotionally expressive; sensitive to external emotional

fluctuations.
• Future-oriented; tends to have a vision for a desired future.
• Solitary yet intensely people-driven.
• Reluctant to engage with concrete; prone to self-delusion.
• Easily tired.
• Friendly and communicative.
• Can be physically clumsy; slow to adapt to emerging Te constructs.

-
TiNi - Cerebral Adaptivity; Rational Emphasis

The TiNi user will tend to have a more plethoric and metaphorical
perception of their logical internal network, and often aims to have
a broad knowledge of a large array of interlinking subjects at the
expense of specificity. Generally more theoretical in nature, this type
tends to be fairly innovative, and due to their Ni lens, tends to perceive
methodologies that may not have occurred to others. Most of such
individuals are aware of this potential for original thinking, and as
such, individualistic expression and originality of character tends to
be of higher priority to this type to than any other. This behavioural
element is further reinforced by an oppositional Fe, making for
an individual highly preoccupied with how others view them and
oftentimes, much like the FiNi type, with a tendency to present an
idealised version of the self and conceal the vulnerabilities therein.
The future-orientation of the Ni lens alongside a Se authority makes

this person oftentimes impatient for a desired outcome to manifest
in the present moment, and due to the imprecise nature of the
dominant pairing, fail to scrutinise their own impulses sufficiently as
to prevent the formation of unhealthy Se indulgences and needlessly
risk-taking behaviour. The instant-gratification mentality of this type
can be both a strength and a crutch, as for all the somewhat impulsive
tendencies, this is also a type that, for as long as there remains a steady
supply of reward stimuli (e.g. an exhilarating activity or the praise of
others), this is a type that can more than any other, consistently (and
oftentimes ingeniously) work towards a singular vision in a completely
focused and unrelenting manner.

It is little wonder many of the most impressive innovators and
entrepreneurs belong to this type. It is also important to consider such
strong personalities are in the minority, and for all the potential of this
individual to realise a grand vision of the future and inspire others to
do the same, those of this type will often lead a more insular existence
and either hop between different future-goals without commitment to
any, or view their powerful Ni vision of change as a delusional escape
from an unsatisfying reality.

Generic Map
• Introverted Thinking Dominance – Seeks to bring objective values
into alignment; high information-tolerance.
• Introverted Intuition Agency – Informs concepts; non-

authoritative.
• Extraverted Sensing Authority – Seeks concrete experiences;

subservient to the tangible and present.
• Extraverted Feeling Oppositional – Evasive of social over-

expenditure; desires to serve needs of others.
Additional Cues
• Highly individualistic; will often enjoy appearing separate from
others.
• Invested in their self-image; preoccupied with how they’re

perceived.
• Verbose and expressive with those they trust.
• Socially bi-polar – can vary from extreme friendliness to total

reticence.
• Innovative-mechanical.
• Strong personality; inwardly intense.
• Impulsive nature; known to change course on a whim.
• Protective of future; dislikes change and commitment.
• Controlling over insular world.
• Free thinker.
• Unspecific Ti – passionate about ideas; difficulty with details.

Generic Cognitive Layout
While I generally discourage any over-reliance on behaviour alone

as determinate of cognitive processes (humans being complex and
multi-faceted beings as they are), I will present here a very basic set of
roles that cognitive functions will tend to – albeit not invariably – fill
according to the positions within any given type.
Dominant – Convergent – Ego

The dominant function tends to inform our sense of reality and
primary identity, and is the function that occupies the most conscious
space. Being convergent, this function tends to be entirely positive
rather than negative, and as such, is more focused on achieving a
desired result than on instilling a sense of need and consequence.
Para-dominant – Convergent – Subconscious

The reverse orientation of the dominant tends to be heavily employed,
albeit in a highly unconscious manner more extensive of the dominant.
As such, this function will always have a degree of activation alongside
the dominant and display a similar cognitive attitude – the para-
dominant is often relatively weak in terms of executive function,
but nonetheless exerts a constant influence as an expression of the
dominant.

Auxiliary – Convergent – Agency
When seeking an outcome (internal or external depending on the
type), the convergent auxiliary will be employed relative to the desire
for this outcome to be achieved. Thus, it tends to be the more driven
individuals who display a high activation of this function. However,
whether this function is a codec or a lens, it will always have some
degree of conscious expression and, despite an often playful nature,
performs an integral role alongside the dominant with which it is
entwined.
Para-auxiliary – Convergent – Ancillary

The reverse orientation of the convergent auxiliary is of a similar
convergent nature, but, due to the lack of cognitive magnetism on its
part, tends to only be activated consciously in necessary (and often
serious) situations. Should this function be more readily available, it
will perform an almost identical role to the convergent auxiliary, albeit
of an opposite orientation and a more assistive nature.
Divergent auxiliary – Authority

The more ‘negative’ of functions, the divergent auxiliary often serves as
a perceiver/codifier of consequence – generally, this function is used to
direct and contradict the dominant pairing and is arguably the greatest
individual determinate of outward behaviour. A codec function in this
position will be extremely rigid in its parameters, and a lens function
will tend to overemphasise the need for its particular perspective and
the experience it entails.

Para-auxiliary – Divergent – Advisory
The divergent para-auxiliary plays a similarly authoritative role in
governing behaviour as the divergent auxiliary, but in an oftentimes
more unconscious and subliminal manner. Being a reverse orientation,
the cogitations of this function are often secondary to the divergent
auxiliary. However, when the values/perceptions between the two
orientations are not directly aligned (although they often are), it will
serve as a secondary authority which, in some cases, completely
overrides that of the divergent auxiliary.
Oppositional – Divergent – Anchor

The oppositional function is the necessary counterbalance to our
dominant. It serves both to ground us back into a balanced state of
reality and consult/perceive that information which is necessary
to achieve a desired effect on internal and external worlds. Being a
divergent function, the oppositional is of a negative nature and central
to the influence of the divergent auxiliary with which it is entwined.
Para-oppositional – Divergent – Reality

This function is intrinsically connected to the dominant, serving as an
access point to the true opposite – the degree of access is often limited
(relative to the strength of the dominant function), but nonetheless
substantial. Despite what the order of this list may imply, this is, in
fact, one of the most highly used functions, without access to which the
dominant pairing would be entirely ungrounded and unsubstantiated.

To Summarise
• While Cognitive Personality Theory focuses predominantly on the

internal workings of the mind, it can be nonetheless useful (absent a
thorough understanding of the individual in question) to surmise a
cognitive type from various behavioural cues.
• These cues are generalisations only, and due to the complexity

and context-dependence of personality (i.e. consistent behavioural
patterns), should never be used as absolute rules for the typing of
others.
• Just as with cognitive types, cognitive functions tend to exhibit

general behaviour patterns.
• A cognitive function can exert a significantly different influence

depending on its position in the cognitive map.

1 Personal Archetypes
The overriding problem of determining personality based upon

behavioural (rather than solely cognitive) characteristics lies in
the unreliable distinction between such variables induced by
societal norms and personal archetype, and those owing solely to
a predetermined set of cognitive faculties; a person’s true nature,
if you will. For example, a thinking-dominant type with an ignored
oppositional may – despite their relative lack of emotional impetus –
demonstrate archetypally compassionate characteristics solely, if not
entirely, in order to logically navigate the social landscape. In another
instance, a particularly empathetic feeling dominant may act with
callous disregard with the feelings of others due to an idealisation of
(and aspiration towards) a more detached rational archetype. Put more
simply, behaviour alone is insufficient determinate of personality;
a person can very well exhibit defining characteristics despite the
personality underneath. One can very well argue that personality can
be sufficiently determined by behavioural modality, but many systems
(including Jung’s) would consider these entities mutually exclusive
and hesitate towards such typological agglomeration.
From the onset of one’s life, one begins acquiring frameworks for
effective conduct – much of this acquired information is universal,
yet more is specific to the parental style and familial context varying
from one infant to another. While an overwhelming portion of
behavioural mechanics are biologically encoded rather than entirely
heterogeneous, there is nonetheless a subtle influence of external
factors on the formation of character. To illustrate, a child will go on to
Personal Archetypes 247

enrol with a specific school, befriend specific peers and, upon reaching
adolescence, choose an identity rendered desirable in part by the total
sum of external stimuli received in their life so far. The manner in
which the subject reacts to these stimuli is at least partially owing to a
pre-existing set of cognitive functions traceable to infantile life, but the
variation of such external factors is almost entirely independent. While
the manner in which a person reacts to real world fluctuations may be
predictable based upon their cognitive predispositions, the fluctuations
in question are entirely due to chance. Thus, even if a person’s
reactions were predictable, the stimuli to which they react are not. This
is a fairly roundabout way of explaining how cognitive functions alone
do not predict character, which is the sum of both nurture and nature
components. A full exploration of all the additional components that
constitute personality far exceeds the scope of this book. However, I do
believe a sufficient amount of individual variation between otherwise
identical cognitive maps can be explained through social archetype.
As previously mentioned, the lion’s share of identity formation is

done during adolescence – this is not to say, however, that childhood
is devoid of such considerations. After all, much of individual identity
is formed on self-perceived strengths and weaknesses, atop social
reinforcement of those which are more desirable than others. An
IFS-N might have a gift for mathematics, but due to norms of school
life (and perhaps differing parental expectations) exclude this
particular strength from identity formation. Conversely, an ESF-T
child may find themselves flourishing in team-based sports and
schoolyard hierarchy yet, in light of parental agenda, find themselves
devoting more energy towards hard sciences. Thus, even during the
years of childhood, one’s social identity is being decisively shaped by
factors heterogeneous to our cognitive functions – factors that very
well might push us towards an identity antithetical to our initially
more innate inclinations.
Whether it be due to upbringing or individual idealisation of a specific

social framework, it is generally inevitable for someone to choose a
blueprint on which to form their character. Furthermore, due to such
factors as previously discussed, this blueprint may not be entirely
based on self-perceived cognitive predispositions. While one’s identity
may very well be closely aligned or at least compatible with one’s
cognitive map, there also exists the tendency to form an identity based
upon an entirely different set of cognitive functions. Sometimes the
social archetype will be a conscious identity, but it is equally common
(if not more so) for this construct to manifest as a more unconscious
behavioural modality.
Of course, the value of identity varies between individuals, with the

goal of individuation often coinciding with a certain formlessness
of being. As such, the relative strengths and drawbacks of any social
archetype will apply more to some than others.
While these archetypes can, to some degree, be described as

‘subtypes’, I would warn against perceiving any such category
in an overly rigid manner. Not only are archetypes subject to
change over time, but they are also not necessarily an indicator
of cognitive predisposition – rather, archetypes demonstrate a
preference for the orientation of a specific function, which may
in some cases result in a high development of this function and,
possibly, a lack of development in other areas of the cognitive
map. There will also be instances in which the individual fails
to develop such a function to the desired extent, resulting in an
instance where archetype does not correlate with cognitive
output. However, in many cases archetype may also serve as a
predictor of subtype, particularly when identity resides within
consciousness.

The Oppositional Archetype
Here is the instance in which a person’s identity is formed on

the reverse of their cognitive map – the oppositional function
is considered most desirable, while the dominant is viewed
as more antagonistic/supportive in nature. While there is a
certain mathematical simplicity to this archetype, it is (perhaps
counterintuitively) quite rare for an individual to inhabit such an
identity for a substantial amount of time. That being said, whether
owing to complex methods of self-hatred or simply a rational
idealisation of the opposing function, it is entirely possible for this
archetype to carry on throughout the course of a person’s life. Though
the effect this has upon the world can vary radically depending on the
original cognitive type, this individual will generally display strong
behavioural characteristics of both introverted and extraverted
orientation.
In the majority of cases, this person will appear as a personification

of ongoing war, and their inner dialogue may often be turbulent in
nature. Mastery of the opposing function without initial realisation
of primary pairing is unlikely (if not altogether impossible) in this
instance, and this futility will find itself manifesting in various
insecurities, relative to the extent to which this social identity is relied
on. But in spite of – or perhaps owing to – such insecurities, this
individual has the capacity to find remarkable success through what is
quite often the unintentional quasi-harmonisation of both introverted
and extraverted functions. Furthermore, owing to the relative scarcity
of this archetype, the individual may find themselves filling a niche
in society which is both sought after and rewarded, and the natural
turbulence of this archetype may create a strong work ethic and
approval-seeking attitude.

The Agency Archetype
When the function of the convergent auxiliary (agency) is given

a higher worth than that of the dominant, it isn’t uncommon for
the identity to be formed on the sovereignty of this function. In an
introvert’s value-dictating predisposition, it stems more from internal
processes than those external. For example, it then follows that
the personal identity may be constructed on the introverted value
function. In the case of an introverted intuitive dominant, this will
lead to an identity based on either introverted thinking or introverted
feeling. Similarly, in the case of an introvert giving higher credence to
processing and perception than factual consolidation, an introverted
feeling dominant may build an identity more centred around an Si or
Ni inner dialogue than an ultimate set of subjective values.
Often building identity on the auxiliary function often leads to

even greater reliance on the dominant pairing. For this reason, the
orientation of such a person is often more extreme than others; the
extraverted aux-dominant will engage with the world more through
their dominant pairing, while the introverted version will tend to
spend more time in internal dialogue. However, this is certainly not to
say that all hyper-oriented people are those who defer to their auxiliary
function – indeed, many such people have scarcely even activated the
true auxiliary, hence why it is so often referred to as ‘tertiary’ within
MBTI® derivatives. Rather, some that activate this function find it so
compelling as to construct the ego around its mastery.
Ultimately, the auxiliary function can never supplant the dominant

and even in the case of the agency archetype will spend much time
outside of consciousness. Those who construct identity on this
function and all its associations may, depending on the extremity
of the archetype, find themselves disappointed with the limitations.

However, less extreme variants can often find great happiness within
this identity through effectively focusing the function’s power on
a select few areas of great importance. Thus, auxiliary-dominant
individuals lend themselves well to extreme specialism and can often
find a niche in society in which to thrive.
The Authority Archetype
An extremely common archetype given the authoritative nature of

the divergent auxiliary (authority) function – an ETS-N may pursue
a more philosophical and multifaceted acquisition of knowledge; an
IST-F may consider active communal development superlative to
their own collation of concrete reality; an ENT-F may prioritise their
identity and value system over new experiences; an IFN-S may defer
self-realisation to a constant supply of favourable external stimuli.
Indeed, such an archetype may be even more prevalent in society than
one built on the expertise of the dominant. This may particularly be
the case where the dominant function is introverted in nature, owing
to the demands of the external world.
While the sovereignty of the divergent auxiliary does not necessarily

limit use of the dominant function (nor does the sovereignty of the
dominant necessarily weaken the counter auxiliary), such hierarchy
will, through the law of opposition, generally lead to a low employment
of the function auxiliary to the dominant – and, in some cases, a
subsidence of said function to the unconscious. Thus, this archetype
will often (but not invariably) be one in which the functionality of
the dominant is relatively isolated from the support of a secondary
function. Hence, dual-processing will tend to fall to the secondary
pairing rather than the primary – as such, this archetype will tend to
develop the opposing function to such an extent as to perform the role
of a secondary dominant. Generally, the authority archetype is one

means through which a person may appear more ‘ambiverted’ than
others, though often at the expense of a developed dominant pairing
and, in some cases, a failure to realise the potential of the cognitive
map as a whole.
The Dip Archetypes
The below social archetypes are generally far less frequent in society
and likely to be far more transient in nature. Nonetheless, it is worth
visiting each of the dip archetypes (so called due to the use of dip
functions) briefly in this section, partially to raise a possibility for the
effective exploration of unconscious sub-identities. These may also be
considered ‘shadow archetypes’; ‘shadow’ is a generic term used within
Jungian psychology to describe those things that generally lay outside
of conscious awareness - there ensues as such a greater desire to fully
engage with those areas of cognition that may be otherwise delegated
to unconscious processing.
The Sub-Oppositional Archetype
For reasons more commonly owing to parental or communal

standards at odds with one’s dominant function, a person might feel
sufficiently insecure (and, indeed, unwilling to place themselves in a
position where this dominant function might excel) to the point that
the individual may rely on the true opposite – that is, the inverted
oppositional. Used more generally as a crutch with which to allow
the dominant function to recover, the inverted oppositional function

is generally used less intensively – while two people of opposing
functionality may come to the same conclusion, this will seldom be
reached through the same function. As such, those adhering to the
reverse shadow archetype will more likely use their dominant function
to approximate behaviour of those of the desired cognitive persuasion.
That being said, more well-rounded personalities may be able to

straddle dominant and inverted oppositional function to such a
degree as to develop the latter function to a high degree – this is
purely speculation, but in such a case, it will remain unlikely (if not
impossible) for the dominant function to play any kind of oppositional
role. Nonetheless such an individual may be able to replicate behaviour
more commonly associated with this archetype.
The Sub-Agency Archetype
One of the less likely archetypes, at least in so far as its ability to

effectively manifest in a non-maladaptive manner, one may fixate so
much on the relative blindspot of the inverted convergent auxiliary so
as to not only seek to develop it as many do, but take the additional
step as to emulate the behaviour and processes of those who possess
this function as their dominant. Conversely, many individuals will
possess similar personality traits to such others, but this behaviour
will more often than not divert in so far as the dominant function
is concerned. Nonetheless, it may manifest that an individual has
developed their inverted auxiliary (and perhaps suppressed their
divergent auxiliary) sufficiently so as to navigate the internal or
external landscape with this function on a comparable level to the
dominant.

Unlike the standard agency archetype, this behavioural node is not
activated through dominant pathways – more often than not, this
function is accessed through the oppositional pairing in preference
to the divergent auxiliary. In this instance, the inverted auxiliary may
very well switch between divergent and convergent application – this
will be particularly the case if the individual is sufficiently ambiverted
as to alternate between inverted dominant and oppositional functions.
The shadow agency will be more likely adhered to by those who have
achieved some sense of individuation, particularly in relation to the
auxiliary functions. This being said, as an entirely different set of
psychological circumstances, an individuated personality may simply
take on the exhibited traits of those of the desired archetype without
necessarily developing this function to any respectable degree – a
function which, in almost all circumstances, requires both patience
and determination to develop to a respectable degree.
The Sub-Authority Archetype
While the divergent auxiliary may be highly authoritative, it is the

often more unconscious activity of its inverted self that carries the
greatest gravitas in relation to identity and important life decisions;
the inverted divergent-aux function will, due to its opposing
orientation, be in a state of relative conflict with the dominant
pairing and ultimately the ego. However, once inverted, this function
is aligned with the dominant orientation (e.g. extraverted becomes
introverted) while retaining authority.
Ultimately, this results in an archetype whereby the dominant function

acts at the behest of an inverted div-aux, with the true (convergent)

auxiliary performing a more supplemental, or tertiary role. Indeed, it
is likely the observation of this behavioural phenomenon gave rise to
the otherwise counterintuitive acronyms espoused by other systems,
as well as the designation of the true auxiliary to a tertiary role – for
example, an ENFP’s dominant pairing comprises NeTe, and yet under
the MBTI® modality exhibits an externalised Feeling attitude with
the convergent Extraverted Thinking playing a supportive role in
deference to orientations of the feeling function.
So, despite a fairly complex process of cognitive transaction, this

archetype almost inevitably makes up a large portion of humanity,
relative to the hierarchy of ego structure.
The Sub-Dominant Archetype
This archetype tends to manifest itself in one of two possible ways.

The first is not in the least infrequent and tends to coincide with
a relative level of ambiversion – that is, an individual’s dominant
pairing appears to be neither particularly introverted nor extraverted
but, rather, a combination of both. Generally, this individual will have
a similar range of motion within this function to other types, and as
such very rarely occupy either extreme. In light of this, it can be argued
that such a manifestation would not be a true embodiment of a shadow
dominant type, but it may nonetheless build a modal of behaviour on
this identity.
Alternatively, it is possible an individual may favour the generally less

conscious alternative lens (that occupying the unconscious layer of
the dominant function) and seek to transfer consciousness from one
orientation to another – for example, an Introverted Intuitive may
wish to consciously absorb information in a more peripheral manner

rather than the usual precision of the Extraverted Sensing oppositional
function. While the ability for an individual to achieve such a complete
transformation seems implausible, building identity on a less
conscious lens and a slightly less introverted/extraverted dominant
function is not. Such an identity may be especially feasible in such
instances where the individual merely seeks to emulate the behaviour
of their extraverted counterparts while not necessarily the cognition.
To Summarise
• Personality is determined by much more than cognitive type,

being the sum of a host of factors such as social circles, culture,
personal identity and character-shaping experiences. While codecs
contain information, such information is drawn from the external
world and as such the objective and subjective collations of every
type will differ from the next.
• Individual identity can directly affect the way in which a cognitive

map operates within any given type, accentuating the importance of
a function and even going so far as to resist the natural magnetism of
the default cognitive structure.
• Including the default map, there are a total of eight personal

archetypes – these are the ways in which one function may be
accentuated due to a greater alignment with either a present or more
abstractly desired identity.
• Four archetypes are built on a conscious function and four (the

shadow archetypes) are built on the more-unconscious reverse
orientation of either one of these functions.
• Personal archetypes may change over the course of one’s life,

and the goal of individuation is to let go of a preference for any one
function and free the mind from its various cognitive biases.

2 Individuation
The Hero’s Journey
‘The Hero’s Journey’ is in many ways a mythologically-informed

metaphor for Jung’s process of individuation, adapted by Joseph
Campbell. As we go through life and subject ourselves to change
and trauma, we in doing so find ourselves, emerging stronger and
more complete than we were before. More than that, the developed
individual becomes so secure in themselves as to no longer be
sufficiently threatened by reality as to hinder the dedication of self to
the betterment of the surrounding world. While Jung himself posited
that complete individuation is unlikely to be achieved in any given
lifetime, he also recognised how a state relatively more individuated
than another is so much more developed as to warrant the attribution
of seemingly heroic qualities.
Mythos and existentialism aside, it can be more or less accepted

that for as long as a person is transitioning from childhood to early
adulthood, they will be going through some process of individuation.
Let’s break this down in cognitive terms – when we are but children,
we generally rely on a limited array of functions to understand and
interact with our surroundings and, to some extent, ourselves. As
with any human being, a child (to some extent) uses all functions,
but generally affords absolute attention only to the dominant
function and the divergent auxiliary (authority) function – it is
largely for this reason that the MBTI® community refers to this as
258 Individuation
the ‘second’ function, as it is throughout childhood the secondary
unit. For example, a childlike INT-F engages with the world through
a hyperactive Introverted Intuition and highly sensitive Extraverted
Feeling with a general lack of an external lens – some such children
will employ varying levels of the lenses (Ne and Se), but generally
will be imaginative beings concerned with idealised settings of social
harmony while remaining relatively detached from the external life
experience.
The child then enters adolescence and shortly afterwards has sufficient
headspace as to allow into the light the convergent auxiliary – which,
running with the aforementioned example, is Introverted Thinking.
The individual, assuming sufficient time with one’s thoughts,
subsequently undergoes a massive change of disposition towards
a more intellectual alignment and may even develop some level
of interest in the mechanical external world. It is generally at this
stage where a choice is made between either the development of the
introverted pairing, or the extraverted one. As befitting the choice of
adolescence, this choice will serve to facilitate a desired social identity.
The INT-F pursuing the dominant (convergent) pairing will become a
theoretical, creative type and may even isolate themselves from all but
their closest friends; the INT-F pursuing the divergent pairing may
become a calmly charismatic, academic/skill-oriented individual with
a humanitarian disposition.
As one emerges into adulthood, the choice is often to maintain the

previously chosen specialism and develop other functions only so
much as is necessary to adapt to new challenges. The divergent-
oriented INT-F will become more sociable and grounded; the
convergent INT-F will become more intellectual and individualistic.
However, in most circumstances, a person more or less retains the
identity chosen during adolescence and may show little conscious
interest in holistic functional development, partially for fear of a loss of
individuality.
Individuation 259
Should one so choose, either due to a desire for greater adaptability
or reasons more introspective in nature, an adult can go back to that
choice made during earlier years and purposefully take the second
path. Thiswould be referred to as ‘the Initiation’ in the Hero’s Journey,
whereby one comes to term with their other self and subsequently
attempts to bring the two into harmony. Generally, some kind of
revelation will occur in a person’s life as to bring about the realisation
of relative incompleteness – once this awareness is achieved, one
explores an alternative modality and with great effort moulds their
social identity to encompass both convergent and divergent pairings.
As such, the person who has taken this first step on the road to
individuation is one who has achieved mastery over both introverted
and extraverted self, and through doing so opened the gateway to the
transcendent function.
Metaphorical constructs such as these do not fall within the

lexicon of CPT, but owing to the popularity of The Hero’s Journey
as a concept, in this instance it is a useful parallel to draw
alongside the concept of individuation. In essence – through
various challenges (both within and without), we can learn to
overcome our own limitations. Once a level of individuation has
been achieved, we begin to exert increasing influence over our
total world, to the increasing betterment of both oneself and
others.
260 Individuation
The Transcendent Function
A remarkably overlooked contribution of Jung to the field of

typology, this is a concept that has been insufficiently addressed –
or even deliberately overlooked – by modern systems in order to
confine people into predictable modes of behaviour. Suffice to say,
the realisation of the transcendent function is paramount to the
individuation process and shall forthwith be explored in a level of
detail befitting such importance.
First, it is important to note that Jung never explicitly stated this

theorem directly connects with his work on cognitive functions. As
such, it would be irresponsible to assert the transcendent function was
coined with typology in mind. However, Jung’s work on personality
typing is intrinsically connected to the concept of varying levels of
consciousness, with it generally accepted that in any non-individuated
person some functions and their respective orientations are going to
exert a less conscious influence than others. It is this notion to which
his work on the transcendent function can be applied.
Jung described the transcendent function as “the process of coming to

terms with the unconscious,” and “a natural process, a manifestation
of the energy that springs from the tension of opposites”. In parallel
to the idealised state of individuation, for the mind to become
transcendent in this manner a gateway must be formed between the
conscious and unconscious to further both one’s understanding of self
and utilisation of cognitive functions. As per the law of opposition, the
effective interaction with – and navigation between – those functions
that exist in opposition to one another is paramount to transcendence
and individuation as a whole. Jung further explained “The cooperation
of conscious reasoning with the data of the unconscious is called the
‘transcendent function’…. This function progressively unites the
opposites”. In light of this, the parallels between Jung’s respective
Individuation 261
work on the transcendent function and the cognitive functions become
even clearer.
To apply this theorem directly to typology, if one function were to

become transcendent this would automatically facilitate a similar
transcendence of the function to which it is opposed. For instance,
if a dominant Introverted Sensing is so transcended, this would
imply not only greater employment of unconscious functions (that
which is opposed and therefore outside the light of consciousness)
but also a greater ease of transitioning from the dominant pairing to
the oppositional absent the ‘dominant tug’ that so often renders the
oppositional function relatively inferior. Therefore, one manifestation
of a transcendent cognitive function is the ‘transcendent dominant’.
This alone, however, is insufficient to account for any kind of

transcendence of the remaining two functions, which occupy a
different cognitive continuum – that is, perception vs codification.
Using the Si dominant example, the two auxiliaries would therefore
be Feeling and Thinking – if either of these functions were to become
transcendent, it automatically follows so will the other. If Feeling were
to be transcendent, it would not only maintain a healthier relationship
with the unconscious influence of Thinking, but the two functions
would also acquire the ability to ‘switch places’, with an orientation
relative to the pairing currently in the light of consciousness. If
the auxiliary of an SiFi pairing were to become transcendent, the
individual would therefore be able to interchange between an Fi and Ti
auxiliary from dominant position; in employment of the oppositional
pairing, this individual would fluidly alternate between Te and Fe and
ultimately render the archetypes associated with this ‘personality type’
no longer applicable.
As such, the Transcendent Function must be applied separately to

both cognitive continuums – the fully individuated self – one with
both transcendent dominant-oppositional and auxiliary relationships
262 Individuation
– would be in essence able to transition between all places in this
continuum and no longer be confined to a set of absolute cognitive
parameters.
I have every intention to explore this concept fully in a later

instalment, but for now, let it suffice to say that the achievement of
such cognitive transcendence seems difficult enough to be comparable
or even parallel to Jung’s notion of individuation itself, which Jung
described as being a process spanning a lifetime. With this in mind,
rather than seeing a transcendence of function as an end in and of
itself, it is instead more important to see this hypothetical milestone
as secondary to the journey therein. After all, while the transcendent
function seems yet to be fully realised by any individual in the public
spotlight, this is not to say there aren’t some people significantly
further along the path than others.
Rather than assessing others on adherence to a naively absolute

concept of what one personally considers to be ‘transcendent’, one
should instead take stock of the degrees to which this hypothetical
ideal has been realised. If a type with an oppositional Fi is talking
openly and insightfully about their feelings, and relating these to
others, this may not imply an absolute transcendence of oppositional
boundaries, but will nonetheless be a remarkable progress towards
this very ideal. Similarly, if someone with oppositional Ne finds
themselves pursuing change and innovation for its own sake, taking in
a plethora of abstract information without suffering mental distress,
the implications are equally positive.
To instigate such change in one’s cognition, one must take an attitude

that runs counter to that ordinarily espoused by western society
– while the modern era generally encourages attainment of goals
through intensity of effort, this very attitude when applied to cognitive
transcendence may very well have the opposite effect than intended.
Rather, to realise – and indeed release – an otherwise suppressed
Individuation 263
function/orientation, it is more a matter of ‘allowing’ it into conscious
space than doing so through force of will; we all feel what can only
be described as a magnetic pull towards our primary functions and
their respective orientations, and it is only through letting go of what
is in essence ‘schematic addiction’ that other cognitive processes can
flow naturally up to the surface. As such, while it may be popular to
equate the activation of one function with the engagement of activities
associated with it, without first allowing that function to be in day
to day occurrences it is likely that a function to which one is more
predisposed will be used in such a creative manner to circumvent
allowing the desired ‘weaker’ function into the limelight. That is to
say, absent habitual use the brain may simply follow the path of least
resistance in so far as using a ‘stronger’ function in such a way as to
circumvent the use of its opposite. This brings us to an important point
– while transcendence begins with simply surrendering the control
and egocentricity of one function to allow for expression of another,
a function which the mind is unaccustomed to employing on a more
conscious and acute basis will still be relatively weak, and require
continued expression to acquire comparable potency to the function it
temporarily replaces.
Habits and Perceptual Alteration
While cognitive magnetism plays a huge role in what functions

are more likely to be used by others in any given way, this natural
predisposition is not quite the same as a habit. However, these two
concepts tend to engage in a kind of vicious cycle, with the overuse of
one function becoming natural and repetitive, forming a function and
further increasing the magnetic pull of the function in question.
As previously mentioned, overcoming such functional preference is
264 Individuation
more a matter of ‘allowing’ an opposing function to take its place in the
light of consciousness. Habits are not necessarily hard to form in and
of themselves, but when the acquisition of this habit requires the un-
learning of another, a certain amount of resistance becomes inevitable.
As such, the ‘allowance’ explored within this chapter is not as easy
as it sounds – however, practicing this act of cognitive surrender
is significantly easier than forcing a function’s development, which
will tend to result in feelings of frustration, and a potentially warlike
relationship between our respective functions.
If you are seeking to develop a part of your cognitive makeup, it is

optimal to first alter your perception of the relationship between
functions. Rather than viewing an internal struggle for consciousness,
instead view your mind in the context of a garden analogy – on any
patch of land, it is necessary to curb the growth of one plant to allow
for the growth of another. If this land were to be expanded, the
population will grow, all the while carefully maintained to ensure no
genus suppresses the development of others. It is true that one plant
may be more personally desirable, but this personal preference will be
secondary to the need for a balanced ecosystem; even if this balance
were to serve purely as dramatic contrast to highlight a favourite plant,
this only strengthens this analogy. Put another way, if you so choose to
use your cognitive predisposition to your advantage, and subsequently
fill a specific niche in society, you will do well to develop surrounding
functions so as to complement their centre.
Rather than forcing the growth of these functions, one must instead
curb the function limiting their natural expression (oftentimes the
dominant or divergent auxiliary). Thus, if you seek to develop a
particular function you must first look to the function opposing it –
knowing which function to let go of allows the opposing function to
develop in a natural and fluid manner. For example, if one strayed
more towards an abstract lens, development of the concrete lens –
particularly that of the same orientation – can occur in a relatively
Individuation 265
stress-free manner if, instead of forcing a narrowing of vision, one
simply let go of the distractions of the environment (external or
internal), allowing the mind to naturally fixate on a single object. Thus,
Sensing is activated in a non-forceful manner.
The same applies to the codecs – if an Extraverted Feeler when in the

company of others found their objective understanding – particularly
that extraverted in nature – significantly hindered, rather than forcing
oneself to consult an objective framework, it is better to instead let
go ofthe surrounding social minutia. In doing so, this may allow for a
more detached understanding of the external world to counterbalance
more subjective frameworks.
There will always be a situation in our lives where we are unable

to rationally deal with a problem due to the over-reliance on a
function completely ill-suited (if not outright counterproductive)
to its resolution. I am happy to use myself as an example – when in
the company of others, my Fe authority becomes so hyperactive as
to effectively stupefy my Extraverted Thinking capabilities. In these
situations I find it difficult to focus on any mechanism or intake any
new objective information, and forcing myself to do so does little
more than cause unnecessary stress. In recognising the cause of
this conundrum (Extraverted Feeling), I can choose to let go of my
need to monitor and safeguard the emotional atmosphere, and trust
it shall remain harmonious while my Feeling codec withdraws. In
this situation I am able to organise my external world efficiently
without worrying about superfluous social information. At the time of
writing this, I am a far cry from achieving mastery over this cognitive
transition, but I have nonetheless made substantial progress – this
understanding alone allows me to approach such situations in a calmer
and altogether more controlled manner.
As we practice these transitions in seeking a more fluid and adaptable

cognition, the habits to overly heed our natural cognitive magnetism
266 Individuation
will gradually weaken and more well-rounded habits will take their
place. It is possible there will always be the pull of one function over
another and, as such, it is equally likely our respective cognitive maps
will remain with us for life. However, unlearning our tendencies to
overuse the functions to which we are naturally predisposed can itself
unlock the total map to a degree, and create an individual far better
suited to deal with whatever challenge may arise.
To Summarise
• The journey of individuation is comparable to various stages of the

Hero’s Journey, exploring the self and emerging stronger and more
balanced. At peace with oneself, the self can look at the surrounding
world without fear, and begin to nurture their surroundings as they
did themselves.
• Much progress towards individuation is made during formative

years: children start with a limited conscious use of the dominant
and divergent authority, and oftentimes have limited use of other
functions and orientations; adolescents often consciously activate the
convergent auxiliary, inducing a significant character shift.
• A choice is made during later adolescence between convergent or

divergent functional development; oftentimes those of the former
are intense, while the latter tend to be relatively balanced – though
perhaps unexceptional – in nature.
• This choice can be revisited later in life, whereby the previously

neglected functions and orientations can be brought into
balance with the whole. This is a further step forward towards an
individuated state.
• The state in which a function/orientation and the opposing
Individuation 267
function/orientation can be alternated between with ease is known as
the ‘transcendent function’.
• The functional map can be viewed as a garden – in order to

develop a rich and varied ecosystem, one must curtail the growth of
certain species for others to thrive.
• In promoting a balanced cognitive map, it is acceptable (and even

beneficial) to allow a healthy bias towards one’s dominant functions
– the analogy in this instance stands, but rather focusing on a specific
species and encouraging the growth of others in order to complement
and draw attention to it.
268 Individuation
3 Cognitive Fluidity
While the purpose of this book is to present and explore the

fundamentals behind CPT, the system remains a fluid model, and
it is as such necessary to provide an introduction here to the more
advanced elements that allow type to be understood in such a manner.
There are two complimentary ways the notion of type fluidity can be
understood. The first is via taking the very idea of a personality type
outside of a discrete category (i.e. one of sixteen) and place it upon a
spectrum of cognitive variation that can be then divided into as many
slices as one wishes for ease of reference. The very mental exercise
of picturing thus can free one’s thought process from the superficial
heuristic of there being sixteen distinct types of brains wandering
this earth - of course, this is not the case, but the variation is real and
dividing a spectrum into however many segments serves a useful
scientific purpose.
The second, equally valid way of understanding type as a fluid concept

is on a more individual level. Cognitive type is not independent of
context; as we find ourselves in different situations requiring of
different mental modalities, we naturally and oftentimes seamlessly
use cognitive functions outside of our default map in order to
overcome any given challenges we are faced with. However, this
adaptation does not disprove the concept of type; while cognitive
output changes depending on the circumstances, the gateways and
pathways through which the functions are accessed do not.
Furthermore, having a default mental state in the first place incurs
Cognitive Fluidity 269

a residual cognitive effect upon the employment of alternative
modalities. Humans are habitual creatures, and this habitualism
applies as much to our internal mechanisms as our external ones. This
default state has two primary effects upon cognitive – firstly, however
far an individual may step ‘outside of type’, there is invariably a pull
back to the neural pathways most relied upon. As such, type is in many
ways a neurological manifestation of the ‘well trodden path’. Naturally,
the more individuated a person, the less habitual their thought
processes.
The second effect of the default state is via areas of resistance; just
as how our default state exerts a kind of cognitively magnetic pull on
our mental processes, the distribution of our locus of control across
the cognitive map (i.e. convergence and divergence) ensues some
pathways being of more naturally resistant than others. For example,
since the auxiliary function requires volitional activation to be used
dynamically, its opposing orientation – on the same continuum
as (and therefore competing with) the more compulsive Authority
Function – tends to be requiring of even greater willpower for dynamic
expression.
As such, there manifests within any given a series of mental pathways

of varying resistance through which cognitive continuums (e.g.
Introverted Sensing into Introverted Intuition) may be traversed.
A function passing into another, either of the same or opposing
orientation, is classified within CPT as a dip function.
Dip Functions
Recall how cognitive functions are more spectral by nature. Referring

as they are to neural networks, they are not so much separate

processing units as these are altogether more fluid continuums of
thought and experience.
As mentioned previously, these continuums are traversed naturally

and seamlessly within the mind – Introverted Thinking cross-
references against Extraverted Thinking; the broad lens of Extraverted
Intuition hones in to the vivid detail of Extraverted Sensing.
As the name implies, a dip function is the dipping into a cognitive

continuum from any given position. Rather than a sudden transition
from one extreme to another, cognitive dips can in theory be so
slight as to be imperceptible. However, such micro-fluctuations are
generally more implicit than they are explicit, and when used in a more
measurable sense a dip function refers to a much more significant

traversing of a cognitive continuum.
For example, an Introverted Feeling dominant may dip into

Extraverted Feeling from dominant position in order to effectively
express their values and character. They may also dip into Introverted
Thinking from the same position in order to rationalise upon what
is felt. Conversely, they may oftentimes just as easily engage these
pathways from an Extraverted Thinking oppositional perspective.
The position from which a dip function originates can be thought of as

an ‘access point’, whereas the continuum traversed from this position
can be thought of as a ‘pathway’.
It is also useful to distinguish between two forms of dip functions:

those automated, and those volitional. Automated dipping occurs on a
more subconscious basis and is very much the domain of the transient
micro-fluctuations referred to above. Volitional dipping, however, is
that directed under conscious supervision, and tends to be far more
overt and extreme owing to its deliberate nature.
To consider the difference between these two forms of cognitive

dipping we can consider once again the Introverted Feeling dominant.
Whereas an automated dip between Introverted Feeling and
Introverted Thinking can be largely subconscious (think the natural
assignment of words and symbols to categorise and define emotional
states), one more volitional would be far more intentional, and often
more extreme.
As such, a slight automated dip would be a spontaneous assignment of

meaning on the borders of consciousness, whereas a strong volitional
dip would constitute a highly intentional use of conscious frameworks
to reconcile what is ‘felt’ with what is ‘known’. Just one example of this
latter case would be existential thought.
However, it is important not to assume all automated dips are small,

nor all volitional dips large; background processes constitute a huge

amount of the brain’s learning process, after all. Conversely, a fine
artist would find themselves employing varying degrees of Extraverted
Sensing as they compare one minute detail against another – here
a volitional dip would remain within a single extremity of the
extraverted perceptual continuum.
Axial Rotation
The total opposition between two functions – function, attitude, and

orientation – creates a point of rotation between the two extremes.
This is not arbitrary, but rather the natural consequence of a
relationship between two entangled opposites; as one of the values
change, so does the other.
As such, this axial relationship has several implications. Firstly,

however much a function changes it will remain equally mirrored
by its opposite. If Ne dips into Se, so will Si dip into Ni; an axial
relationship is always proportionate.
Secondly, this mirroring applies to attitude as well: if the dominant

function is rendered divergent, so is the oppositional rendered
convergent.
Another implication of this entanglement pertains to the tension

between these two functions. Imagine if you will a spring, or rubber
band, loaded to a maximal state of tension – just as with the spring
mechanism in this example, if tension is released on either end of
a functional axis there tends to ensue a sudden transition from one
opposite to another.
This transition is entirely attitudinal; the functions and orientations

remain the same, but the attitude and conscious focal point flip.
Essentially, the networks of the cognitive map are reversed, with the

dominant pairing taking on the attitude of the opposing pairing and
vice versa.
For example, an ESF-T would, upon axial rotation, become an INT-F,

and an ISF-T would become an ENT-F. However, it is important
to bear in mind the default state of any type has a residual impact
upon any such rotation: an SeFe dominant would rotate into an NiTi
dominant modality in light and memory of the previous, primary state.
As such, it would be an oversimplification to state a type becomes its

opposite, and axial rotations should as such be viewed from a more
modal perspective.
Going back to the spring analogy, the activation of such a rotation is

usually the stress born of contextual necessity, often as extension
of the fight or flight response. It is not a stress response in general,
however: an Ni dominant is not going to indulge in sensory binges
in response to anxiety any more than a contextually equivalent Te
dominant will feel a natural compulsion to go on an intense journey of
self-reflection. It is not that these responses cannot occur, but rather
that they are not an instinctual type-specific response to stress.
The stress that instigates an axial rotation is one of active necessity,

not passive escapism. An Ni dominant will rotate on the dominant
axis when confronted with harsh reality, and a Te dominant will do
so when there is a dissonance between one’s desires and what can be
externally realised.
The rotation will seldom, however, become an addiction – the stress

trigger is usually more acute than chronic and, in the case of the latter,
the effect will be more residual upon a dominant state. For instance, an
Ni dominant may obsess over concrete reality as a kind of benchmark
for whether a vision can be realised or trusted, and a Te dominant may
obsess over their internal desires and, more importantly, whether they
can trust themselves to act in their own best interest.
In such grips, the primary attitude of the functions remain the same;
oppositional-induced neuroticism is not an axial rotation as much
as it is the subjugation of the dominant to its opposing function.
Essentially, an oppositional grip is a hyper-divergent attitudinal
preference.
As a final note on axial rotations within the cognitive map, a more

volitional rotation tends not to correspond to the aforementioned
spring analogy. In these instances, the central point of tension
remains, with the shift from one dominant state to another being
more equivalent to an orbiting process; here the two opposing values
gradually shift position around a central point of gravity and it is not
unusual for volitional rotations to be partial only.

The Type Spectrum
The notion of personality being on a spectrum is generally accepted yet

not always explicitly stated, which can bring about some confusion in
those acquainting themselves with cognitive type. So first allow me to
clear up some potential misunderstanding: there are not sixteen types
of people walking the earth; every person is an individual, and the
odds of two unrelated people out of a sample of several billion having
exactly the same cognitive type are rather low.
This does not fly in the face of what systems like MBTI® state as
much as what people incorrectly interpret from it. However, such
interpretations are not entirely unreasonable given the non-spectral
nature of such models; for as long as cognitive functions are seen as
separate and distinct processing units, types can be interpreted to be
the same.
The idea of type being on a spectrum, then, only becomes a logical

conclusion once the building blocks of which it is comprised – the
cognitive functions – are regarded as equally spectral; not particularly
block-like to begin with.
Before the type spectrum can be properly grasped, a case must be

made for the cognitive spectrum in the first place. An easy way to do
so is to take a lens analogy in reference to the perceptual continuum:
you may recall Extraverted Intuition (Ne) can be regarded as a broad
lens directed externally, and Extraverted Sensing (Se) a narrow lens of
this same orientation. To perceive how these two functions are rather
two extremes of a perceptual continuum, simply imagine an Ne scope
becoming gradually narrower until it becomes sufficiently narrow to be
regarded as ‘more Se than Ne, and thus Se’.
The fluidity of the codec spectrum is a little harder to entertain,

partially because the notion of ‘thought’ and ‘feeling’ have been

regarded and romanticised as utterly separate faculties of human
experience. But in positing the outer extremes of this spectrum one
can intuitively understand its more continuous nature: these extremes
could be regarded as ‘pure thought’ and ‘pure feeling’.
Pure thought would be a state of experience entirely removed from the

self – while ultimately informed by a previous state of feeling, within
the space of time it inhabits, the self is perceived absent feeling’s
priority. Essentially, here the agenda is to the object of analysis, rather
than the preservation of self or the attainment of its desires.
Conversely, pure feeling would be a state of experience absent the

mind – this may be a controversial statement, but one that can be
entertained more easily if the self is imagined absent self-awareness:
self-awareness is contingent upon a level of objective understanding.
If one does not think, therefore one is not. Extraverted Feeling
(on an axis with Ti) enters the equation here also, both in so far as
being recognised as a self in the first place and the natural valuing
of information received by others and the employment of language
frameworks for effective social response. In essence, Introverted
Thinking (Ti) allows the self to become aware, and Introverted Feeling
(Fi) allows for a self to be aware of in the first place.
From this line of reasoning it should be clear how intrinsic both of

these modalities are to being human, and as much as we impose upon
ourselves hierarchies based upon degrees of intellectual functionality
as just one example (albeit with a bias towards Thinking, with
Feeling-based intelligence perceived in a manner more comparable
to a personality trait), humans are across the board extremely
sophisticated animals comprised of thought and feeling in oftentimes
equal measure.
With this philosophical meander out of the way, to understand these

modalities as continuous one simply has to observe how they occur
within the mind. If you feel an emotion, you may find yourself quite

naturally and instinctively conferring upon it a label; if you feel angry,
that may be the word you use to frame your experience. You may even
find yourself going further to cross-reference possible influencing
factors against each other in order to trace the emotion back to its
source.
In most cases – and this is where cognitive type may come into play
– you will continue to experience the emotion throughout this more
cerebral process of defining and categorising. Many readers may even
balk at the idea of such objective understanding in any way nullifying
an emotional experience, the two being so entangled with one another.
Afterall, the very act of labelling an emotion can give rise to its
amplification, raising its intensity to the threshold of what our brain
believes it ‘should’ feel like. While it is certainly possible for thought to
suppress feeling and feeling to suppress thought, we will most of the
time find ourselves inhabiting a space in between: a space not detached
enough to dilute emotional experience, nor intense enough to override
cerebral processes.
Indeed, the extreme of Introverted Feeling can scarcely imply a

cognitive function at all, hence why Jung himself coined the term to
represent the cerebral product of feeling rather than feeling alone, a
product including – but not limited to – identity and personal values.
This product, however, is born in the interstice between self and mind;
self-concept is a quintessential example of the continuous relationship
between thought and feeling.
The type spectrum is the logical conclusion from this aforementioned

cognitive fluidity: it is not just cognition that varies across a spectrum,
but also cognitive type itself. That is to say, every person will inhabit a
slightly different ‘cognitive resting point’ than another.
This very spectrum may be represented via a colour gradient, ideally

across three dimensions in order to encapsulate both cognitive and

orientational variation. Alternatively, one may picture two separate
two-dimensional cognitive continuums as follows:
The Extraverted Type Spectrum

The Introverted Type Spectrum

Conclusion
Hopefully by this point I would have imparted some new perspectives

related to the cognitive functions and typology as a whole – there
is obviously significantly more to write on this topic, but for now, it
is my hope for this book to serve as both a companion to my online
content and a short summary of the fundamentals behind Cognitive
Personality Theory.
The focus of this book is not to discredit existing systems, nor even to
directly compete with more behaviourally-oriented typology systems –
rather, I present this system as an alternative outlook that may even
complement those with a more extraverted, observational approach. It
is my belief that the greatest understanding of the self is reached not
by observing behavioural similarities, but by exploring the underlying
factors that drive such behaviour in the first place.
I believe that through understanding those mechanisms that drive

cognition, we may not only understand ourselves and others on a
deeper level, but also acquire a framework with which to free the mind
of its habitual limitations – while I do stress the importance of playing
to one’s strength and filling a niche in society, I feel such an attitude
can also discourage holistic self-development. I would argue not to
focus on one’s weaknesses at the expense of one’s strength, but rather
to develop all facets of our cognitive map so as to achieve a mind in
which what were once weaknesses may become complementary, as
well as strengths in their own rights.
Conclusion 281
Understanding one’s cognitive type and the immediate advantages and
disadvantages of thus (as well as the areas of society most immediately
compatible) is undoubtedly important both for self-acceptance and as
a blueprint on which to form identity and plan the course of one’s life.
However, there is a danger for people to cease self-exploration at this
point and over-rely on a static construct to both inform their decisions
and excuse their mistakes. I see this as akin to taking the first step on
what is in fact a lifelong journey and failing to take another.
Through a deeper understanding of our internal processes, as well

as that of others, it is my hope we can simultaneously develop our
minds and life as a whole, and assist those who seek to do the same.
Individual Typology shifts the focus of personality typing away from
group behaviour and back to the internal processes from which they
originate – behaviour will always be a partial determinate of cognition,
but to rely on it completely shifts the focus away from the individual
and to temporary social archetypes more suited to marketing strategies
and business management.
I do not believe the journey of individuation is a simple one, and as

much as it might benefit a typologist to do so, I have no interest in
selling psychological quick fixes. True self-development takes infinite
patience, and one must learn to find joy in the small victories along the
way – improvement, no matter how small, is always worth celebrating;
individuation itself (that is, the transcendence of one’s functions and
a heightened level of self-awareness) is something of a north star to
guide our path, and is not to be treated as a product or modern day
quick-fix. To stress again – while an individuated-self is the goal of this
theorem, the true benefit arises from a life meaningful to the self.
Living in a future-oriented state of constant anticipation is as unwise

as clinging to any other of the three tenses, doing little other than
denying any measure of contentment and subsequently rendering
future-goals significantly less attainable. As explored within preceding
282 Conclusion
pages, all of us feel naturally pulled towards one tense more than
another – the individuated-self overcomes such cognitive magnetism,
aligning the three tenses into a balanced and flexible perspective, just
as both objective and subjective circuits can be employed in search of
truth.
Each of us is to some degree individuated, and, rather than a black

and white view of a singular transcendent mental state, it is far more
reasonable to assert individuation itself as a continuum. Throughout
the course of life we will, hopefully, attain an increasingly higher
magnitude of this state, ensuing a constant and existentially healthy
amount of self-improvement. Life itself tends not to work in absolutes,
and it would be foolish to advertise a state of mind one can ‘unlock’
with a few simple steps – that which we perceive as an end-goal is
seldom static in nature, with any milestone broadening perspective
to encompass even more goals than there were before. That is to
say, making one step brings another into view, and while many
of us will have a clear vision of what we wish to achieve, that which
we considered an absolute goal may turn out only a single piece of
another.
To aim to for a state more balanced than your current self is the
goal of this system – as much as we all may desire some arbitrary
good mind vs bad mind dichotomy, it is my intention to stray away
from such naïve reductionisms. One will find over the course of self-
development that as one becomes more individuated, the view of this
concept will expand alongside; as we continue to improve ourselves,
our mind opens to perceive more areas on which to improve. For this
reason, it is foolish to paint an absolute picture of an ideal mind –
for as long as we improve upon ourselves and allow into vision newly
emerging challenges, we may enjoy a state of constant progression and
expanding possibilities.
Conclusion 283
Glossary of Terms
Auxiliary
A function performing a supportive role to another. May be
either convergent (tied to the dominant) or divergent (tied to the
oppositional).
Attitude
The nature of a function; the degree to which a function fluctuates
between convergence and divergence.
Cognitive Magnetism
The pull towards using one function more than another.
Cognitive Map
The manifestation of the four functions within an individual, and the
lateral relationships between these functions.
284 Glossary of Terms

Continuum
The space in-between one function and the function that opposes it.
Convergence
One of the two natures of a function. A convergent function is positive
in nature, affecting change and securing reward.
Divergence
One of the two natures of a function. A divergent function is negative
in nature, instilling a sense of consequence and acting as an authority,
and enforcing checks and balances.
Extraversion
One of the two orientations. An extraverted function concerns
itself with the external world; an extraverted person will have their
extraverted functions in the convergent position.
Personal Archetype
The degree to which a person’s identity overlaps with (and places
emphasis upon) a specific function in their cognitive map.
Glossary of Terms 285

Individuation
The process of overcoming the cognitive stack; a holistic term for self-
development and the unification of opposites within the psyche.
Introversion
One of the two orientations. An introverted function concerns
itself with the internal world; an introverted person will have their
introverted functions in the convergent position.
Orientation
The direction of a function; the degree to which a function fluctuates
between the internal world and external world.
Oppositional
The function opposing the dominant, and the core of the opposing
stack. Often underdeveloped and relatively inferior, but may be
developed to serve as a second dominant.
Transcendent Function
The overcoming of two opposing functions, unlocking the full range
of a continuum. Both the codec and lens may become independently
transcendent – a transcended type would have both transcendent
functions.
286 Glossary of Terms

References
Web Content
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-11299-006
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917081/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537247/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3857563/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240133762_Neo_PI-R_
professional_manual
Books
Jung, C.G. ([1921] 1971). Psychological Types, Collected Works,
Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-
01813-8.
Jung, C.G. (1966). Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, Collected

Works, Volume 7, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN
0-691-01782-4.
Jung, C.G. ([1961] 1989). Memories, Dreams, Reflections, New York,

N.Y.: Vantage Books. ISBN 0-679-72395-1.
Kandel ER, Koester JD, Mack SH, Siegelbaum SA. eds. Principles of
Neural Science, 6e. McGraw Hill; 2021.
References 287
Cognitive Personality Theory proposes
a framework of understanding
personality in a manner tailored to
individual differences - this is not a
classification system, but rather an
entirely more fluid approach to
understanding the factors that drive
cognition.

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Copyright © 2019 by Harry Murrell

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective

Special thanks to my friend Hannah for the countless hours of idea-

CPT is the result of hundreds of case studies and applications of

The intention of CPT is not to discredit other typology systems, but

CPT proposes type as a set of cognitive parameters that can, with

Attempts to evolve Jungian personality theory have often brought

It is my intention within these pages to illuminate the meanings of

It wouldn’t make a great deal of sense to write further on this topic

The Four Functions

Foremost, it is important to note that every individual uses each

Furthermore, one function is always used alongside an auxiliary, so

The four functions in the human mind occupy differing positions –

The Cognitive Map

To reiterate – we have four functions. A person will always reside

While each function can move between introversion and extraversion,

The Dominant Function

As the name implies, there is one function in particular that we use

However, this is somewhat reductionistic and is not aligned with how

The Auxiliary Functions

Secondly, the function of the same orientation to the dominant fits

There is a reason Jung referred to this function as ‘auxiliary’, and

These two functions can be further distinguished from each other

As convergence is an active attitude, the Agency Function is ergo the

This function is authoritative owing to its opposition to the dominant

The Opposing Function

This function is the direct opposite of one’s dominant, and, due to

Cognitive Attitudes: Convergence and Divergence

As the name suggests, convergent functions are generally focused

A function is divergent when it exerts a level of restraint, and direction,

Cognitive Attitudes and Function Positions

As such, more naturally dynamic function positions (which correlates

On the converse, less naturally dynamic positions – such as the

Both dominant and authority (divergent auxiliary) positions can be

Conversely, the oppositional and agency (convergent auxiliary)

Terms initially popularised by Jung, introversion and extraversion

However, depending on the relation to the extraverted pairing, as

A quick and effective means of distinguishing between introverted

For instance, the prior example of extraverted behaviour is considered

Can it be effective to label a person extraverted or introverted by the

Everyone is both an introvert and an extravert – those whose

Rationality vs Irrationality: Codec vs Lens

Rational functions, on the other hand, occupy the Thinking–Feeling

Whereas one individual may be predisposed more towards empirical

The Ego is the most universally understood of these terms, serving as

The Superego is the part of us that is connected to something more

The Id tends to be equally conscious within this cognitive trinity

The process of individuation (to be explored in later chapters) is one

While these ego structures are useful concepts for understanding

• There are four different cognitive functions, each with an

• Two functions are lens-based – Sensing is the concrete, detailed

• Two functions are codec-based – Thinking is the codification of

• The crown of the cognitive map is the Dominant Function, to

• The Oppositional Function is often inferior in nature for this

• Both the dominant and oppositional have a corresponding

• Alongside the Dominant Function there is a Convergent Auxiliary

• An extravert is one whose dominant map corresponds to that

• No function is completely extraverted or introverted; all functions

• Cognitive introversion is different to the behavioural model. Those

• A ‘rational’ type is one whose dominant and opposing functions

The Function Hierarchy Myth

While this may be controversial to some, it is important to keep in

The Cognitive Map 29