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}(AÚ, 106ç) Àj 9: Ài”ÌD©/4

Àj 9: Ài”ÌD©/ 4
({… §2.5)

ø. Ài”Ì
qƒb
{
x − 1, x < 0
f (x) =
x + 1, x ≥ 0
àÇý, J x ÑQ¡ 0 í£b (¹ x → 0+), f (x)
}BVBÔ¡ 1; J x ÑQ¡ 0 íŠb (¹ x → 0−),
f (x) }BVBÔ¡ −1, ¹ f Ê x = 0 ísiWÑ.
ø_, ];W”Ìíì2,
lim f (x).æÊ
x→0

Jc5?£í x M, )ø f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ 1, ç x

k}Ëâ¬iQ¡ 0 v, ]˚ x â¬iQ¡ 0 v, f í
¬i”Ì (right-hand limit) Ñ 1, 1pA
lim f (x) = 1
x→0+
°Ü, c5?Ší x M, )ø f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ −1,
ç x k}Ëâ˝iQ¡ 0 v, ]˚ x â˝iQ¡ 0 v,
f í˝i”Ì (left-hand limit) Ñ −1, 1pA
lim f (x) = −1
x→0−
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¤¬i”ÌC˝i”Ì$˚ÑÀi”Ì (one-sided
limit); Ñ–}–c1ʄԁ;p-, 5‡«níøO
”Ì¢˚ÑÂi”Ì (two-sided limit), b° x â
siQ¡ø ìb a v, ú@íƒbM}ø_ËL<Ô¡
øõb L, 1pA

lim f (x) = L
x→a

;W,H, ªR|øOƒbíÀi”Ìì2.

ì2 1. ç x â¬iQ¡ a v, ƒb f í”ÌÑ L,
pT
lim f (x) = L
x→a+
J/ñJƒbM f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ L, ç x â¬ik
}ËÔ¡ (O.k) a v, àÇý.

°Ü, ç x â˝iQ¡ a v, ƒb f í”ÌÑ M , pT

lim f (x) = M
x→a−
J/ñJƒbM f (x) ªL<ËÔ¡ M , ç x â˝ik
}ËÔ¡ (O.k) a v, àÇý.

Ài”ÌDÂi”ÌíÉ[à-HìÜ.
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ìÜ 3. qƒb f úkFÊ a Ë¡í x Ìì2

(Ê a Ìì2Ì^), †

lim f (x) = L
x→a
J/ñJ

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = L

x→a+ x→a−
¹ (Âi) ”ÌæÊJ/ñJs_Ài”ÌÌæÊ/ó.

Å. â”Ìíì2, ìÜ 3 éÍA . Ài”Ìàk°

}¨ƒbÊ}¨õí (Âi) ”Ì, à-W.

W 1. Iùƒb
{
−x, x ≤ 0
√
f (x) =
x, x > 0
/
{
−1, x < 0
g(x) =
1, x≥0
t°

(a) lim f (x)

x→0
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(b) lim g(x)

x→0

<j> ÄÑÊ}¨õ x = 0 ísi, ƒb f .°í

bç, ].íJø_bçä°Âi”Ì, Í7ºjZ
*Ài”ÌOG, ¹
lim f (x) = lim (−x) = 0
x→0− x→0−
J£
√
lim f (x) = lim x=0
x→0+ x→0+
]âìÜ 3, )Âi”Ì
lim f (x) = 0
x→0
àÇý.

(b) °Ü, ÄÑ
lim g(x) = lim (−1) = −1
x→0− x→0−
/
lim g(x) = lim 1 = 1
x→0+ x→0+
.ø_, àÇý, ]âìÜ 3,
lim g(x) .æÊ
x→0
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ù. ©/ƒb

òh,, øƒbu©/í (continuous), J¤ƒbíÇ

$³iÇíÛï, ´†˚¤ƒbÊi±TÑ.©/
(discontinuous), àÇý.

¨A.©/íÛï

1. f Ê x = a „ì2, øÿ¨ (hole), .©/.

2. f Ê x = c ì2 (¹ f (c) Ñøõb), O

lim f (x) .æÊ, $Aø& (jump), .©/.
x→c

3. ÖÍ f Ê x = b ì2 (¹ f (b) Ñøõb) /

lim f (x) 6æÊ, O
x→b

lim f (x) 6= f (b)

x→b
6$Aø&, .©/.

4. Ê x = d, f m„ì2, lim f (x) 6.æÊ, $A

x→d
ø2i (break), .©/.
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Å. ƒb f ÊwìõÌ©/, ÔÑÊ©øõíƒbM
k”ÌM; !k§Î,Hhôƒí.©/Ûï, )©/
4íì2à-.

ì2 2. ƒb f Ê x = a ©/J-ú‘KÌA .

1. f (a) ì2.

2. lim f (x) æÊ.

x→a

3. lim f (x) = f (a)

x→a

Å 1. âj&íhõ, f Ê x = a ©/<‚O f Ê
x = a í”ÌMkƒbM, ¹

lim f (x) = f (a)

x→a
âSíhõ, ¤4<‚O x Q¡ a v, f (x) }Ô¡
f (a).

Å 2. f Êø–Èq©/J/ñJ f Ê–Èqí©øõ
Ì©/.
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W 2. t‡i-®ƒbÊST©/.

(a) f (x) = x + 2

x2 − 4
(b) g(x) =
x−2

{
x + 2, x 6= 2
(c) h(x) =
1, x=2

{
−1, x < 0
(d) F (x) =
1, x≥0


 1
, x>0
(e) G(x) = x

−1, x ≤ 0

|x − 1|
(f) H(x) =
x−1

<j> (a) úL<õb a,

lim f (x) = lim (x + 2) = a + 2 = f (a)
x→a x→a
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] f Êc_b(,Ì©/, àÇý.

(b) “, )
x2 − 4 (x + 2)(x − 2)
g(x) = =
x−2 x−2
= x + 2, x 6= 2
àÇý. ÄÑÊ x = 2 „ì2, ]Ê x = 2 .©/.
ƒb g Êwìí x Ì©/.

(c) àÇý,

lim h(x) = lim (x + 2) = 4 6= h(2) = 1

x→2 x→2

]Ê x = 2 .©//Êwìí x Ì©/.

(d) ÄÑ

lim F (x) = lim 1 = 1

x→0+ x→0+
/
lim F (x) = lim (−1) = −1
x→0− x→0−

] lim F (x) .æÊ. Ĥ, F Ê x = 0 .©//Ê

x→0
wìí x Ì©/, àÇý.
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(e) ÄÑ
1 1
lim G(x) = lim = +=∞
x→0+ x→0+ x 0
] lim G(x) .æÊ. Ĥ, G Ê x = 0 .©//Ê
x→0
wìí x Ì©/, àÇý.

(f) ç x > 1, )
|x − 1| x−1
H(x) = = =1
x−1 x−1

ç x < 1, )
|x − 1| −(x − 1)
H(x) = = = −1
x−1 x−1
¹
{
−1, x < 1
H(x) =
1, x>1
àÇý. ÄÑ H Ê x = 1 „ì2/ lim H(x) .æ
x→1
Ê, ] H Ê x = 1 .©/, Êwì x Ì©/.

ú. ©/ƒbí4”

;W©/4íì2£”Ìí4”, )©/ƒbí
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øO4”. q c D n ÑU)bç<2íõb, /
ƒb f D g ÌÊ x = a ©/, †

1. bƒb (constant function) f (x) = c 0©

/ (Ê©øbÌ©/).

2. 0ƒb (identity function) f (x) = x 0©/

(Êc_b(,Ì©/).

3. [f (x)]n Ê x = a ©/.

4. f ± g Ê x = a ©/.

5. f g Ê x = a ©/.

f
6. Ê x = a ©/, ç g(a) 6= 0 v.
g
¹©/ƒb%âŸj£û†«(YÍ)©/ƒb.

7. Öáƒb p(x) 0©/.

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p(x)
8. ܃b R(x) = ÊF q(x) 6= 0 í x
q(x)
Ì©/.

<„> 7. qÖá

p(x) = anxn + an−1xn−1 + · · · + a1x + a0

úLøõb c, ;W”Ìí4”,
lim p(x) = lim anxn + lim an−1xn−1
x→c x→c x→c
+ · · · + lim a1x + lim a0
x→c x→c
( )n ( )n−1
= an lim x + an−1 lim x
x→c x→c
( )
+ · · · + a1 lim x + a0
x→c
= ancn + an−1cn−1 + · · · + a1c + a0
= p(c)
]â©/4íì2, p(x) Ê x = c ©/. ÄÑ c ÑL
<íõb, ]Öá p(x) Êc_b(,Ì©/.

8. q q(c) 6= 0, †;W”Ìí4”£,Hí4” 7,

p(x) lim p(x)

x→c
lim R(x) = lim =
x→c x→c q(x) lim q(x)
x→c
p(c)
= = R(c)
q(c)
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]â©/4íì2, R(x) Ê x = c ©/. ÄÑ c uL

p(x)
<U) q(c) 6= 0 íõb, ]܃b R(x) =
q(x)
ÊF q(x) 6= 0 í x Ì©/.

W 3. t‡i-®ƒbÊST©/.

(a) f (x) = 3x3 + 2x2 − x + 10

8x10 − 4x + 1
(b) g(x) =
x2 + 1

4x3 − 3x2 + 1
(c) h(x) =
x2 − 3x + 2

<j> (a) ƒb f ÑÖá, ]0©/.

(b) }‚ x2 + 1 ≥ 1, 0.Ñ 0, ]܃b g úF

í x Ì©/.

(c) }‚

x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2) = 0
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) x = 1 D x = 2, ]܃b h Ê x = 1 D
x = 2 .©/, Êwì x Ì©/.

ìÜ 4 (2ÈMìÜ, Intermediate Value

Theorem). Jƒb f Ê£–È [a, b] ,©// M
uk f (a) D f (b) ÈíLøb, †Ê [a, b] qBý
øb c U) f (c) = M , àÇý.

Å 1. 2ÈMìÜcuøæÊ4ìÜ, zpks«õƒ
bM f (a) D f (b) ÈíLøb, øì}u [a, b] qBý
øbíƒbM, Bk_b£¨<b†„zp.

Å 2. J f Ê [a, b] q.©/, †2ÈMìÜ.øìA

. àÇý, úkki±õqíb M , ÿ.}u f Ê
[a, b] q/bíƒbM.

ìÜ 5 (¡;ìÜ). J f Ê£–È [a, b] ,©//

f (a) D f (b) óæí£ŠU (¯U) (¹ø£øŠ),
†j˙ f (x) = 0 Ê (a, b) qBýø;, àÇý.

<„> ÄÑ f (a) D f (b) ¯Uóæ, ] 0 kwÈ,

]â2ÈMìÜ, Býø c ∈ (a, b) U) f (c) = 0,
¹Býø c Ñ;, )„.
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Å. ¡;ìÜíS<2Ñ, Jø©/ƒbíÇ$â
x-W5,B x-W5- (Câ x-W5-B x-W5,), †
øì}¡¬ x-W.

W 4. q
f (x) = x3 + x + 1
t„pj˙ f (x) = 0 Ê (−1, 1) qBýø;.

<„> ÄÑ f 0©//

f (−1) = −1 − 1 + 1 = −1 < 0
/
f (1) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 > 0
]â¡;ìÜ)„.

W 5. q
f (x) = x3 + x − 1
tJ¡;ìÜ° f (x) = 0 í;.

<j> íl,
f (0) = −1 < 0
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/
f (1) = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1 > 0
]Ê (0, 1) qø;, àÇý.

QO, ù} (0, 1), )2õ

0+1 1
=
2 2
/ ( )
1 1 1 3
f = + −1=− <0
2 8 2 8
( )
]Ê 1, 1 qø;, àÇý.
2
( )
yù} 1, 1 , )2õ
2
1/2 + 1 3
=
2 4
/ ( )
3 27 3 11
f = + −1= >0
4 64 4 64
( )
]Ê 1 3 qø;, àÇý.
2, 4
( )
yù} 1, 3 , )2õ
2 4
1/2 + 3/4 5
=
2 8
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/
( )
5 125 5 67
f = + −1=− <0
8 512 8 512
( )
]Ê 5, 3 qø;, àÇý.
8 4
...

./ù}BDüí–È, à

(0.6796875, 0.6835937)
1J¤–ÈqíLøbTÑ;í¡NM (˚T¡N;), ¦
¦2õ
0.6796875 + 0.6835937
= 0.6816406
2

C¦ 0.68 TÑ¡N;, †

ÏÏ = |¡N; − ö£;| < –ÈÅ

Ĥ, |(ù})ƒí–ÈÅBü, ÏÏBü, ,lBÄ

ü, à

ÏÏ < 0.6835937 − 0.6796875 = 0.0039062

ÄüB 2 Püb.
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Å. ¤;W¡;ìÜ°;íj¶˚Tù}¶
(method of bisection).

W 6. qƒb
{
x + 2, x ≤ 1
f (x) =
kx2, x>1
t° k U) f Ê (−∞, ∞) ,©/.

<j> ÄÑ

lim f (x) = lim kx2 = k

x→1+ x→1+
/ f (1) = 3, ].â k = 3.

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