Analysis of Power System EE5114: International University of Africa

10/09/2018
International University of Africa

Analysis of Power System EE5114
Lecture 1
Dr. Kamal Ramadan;
Syllabus:
1. Nodal admittance formation
2. Z-bus formation
3. Electrical power systems stability.
4. Steady-state Stability
5. Transient stability of power systems, and to
the methods and techniques involved in
stability studies.
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Syllabus Cont.:
6. Computer analysis of transient stability
7. Analyze transient stability on large-scale
transmission networks using computer
based techniques.
8. Effect of control equipments in improving
stability.
9. Discuss fundamental aspects of control
of large-scale electric power networks.
Pre-Requisite
Courses:
Power Systems analysis1
References: 1. "Power System

Analysis"
By: Hadi Sadat
2. "Element of Power
System Analysis".
By: Stevenson
3. “Power System Stability
and Control”
By: Prabha Kundur”
‫ ص‬08:17 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 4
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Evaluation
‫النسبة‬
Component
%age
Final exam 70
Course Works
Test 1
30
Assignments
Tutorials
Total 100
Bus Admittance Matrix

1. Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix:
Consider the voltage source VS
with a source (series) impedance
of ZS as shown in Fig. 1 (a).
Using Norton's theorem this circuit can be
replaced by a current source IS with a parallel
admittance of YS as shown in Fig. 1 (b).
The relations between the original system and
the Norton equivalent are
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Fig. 1 (a) Voltage source with a source

impedance and (b) its Norton equivalent.
For the time being we shall assume the

equivalent short line approximation for the
formulation of the bus admittance matrix.
We shall thereafter relax this assumption
and use the π -representation of the
medium line in the network for power flow
studies.
Consider the 4-bus power system shown

in Fig. 2. This contains two generators G1
and G2 that are connected through
transformers T1 and T2 to buses 1 and 2.
Fig. 2 Single-line diagram of a simple power network.

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Let us denote the synchronous

reactances of G1 and G2 by XG1 and XG2
respectively and the leakage reactances
of T1 and T2 by XT1 and XT2 respectively.
Let Zij, i = 1, ..., 4 and j = 1, ... , 4 denote
the line impedance between buses i and j

Fig. 2 Single-line diagram of a simple power network.
 Then the system impedance diagram is as

shown in Fig. 3 where Z11 = j ( XG1 + XT1 ) and
Z22 = j ( XG2 + XT2 ).
 In this figure the nodes with the node voltages
of V1 to V4 indicate the buses 1 to 4
respectively.
Fig. 3 Impedance diagram of the

power network of Fig. 2.
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Bus 0 indicates the reference node that is

usually the neutral of the Y-connected
system.
The impedance diagram is converted into an
equivalent admittance diagram shown in Fig.
4
Fig. 4 Equivalent admittance diagram of

‫ ص‬08:26 10/09/2018
the impedance of Fig. 3. 11
Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018
In this diagram Yij = 1/ Zij , i = 1,..., 4 and j =

1, ... , 4.
The voltage sources EG1 and EG2 are
converted into the equivalent current
sources I1 and I2 respectively using the
Norton's theorem discussed before.
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 We would like to determine the voltage-current

relationships of the network shown in Fig. 4.
 It is to be noted that this relation can be written in
terms of the node (bus) voltages V1 to V4 and
injected currents I1 and I2 as follows
or,
 Consider node (bus) 1 that is connected to the

nodes 2 and 3. Then applying KCL at this node we
get
(5)
 In a similar way application of KCL at nodes 2,

3 and 4 results in the following equations
(6)
(7)
(8)
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Combining (5) to (8) we get
(9)
(3)
Comparing (9) with (3) we can write
(10)
In general the format of the Ybus matrix

for an n -bus power system is as follows
(11)
where
(12)
note that Ybus is a symmetric matrix in

which the sum of all the elements of the
k-th column is Ykk and Ykj= Yjk.
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Example 1
Consider the impedance diagram of Fig. 2
in which the system parameters are given in
per unit . Find the bus-admittance Ybus &
Zbus
Solution:
Y 11 Y 12 Y 13 Y 14 
Y Y 22 Y 23 Y 24 
Y bus   21 
Y 31 Y 32 Y 33 Y 34 
Y Y 44 
 41 Y 42 Y 43
Y11 =-j13; Y22 =  j 13.5, Y12 =  j 5,

Y13 =  j 4, Y23 = Y34 =  j 2.5 and Y24 =  j 2
Y 11 Y 12 Y 13 Y 14 
Y Y 22 Y 23 Y 24 
Y bus   21 
Y 31 Y 32 Y 33 Y 34 
Y Y 44 
 41 Y 42 Y 43
The Ybus is then given as:
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Consequently the bus impedance matrix

is given by
Z  Y 1
It can be seen that like the Ybus matrix the Zbus
matrix is also symmetric.
 Example2
Let us now assume that the voltages EG1 and
EG2 are given by :
Find the bus-bar voltages
Solution:
The current sources I1 and I2 are then
given by
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We then get the node voltages from (4) as
Solving the above equation we get the

node voltages as
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Node Elimination by Matrix Partitioning

Sometimes it is desirable to reduce the
network by eliminating the nodes in which the
current do not enter or leave.
Let equ(3) be written as
(13)
 In the above equation IA is a vector

containing the currents that are injected,
 Ix is a null vector and the Ybus matrix is

portioned with the matrices K , L and M .
 Note that the Ybus matrix contains both L and
LT due to its symmetric nature.
 We get the following two sets of
equations from (13)
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(14)
(15)
Substituting (15) in (14) we get

(16)
Therefore we obtain the following

reduced bus admittance matrix
(17)
 Example 3
Use Node elimination to solve the system
of Example 1.
Solution
Since there is no current injection in either
bus 3 or bus 4, from the Ybus computed we
can write  13
I  1
5 4 0 V  1 
I 
 2 
 5  13.5 2.5 2  V2 
j
0  4 2.5  9 2.5  V3 
    
0  0 2 2.5  4.5 V4 
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We then have
We then have
Substituting I1 = 460 per unit and I2 =

490 per unit we shall get the same
values of V1 and V2 as follows
4  60  10.8978 6.8978  V1 
4  90  j  
   6.8978  10.8978 V2 
V1  0.967718.45
V   0.967711.55
 2  
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H.W. 1:
Fig.7 shows a power system consists of four busses
interconnected by five transmission lines. It includes one
generator attached to bus 1 and one synchronous motor
connected to bus 3... Find the bus-bar voltages using the
two methods mentioned in this lecture.
End of Lecture 1
Thank You
15

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10/09/2018

International University of Africa

Dr. Kamal Ramadan;

References: 1. "Power System

‫ ص‬08:17 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 4

‫ ص‬08:17 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 5

Bus Admittance Matrix

‫ ص‬08:18 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 6

Fig. 1 (a) Voltage source with a source

For the time being we shall assume the

Consider the 4-bus power system shown

Fig. 2 Single-line diagram of a simple power network.

Let us denote the synchronous

‫ ص‬08:23 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 9

 Then the system impedance diagram is as

Fig. 3 Impedance diagram of the

Bus 0 indicates the reference node that is

Fig. 4 Equivalent admittance diagram of

In this diagram Yij = 1/ Zij , i = 1,..., 4 and j =

‫ ص‬08:30 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 12

 We would like to determine the voltage-current

‫ ص‬08:31 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 13

 Consider node (bus) 1 that is connected to the

 In a similar way application of KCL at nodes 2,

Combining (5) to (8) we get

Comparing (9) with (3) we can write

‫ ص‬08:36 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 15

In general the format of the Ybus matrix

note that Ybus is a symmetric matrix in

Y11 =-j13; Y22 =  j 13.5, Y12 =  j 5,

The Ybus is then given as:

‫ ص‬08:42 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 18

Consequently the bus impedance matrix

‫ ص‬08:43 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 19

Find the bus-bar voltages

‫ ص‬08:45 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 20

We then get the node voltages from (4) as

‫ ص‬08:46 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 21

Solving the above equation we get the

‫ ص‬08:49 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 22

Node Elimination by Matrix Partitioning

 In the above equation IA is a vector

 Ix is a null vector and the Ybus matrix is

Substituting (15) in (14) we get

Therefore we obtain the following

‫ ص‬08:54 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 25

‫ ص‬08:55 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 26

‫ ص‬08:56 10/09/2018 Dr. Kamal Ramadan UofK; 2018 27

Substituting I1 = 460 per unit and I2 =

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