Transformer Book

Type, Routine and Special tests
for Oil immersed Power

Transformers
Dr. Reham Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Elsamnty

General Manager of protection & control systems projects
Central Projects Sectors
Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC)
March 2023
Page 1 of 48
Contents Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Definitions 3
3. Tolerances 5
4. Tests 6
5. Rating plates 7
6. Connection and phase displacement symbols for three-phase transformers 7
7. Measurement of voltage ratio and check of phase displacement 7
8. Measurement of winding resistance 7
9. Measurement of no-load loss and current 8
10. Measurement of short-circuit impedance and load loss 8
11. Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current 25
12. Measurement of zero-sequence impedance(s) 25
13. Tests on on-load tap-changers 25
14. Temperature Rise Test 26
15. Short Circuit Test 39
16. Measurement of frequency response SFRA 41
Page 2 of 48
1. Introduction
This document was created to provide guidance to Egyptian Electricity Transmission
Company personnel in testing of power transformers during factory tests.
This document applies type test, routine test and special test of oil-filled power
transformers (40 migavoltamperes [MVA] and larger), to be accepted and operated in Egyptian
Electrical Unified Network.
Guidance and recommendations herein are based on International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) standards. This document subject to any updates in IEC standards.
2. Definitions
Power transformer is a static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by
electromagnetic induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into another
system of voltage and current usually of different values and at the same frequency for the
purpose of transmitting electrical power [1].
Oil-immersed type transformer is a transformer of which the magnetic circuit and
windings are immersed in oil [1].
Rated quantities (voltage, current, etc.), the numerical values of which define the rating.
For transformers having tapings, rated quantities are related to the principal tapping. Voltages
and currents are always expressed by their r.m.s [1].
Rated voltage of a winding (Ur) is the voltage assigned to be applied, or developed at no-
load, between the terminals of an untapped winding, or of a tapped winding connected on the
principal tapping. For a three-phase winding it is the voltage between line terminals [1].
Rated power (Sr) is a conventional value of apparent power assigned to a winding which,
together with the rated voltage of the winding, determines its rated current [1].
Losses and no-load current are the values related to the principal tapping, unless another
tapping is specifically stated [1].
No-load loss is the active power absorbed when rated voltage is applied to the terminals
of one of the windings, the other winding or windings being open-circuited [1].
No-load current is the r.m.s. value of the current flowing through a line terminal of a
winding when rated voltage is applied, the other winding or windings being open-circuited. For
a three-phase transformer, the value is the arithmetic mean of the values of current in the three
phases [1].
Page 3 of 48
Load loss is the absorbed active power at reference temperature associated with a pair of
windings when rated current (tapping current) is flowing through the line terminals of one of
the windings, and the terminals of the other winding are short-circuited. Further windings, if
existing, are open-circuited [1].
Total losses are the sum of the no-load loss and the load loss.
Short-circuit impedance and voltage drop: Short-circuit impedance of a pair of windings
is the equivalent series impedance Z = R + jX, in ohms, at reference temperature, across the
terminals of one winding of a pair, when the terminals of the other winding are short-circuited
and further windings, if existing, are open-circuited. This quantity may be expressed in relative,
dimensionless form, as a fraction z of the reference impedance Zref, of the same winding of the
pair. In percentage notation [1]:
𝑍
𝑧 = 100 ×
𝑍𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑈2
𝑍𝑟𝑒𝑓 = , where U is the rated voltage of the winding to which Z and Zref belong and Sr
𝑆𝑟
is the reference value of rated power [1].
The relative value is also equal to the ratio between the applied voltage during a short-
circuit measurement which causes the relevant rated current to flow, and rated voltage. This
applied voltage is referred to as the short-circuit voltage of the pair of windings. It is normally
expressed as a percentage [1].
Zero-sequence impedance (of a three-phase winding) is the impedance, expressed in
ohms per phase, between the line terminals of a three-phase star-connected winding, connected
together, and its neutral terminal. The zero-sequence impedance may have several values
because it depends on how the terminals of the other winding or windings are connected and
loaded [1].
Temperature rise is the difference between the temperature of the part under consideration
and the temperature of the external cooling medium [1].
Kinds of tests [1]:
Routine test is a test to which each individual transformer is subjected.
Type test is a test made on a transformer which is representative of other transformers, to
demonstrate that these transformers comply with specified requirements not covered by routine
tests. A transformer is considered to be representative of others if it is fully identical in rating
and construction.
Special test is a test other than a type test or a routine test, agreed by the manufacturer
and the purchaser.
Page 4 of 48
3. Tolerances [1]:
Page 5 of 48
4. Tests
General requirements for routine, type and special tests: Tests shall be made at any
ambient temperature between 10 °C and 40 °C. Tests shall be made at the manufacturer's works.
Tapped windings shall be connected on their principal tapping, unless the relevant test clause
requires otherwise. The test basis for all characteristics other than insulation is the rated
condition, unless the test clause states otherwise. All measuring systems used for the tests shall
have certified, traceable accuracy and be subjected to periodic calibration, according to the rules
of 4.11 of ISO 9001 [1].
Routine tests [1]
a) Measurement of winding resistance.
b) Measurement of voltage ratio and check of phase displacement.
c) Measurement of short-circuit impedance and load loss.
d) Measurement of no-load loss and current.
e) Dielectric routine tests (IEC 60076-3).
f) Tests on on-load tap-changers.
Type tests [1]
a) Temperature-rise test (IEC 60076-2).
b) Dielectric type tests (IEC 60076-3).
Special tests [1]
a) Dielectric special tests (IEC 60076-3).
b) Determination of capacitances windings-to-earth, and between windings.
c) Determination of transient voltage transfer characteristics.
d) Measurement of zero-sequence impedance(s) on three-phase transformers.
e) Short-circuit withstand test (IEC 60076-5).
f) Determination of sound levels (IEC 60551).
g) Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current.
h) Measurement of the power taken by the fan and oil pump motors.
i) Measurement of insulation resistance to earth of the windings, and/or measurement of
dissipation factor (tan δ) of the insulation system capacitances. (These are reference values for
comparison with later measurement in the field. No limitations for the values are given here.)
Page 6 of 48
5. Rating plates
The transformer shall be provided with a rating plate of weatherproof material, fitted in a
visible position. The entries on the plate shall be indelibly marked [1].
Information to be given a) Kind of transformer. b) Number of this standard. c)
Manufacturer's name. d) Manufacturer's serial number. e) Year of manufacture. f) Number of
phases. g) Rated power of each winding. h) Rated frequency. i) Rated voltages and tapping
range. j) Rated currents. k) Connection symbol. l) Short-circuit impedances. m) Type of cooling.
n) Total mass. o) Mass of insulating oil [1].
6. Connection and phase displacement symbols for three-phase transformers
The capital letters Y, D or Z are for the high-voltage (HV) winding and small letters y, d
or z for the intermediate and low-voltage (LV) windings. If the neutral point of a star-connected
winding is brought out, the indication shall be YN (yn) [1].
Example
A transformer with high-voltage winding, delta-connected. The low-voltage winding is
star-connected with neutral brought out. The LV winding lags the HV by 330°. Symbol: Dyn11
Fig.1
7. Measurement of voltage ratio and check of phase displacement
The voltage ratio shall be measured on each tapping. The connection symbol of three-
phase transformers shall be checked [1].
Example:
Voltage ratio at no load shall be 66+/-8x1.25%/24 kV.
Rated voltages shall be 66+/-8x1.25%/24 and rated LV current shall be 962.25A acc.
to 40000kVA/(24kv√3).
8. Measurement of winding resistance
The resistance of each winding, the terminals between which it is measured and the
temperature of the windings shall be recorded. Direct current shall be used for the measurement.
Page 7 of 48
Measuring the cold resistance shall be recorded for the purpose of temperature-rise
determination [1].
9. Measurement of no-load loss and current
The no-load loss and the no-load current shall be measured on one of the windings at a
rated voltage if the test is performed on the principal tapping, or to the appropriate tapping
voltage if the test is performed on another tapping. The remaining winding or windings shall be
left open-circuited. The transformer shall be approximately at factory ambient temperature [1].
Example
No load loss and current at 90%, 100% and 110% shall be measured with the applied
rated voltage.
For a transformer of rated voltage 220/72.5/12kV and rated power 125/125/45MVA, the
applied rated voltage on tertiary winding is 12kV and the remaining windings shall be open-
circuited. Then: the no load current for each line terminal of tertiary winding, Ia= 5A, Ib=3.8A,
Ic=3.6A.
No load loss = 130.8Watt (measured) × 200(VT) × 2(CT) = 52.32kW
10. Measurement of short-circuit impedance and load loss
The short-circuit impedance and load loss for a pair of windings shall be measured with
voltage applied to the terminals of one winding, with the terminals of the other winding short-
circuited, and with possible other windings open-circuited. The supplied current should be equal
to the relevant rated current (tapping current) but shall not be less than 50 % thereof [1].
The measured value of load loss shall be multiplied with the square of the ratio of rated
current (tapping current) to test current. The resulting figure shall then be corrected to reference
temperature. The I2R loss (R being d.c. resistance) is taken as varying directly with the winding
resistance and all other losses inversely with the winding resistance [1].
Example:
For a transformer of rated voltage 220/72.5/24kV, rated power 175/175/60MVA, rated
current 459.25/1393.6/2886.75A, connection symbol Ynynd11 and cooling
ONAN/ONAF1/ONAF2:
First: the applied rated voltage on HV winding with the terminals of the LV winding is
short-circuited (rated power 175MVA) and the TV winding is open-circuited.
At Main Tap (9):
175000
Irated = = 459.256 A
220√3
Page 8 of 48
The supplied current should be ≥ 50% Irated
For CT=100 and VT=400
Ambient Temperature = 27°C
50
459.256 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 2.296 A
CT ratio of (100)
The measured values:
-The supplied current =2.3275 A > 2.296 A
-The applied voltage= 22.873√3 V
-Power = 2.22 Watt
2
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = measured power × CT × VT × ( )
𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝐶𝑇
2
459.256
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 2.22 × 100 × 400 × ( ) = 345734.93 𝑊
2.3275 × 100
2 2
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = K × (𝐼𝐻𝑉 𝑅𝐻𝑉 + 𝐼𝐿𝑉 𝑅𝐿𝑉 )
Where K=1 for single phase transformer and K=1.5 for three phase transformer
- Mean resistance phase to neutral for HV
251.4 + 251.6 + 252.3
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 251.77 𝑚Ω
3
- Mean resistance phase to phase for HV
2 × 251.77
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.5035 Ω
1000
- Mean resistance phase to neutral for LV
21.74 + 21.72 + 21.76
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 21.74 𝑚Ω
3
- Mean resistance phase to phase for LV
2 × 21.74
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 0.04348 Ω
1000
175000
IHV = = 459.256 A
220√3
Page 9 of 48
175000
ILV = = 1393.6 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (459.2562 × 0.5035 + 1393.62 × 0.04348) = 285959.49 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. − 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏.
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 345734.93 − 285959.49 = 59775.44 𝑊
235 + 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝.
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 59775.44 × = 47458.076 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 285959.49 × = 360177.98 𝑊
235 + 27
Load losses|95℃ = 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ + 𝐼 2 R|95℃
Load losses|95℃ = 47458.076 + 360177.98 = 407636.056 𝑊
The short-circuit impedance is represented as reactance and a.c. resistance in series.
The impedance is corrected to reference temperature assuming that the reactance is constant and
that the a.c. resistance derived from the load loss varies as described above [1].
On a three-winding transformer, measurements are performed on the three different two-
winding combinations [1].
IMP. Voltage = applied voltage × VT × ( )
459.256
IMP. Voltage = 22.873√3 × 400 × ( ) = 31268.633 𝑉
2.3275 × 100
IMP. Voltage
%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV) = × 100
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
31268.633 𝑉
%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV) = × 100 = 14.213 %
220000 𝑉
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏.
%short circuit Resistance (HV − LV) = × 100
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
345734.93
%short circuit Resistance (HV − LV) = × 100 = 0.19756 %
175 × 106
Page 10 of 48
The short circuit reactance does not depend on the losses and is the same at the measuring
temperature and the reference temperature (95°C) [2].
2 2
%short circuit Reactance (HV − LV) = √𝑍𝑎𝑚𝑏 − 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑏
%short circuit Reactance (HV − LV) = √14.2132 − 0.197562 = 14.2116 %

Load losses|95℃
%short circuit Resistance (HV − LV)|95℃ = × 100
407636.056
%short circuit Resistance (HV − LV)|95℃ = × 100 = 0.2329 %
175 × 106
2
%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV)|95℃ = √𝑋 2 + 𝑅95℃
%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV)|95℃ = √14.21162 + 0.23292 = 14.214 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV)|95℃ × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
IMP. Voltage|95℃ =
100
14.21355 × 220000
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 31270 V
100
At Tap (1):
175000
Irated = = 417.5 A
242√3
50
417.5 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 2.0875 A
CT ratio of (100)
-Power = 2.53 Watt
2
2
417.5
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 2.53 × 100 × 400 × ( ) = 344844.6369 𝑊
2.2617 × 100
2 2
Page 11 of 48
290.4 + 291.1 + 292.1
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 291.2 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 291.2
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.5824 Ω
1000
21.74 + 21.72 + 21.76
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 21.74 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 21.74
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 0.04348 Ω
1000
175000
IHV = = 417.5 A
242√3
175000
ILV = = 1393.6 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (417.5 2 × 0.5824 + 1393.62 × 0.04348) = 278939.069 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 344844.63 − 278939.069 = 65905.57 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 65905.561 × = 52325.026 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 278939.069 × = 351335.468 𝑊
235 + 27
Load 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠|95℃ = 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ + 𝐼 2 R|95℃
Load 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠|95℃ = 52325.021 + 351335.468 = 403660.495 𝑊
The short-circuit impedance
Page 12 of 48
417.5
IMP. Voltage = 28.293√3 × 400 × ( ) = 36184.377 𝑉
2.2617 × 100
IMP. Voltage
36184.377 𝑉
242000 𝑉
344844.6369
175 × 106
2 2

Load losses|95℃
403660.495
175 × 106
2

100
14.953 × 242000
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 36186.26 V
100
At Tap (17):
175000
Irated = = 510.28 A
198√3
50
510.28 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 2.5514 A
CT ratio of (100)
Page 13 of 48
-Power = 2.66 Watt
2
2
510.28
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 2.66 × 100 × 400 × ( ) = 413814.1846 𝑊
2.5875 × 100
2 2
290.4 + 291.1 + 292.1
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 291.2 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 291.2
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.5824 Ω
1000
21.74 + 21.72 + 21.76
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 21.74 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 21.74
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 0.04348 Ω
1000
175000
IHV = = 510.28 A
198√3
175000
ILV = = 1393.6 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (510.28 2 × 0.5824 + 1393.62 × 0.04348) = 354142.662 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 413814.1846 − 354142.662 = 59671.5226 𝑊
235 + 95
Page 14 of 48
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 59671.5226 × = 47375.57249 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 354142.662 × = 446057.5514 𝑊
235 + 27
Load 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠|95℃ = 47375.57249 + 446057.5514 = 493433.1239 𝑊
510.28
IMP. Voltage = 20.275√3 × 400 × ( ) = 27702.142 𝑉
2.5875 × 100
IMP. Voltage
27702.142 𝑉
198000 𝑉
413814.1846
175 × 106
2 2

Load losses|95℃
493433.1239
175 × 106
2
Page 15 of 48
100
13.992 × 198000
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 27704.16 V
100
Second: the applied rated voltage on HV winding with the terminals of the TV winding
is short-circuited (rated power 60MVA) and the LV winding is open-circuited.
At Main Tap (9):
60000
Irated = = 157.459 A
220√3
50
157.459 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 3.94 A
CT ratio of (20)
-The supplied current = 4.0164 A > 3.94 A
-Power = 10.41 Watt
2
157.459 2
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 10.41 × 20 × 100 × ( ) = 79998.658 𝑊
4.0164 × 20
2 2
251.4 + 251.6 + 252.3
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 251.77 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 251.77
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.5035 Ω
1000
- Mean resistance for TV
Page 16 of 48
3.68 + 3.65 + 3.71
𝑅𝑇𝑉 = = 0.00368 𝛺
3 × 1000
60000
IHV = = 157.459 A
220√3
60000
𝐼𝑇𝑉 = = 2886.75 𝐴
12√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (157.4592 × 0.5035 + 2886.752 × 0.00368) = 64725.21 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 79998.658 − 64725.21 = 15273.45 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 15273.45 × = 12126.19 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 64725.21 × = 81524.12 𝑊
235 + 27
Load losses|95℃ = 12126.19 + 81524.12 = 93650.31 𝑊
157.459
IMP. Voltage = 49.425√3 × 100 × ( ) = 16780.614 𝑉
4.0164 × 20
IMP. Voltage
%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV) = × 100
31268.633 𝑉
%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV) = × 100 = 7.6276 %
220000 𝑉
%short circuit Resistance (HV − TV) = × 100
Page 17 of 48
79998.658
%short circuit Resistance (HV − TV) = × 100 = 0.133 %
60 × 106
2 2
%short circuit Reactance (HV − TV) = √𝑍𝑎𝑚𝑏 − 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑏
%short circuit Reactance (HV − TV) = √7.62762 − 0.1332 = 7.6264 %

Load losses|95℃
%short circuit Resistance (HV − TV)|95℃ = × 100
93650.31
%short circuit Resistance (HV − TV)|95℃ = × 100 = 0.1561 %
60 × 106
2
%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV)|95℃ = √𝑋 2 + 𝑅95℃
%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV)|95℃ = √7.62642 + 0.15612 = 7.628 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV)|95℃ × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
100
7.628 × 220000
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 16781.6 V
100
At Tap (1):
60000
Irated = = 143.14 A
242√3
50
143.14 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 3.58 A
CT ratio of (20)
-Power = 11.34 Watt
2
143.14 2
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 11.34 × 20 × 100 × ( ) = 80161.866 𝑊
3.807 × 20
2 2
Page 18 of 48
290.4 + 291.1 + 292.1
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 291.2 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 291.2
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.5824 Ω
1000
3.68 + 3.65 + 3.71
𝑅𝑇𝑉 = = 0.00368 𝛺
3 × 1000
60000
IHV = = 143.14 A
242√3
60000
𝐼𝑇𝑉 = = 2886.75 𝐴
12√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (143.14 2 × 0.5824 + 2886.752 × 0.00368) = 63900.4166 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 80161.866 − 63900.4166 = 16261.449 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 16261.449 × = 12910.605 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 63900.4166 × = 80485.26 𝑊
235 + 27
Load 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠|95℃ = 12910.605 + 80485.26 = 93395.865 𝑊
143.14
IMP. Voltage = 58.573√3 × 100 × ( ) = 19073.065 𝑉
3.807 × 20
Page 19 of 48
IMP. Voltage
19073.065 𝑉
242000 𝑉
80161.866
60 × 106
2 2

Load losses|95℃
93395.865
60 × 106
2

100
7.8815 × 242000
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 19073.23
100
At Tap (17):
60000
Irated = = 174.9546 A
198√3
50
174.9546 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 4.374 A
CT ratio of (20)
Page 20 of 48
-Power = 11.12 Watt
2
174.9546 2
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 11.12 × 20 × 100 × ( ) = 87444.655 𝑊
4.4116 × 20
2 2
290.4 + 291.1 + 292.1
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 291.2 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 291.2
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.5824 Ω
1000
3.68 + 3.65 + 3.71
𝑅𝑇𝑉 = = 0.00368 𝛺
3 × 1000
60000
IHV = = 174.9546 A
198√3
60000
𝐼𝑇𝑉 = = 2886.75 𝐴
12√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (174.9546 2 × 0.5824 + 2886.752 × 0.00368) = 72740.077 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 87444.655 − 72740.077 = 14704.578 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 14704.578 × = 11674.544 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 72740.077 × = 91619.181 𝑊
235 + 27
Page 21 of 48
Load 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠|95℃ = 11674.544 + 91619.181 = 103293.725 𝑊
174.9546
IMP. Voltage = 43.527√3 × 100 × ( ) = 14949.223 𝑉
4.4116 × 20
IMP. Voltage
14949.223 𝑉
198000 𝑉
87444.655
60 × 106
2 2

Load losses|95℃
103293.725
60 × 106
2

100
7.551 × 198000
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 14950.98
100
Page 22 of 48
Third: the applied rated voltage on LV winding with the terminals of the TV winding is
short-circuited (rated power 66MVA) and the HV winding is open-circuited.
60000
Irated = = 477.807 A
72.5√3
50
477.8 ×
50%Irated = 100 = 2.389 A
CT ratio of (100)
-Power = 5.882 Watt
2
2
477.8
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 5.882 × 100 × 30 × ( ) = 67305.123 𝑊
2.4465 × 100
2 2
21.74 + 21.72 + 21.76
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 21.74 𝑚Ω
3
2 × 21.74
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 0.04348 Ω
1000
3.68 + 3.65 + 3.71
𝑅𝑇𝑉 = = 0.00368 𝛺
3 × 1000
60000
𝐼𝐿𝑉 = = 477.807𝐴
72.5√3
Page 23 of 48
60000
𝐼𝑇𝑉 = = 2886.75𝐴
12√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (477.8072 × 0.04348 + 2886.752 × 0.00368) = 60889.65 𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 67305.123 − 60889.65 = 6415.473 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 27
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 6415.473 × = 5093.496 𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 60889.65 × = 76693.07 𝑊
235 + 27
Load losses|95℃ = 5093.496 + 76693.07 = 81786.566 𝑊
477.8
IMP. Voltage = 13.046√3 × 30 × ( ) = 1323.915 𝑉
2.4465 × 100
IMP. Voltage
%short circuit Impedance (LV − TV) = × 100
1323.915 𝑉
%short circuit Impedance (LV − TV) = × 100 = 1.826 %
72500 𝑉
%short circuit Resistance (LV − TV) = × 100
67305.123
%short circuit Resistance (LV − TV) = × 100 = 0.112 %
60 × 106
2 2
%short circuit Reactance (LV − TV) = √𝑍𝑎𝑚𝑏 − 𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑏
%short circuit Reactance (LV − TV) = √1.8262 − 0.1122 = 1.822 %

Page 24 of 48
Load losses|95℃
%short circuit Resistance (LV − TV)|95℃ = × 100
81786.566
%short circuit Resistance (LV − TV)|95℃ = × 100 = 0.136 %
60 × 106
2
%short circuit Impedance (LV − TV)|95℃ = √𝑋 2 + 𝑅95℃
%short circuit Impedance (LV − TV)|95℃ = √1.8222 + 0.1362 = 1.827 %

%short circuit Impedance (LV − TV)|95℃ × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
100
1.827 × 72500
IMP. Voltage|95℃ = = 1325.105 V
100
11. Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current
The harmonics of the no-load current in the three phases are measured and the magnitude
of the harmonics is expressed as a percentage of the fundamental component.
12. Measurement of zero-sequence impedance(s)
The zero-sequence impedance is measured between the line terminals of a star-connected
winding connected together, and its neutral terminal. It is expressed in ohms per phase and is
given by 3 U/I, where U is the test voltage and I is the test current. The test current per phase
I/3.
13. Tests on on-load tap-changers
Operation test
With the tap-changer fully assembled on the transformer the following sequence of
operations shall be performed without failure: a) with the transformer un-energized, eight
complete cycles of operation (a cycle of operation goes from one end of the tapping range to the
other, and back again). b) With the transformer un-energized, and with the auxiliary voltage
reduced to 85 % of its rated value, one complete cycle of operation. c) with the transformer
energized at rated voltage at no load, one complete cycle of operation. d) with one winding
short-circuited and rated current in the tapped winding, 10 tap-change operations across the
range of two steps on each side.
Auxiliary circuits insulation test
After the tap-changer is assembled on the transformer, a power frequency test shall be
applied to the auxiliary circuits as specified in IEC 60076-3.
Page 25 of 48
14. Temperature Rise Test
The values of temperature rise are characteristics of the transformer which are subject to
guarantees and to test under specified conditions. No plus tolerance is permitted on temperature
rise limit. If a temperature rise type test is to be made on such a transformer it will be carried
out on the max current tapping [4].
Maximum temperature rise over ambient temperature and continuous full-load with
maximum current (extreme minus tapping) in addition to 10% over-load with maximum current
for two hours, starting from full load (losses at 95°C):
Guaranteed Temperature Guarantee rises
Top oil Temperature rise: 45 K
Winding Temperature rise: 50 K
Hot Spot Temperature rise: 60 K
During the temperature-rise test, the transformer shall be equipped with its protective
devices (for example, Buchholz relay on an oil-immersed transformer). Any indication during
the test shall be noted [4].
During this test the transformer is not subjected to rated voltage and rated current
simultaneously, but to the calculated total losses, previously obtained by two separate
determinations of losses, namely load loss at reference temperature, and no-load loss [4].
The injection of total loss may be made in a manner as near as possible to the actual
loading case, by injecting the current corresponding to the total losses in one winding, the other
ones being simultaneously short-circuited.
The purpose of the test is twofold [4]:
• to establish the top oil temperature rise in steady-state condition with dissipation
of total losses;
• to establish the average winding temperature rise at rated current and with the top
oil temperature rise as determined above.
This is achieved in two steps [4]:
a) Total loss injection First the top oil and average oil temperature rises are established
when the transformer is subjected to a test voltage such that the measured active power is equal
to the total losses of the transformer. The test current will be above rated current to the extent
necessary for producing an additional amount of loss equal to the no-load loss, and the winding
temperature rise will be correspondingly elevated. The oil temperature and cooling medium
temperature are monitored, and the test is continued until a steady-state oil temperature rise is
Page 26 of 48
established. The test may be terminated when the rate of change of top oil temperature rise has
fallen below 1 K per hour and has remained there for a period of 3 h. If discrete readings have
been taken at regular intervals, the mean value of the readings during the last hour is taken as
the result of the test. If continuous automatic recording is applied, the average value during the
last hour is taken.
b) Rated current injection when the top oil temperature rise has been established, the
test shall immediately continue with the test current reduced to rated current for the winding
combination connected. This condition is maintained for 1 h, with continuous observation of oil
and cooling medium temperatures. At the end of the hour, the resistances of the windings are
measured, either after a rapid disconnection of the supply and short circuits.
Example1:
For a transformer of rated voltage 220/72.5/12kV, rated power 125/125/45MVA and
cooling ONAN/ONAF1/ONAF2:
The applied rated voltage on HV winding with the terminals of the LV winding is short-
circuited (rated power 125MVA) and the TV winding is open-circuited.
Rated current at Tap 17:
125000
Irated (125MVAbase) = = 364.5 A
198√3
50
364.5 ×
50%Irated (125MVAbase) = 100 = 4.6 A
CT ratio of (40)
-The supplied current =4.82A > 4.6 A
-Power = 10.81 Watt
Temperature rise test is performed for each rated power
For ONAN Rating base 75MVA (60% of 125 MVA):
75000
Irated = = 218.693 A
198√3
Page 27 of 48
2
218.693 2
Load losses|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 10.81 × 200 × 40 × ( ) = 111.268 𝐾𝑊
4.82 × 40
2 2
2 × 395.6
𝑅𝐻𝑉 = = 0.791 Ω
1000
2 × 33.129
𝑅𝐿𝑉 = = 0.066 Ω
1000
75000
IHV = = 218.693 A
198√3
75000
ILV = = 597.25 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (218.6932 × 0.791 + 597.252 × 0.066) = 92.06 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 111.268 − 92.06 = 19.2 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 18
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 19.2 × = 14.72 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 92.06 × = 120.07 𝐾𝑊
235 + 18
Load losses|95℃ = 14.72 + 120.07 = 134.79 𝐾𝑊
No Load Losses = 52.32 𝐾𝑊
Page 28 of 48
Total Losses = Load losses|95℃ + No Load Losses
Total Losses = 134.79 + 52.32 = 187.11 𝐾𝑊
Fig.2
For ONAF1 Rating base 100MVA (80% of 125 MVA):

100000
Irated = = 291.59 A
198√3
2
291.59 2
4.82 × 40
2 2
100000
ILV = = 796.34 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (291.592 × 0.791 + 796.342 × 0.066) = 163.663 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 197.809 − 163.663 = 34.146 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 18
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 34.146 × = 26.1786 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
Page 29 of 48
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 163.663 × = 213.473 𝐾𝑊
235 + 18
Load losses|95℃ = 26.1786 + 213.473 = 239.65 𝐾𝑊
Total Losses = 239.65 + 52.32 = 291.97 𝐾𝑊
Fig.3
For ONAF2 Rating base 125MVA (100% of 125 MVA):

125000
Irated = = 364.48 A
198√3
2
364.48 2
4.82 × 40
2 2
125000
ILV = = 995.43 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (364.482 × 0.791 + 995.432 × 0.066) = 255.718 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 309.064 − 255.718 = 53.342 𝐾𝑊
Page 30 of 48
235 + 95
235 + 18
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 309.064 × = 40.895 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 255.718 × = 333.545 𝐾𝑊
235 + 18
Load losses|95℃ = 40.895 + 333.545 = 374.44 𝐾𝑊
Total Losses = 374.44 + 52.32 = 426.76 𝐾𝑊
Fig.4
For 10% over-load Rating base 137.5MVA (110% of 125 MVA):

137500
Irated = = 400.937 A
198√3
2
400.937 2
4.82 × 40
2 2
Page 31 of 48
137500
ILV = = 1094.97 A
72.5√3
𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 1.5 × (400.9372 × 0.791 + 1094.972 × 0.066) = 309.427 𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |𝑎𝑚𝑏. = 373.984 − 309.427 = 64.557 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 18
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 |95℃ = 64.557 × = 49.4937 𝐾𝑊
235 + 95
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 𝐼 2 R|𝑎𝑚𝑏. ×
235 + 95
𝐼 2 R|95℃ = 309.427 × = 403.6 𝐾𝑊
235 + 18
Load losses|95℃ = 49.4937 + 403.6 = 453.09 𝐾𝑊
Total Losses = 453.09 + 52.32 = 505.41 𝐾𝑊
Fig.5
Determination of oil temperatures

The top oil temperature is determined by one or more sensors immersed in the oil in the
top of the tank. The use of several sensors is particularly important on large transformers, and
their readings shall be averaged in order to arrive at a representative temperature value.
Page 32 of 48
Bottom oil is the term which actually means the temperature of oil entering the windings
at the bottom. For practical reasons it is identified with the temperature of the oil returning from
the cooling equipment to the tank.
The average oil temperature shall be the average temperature of the cooling oil in the
windings. For the purpose of test evaluation, it is conventionally taken as the average between
the top oil temperature and the bottom oil temperature.
Determination of average winding temperature
The average winding temperature is determined via measurement of winding resistance.
The ratio between the resistance value R2 at temperature θ2, (degrees C), and R1, at θ1, is taken
as:
𝑅2 235 + 𝜃2
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟: =
𝑅1 235 + 𝜃1
A reference measurement (R1, θ1) of all winding resistances is made with the transformer
at ambient temperature, in a steady-state condition. When the resistance R2, at a different
temperature is measured, this yields the temperature value [4]:
𝑅2
𝜃2 = (235 + 𝜃1 ) − 235
𝑅1
The external cooling medium temperature at the time of shutdown is θa
The winding temperature rise is then, finally:
∆𝜃𝑊 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃𝑎
When the winding resistance is measured after disconnection of the power supply and the
short-circuit connection, the resistance value R2, immediately before shutdown.
Determination of winding temperature before shutdown [4]
The temperature-rise test requires that the average winding temperature immediately
before shutdown shall be determined.
Immediately after disconnection of the test power supply and removal of the short-
circuiting connection, a d.c. measuring circuit is connected across the phase windings to be
measured.
Accurate readings are therefore obtained only after a certain delay. The resistance of the
winding varies with time as the winding cools down. It shall be measured for a sufficient time
to permit extrapolation back to the instant of shutdown.
Page 33 of 48
The maximum temperature occurring in any part of the winding insulation system is
called the ‘hot-spot temperature’. This parameter is assumed to represent the thermal limitation
of loading of the transformer.
Towards the upper end of the winding there is usually a concentration of eddy current
losses and the winding may be provided with extra electrical insulation which increases the
thermal insulation. The actual local temperature difference between conductor and oil is
therefore assumed to be higher by the ‘hot-spot factor’. This factor is assumed to be 1,3 in
medium size power transformers.
The steady-state temperature difference between winding and oil, average along the
winding, is taken as the difference between [resistance-measured winding average temperature]
and [average oil temperature].
The steady-state hot-spot temperature rise above external cooling medium temperature
(air or water) is the sum of [top oil temperature rise above cooling medium temperature] and
[hot-spot factor] x [average temperature difference winding-to-oil].
Follow Example1:
For ONAN
 For L.V winding:
Resistance of LV winding (RLVcold = 34.62mΩ) at ambient Temperature (θcold = 24°C).
Records of Hot Resistance immediately after transformer shutdown and it is measured for a
sufficient time to permit extrapolation back to the instant of shutdown.
Hot Resistance =38.92mΩ at instant of shutdown.
Top oil temperature: 𝜃𝑇 = 61.5
Bottom oil temperature: 𝜃𝐵 = 43.5
Ambient temperature average: 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏 𝑎𝑣𝑟 = 36.25°𝐶 →Fig.2
Top oil temperature average: 𝜃𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑣𝑟 = 60°𝐶 →Fig.2
Top oil temperature rise:
∆𝜃𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 𝜃𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑣𝑟 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏 𝑎𝑣𝑟
∆𝜃𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 60 − 36.25 = 23.75
Winding temperature rise:
𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
Page 34 of 48
38.92
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 36.25 = 19.91𝐾
34.62
Hot spot temperature rise
Δθhotspot = Δθoil + 1.3 × (ΔθLVwin − (Δθoil − (θt − θb )⁄2))
Δθhotspot = 23.75 + 1.3 × (19.91 − (23.75 − (61.5 − 43.5)⁄2)) = 30.46 K

 For H.V winding:
Resistance of HV winding (RHVcold = 411.5mΩ) at ambient Temperature (θcold = 24°C).
𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
467.5
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 36.25 = 22.99𝐾
411.5
Δθhotspot = Δθoil + 1.3 × (ΔθHVwin − (Δθoil − (θt − θb )⁄2))
Δθhotspot = 23.75 + 1.3 × (22.99 − (23.75 − (61.5 − 43.5)⁄2)) = 34.46 K

For ONAF1
Top oil temperature: 𝜃𝑇 = 66.5
∆𝜃𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 65 − 36.75 = 28.25
Page 35 of 48
𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
39.2
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 36.75 = 21.5𝐾
34.62
Δθhotspot = 28.25 + 1.3 × (21.5 − (28.25 − (66.5 − 41.5)⁄2)) = 35.73 K

𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
472.5
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 36.75 = 25.6𝐾
411.5
Δθhotspot = 28.25 + 1.3 × (25.6 − (28.25 − (66.5 − 41.5)⁄2)) = 41.1 K

For ONAF2
Top oil temperature: 𝜃𝑇 = 69
∆𝜃𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 70 − 35.75 = 34.25
Page 36 of 48
𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
39.9
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 35.75 = 27.7𝐾
34.62
Δθhotspot = 34.25 + 1.3 × (27.7 − (34.25 − (69 − 40.5)⁄2)) = 44.26 K

𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
479.9
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 35.75 = 31.3𝐾
411.5
Δθhotspot = 34.25 + 1.3 × (31.3 − (34.25 − (69 − 40.5)⁄2)) = 48.94 K

For Over Load
Top oil temperature: 𝜃𝑇 = 70
Bottom oil temperature: 𝜃𝐵 = 40
∆𝜃𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 70 − 36.5 = 33.5
Page 37 of 48
𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
40.5
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 36.5 = 31.49𝐾
34.62
Δθhotspot = 33.5 + 1.3 × (31.49 − (33.5 − (70 − 40)⁄2)) = 50.39 K

𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑡
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) − 235 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
487.2
∆𝜃𝑤𝑖𝑛 = (235 + 24) − 235 − 36.5 = 35.15𝐾
411.5
Δθhotspot = 33.5 + 1.3 × (35.15 − (33.5 − (70 − 40)⁄2)) = 55.15 K
The rate of aging is referred to the winding hotspot temperature

IEC354: Page 39, Item 2.6.1”The rate of aging is referred to the winding hotspot temperature
for transformers designed is according with IEC76, a usual reference value for this quantity at
rated load and normal ambient temperature is 98°C. In this guide, the relative rate of aging at
this temperature is taken as unity.”
IEC354: Page 39, Item 2.6.1”The insulation system of many transformers is provided with
thermally upgraded Insulation. As IEC76-2 does not consider this class of materials for oil-
immersed transformers, temperature-rise limits and improvement in thermal behavior may be
taken into account by agreement between the manufacturer and user. In many cases transformers
using this insulation have a normal life expectancy based on a hot-spot temperature of 110°C
(50°C+60°C hotspot). For ambient temperature of 55°C (55°C+60°C hotspot), Class A.
IEC354: Page 7, Item 1.2”IEC76-2 contains the requirements and tests relating to temperature
rise figures for oil immersed transformers during continuous rated loading.”
Page 38 of 48
IEC354: Page 17, Item 2.6.2” Relative thermal-aging rate: For transformers designed in
according with IEC76, the relative rate of thermal aging is taken to be equal to unity for a-hot
spot temperature of 98°C, which corresponds to operationat an ambient temperature of 20°C
and a hotspot temperature rise of 78K.
𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝜃ℎ
The relative ageing rate is defined as: = = 2(𝜃ℎ−98)⁄6 .
𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 98°𝐶
This function implies that the relative ageing rate is very sensitive to the hot-spot
temperature as shown below:
- At θh = 98°C then the relative ageing rate = 1
For oil immersed transformers, IEC60085 thermal class:
- Thermal Class (A): maximum hotspot temperature allowed 120°C
15. Short Circuit Test
Example
Three phase short-circuit current calculation:
100
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = × 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝑇 + 𝑍𝑆
Isc (symmetric short-circuit current)
ZT (% Impedance of the transformer)
ZS (% Impedance of the system)
IR (the rated current at each tap position [r.m.s])
1- ZS (%system Impedance)
- System Capacity of H.V (220kV & 63kA)
= √3 × (𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴) × (𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉)
= √3 × 63𝑘𝐴 × 220𝑘𝑉 = 24006.2𝑀𝑉𝐴
- System Capacity of M.V (66kV & 40kA)
Page 39 of 48
= √3 × 40𝑘𝐴 × 66𝑘𝑉 = 4572.6𝑀𝑉𝐴

- System Capacity of L.V (22kV & 25kA)
= √3 × 25𝑘𝐴 × 22𝑘𝑉 = 952.6𝑀𝑉𝐴

- %System Impedance at each winding on 175MVA base:
2
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑍𝑆 = × 100 × ( )
𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- %System Impedance of HV
175𝑀𝑉𝐴 220𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍𝑆𝐻(𝑇𝑎𝑝1) = × 100 × ( ) = 0.60246
24006.2𝑀𝑉𝐴 242𝑘𝑉
175𝑀𝑉𝐴 220𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍𝑆𝐻(𝑇𝑎𝑝9) = × 100 × ( ) = 0.728978
24006.2𝑀𝑉𝐴 220𝑘𝑉
175𝑀𝑉𝐴 220𝑘𝑉 2
𝑍𝑆𝐻(𝑇𝑎𝑝17) = × 100 × ( ) = 0.89997
24006.2𝑀𝑉𝐴 198𝑘𝑉
- % short circuit Impedance of each winding on 175MVA base
% short circuit Impedance of each winding (ZTH, ZTM, ZTL), where ZHM = 13.95% & ZHL = 24.8%
& ZML = 8.07% (measured at center tap (tap 9))
𝑍𝐻𝑀 +𝑍𝐻𝐿 −𝑍𝑀𝐿
𝑍𝑇𝐻 = = 15.34 For High Voltage winding
2
𝑍𝐻𝑀 +𝑍𝑀𝐿 −𝑍𝐻𝐿
𝑍𝑇𝑀 = = −1.39 For Medium Voltage winding
2
𝑍𝐻𝐿 +𝑍𝑀𝐿 −𝑍𝐻𝑀
𝑍𝑇𝐿 = = 9.46 For Low Voltage winding
2
- Symmetric short circuit current calculations at tap 9:

(Source terminal at HV, Short terminal at MV, Open terminal at LV where LV winding are no
loaded)
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑆𝐻 + 𝑍𝑇𝐻 + 𝑍𝑇𝑀
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.728978 + 15.34 − 1.39 = 14.678978
Page 40 of 48
- Symmetric short circuit current of HV winding
100 100
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝐻 = × 𝐼𝑅𝐻 = × 𝐼𝑅𝐻
(𝑍𝑇𝐻 + 𝑍𝑇𝑀 ) + 𝑍𝑆𝐻 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
175000𝑘𝑉𝐴
Rated current of HV at main tap 𝐼𝑅𝐻 = = 459.25𝐴
220𝑘𝑉×√3
100
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝐻 = × 459.25 = 3128.6𝐴
14.678978
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑀 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶𝐻 ×
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
519
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑀 = 3128.6 × = 9495.5𝐴
171
Another way for short circuit current calculations
𝑈𝑟
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝐻 =
(𝑍𝑇𝐻 + 𝑍𝑆𝐻 ) × √3
Where Ur is the rated voltage (kV), PSC is the short circuit power (MVA), Str is the rated power
of transformer (MVA)
𝑈𝑟 2 2202
𝑍𝑆𝐻 = = = 2.016
𝑃𝑆𝐶 63 × 220 × √3
𝑍𝐻𝑀 × 𝑈𝑟 2 13.95 × 2202
𝑍𝑇𝐻 = = = 38.58
100 × 𝑆𝑡𝑟 100 × 175
220
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝐻 = = 3.1288𝑘𝐴
(38.58 + 2.016) × √3
16. Measurement of frequency response SFRA
Frequency response: amplitude ratio and phase difference between the voltages
measured at two terminals of the test object over a range of frequencies when one of the
terminals is excited by a voltage source [7].
The frequency response measurement result is a series of amplitude ratios and phase
differences at specific frequencies over a range of frequency [7].
Purpose of frequency response measurements: Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
can be used to detect changes to the active part of the test object (windings, leads and core).
FRA is generally used to detect geometrical changes and electrical short-circuits in the
windings.
Page 41 of 48
Some examples of conditions that FRA can be used to assess are:
• Damage following a through fault or other high current event (including short-circuit
testing),
• Damage following a tap-changer fault,
• Damage during transportation, and
• Damage following a seismic event.
The detection of damage using FRA is most effective when frequency response
measurement data is available from the transformer when it is in a known good condition
(baseline measurement), so it is preferable to carry out the measurement on all large
transformers either in the factory or when the transformer is commissioned at site or both. If a
measurement is not available for a particular transformer, reference results may be obtained
from either a similar transformer or another phase of the same transformer.
To make a frequency response measurement, a low voltage signal is applied to one
terminal of the test object with respect to the tank. The voltage measured at this input terminal
is used as the reference signal and a second voltage signal (the response signal) is measured at
a second terminal with reference to the tank. The frequency response amplitude is the scalar
ratio between the response signal (Vout) and the reference voltage (Vin) (presented in dB) as a
function of the frequency. The phase of the frequency response is the phase difference between
Vin and Vout (presented in degrees).
As Vout/Vin varies over a wide range, it is expressed in decibels (dB). The relative voltage
response in dB is calculated as 20 × log10 (Vout/Vin), where (Vout/Vin) is the scalar ratio.
The standard measurements shall be end-to-end measurements of each phase of each
winding, with the phases and windings separated as far as possible and with all other terminals
left floating.
For transformers with an on-load tap-changer (OLTC), the standard measurement on the
tapped winding shall be a) on the tap-position with the highest number of effective turns in
circuit, and b) on the tap-position with the tap winding out of circuit.
The choice of tap-position is intended to provide at least one measurement with and one
without the tap winding in circuit so that any damage can be more easily identified as being in
the tap-winding or the main winding.
The list of standard measurements for a star connected winding with taps:
Page 42 of 48
The list of standard measurements for delta connected winding without tap:
Frequency range and measurement points for the measurement: The lowest
frequency measurement shall be at or below 20 Hz. The minimum highest frequency
measurement for test objects with highest voltage > 72,5 kV shall be 1MHz. The minimum
highest frequency measurement for test objects with highest voltage of ≤ 72,5 kV shall be
2MHz. It is recommended that a highest measurement frequency of at least 2MHz is used for
compatibility and simplicity for all test objects.
The following data shall be recorded with each measurement:
a) The serial number for the transformer.
b) Date on which the measurement was conducted.
c) Time at which the measurement finished.
d) Test object manufacturer.
f) Measuring instrument manufacturer, measuring instrument model and an individual
serial number for the instrument used
g) The peak voltage used for the measurement.
h) Reference terminal.
i) Response terminal.
j) Terminals connected together.
k) Earthed terminals.
l) OLTC tap position.
Page 43 of 48
o) Test object temperature, the temperature of the test object dielectric during the
measurement (usually the top liquid temperature) in degrees Celsius.
p) Fluid filled, yes or no depending on whether the test object was fully filled with the
normal operating fluid during the measurement.
q) Length of the unshielded connection for each lead if the connection of the coaxial leads
was not directly to bushing terminals.
r) Measurement result (the frequency in Hz, the amplitude in dB and the phase in
degrees).
Frequency response comparison: In order to interpret a measured frequency response,
a comparison is made between the measured response and a previous baseline measurement.
Fig.6
Problems are indicated by the following criteria:

• Changes in the overall shape of the frequency response;
• Changes in the number of resonances (maxima) and anti-resonances (minima);
• Shifts in the position of the resonant frequencies.
The frequency response can be divided into three regions, the lower frequency region
dominated by the core, the middle frequencies dominated by the interactions between the
windings and the higher frequency region controlled by the individual winding structure,
internal connections and at the highest frequencies the measurement connection leads.
Page 44 of 48
At the highest frequencies of above 1 MHz (> 72,5 kV) or above 2 MHz (≤ 72,5 kV), the
response is less repeatable and is influenced by the measurement set-up, especially by the
earthing connections, which effectively relies on the length of the bushing.
Fig.7
Influence regions:
A core
B interaction between windings
C winding structure
D measurement setup and lead (including earthing connection).
Evaluation of frequency response:
If the measurements have been made in the same way systematically and no changes have
been recorded regarding the condition of the transformer, then the discrepancies between the
frequency responses may be caused by winding movement or deformation. Some of the
examples of faults that have been detected by the frequency response measurement are outlined
in the Figures.
Frequency response of a tap winding before and after partial axial collapse and localised
inter-turn short-circuit with a photograph of the damage.
Page 45 of 48
Fig.8
Frequency response of an LV winding before and after axial collapse due to clamping
failure with a photograph of the damage
Fig.9
Page 46 of 48
Fig.10
Frequency response of a tap winding with conductor tilting with a photograph of the
damage.
Fig.12
Page 47 of 48
References
[1] IEC 60076-1
[2]https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/testing-of-power-transformer-measurement-of-
impedance-voltage-and-load-loss
[3] IEC 60076-3
[4] IEC 60076-2
[5] IEC 60076-4
[6] IEC 60076-5
[7] IEC 60076-6
[8] IEC 60076-18
Page 48 of 48

Transformer Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transformer Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Type, Routine and Special tests

for Oil immersed Power

Dr. Reham Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Elsamnty

%short circuit Reactance (HV − LV) = √14.2132 − 0.197562 = 14.2116 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV)|95℃ = √14.21162 + 0.23292 = 14.214 %

%short circuit Reactance (HV − LV) = √14.9522 − 0.197052 = 14.95 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV)|95℃ = √14.952 + 0.23072 = 14.953 %

%short circuit Reactance (HV − LV) = √13.9912 − 0.23652 = 13.989 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − LV)|95℃ = √13.9892 + 0.2822 = 13.992 %

%short circuit Reactance (HV − TV) = √7.62762 − 0.1332 = 7.6264 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV)|95℃ = √7.62642 + 0.15612 = 7.628 %

%short circuit Reactance (HV − TV) = √7.88142 − 0.13362 = 7.88 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV)|95℃ = √7.882 + 0.15572 = 7.8815 %

%short circuit Reactance (HV − TV) = √7.55012 − 0.14572 = 7.549 %

%short circuit Impedance (HV − TV)|95℃ = √7.5492 + 0.17222 = 7.551 %

%short circuit Reactance (LV − TV) = √1.8262 − 0.1122 = 1.822 %

%short circuit Impedance (LV − TV)|95℃ = √1.8222 + 0.1362 = 1.827 %

For ONAF1 Rating base 100MVA (80% of 125 MVA):

For ONAF2 Rating base 125MVA (100% of 125 MVA):

For 10% over-load Rating base 137.5MVA (110% of 125 MVA):

Determination of oil temperatures

Δθhotspot = 23.75 + 1.3 × (19.91 − (23.75 − (61.5 − 43.5)⁄2)) = 30.46 K

Δθhotspot = 23.75 + 1.3 × (22.99 − (23.75 − (61.5 − 43.5)⁄2)) = 34.46 K

Δθhotspot = 28.25 + 1.3 × (21.5 − (28.25 − (66.5 − 41.5)⁄2)) = 35.73 K

Δθhotspot = 28.25 + 1.3 × (25.6 − (28.25 − (66.5 − 41.5)⁄2)) = 41.1 K

Δθhotspot = 34.25 + 1.3 × (27.7 − (34.25 − (69 − 40.5)⁄2)) = 44.26 K

Δθhotspot = 34.25 + 1.3 × (31.3 − (34.25 − (69 − 40.5)⁄2)) = 48.94 K

Δθhotspot = 33.5 + 1.3 × (31.49 − (33.5 − (70 − 40)⁄2)) = 50.39 K

Δθhotspot = 33.5 + 1.3 × (35.15 − (33.5 − (70 − 40)⁄2)) = 55.15 K

The rate of aging is referred to the winding hotspot temperature

= √3 × (𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴) × (𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉)

= √3 × 63𝑘𝐴 × 220𝑘𝑉 = 24006.2𝑀𝑉𝐴

- System Capacity of M.V (66kV & 40kA)

= √3 × 40𝑘𝐴 × 66𝑘𝑉 = 4572.6𝑀𝑉𝐴

= √3 × (𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴) × (𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉)

= √3 × 25𝑘𝐴 × 22𝑘𝑉 = 952.6𝑀𝑉𝐴

- Symmetric short circuit current calculations at tap 9:

Problems are indicated by the following criteria:

You might also like