Í

}(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

Àj 8: ”Ì
({… §2.4)

ø.  }

;WêÍ,  }Ä–kâ (Isaac Newton,

1642-1727) DqÓ−c (Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibnize, 1646-1716) «n-Hù½æ:

1. °ø(,¬ø#ìõí~( (tangent line), à

Çý.

2. °ø(Fˇ|íÞ–íÞ , àÇý.

N˛~(½æDbçíõŽ@àÌÉ, O9õ,, “°ø¾

ú@k (óúk) Çø¾í‰“0 (rate of change)”
í½æbçËgk “°ø(,¬ø#ìõí~(” í
S½æ. ÿu¤gÉ[íêÛµ 17 0 }
íê1=U }AÑj²õŽ½æíø.ªCÿ
x, à

1. °øÓñí§.
1 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

2. °níˇóúkvÈ퉓0, ¹AÅ0.

3. °øt−í‚âóúkvÈíZ‰0.

4. °øëWþíYïóúkµ‘à퉓0.

~(½æí«nû_}l (differetial calculus)

íê, ¤4!køƒbíûƒb (derivative) í–
1. ÇøjÞ, Þ ½æí«nùê }l (integral
calculus) íê, …4u!køƒbí¥ûƒb
(antiderivative) C } (integral) í–1. y½b
íu, ûƒbD }uò~óÉí, ¹F‚í “ }!
…ìÜ” (øk §6.4 ç3), ¤ìÜ×Û|ûƒbD }
È˛¤ÑL«íÉ[. %-JN, øƒbíûƒbD
}ÌuJøy!…í–1-”Ì-Fì2, ¤4…Àjí
3æ.

ù. øõW

;Wø~ªŸš (prototype of a maglev,

magnetic levitation train) •OøÀ* (monorail

2 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

track) í«W¿t’e, )¤~ªšÊ t ”íP0ƒ

b (position function) (ÀP: ”, L ) Ñ

s = f (t) = 4t2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 30 (1)

½. àS°¤~ªšÊ t = 2 ”í§? ¹ßÊ

2 ”µmÈ, š§[×ÛíM.

. ̶cà (1) [ýíP0°), OªN¬.°v

ÈíP07l|øvÈ–Èqí̍×, ¹Êø
vÈ–Èqí̧, àÊvÈ–È [2, 4] qí
P f (4) − f (2)
̧ = =
%¬vÈ 4−2
4(42) − 4(2)2
= = 24(”/”)
2
ª¡N t = 2 ”ví§.

ªZªý? òh,, vÈ–ÈBü, ¡NBß, ]¦

t > 2, Ê [2, t] ,í
f (t) − f (2)
̧ =
t−2
4t2 − 4(2)2 4(t2 − 4)
= =
t−2 t−2
3 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

¦BVBÔ¡ 2 í t M, )øåÊ [2, t] –È,íú

@̧:

t 2.5 2.1 2.01 2.001

̧ 18 16.4 16.04 16.004
t 2.0001 ··· → 2+
̧ 16.0004 ··· → 16

×Û|̧ÓO t BQ¡ 2, 7BÔ¡ 16. ]ø¯

Üí‡Ñ, ¤~ªšÊ t = 2 ”ímȧ
(instantaneous velocity) Ñ 16 ”/”, ¤4”Ì
í–1.

ú. ”Ìíòhì2

qƒb
4(t2 − 4)
g(t) = , t 6= 2
t−2
¹~ªší̧. D¦øåük 2, OBVBÔ
¡ 2 í t M, )ú@íƒbM g(t):

t 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999

̧ 14 15.6 15.96 15.996
t 1.9999 ··· → 2−
̧ 15.9996 ··· → 16
4 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

¹Ì t â 2 í¬iQ¡ 2 ([A t → 2+) Câ 2

í˝iQ¡ 2 ([A t → 2−), g(t) ÌBVBQ¡ 16,
]ø¤øÛï˚T t Q¡ 2 v, g(t) í”ÌÑ 16, 1
[A
4(t2 − 4)
lim g(t) = lim = 16
t→2 t→2 t−2

Å 1. ,H”Ì–1íÔ4u, A‰b (t) âsiL

<ËQ¡ø ìb (2) v, ú@íƒbM (g(t)) Ìø_
ËÔ¡øõb (16).

Å 2. “, )
4(t + 2)(t − 2)
g(t) = = 4(t + 2), t 6= 2
t−2
wÇ$4øÊ t = 2 „ì2íò(, Jø˛-Æ[ý„ì
2íõ. àÇý, ?×Û|ó°í”ÌÛï.

Å 3. Ê t = 2 íƒbMÌæÊD´, CÑSM, Ì
. à t Q¡ 2 ví”Ì (˚Ê t = 2 í”ÌM),
àÇý, ƒb

g(t) = 4(t + 2), t 6= 2

5 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

D}¨ƒb
{
4(t + 2), t 6= 2
f (t) =
10, t=2
J£}¨ƒb
{
4(t + 2), t 6= 2
h(t) =
18, t=2
Ê t = 2 íWÑÌ.°, Oºó°í”Ì, ¹
lim g(t) = lim f (t) = lim h(t) = 16
t→2 t→2 t→2
¤4ÄÑ”ÌMu«nÊ t = 2 Ë¡íƒbMíWщ
“, ]ƒbÊ t = 2 íWÑ, Ê°”Ìv, .xLS²ì
4, 6ÿuz, .Ûb5?ƒbÊ t = 2 íM, 7¥<ƒ
bÊ t = 2 Ë¡íWÑÌøš, ]ó°í”Ì.

â,HWæ£Åj, R|øOƒbíÝ£ì2.

ì2 1. ç x Q¡ a v, ƒb f í”ÌÑ L, pT
lim f (x) = L
x→a
J/ÑJƒbM f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ L, ç x k}Ë
(D) Ô¡ (O.k) a v.

W 1. t°-Ê (CçA‰bÔ¡) #ìõí”Ì.

6 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

(a) f (x) = x3; x = 2

{
x + 2, x 6= 1
(b) g(x) = ; x=1
1, x=1

{
−1, x < 0
(c) h(x) = ; x=0
1, x≥0

1
(d) k(x) = 2 , x = 0
x

<j> (a) àÇý,

lim f (x) = 8
x→2

(b) àÇý,
lim g(x) = 3
x→1

(c) àÇý, ç x → 0+ v,

h(x) = 1

7 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

L<ËÔ¡ 1; Oç x → 0− v,

h(x) = −1
L<ËÔ¡ −1, Çø.°íb; 6ÿuz, ̶)|øu
°íõbU)ƒbM h(x) ªL<ËÔ¡, ç x âsi
Q¡ 0 v, ]

lim h(x) .æÊ

x→0

(d) àÇý, ç x âsiQ¡ 0 v, k(x) ÌÌäË]

Ó (increasing without bound), 7̶L<ËÔ¡
øpüíõb, ]”Ì.æÊ/pA
1
lim k(x) = lim 2 = ∞
x→0 x→0 x
ypüËzp”Ì.æÊíÜâ, 6ÿuz, âkƒbM
ÌäË]Ó7.æÊ.

Å 4. (a) üæ,
lim f (x) = 8 = f (2)
x→2
¹Ê x = 2 í”ÌMkƒbM, O (b) üæ,

lim g(x) = 3 6= 1 = g(1)

x→1

8 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

¹Ê x = 1 í”ÌM.kƒbM; ¤4yzp”Ì
u«nÊ#ìõË¡ƒbM퉓8$, DÊ#ìõíƒ
bMÌÉ.

(c) üæzp, ”Ìb°Ê#ìõË¡siíƒbMWÑ

‰“Ûø_, ¹ƒbMÛL<ËQ¡øu°íõb.

(d) üæzp, ÖÍÊ#ìõË¡siíƒbMÌø_Ë

Ìä]Ó, OºÌ¶ø_ËQ¡øu°íõb, Ä7”Ì
.æÊ.

û. ƒb”Ìíl

Î7,HJÇ$íjlƒbí”ÌÕ, ?ª;W-H
”Ìí4”JHbjlƒbí”Ì.

ìÜ 1 (”Ìí4”). q r D c Ñù_U)bç
<2íõb, /

lim f (x) = L J£ lim g(x) = M

x→a x→a
†

1. lim c = c
x→a
9 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

2. lim x = a
x→a

âÇ$Cì2, ‡ùáÌéÍËA .

3. lim [f (x)]r = [ lim f (x)]r = Lr

x→a x→a

4. lim cf (x) = c lim f (x) = cL

x→a x→a

5. ¸Ïí”Ìk”Ìí¸Ï

lim [f (x) ± g(x)]

x→a
= lim f (x) ± lim g(x) = L ± M
x→a x→a

6. í”Ìk”Ìí

lim [f (x)g(x)]
x→a
= [ lim f (x)][ lim g(x)] = LM
x→a x→a

7. ¼í”Ìk”Ìí¼
f (x) lim f (x) L
x→a
lim = = , M 6= 0
x→a g(x) lim g(x) M
x→a
10 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

W 2. t°-®á”Ì.

(a) lim x3
x→2

(b) lim 5x3/2

x→4

(c) lim (5x4 − 2)

x→1

√
(d) lim 2x3 x2 + 7
x→3

2x2 + 1
(e) lim
x→2 x + 1

( )3/2
2x2+x+5
(f) lim
x→1 x4 + 1

√
x x2 + 7
(g) lim √
x→3 2x − 2x + 3

11 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

<j> (a) ;W”ÌŸj£0ƒbí4”,

( )3
lim x3 = lim x = 23 = 8
x→2 x→2

(b) ;W”ÌíÓ¾ , Ÿj£0ƒbí4”,

( )3/2
lim 5x3/2 = 5 lim x = 5(4)3/2
x→4 x→4
= 5 · 8 = 40

(c) ;W”Ìí¸Ï, Ó¾ , 0ƒb£b4”,

lim (5x4 − 2) = 5 lim x4 − lim 2

x→1 x→1 x→1
= 5(1)4 −2=3

(d) ;W”Ìí £óÉ4”,

√
lim 2x3 x2 + 7
x→3 ( )( √ )
= 2 lim x3 lim x2 + 7
x→3 x→3
( )3 (√ )
= 2 lim x lim (x2 + 7)
x→3 x→3
√ √
= 2(33) 32 + 7 = 2(27) 16
= 2(27)(4) = 216
12 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

(e) ;W”Ìíζ£óÉ4”,

+1 2x2 lim (2x2 + 1)

lim = x→2
x→2 x + 1 lim (x + 1)
x→2
2(2)2 +1 9
= = =3
2+1 3

(f) ;W”ÌíŸj, ζ£Hp4”,

( )3/2
2x2+x+5
lim
x→1 x4 + 1
( )3/2
2x2 +x+5
= lim
x→1 x4 + 1
 3/2
lim 2x2 +x+5 (
2 + 1 + 5
)3/2
 
=  x→1 4  =
lim x + 1 1+1
x→1
= 43/2 = 8

(g) ;W”Ìí4”,
√
√
x +7 x2 lim x x2 + 7
x→3
lim √ = √
x→3 2x − 2x + 3 lim (2x − 2x + 3)
x→3
√
3 16 12
= √ = =4
2(3) − 9 3
13 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

Å 5. ìÜ 1 2í”Ì«4”, ÛbÊ®Aƒbí”
ÌÌæÊí‘K-nA , ¹ÛblŒ®Aƒbí”Ì
u´æÊ, 1ÊÌæÊí8”-, nªUà, à
1 1
lim = =∞
x→1 (x − 1)2 0 +

J£
x2 − 2x −1
lim = + = −∞
x→1 (x − 1)2 0
Ì.æÊ, w2 0+ [ýL<Ô¡ 0 í£b, TÑl
”Ìvíø.Œ, O
( )
1 − 2x
x2
lim +
x→1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2
(x − 1)2
= lim = lim 1 = 1
x→1 (x − 1)2 x→1
1 x2 − 2x
6= lim + lim =∞−∞
x→1 (x − 1)2 x→1 (x − 1)2

ø„ì (indeterminate form), [ý̶üìí

¾, Ûbªø¥TÜ.

C
x2 + 1 1+0
lim = =∞
x→0 2x2 0+
14 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

J£
x2 0
lim = =0
x→0 x2 + 1 0+1
O
( )
x2
+1 x2 1 1
lim · 2 = lim =
x→0 2x2 x +1 x→0 2 2
x2 + 1 x2
6= lim · lim 2 =∞·0
x→0 2x2 x→0 x + 1

Çø„ì.

C
x2 + 1 0+1
lim = =∞
x→0 x2 0+
J£
x2 + 1 0+1
lim = =∞
x→0 3x2 0+
O
x 2+1
x2+1 lim
lim 2x
2
= lim 3 = 3 6= x→0 x2 = ∞
x→0 x +1
2
x→0 x 2+1 ∞
3x lim
x→0 3x2
¢uø„ì.
15 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

Å 6. ã¯,H, )ø°”Ìíj¶: Hp¶, ¹Hpc

Ü(, JÑøõb, †”ÌæÊ/¤õbÿu”Ì; JÑ
£b Šb
+
=∞ C −
=∞
0 0
†”ÌÌä]ÓË (increasing without bound) .
æÊ; CÑ
£b Šb
= −∞ C = −∞
0− 0+
†”ÌÌä]ÁË (decreasing without bound) .
æÊ.

ü. „ì

J}äD}‚í”ÌÌÑ 0, ¹Hp(, ) 00 , à

4(x2 − 4) Hp 2 4(4 − 4) 0
lim = =
x→2 x−2 2−2 0
˚T„ì (indeterminate form), [ý̶üìí
¾, .?J 00 TÑ”Ì , Ûbªø¥TÜ . 0 [ý}äD
0
}‚tÄ, TÜíj¶Ñv|1¾ tÄ, y°”
Ì, à

W 3. t°-®á”Ì.
16 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

4(x2 − 4)
(a) lim
x→2 x−2

z3 − 8
(b) lim
z→2 z − 2

x2 − x − 6
(c) lim 2
x→−2 x + x − 2

1 −1
1+h
(d) lim
h→0 h

<j> (a) H x = 2, ) 0
0 , „ì, [ýtÄ
x − 2. }j, )
4(x2 − 4) 4(x + 2)(x − 2)
lim = lim
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2
= lim 4(x + 2) = 4(4) = 16
x→2

(b) Hp, ) 0
0 , „ì, [ýtÄ z − 2. }j, )
z3 − 8 (z − 2)(z 2 + 2z + 4)
lim = lim
z→2 z − 2 z→2 z−2
= lim (z 2 + 2z + 4) = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
z→2
17 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

(c) Hp, )
(−2)2 − (−2) − 6 4+2−6 0
= =
(−2)2 + (−2) − 2 4−2−2 0
„ì, [ýtÄ x + 2. }j, )
x2 − x − 6 (x + 2)(x − 3)
lim 2 = lim
x→−2 x + x − 2 x→−2 (x + 2)(x − 1)
x−3 −5 5
= lim = =
x→−2 x − 1 −3 3

(d) Hp, ) 0
0 „ì, [ýtÄ h. ¦}“, )
1 1−(1+h)
1+h −1 1+h
lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
−h −1
= lim = lim = −1
h→0 h(1 + h) h→0 1 + h

W 4 t°-®á”Ì.
√
1+h−1
(a) lim
h→0 h

x−9
(b) lim √
x→9 x − 3

18 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

√
<j> (a) H h = 0, ) 1+0−10 = 0 , „ì, [ý
0
tÄ h. Ü“, )
√
1+h−1
lim
h→0 h√ √
1+h−1 1+h+1
= lim · √
h→0 h 1+h+1
(1 + h) − 1
= lim √
h→0 h( 1 + h + 1)
1 1 1
= lim √ =√ =
h→0 1 + h + 1 1+0+1 2

(b) H x = 9, ) 0
0 , „ì, [ýtÄ x − 9. 
Ü“, )
√
x−9 x−9 x+3
lim √ = lim √ ·√
x→9 x − 3 x→9 x − 3 x+3
√
(x − 9)( x + 3)
= lim
x→9 x−9 √
√
= lim ( x + 3) = 9 + 3 = 6
x→9

ý. Ê̤±í”Ì (Limits at Infinity)

‡HÌ«n x Q¡øÌbv, ƒb f í”Ì, ?ª«

n x Ìä]ÓB ∞ C x Ìä]ÁB −∞ v, f í”
19 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

Ì. àÇý, Ì×Û|ç t → ∞ C x → ∞, x → −∞
v, ƒbM}BVBÔ¡ø ìb 400 C 2.

ì2 2. ç x Ìä]Ó (¹ x → ∞) v, ƒb f í
”ÌÑ L, pT

lim f (x) = L
x→∞
J/ÑJƒbM f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ L, ç x D (k}
Ë) ×v.

°Ü, ç x Ìä]Á (¹ x → −∞) v, ƒb f í”

ÌÑ M , pT

lim f (x) = M
x→−∞
J/ÑJƒbM f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ M , ç x D (k}
Ë) üv.

W 5. Iùƒb
{
−1, x < 0
f (x) =
1, x≥0
/
1
g(x) = 2 , x 6= 0
x
20 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

t°-®á”Ì.

(a) lim f (x) D lim f (x)

x→∞ x→−∞

(b) lim g(x) D lim g(x)

x→∞ x→−∞

<j> (a) âÇýCâì2, éÍË,

lim f (x) = lim 1 = 1
x→∞ x→∞
/
lim f (x) = lim (−1) = −1
x→−∞ x→−∞

(b) àÇýCHpl, éÍË,

1 1
lim = =0
x→∞ x2 ∞
/
1 1
lim = =0
x→−∞ x2 ∞

Å. FìÜ 1 2, ÊÌb a í”Ì4”, Ê̤±

í”Ì?A , y‹,-HíìÜ 2, ̪àkÊ̤±
í”Ìí°M.
21 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

1
ìÜ 2. úFí n > 0, J n ì2, †
x
1 1
lim =0 / lim =0
x→∞ xn x→−∞ xn

Å. °܃bÊ̤±í”ÌítT¶Ñ, °Î}‚
í|òŸjá xn (, y;W”Ìí4”£ìÜ 2 °M.
~p, ¤4°Ê̤í”ÌíT¶, .u°ÊøÌb a
í”ÌíT¶.

W 6. t°-®á”Ì.

x2 − x + 3
(a) lim
x→∞ 2x3 + 1

−2x3 + 3x2 − 1
(b) lim
x→∞ x2 − 2x + 2

−2x3 − 3x2 + 1
(c) lim
x→−∞ 10x2 + 2x + 5

3x4 − 8x + 5
(d) lim
x→−∞ 5x4 + 6x3 − 7

22 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

<j> (a) Hp ∞, ) ∞
∞ , Çø„ì, Ûªø¥TÜ.
;W°Ê̤±”ÌítT¶, °Î}‚í|òŸjá
x3 1;WìÜ 1 DìÜ 2, )
1− 1 + 3
x2 − x + 3 x x2 x3
lim = lim
x→∞ 2x3 + 1 x→∞ 2 + x13
0+ − 0+ + 0+ 0±
= lim +
= =0
x→∞ 2+0 2

(b) Hp ∞, ) −∞
∞ , „ì, Ûªø¥TÜ. âtT
¶, °Î}‚í|òŸjá x2 1;W”Ìí4”DìÜ
2, )

−2x3 + 3x2 − 1 −2x + 3 − x12

lim = lim
x→∞ x2 − 2x + 2 x→∞ 1 − 2 + 2
x x2
−2(∞) + 3 − 0 −∞
= = = −∞
1−0+0 1

(c) Hp −∞, ) ∞
∞ , „ì, ]°Î}‚í|òŸj
á x2 1;W”Ìí4”DìÜ 2, )
−2x3 − 3x2 + 1 −2x − 3 + x12
lim = lim
x→−∞ 10x2 + 2x + 5 x→−∞ 10 + 2 + 5
x x2
−2(−∞) − 3 + 0+ ∞
= lim − +
= =∞
x→−∞ 10 + 0 + 0 10
23 2×bçÍ:PM
Í }(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 8: ”Ì

O°Î}äí|òŸjá x3, )
−2 − 3x + 1
3
x = −2 − 0 − + 0−
Ÿ = lim 10
x→−∞
x + 2
2 + 5
3 0− + 0+ + 0−
x x
−2
= + −
= „ø
.qüìÑ 0 C 0

zp°Î}‚í|òŸjá, uø_ªWíþt; O}ä

í|òŸjáv1.ªW, bü-.

(d) °Ü, °Î x4, )

3x4 − 8x + 5 3 − x83 + x54

lim = lim
x→−∞ 5x4 + 6x3 − 7 x→−∞ 5 + 6 − 7
x x4
3 − 0− + 0+ C 3 − 0 + 0 3
= = =
5 + 0− − 0+ 5+0−0 5

W 7 q`T x "Aäí,A…Ñ
C(x) = 100x + 200, 000 (j)
†`T x "AäíÌA…
C(x) 200, 000
C(x) = = 100 + (j/")
x x
t° lim C(x) 1j„.
x→∞
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<j> ;W”Ì4”£ìÜ 2,
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200, 000
lim C(x) = lim 100 +
x→∞ x→∞ x
= 100 + 0 = 100
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200, 000
x
 ìË]ÁB 0, J_k©"AäíÌA…}Q¡Þß
íÀPA… (unit cost of production) $100.

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