Proceedings, American Power Conference (Chicago,
VIBRATION PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING (book),
Ill.), 1952.
5. DETERMINATION OF DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
FOR NOISE CONTROL OF POWER PLANTS, H. D.
Hardy. Proceedings, American Power Conference
(Chicago, 111.), 1952.
6. THE REDUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINE
NOISE, R. 0. Fehr. Proceedings, Second National
Noise Abatement Symposium (Chicago, 11.), 1952,
pages 93-103.
7. REDUCING NOISE IN MACHINES, D. B. Calla-
way. Machine Design (Cleveland, Ohio), volume
23, number 12, December 1951, pages 122-29.
8. QUIETING SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, E. J.
Abbott. AIEE Transactions (Electrical Engineer-
ing), volume 54, January 1935, pages 20-26.
9. SOUND CONTROL IN AIRPLANES, L. L. Beranek,
N. W. Rudmose. Journal, Acoustical Society of
America, volume 19, 1947, pages 357-64.
10. NoIsE MITIGATION IN SUBSTATIONS, E. A.
Bishop. AIEE Transactions, volume 50, Septem-
ber 1931, pages 1069-76.
11. AUDIO NOISE IN TRANSFORMERS IN RESIDEN-
TIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREAS, C. E. Baugh. AIEE
Transactions, volume 69, 1950, pages 121-28.
12. AUDIBLE NOISE OF POWER TRANSFORMERS,
T. D. Gordy. AIEE Transactions, volume 69,
1950, pages 45-53.
13. TRANSFORMER AUDIO NOISE PROBLEMS ON
AN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM, C. S. Murray. AIEE
Transactions, volume 68, 1949, pages 740-52.
14. THE CAUSE AND ELIMINATION OF NOISE IN
SMALL MOTORS, W. R. Appleman. AIEE Trans-
actions (Electrical Engineering), volume 56, Novem-
ber 1937, pages 1359-67.
15. INDUCTION REGULATOR NoISE, J. P. Foltz,
W. F. Shirk. AIEE Transactions, volume 50,
September 1931, pages 1052-55.
16. ELASTIC SUPPORTS FOR ISOLATING ROTATING
MACHINERY, E. H. Hull, W. C. Stewart. AIEE
Transactions, volume 50, September 1931, pages
1063-68.
Turbine-Generator Rotor Heating During
Single-Phase Short Circuits
M. D. ROSS
FELLOW AIEE
DURING THE past 2 years an in-
vestigation has been made to es-
tablish the allowable duration of single-
phase short circuits in turbine generators.
Tests carried out on an 11,500-kw
3,600-rpm generator are reported here.
A method of calculating hot-spot tem-
peratures on the rotor wedges is also
given in the paper.
Any condition of unbalanced stator
currents, such as caused by a line-to-line
or line-to-ground short circuit, will pro-
duce a pulsating magnetic field in the
generator which can be resolved into two
rotating fields, one rotating in synchro-
nism with the rotor and the other field
rotating backward at the same speed as
the forward rotating field. The second,
40
17. HANDBOOK OF ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
(book), 0. W. Eshbach (Editor). John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1936, pages 9-40 to
9-43.
18. FUNDAMENTALS OF NOISE, H. C. Hardy.
Product Engineering (New York, N. Y.), volume
19, February 1948, pages 131-34.
19. THE NATURE OF POLYPHASE INDUCTION
MACHINES (book), P. L. Alger. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1951, pages 311-29.
20. MAGNETIC NOISE IN SYNCHRONOUS MA-
CHINES, Quentin Graham, Sterling Beckwith,
Frank H. Milliken. AIEE Transactions, Septem-
ber 1931, pages 1056-62.
21. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF 2-POLE TURBINE
GENERATORS, C. M. Laffoon, B. A. Rose. AIEE
Transactions (Electh ical Enzgineering), volume 59,
January 1940, pages 30-34.
22. Discussion by M. D. Ross of SPECIAL PROB-
LEMS OF 2-POLE TURBINE GENERATORS, C. M.
Laffoon, B. A. Rose. AIEE Transactions (Elec-
trical Engineering), volume 59, January 1940, page
33.
23. SUPPRESSION OF MAGNETIC VIBRATION AND
NOISE OF 2-POLE TURBINE GENERATORS, A. L.
Penniman, Jr., H. D. Taylor. AIEE Transactions
(Electrical Enginieering), volume 60, June 1941,
pages 283-88, 745.
24. Discussion by B. A. Rose, M. D. Ross of
SUPPRESSION OF MAGNETIC VIBRATION AND NOISE
oF 2-POLE TURBINE GENERATORS, A. L. Penniman,
Jr., H. D. Taylor. AIEE Transactions (Electrical
Engineerinzg), volume 60, June 1941, pages 745-47.
25. CONTROL OF NoIsE IN MECHANICAL EQUIP-
MENT, H. C. Hardy. Proceedings, National Noise
Abatement Symposium (Chicago, Ill.), 1950, pages
37-52.
26. VIBRATION ANALYSIS (book), N. 0. Mykle-
stad. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New
York, N. Y., 1944.
27. THEORY OF SOUND (book), Lord Rayleigh.
Dover Publications, New York, N. Y., volume I,
second edition, 1945, pages 111, 287.
No Discussion
E. 1. KING
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE
or backward, rotating field cuts the rotor
at twice normal frequency, generating
currents in the rotor surface. The com-
ponent of armature curlent which pro-
duces the backward rotating field is de-
fined as the negative-phase sequence cur-
rent while that associated with the
forward rotating field is called the posi-
tive-phase sequence current. The losses
and heating caused by the negative-
phase sequence currents will be discussed
here.
The most severe fault so far as rotor
heating is concerned is likely to be a line-
to-line fault. The heat input for a line-
to-ground fault with the fault current
limited to the 3-phase value by a suit-
able grounding resistor or reactor is less
Ross, King Turbine-Generator Rotor Heating
28.
S. Timoshenko. D. Van Nostrand Company,
New York, N. Y., second edition, 1938.
29. ON VIBRATION OF SHALLOW SPHERICAL
SHELLS, E. Reissner. Journal of Applied Physics
(American Institute of Physics), New York, N. Y.,
volume 17, December 1946, pages 1038-42.
30. MIEASUREMENT OF NoISE IN ELECTRICAL
MACHINERY, Benjamin F. Bailey. AIEE Trans-
actions, volume 50, September 1939, pages 1039-40.
31. APPARATUS FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT, L. L.
Berenek. Proceedings, National Noise Abatement
Symposium (Chicago, Ill.), 1950, pages 17-32.
32. INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES FOR
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
NOISE, D. B. Callaway. Proceedings, Second Na-
tional Noise Abatement Symposium (Chicago, Ill.),
1951, pages 64-74.
33. NoIsE MEASUREMENTS FOR ENGINEERING
PURPOSES, B. G. Churcher. AIEE Transactions
(Electrical Engineering), volume 54, January 1935,
pages 55-65.
34. THE MEASUREMENT OF MACHINERY NOISE,
H. B. Marvin. AIEE Transactions, volume 50,
September 1931, pages 1048-51.
35. MEASUREMENT OF NOISE FROM SMALL Mo-
TORS, C. G. Veinott. AIEE Transactions (Elec-
trical Engineering), volume 53, December 1934,
pages 1624-28.
36. ACOUSTICAL TERMINOLOGY. Publication Num-
ber Z24. 1-1942, American Standards Association
(New York, N. Y.), 1942.
37 NOISE MEASUREMENT. Piblicationt Number
Z24.2-1942, American Standards Association
(New York, N. V.), 1942.
38 SOUND LEVEL METERS FOR MEASUREMENT OF
NOISE AND OTHER SOUNDS. Publicationl Number
Z24.3-1936, American Standards Association
(New York, N. Y.), 1936.
39. CALIBRATION OF MiCROPHONES. Publication
Number Z24.4-1938, American Standards Associa-
tion (New York, N. Y.), 1938.
than for a line-to-line fault. While the
line-to-neutral fault draws a somewhat
larger current, only half as many arma-
ture conductors are involved as com-
pared with a line-to-line fault.
This work was carried on in connec-
tion with a subcommittee of the American
Standards Association which was revis-
ing the rules in regard to allowable short-
circuit conditions for a-c machines. The
committee evolved a new criterion for
evaluating single-phase rotor heating
which is described in the paper.
Damper Winding Characteristics
of the Round Rotor
The modern large turbine-generator
rotor consists of a solid steel forging into
which radial slots are machined to take
the rotor windings. The rotor coils are
Paper 53-97, recommended by the AIEE Rotating
Machinery Committee and approved by the AIEE
Committee on Technical Operations for presenta-
tion at the AIEE Winter General Meeting, Janu-
ary 19-23, 1953. Manuscript submitted October
20, 1952; made available for printing December 4,
1952.
M. D. Ross and E. I. KING are with the Westing-
house Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa.
FEBRUARY 1 953

Figure 1. Damper currents in the rotor surface
and location of thermocouples numbers 1, 6,
and 7
held in place by metal wedges, each about
6 inches long, which are driven into
milled grooves in the rotor teeth. The
coil ends are held against centrifugal
force by steel retaining rings of very high
strength which are assembled on the rotor
with a heavy shrink fit at the body of
the rotor and this fit supports the whole
end winding structute. The surface of
the rotor body is grooved with a small
spiral groove to reduce pole face and
load losses.
When an unbalance in the 3-phase
stator currents occurs causing negative-
phase sequence currents 12 to flow in the
stator, a backward rotating flux field cuts
the rotor producing damper currents to
flow there at double the machine fre-
quency. Currents then flow in:
1. The surface of the solid forging. The
crowding of the damper currents to the
surface of both pole center and teeth is due
to the so-called skin effect which is par-
ticularly marked in magnetic steel.
2. The rotor wedges and metallic strips
beneath the wedges used to protect the
insulation when driving the wedges.
3. The retaining rings. To reach the re-
taining rings the currents must flow from
the rotor forging or the wedges to the re-
4.0 _ i
z at 105-per-cent voltage fi-om full load
a:
STORED HEAT
KW SECONDS
cr
3.0 1
z I--,' 11-11"
ci. 2.0 ==,PI-,
I--,"
-,- - -
STATOR CURRENT
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
IC -F - - .
l
3 4 5 6
TIME IN SECONDS
Figure 2. Heat input to the rotor for line-to-
line short circuit with automatic regulator in
service
FEBRUARY 1 953
TOTAL °'C
- 1 240
2 240
-200-
-160-
3 - -120-
-80-
-40 -
-0-
0 40 80 120 160 200 O 40 80 120 160 200
TIME SECONDS
(A)
Figure 3. Time temperature characteristics at 41 5 amperes on locked saturation tests
A. Thermocouple number 7 retaining ring 1 inch from rotor body
B. Thermocouple number 6 wedge 1 inch from retaining ring
C. Thermocouple number 1 pole face-center 111/2 inches from retaining ring
taining rings across the metal to metal
joint.
4. To a limited extent some current flows
in the rotor winding. As the damper cur-
rents tend to crowd to the rotor surface,
this component is usually very small. The
location of these currents and the various
rotor parts are shown in Figure 1.
Heat Input to the Rotor During
a Single-Phase Short Circuit
It has been shown by Wagner' that the
losses in the rotor due to negative-phase
sequence currents will be supplied from
two sources. Half the losses will come
through the shaft from the prime mover
while the other half will come through
the stator. This latter half may be
evaluated as
222(r2- ri)
where
12= negative-phase sequence component of
armature current
r2=negative-phase sequence resistance
ri = positive-phase sequence resistance, or
the effective stator resistance
If therefore the heat input from the
stator is evaluated and this value is
doubled to account for the power coming
through the shaft, the total heat input to
the rotor due to damper currents is then
obtained.
To illustrate this the heat input to the
rotor during the line-to-line short circuit
with an automatic regulator in service
Iv_-
.-,
15,000) is shown in Figure 2 for a generator with
the following characteristics
.10,0 0
kilovolt-amperes = 13,529
kilowatts = 11,500
i i_ power factor = 0.85
stator voltage = 12,500
rated arm current = 625
7 8 9 speed=3,600 rpm
frequency = 60 cycles
ri = 0.006 per unit
r2= 0.025 per unit at 12= 625 amperes
Xd"= 11.6 per cent
Xd' =20.8 per cent
Ross, King-Turbine-Generator Rotor Heating
TOTAL
C.
--200
_ 160
04080120 160 20120
.-.-45" s
80
30".
40
0 40 80 120' 160200
TIME SECONDS TIME SECONDS
(B)
(C)
Xd = 148 per cent
Tdo'= 4.4 seconds
wedge material = aluminum alloy
It can be seen from Figure 2 that the
rotor would be subjected to 17,500
kilowatt-seconds in 10 seconds. If the
entire mass of the rotor could dissipate
the heat uniformly, the total rise in tem-
perature would be about 9 degrees centi-
grade. Obviously the hot-spot tempera-
tures are much higher than this.
A Criterion of Rotor Heating
The American Standards Association
subcommittee working on this problem
of rotor heating for various kinds of
synchronous machines decided that the
most suitable criterion for the effects of
the single-phase operation on rotor heat-
ing for short periods of time might be
expressed by
I2equiv2t = constant
where
I2equiv = l __Jr 'I
t= time in seconds.
This expression assumes that all the
heat generated in the rotor can be con-
sidered to be stored in the rotor surface
for short periods say up to 30 seconds.
Depending upon the severity of the short
circuit the allowable time for such faults
would be defined by this expression. For
turbine generators an expression I22t = 30
where 12 is in per-unit values and t is in
seconds has been agreed upon to define
the limits of single-phase operation with-
out any damage. Machines subjected to
faults falling between the limits of 30 and
60 may suffer varying degrees of dam-
ages and an early inspection is recom-
mended. For faults in excess of 122t =
60 serious damage would be expected.
How these rules apply may be studied in
the light of tests on a particular turbine
generator.
41

TIME IN SECONDS
Figure 4. Sustained line-to-line short-circuit
current 1,450 stator amperes
Tests on 13,529-Kva Generator
While the total heat input to the rotor
during a short circuit of any duration
can be determined, we cannot readily
calculate the distribution of these losses
in the various parts and thus determine
the temperatures reached during severe
short circuits. To obtain this distribu-
tion of losses and resulting temperatures,
a series of tests was run on a machine of
the aforementioned characteristics.
First, a series of locked rotor tests was
made with 3-phase sustained currents
circulated through the stator to produce
rotating fields cutting the stationary
rotor at frequencies of 30, 45, and 60
cycles. As it was impossible due to
limitations of test facilities to carry this
test up to 120 cycles, or double frequency
for a 60-cycle machine, the results at the
lower frequencies were extrapolated to
120 cycles to obtain the relative tem-
perature rises over a short period for
various rotor parts. Measurements were
made by thermocouples located on the
rotor surface to obtain a general picture
of the distribution of temperatures. It
was recognized that detectors could not
be placed directly at the joints in the
damper structure and that it would not
be possible to measure temperatures at
these joints where burning might occur.
A total of 13- thermocouples were
secured to the rotor to measure the tem-
perature rise on the retaining ring, the
wedges, and the rotor body. Results for
three locations are shown in Figure 3.
It was found that thermocouple number 7
on the retaining ring, 1 inch away from
the rotor body had a steeper temperature
gradient than any other retaining ring
thermocouple and the steepest gradient
of all the thermocouples. This indicated
that the joint between the retaining ring
and the rotor body was subjected to the
42
highest heat ;.oncentration at 60 eycles, .served by, means of Tempilstik markings
and it was ass,umed that the same would on the rotor. These markings are made
be true at 120 cycles. with special waxes which have carefully
Moving axially along the ring away calibrated meltin, points. By applying
from the body the gradient had decreased these markings at various points for a
in 9 inches to about 0.6 of the highest suitable range of temperatures a rough
value. Thermocouple number 6 on the check of the temperatures reached during
wedge, 1 inich from the retainin, ring, a short circuit could be obtained.
registered the steepest gradient of all the Inspection of the heat input to the
wedge thermocouples. AMoving axiallv rotor in Figure 2 indicates that most of
along the rotor body awav from the the heat input occurs after the transient
retaining ring the gradient decreased in period. As it would be impossible to
8 inches to about 0.3 of its highest value. make a short-circuit test at full load to
The high heat concentration at the 1- duplicate the conditions covered by the
inch point on the wedge further con- American Standards Association Standard
firmed the critical position of the retain- C50-19432 rules, it was decided that a
ing ring junction to the rotor bodv. sustained line-to-line short circuit would
For the rotor iron, thermocouple number give essentially the same data as an in-
1 located in the pole face 1 1/2 inches stantaneous short circuit would give.
from the retaining ring registered the As the duration of this test would be a
highest gradient. A duplicate set of matter of seconds, the current values
thermocouples located on similar sur- obtained were measured with an oscillo-
faces elsewhere on the rotor registered graph, and the results are shown in
substantially the same gradients. For Figure 4.
these reasons the data from thermo- The test was made with the excitation
couples number 1, number 6 and number voltage adjusted to give the desired sus-
7 that indicated the steepest gradients tained value of short-circuit current and
for the pole surface, wedge, and retaining the field switch closed, allowing the arma-
ring respectively have been plotted on ture current to build up in the manner
Figure 3 along with the extrapolation to shown in Figure 4. After the test, the
120 cycles. The location of these thermo- rotor was removed and the Tempilstik
couples is indicated in Figure 1. markings examined to see what tempera-
tures were reached.
The temperatures attained by some of
Running Tests
the significant points are listed in Table I.
The locked tests on the rotor give us a For comparison, the calculated tem-
perature rises of these points based on
general idea of the temperature distribu-
the data secured in the locked tests are
tion on the rotor surface. The re-
also given. In calculating the 120-cycle
sistance of the joints between the wedges
and rotor forging, and between the temperature rises at higher current values
than obtained in the locked test, the loss
wedges and teeth and the retaining rings
may change considerably when the rotor and the temperature rise was varied as
is up to speed and the centrifugal forces 121.8 in line with the usual over-all varia-
of the rotor winding, acting on these sup- tion in these losses. This is discussed by
C. E. Wagner' and S. H. Wright.3
porting parts, increase to high values.
As there is no known satisfactory way of Inspection of the data in Table I indi-
measuring the temperatures of the sur- cates that the loss at the joints between
the retaining rings and the wedges is con-
face parts directly during a short circuit,
it was decided to simulate the rotor loss siderably less at operating speed than at
conditions during a short circuit and com- zero speed, as would be expected, due to
the lower contact resistance caused by
pare the rises obtained from locked test
data with maximum temperatures ob- the centrifugal force at operating speed.
Table I. Rotor Surface Temperatures for a Line-to-Line Sustained Short Circuit at 1,450 Amperes
and 32 Seconds Effective Duration
Calculated Total Temperature Measured Total Temperature
From Locked Test From Running Test,
Point Location Degrees Centigrade Degrees Centigrade
1. pole center ........................... 93. *
6.. wedge adjacent to retaining ring ............ 114 . 87
7.. retaining ring at joint with body ............ 152 .87
4-5 .. wedges away from retaining rings 6
........... 3 73
10 .. rotor tooth away from the joint ............. 56 .59
* Test value inconclusive, initial temperature of rotor 20.
Ross, King-Turbine-Generator Rotor Heating FIEBRUARY 1 953

LJ~.J'.Ow -LOSSES
(A)
Figure 5(A). Cross section of rotor tooth showing important heat flow circuits. 5(B). Equiva-
lent electric circuit
The losses in the wedges, other than the
end wedges, and the rotor teeth are of
about the same magnitude as in the locked
tests.
Calculations of Rotor Temperatures
Calculations of wedge temperatures
were made on the 11,500-kw machine
that was tested at an I of 1.35 per unit
as given in Appendix I. In addition a
30,000-kw hydrogen-cooled machine was
calculated at an 12 of 4 per unit. The
local ambient was assumed to be about
85 degrees centigrade total temperature
for the turbine generator prior to the
Calculationis of rotor wedges temperature
rises indicated about 80 per cent of the
CW RWG CT RTG maximum value obtained by test. The
RTD calculation method is believed to be valid
for rotors of similar construction but of
different sizes.
Qw RWT
4. The proposed criterion of rotor heatinig
Cw -STORAGE OF WEDGE where 12equiv2t =30 (with no damage to
rotor parts) seems valid in the light of the
CT -STORAGE OF TOOTH tests. For longer times than 30 seconds
RWT-RESISTANCE WEDGE TO TOOTH there is an appreciable improvement in the
RTG_RESISTANCE TOOTH TO GAP ability of the machine to withstand short
RWG-RESISTANCE WEDGE TO GAP circuits as compared to this expression as
RTD_RESISTANCE TOOTH TO DUCTS rotor surface heat is then being carriedl
PLUS GAS RISE away by the ventilation system of the
IN WEDGE DUE TO, machine.
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CURRENT
(B) Appendix I
The following is a calculation method for
the loss in low resistance wedges in which
negative-phase sequence currents are flow-
ing. In making these calculations, it is
assumed that the stator negative-phase
not be assumed that this represents the sequence currents will be mirrored in the
hottest spot for the given region. rotor acting as a damper winding.
2. Inspection of the shape of the curves in From calculations on a number of ma-
chines, the magnetizing current required to
Figure 6(B) indicates a rather small curva- force the relatively small flux across the air
ture over the first 20 seconds and a some- gap is small in comparison with the com-
what increased curvature over the period ponent opposing the currents in the rotor
from 20 to 30 seconds. For periods up to damper circuits. The assumption that
30 seconds it is apparent that the assump- stator currents are mirrored in the rotor
tion of I2equiv2t =constant is a suitable cri-
terion of rotor surface heating. surface is therefore legitimate.
3. In considering the calculated data for
the 30,000-kw generator with 12 = 4.0 per 0
unit, the average wedge temperatures would w 3000 -
reach about 300 degrees centigrade in 6 a: _
30,000 KW
seconds. As aluminum above the tempera- _ - HYDROGEN COOLED-
tures of about 300 degrees centigrade begins - 12 4PU
a.
to lose its mechanical strength rapidly, the /
machine would be approaching a region of I-
7i _

short circuit, see Figure 6(A) and 6(B). possible wedge failure. 1000 .11,500 KW
AIR COOLED
On the same curve is included an average
and maximum test rise of the wedge of
Conclusions
0r 10 )0
-12 1.35 Pu

2000 3000
-
_-I 4000 5000
the air-cooled unit corrected to a local The following conclusions are drawn TIME-SECONDS
ambient of 85 degrees centigrade. The (A)
as to the allowable time of a single-phase 0

maximum temperature is for location fault: 900

~
number 6, Figure 1, while the average 800 30,000 KW

temperature is representative of wedge 1. The most severe fault so far as rotor 700 H2 COOLED
temperatures several inches away from heating is concerned is likely to be a line-to- :

cr 600 t12PU
line fault. 4

the retaining ring. A short summary of 500

the results appears in Table II. 2. Temperatures measured during these a-

D 400
tests indicate the surface temperatures at a ~~11,500
The results must be considered in the number of points but do not indicate the 1-j 300
AIR COOLED-

light of the following considerations: temperatures at the joints which will be a 0

200 21.5 PU

1. The test results as shown in Table I measure of the buming at such joints. The 100I

and Figure 6(B) must be treated with the joint temperatures are obviously higher 0
O_ b Z-TEST
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
POINTS

following consideration. The maximum than the measured values. TIME-SECONDS

(B)
temperature indicated is the maximum that 3. The test results and calculatiotns hold
could be measured at the time. It should true only for a rotor of this construction. Figure 6. Time temperature curves. Test
point a- 142 degrees centigrade maximum
Table 11. Wedge Temperatures wedge temperature location number 6, Figure
1. Test point b-137 degrees centigrade
11,500 Kw, Air Cooled, 1.35 12 Per Unit 30,000 Kw Hydrogen Cooled average wedge temperature several inches from
4 12 Per Unit retaining ring. Calculated point c-I 30 de-
Test and Extrapolated -
grees centigrade average wedge temperature.
Time, From Test Location -6, Calculated (Average), Calculated (Average),
Seconds Fig. 1, Degrees Centigrade Degrees Centigrade Degrees Centigrade Note: curves shown are calculated for average
wedge temperature
0. 8 ... 85 .85
2. 96 .. 93 .140 A. Temperature-time calculated curves car-
5. 106.3 .. 100 .250 ried out to steady state
10 .124 ..................... 110 ................... 400
B. Expanded view of first 100 seconds of A

FEBRUARY 1 953 Ross, King-Turbine-Generator Rotor hleating 43

Loss in the Slotted Section
The analysis given here applies only to
rotors with low resistance wedge materials
such as aluminum.
Consider the rotor as a slotted cylinder,
assuming the rotor body is laminated, and
calculate the current in the wedges and the
loss therein. As a check of the resistance of
the steel in the tooth tips and the rotor
wedges, considering skin effects will show
that the greater part of the current flows in
the wedges; it is believed sufficiently ac-
curate to calculate the wedge loss only and
assume zero loss in the teeth. The factor
Kj is introduced to take care of the increase
in resistance due to joints in wedges.
Low Resistance Wedges
Consider the rotor first as an unslotted
steel cylinder and calculate the rms amperes
per inch periphery at 12= 1.0 per unit. The
ampere-turns per pole in the damper cir-
cuits =D/P for 12= 1.0 per unit. The peak
amperes per inch periphery = D/dr. This
is arrived at by considering the maximum
slope of a magnetomotive force wave whose
amplitude is DIP.
The rms amperes per inch
0.707D
dr
where
dr = rotor diameter in inches
D = total demagnetizing ampere-turns as
calculated for 1.0 per unit positive-
phase sequence
P = poles
N=rms amperes per inch periphery
The resistance per inch of one row of low
resistance wedges in a rotor slot is
Pw
Kj (2)
Aw
where
Pw =resistance of wedge material in ohms
per inch cube
Aa,=effective area of the wedge=
brX 3,160V/pw/Uf (reference 4)
u = permeability = 1.0
br = rotor slot width
The loss per inch of wedge section is then
(Nsrdr)2pwKj
W/in =
Qr'br X3,160 Pw
Qr%X~ Uf
31 XKx -, Ndr
104 br KQr') (3)
where
W/in =watts per inch wedge loss
Qr' =equivalent number of rotor slots
f = doubled rated frequency
N=rms amperes per inch periphery as de-
scribed in the first paragraph of this
section
Appendix 11
calculated temperature rises of the various 1
rotor surface portions by means of thermally Resistance for tem- R = degree
perature drop from Ha
equivalent electrical circuits.5 Although
this appendix is concerned with the calcu- surface centigrade/watt
lation of wedge temperatures, the equiva- k-=
CFMA degree
lent circuit technique can be used to deter- Resistance for gas R =
mine temperature rises of the other portions rise
of the rotor surface. centigrade/watt
Capacitance or heat C = wc = watt-sec-
Calculated Results and Temperatures storage onds degree centi-
Attained in Large Machines grade
where
The test data on the 11,500-kw air-
cooled unit yielded the most significant re- p = resistance of material, degree centigrade,
sults for the wedges. In what follows, the inch/watt
wedge temperatures were singled out for a I= length of heat flow path, inches
more detailed analysis. a = area of heat flow path, square inches
In reference to the wedge temperatures, H=surface transfer coefficient, degree centi-
an attempt was made to calculate the aver- grade, inch2/watt (function of ve-
age wedge temperatures during the tran- locity and pressure of cooling gas)
sient period and for extended periods of w = weight of body, pounds
time. This would include the sustained c = specific heat of material, watt-seconds/
effect of the ventilation circuit and the flow pounds, degree centigrade
of heat deeply into the tooth region of the k =constant depending on specific heat and
rotor. density of gas
Referring to Figure 5(A), a cross section t= time in seconds
of a rotor tooth and adjacent field coil is CFM= cubic feet per minute
shown. The ventilation circuit is also in- The following is a solution of the equiva-
cluded and ultimately must carry away the lent circuit of Figure 5(B). The preceding
heat generated within the rotor. The wedge parameters can be determined by simple
suffers losses due to the negative-sequence geometric consideration or from approxi-
currents flowing and the loss generation is mate heat-flow plots.
confined to the upper portion of the wedge Definitions in Figure 5(B)
due to the skin effect. The heat can flow
from the wedge region to the gap and to the R RTGRTD
tooth through the junction of wedge and
R
RTG+RTD
tooth as shown. Due to the centrifugal
force at the rated speed, this particular
point allows the wedge to make the best -I iidt + (ii- i2)
LI L2
L3 CW RWG = O (4)
contact with the tooth so it was assumed _¼us
that the heat flow to the tooth will take r
RWG('i- il ) +
place in this path. Once inside the tooth, Rp(i2-i3) +
the heat can flow upward to the gap and i2RWT = 0 (5)
downward to the axial ventilating ducts.
There is also an axial movement of heat to (iU3-2)Rp+
the radial ventilation ducts. The gas tem-
perature suffers a rise from the point of i1
-CT,J/i3dt =0 (6)
heat entrance to the final discharge in the
gap. This additional loss and temperature Since the thermal drop across RWG, the
rise due to negative-sequence wedge heat- wedge temperature rise, is usually the de-
ing is superimposed on the existing rotor sired quantity, it is a simple matter to solve
losses and temperature rises on the assump- for (i2-i1) directly. The answer takes the
tion that the heat flow circuits are linear.
following form
During the transient period the heat is also
being stored in the wedge and the tooth. (i.)- i) = A sPt+ B EP21 +( i2-il) steady state
Figure 5(B) shows the electrical equivad- (7)
lent of the thermal circuit previously dis- where
cussed where the resistances are thermal
resistances and the capacitances represent (i2,-il) steady state=
storage of heat. The heat is assumed to RP+RWT
Qw RWG+RWT+RP 8
flow from the point marked Q,, through the
various paths already described to the gas
in the gap. Included in RTD is a resistance To find the constants A and B, initial
that represents the rise of the gas in the conditions at time zero must be intro-
ventilation circuits during its journey to the duced
gap. t=0: (i2-il)=0, ii=Qw (9)
The following summarizes some important
nomenclature and units for thermal circuits. II Qw
t=0: P(i2 -il)= =Qw
RW (10)
Description Units RW,GCW RWGCW
The temperature drop across Rwg4 at any
Resistance for maxi- R = P = degree time is then
mum temperature 2a
drop through body in centigrade/watt 0 wedge = Rw,(i2- i) (11)
which loss is gener-
ated
Resistance for tem- RN- P

a
= degree References
Appendix I covered a method of calcu- perature drop
lating the losses due to negative-phase through body in centigrade/watt 1. MACHINE: CONSTANTS, c. E. Wagner. Elec-
trical Transmission and Distribution Reference
sequence currents in the rotor. Once these which no loss is gen- Book, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East
losses are determined it is possible to obtain erated Pittsburgh, Pa., third edition, 1950, page 143.

44 Ross, King Turbine-Generator Rotor Heating FIEBRUARY 1 953

2. ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINERY. Publica-
tion Number C50-1943. American Standards
Association (New York, N. Y.), 1943.
3. DETERMINATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
CONSTANTS BY TEST, Sherwin H. Wright. AIEE
Transactions, volume 50, December 1931, pages
1331-51.
4. TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (book), C. P. Stem-
mitz. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New
York, N. Y., 1920, page 382.
5. STEADY FLOW OF HEAT IN LARGE TURBINE
GENERATORS, C. Richard Soderberg. AIEE
Transient Performance of D-C
Machinery
JOHN CYBULSKI E. L. BRANCATO
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE MEMBER AIEE
PREVIOUS studies' have stressed the
need for more accuracy in the cal-
culation of short-circuit currents than is
provided by present methods.2'3'4'6 For
the design of shipboard power systems,
these methods are not sufficiently accu-
rate and do not adequately reflect the
influence of initial conditions of load,
voltage, and speed on peak currents.
There was a disappointing lack of experi-
mental verification of the important
assumptions upon which the theoreticians
were proceeding. Before developing a
new approach or following a published
calculation, it becomes evident that the
limitations of any relations are deter-
mined by the validity and accuracy of
the assumptions employed. A more
fundamental knowledge of the internal
phenomena of rotating machinery is
required before developing relations de-
scribing transient response of a d-c ma-
chine within design accuracy. Flux
variations are fundamental to machine
behavior in that they govern generated
voltage, leakage fluxes, commutation,
coefficients of induction, and eddy cur-
rents.
The study that follows illustrates the
changes in air gap, leakage and commu-
tating fluxes, constant flux linkage, and
bar-to-bar voltages. Eddy-current effects
are treated showing their influence on
flux change with emphasis of the effect
Paper 53-85, recommended by the AIEE Rotating
Machinery Committee and approved by the AIEE
Committee on Technical Operations for presenta-
tion at the AI EE Winter General Meeting, New
York, January 19-23, 1953. Manuscript submitted
October 22, 1952; made available for printing
December 22, 1952.
JOHN CYBULSKI, E. L. BRANCATO, and J. P.
O'CONNOR are with the Naval Research Labora-
tory, Washington, D. C.
FIEBRUARY 1 953 Cybulski, Brancato, O'Connor Transient Performance of D-C Machinery
Transactions, volume 50, June 1931, pages 782-802.
6. CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
CONSTANTS, L. A. Kilgore. AIEE Transactions,
volume 50, December 1931, pages 1201-14.
7. EDDY CURRENTS IN IRON MASSES, E. Rosen-
berg. Electrician (London, England), August 1923,
pages 188-91.
8. FONCTIONNEMENT DES TURBO-ALTERNATEURS
EN DESEQUILIBRE ET HORS SYNCHRONISME, J.
Dispaux, A. Wust. International Conference on
Large Electric High Tensions Systems (Paris
France), May 28-June 7, 1952.
No Discussion
J. P. O'CONNOR
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE
on leakage and commutating fluxes. An
evaluation of the error that may be ex-
pected when obtaining the air-gap flux
by applying the constant flux linkage
theorem is presented.
Nomenclature
if=shunt-field current in per unit (p.u.)
nf=field leakage flux linkages divided by
field linkages from flux generating
armature electromotive force
If,= field amperes for rated voltage at base
speed, no load
if =maximum or peak transient field am-
peres on short circuit
L=-shunt-field inductance, henrys
Mfn=coefficient of mutual induction be-
tween the shunt field and other wind-
ings with n=1, 2, 3, and so forth,
henrys
Rf = shunt-field resistance, ohms
Vf =shunt-field excitation, volts
o= flux before short-circuit generating
armature electromotive force
01= flux generating rated voltage at base
speed, no load
ekd =flUX generating electromotive force
immediately after short circuit
Flux Variations
MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS
It is difficult to measure the air-gap
flux under short-circuit conditions without
resorting to special and elaborate fea-
tures. However, it was found that
much useful data can be obtained easily
under blocked rotor conditions (see
Appendix I) and that correlation of this
information with normal short-circuit
tests is quite good.
The blocked rotor procedure eliminates
the high-frequency variation in flux due to
armature slots and results in a more
accurate analysis of the oscillographic
9. GENERATOR NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE CURRENTS
FOR LINE-TO-LINE FAULTS, R. F. Lawrence, R. W.
Ferguson. AIEE Transactions, volume 72, part
III, 1953, pages 9-16.
10. PROTECTION OF GENERATORS AGAINST UN-
BALANCED CURRENTS, J. E. Barkle, W. E. Glass-
burn. AIEE Transactions, volume 72, part III,
1953 (Paper 53-52).
11. APPLICATION OF RELAYS FOR UNBALANCED
FAULTS ON GENERATORS, J. E. Barkle, Frank von
Roeschlaub. AIEE Transactionzs, volume 72, part
III, 1953 (Paper 53-41).
recording of flux changes by means of
probe coils (Appendix I). This technique
is considered satisfactory since the flux
variations sought are essentially inde-
pendent of machine rotation; an excep-
tion occurs for the variation in the
effective brush position resulting from a
change in the point of commutation and
the effects of arcing. However, these
effects are simulated by shifting the
brush rigging and by increasing the effec-
tive width of the brushes. The former
condition emphasizes commutation shift
while the latter approaches the arcing
phenomenon. In the presentation of
flux data, fluxes are expressed in per-unit
(p.u.) quantities and employ for a base
the magnitude of the air-gap flux at rated
field current for operation as a motor.
Leakage flux of the main pole is obtained
by taking the difference between the core
and the main-pole shoe-flux reading.
The experimental work is performed on a
90-horsepower 250-volt 298-ampere 1,750-
rpm motor, the design constants of which
are found in Appendix I.
AIR-GAP FLUX
The transient variation of air-gap and
leakage flux as a function of armature
current for several degrees of compound-
ing is shown in Figure 1. These changes
are as expected for a blocked rotor condi-
tion where the armature current approxi-
mates a simple exponential in response to
a step voltage. Although leakage flux
could normally be plotted versus rise of
induced field current, there is a propor-
tionality exhibited with armature current
too. The effectiveness of the series field
during these conditions is dependent
upon the number of turns and location
of the coil relative to the air gap.
It was pointed out earlier that the
blocked rotor tests do not simulate the
effective brush shift normally encoun-
tered during a short circuit. To approach
commutating conditions during transient,
tests were made by shifting the entire
brush rigging mechanically in the direc-
tion of rotation under blocked rotor con-
ditions which produces effects similar to
45