Instrumentation Notes

 Pressure gauges theory is (Bordoun Tube)

 The two standard methods for transmitting a signal are 1) Pneumatic 2) Electronic.
 The standard industrial range for pneumatic signals is 20 to 100 kPa(g) (kPa(g) = kPa above atmospheric),
which corresponds to a 0% to 100% process condition.
 Span of electronic signals (4-20)mAmp
 Again, a live zero (4 mA) is used to distinguish between 0% process (4 mA) and an interrupted or faulted
signal loop (0 mA).
 Most pressure transmitters are built around the pressure capsule.
 P = S.H P = Pressure (Pa) S = Weight density of the liquid (N/m3) H = Height of liquid column (m).
 When a DP transmitter is used for the purpose of measuring level, it will be called a level transmitter
even though it is measuring pressure.
 If the gas pressure is accidentally applied to only one side of the DP capsule (say during installation or
removal of the DP transmitter), overranging of the capsule could occur and the capsule would be damaged.
 Equalizing valve shall be used to protect DP transmitter which used to indicate the level as described.
 Switches can either use to get the level of a tank
 Deadband is the difference in pressure between the switch setpoint and reset point. For example, if a
pressure switch is set to activate at 100 psi on an increasing pressure, the switch will close when the
pressure rises to 100 psi. When the pressure drops to the reset point of 90 psi, the switch will open.
 HART >> Highway addressable remote transducer