External Equivalent

EE 521 Analysis of Power Systems

Chen-Ching Liu, Boeing Distinguished Professor

Washington State University
EXTERNAL EQUIVALENT

Each power system (area) is part of an interconnected

system. Monitoring devices are installed and data are
available from one’s own system. However, security
analysis depends on accurate and reliable load flow
models of the non-monitored parts of the system as well.
Approximate reduced models for load flow studies of the
non-monitored parts are called External Equivalents.

Internal
External
System
System
(normal load
(equivalent
flow  model)
d l)
model)
Boundary Buses
23 24 26 29 30
25 External
27 e
18 19
15
22
20 28

16 21
17 Boundary
14 b

10 i
12
13 Internal

11 9 IEEE 30-Bus System

4 6 8

3 7

1 2 5
1. Ward Equivalent (=1948)
 i : internal

 b : boundary
 e : external
t l

By nodal analysis. (YE = I)
e b i
e 0 E I (1)
Y ee Y ebb e e

e i (2)
b Y be Y Y bb bb Y bi Eb = I b

i 0 Y ib Y ii E i I i (3)

By (1):
Y ee E e  Y eb E b  I e
1 1
 E e  Y ee Y eb E b  Y ee I e
By (2):
e i
Y be E e  (Y bb  Y bb )E b  Y bi E i  I b
1 1
 Y be Y ee Y eb E b  Y be Y ee I e
e i
 (Y bb  Y bb )E b  Y bi E i  I b
e i 1
 [Y bb  Y bb  Y be Y ee Y eb ]E b  Y bi E i
1
 I b Y be Y ee I e
e 1
Let : Y eq  Y bb Y be Y ee Y eb
1
I eq  Y be Y ee I e

i
Y  Y eq Y
bb bi E b I b  I eq
= (4)
Y ib Y ii E i I i
In block diagram:

Internal Ward
System
y ((i)) Equivalent
i
Y bb Y bi
Y eq
Y ib Y ii

Four Basic Steps in the construction of a ward

E i l t
Equivalent:
1. Determination of the external network data
from available information
2. Obtainingg the ward equivalent
q network Y eq
by Gaussian elimination.
3
3. Using the values for the complex voltages
at the boundary buses from the internal
state-estimation
state estimation to compute the flows in the
Ward equivalent branches.

4. Boundary matching, i.e., adding fictitious

i j ti
injections att th
the b
boundary
d b
buses so th
thatt
Eq.(4) holds.

Base case: results of the state estimation (load

(
flow) for the internal system without
contingency.
g y
Why are the original and reduced models
equivalent?

In the base case, if one solves the

load flow (4), the solution [ E , E ] (system
b i

state)) is exactlyy the same as that of Eqs.

q ((1)-(3).
)( )
The external equivalent model can be used in the
contingency evaluation
evaluation.
• Ward Equivalent
q g
gives reasonably
y accurate
results for real power flows, whereas the
accuracyy for reactive p
power flow is relatively
y
poor.

(This is due to the fact that the change in

reactive power injection to maintain constant
voltage at external PV buses is not accounted
for )
for.)
2. Ward-PV Equivalent

• The Ward reduction process is applied only to

external PQ buses.
buses
• The external PV buses are retained.
• The Ward-PV equivalents give excellent results
for contingency evaluation.

Given the system block diagram:

IInternall Q
system ~
External
Boundary
system
 
e

Q Q Q V b i
Q  Y Y QV Y 0
e
QQ Qb

V  Y VQ Y VV Y Vb 0
e i
b Y bQ Y bV Y Y
bb bb Y bi
i 0 0 Y ib Y ii

(Node (Bus) Admittance Matrix Y)

To obtain the ward-PV equivalent, one needs to
do Gaussian elimination to eliminate Q part,
p ,
i.e.,
Q V b i

Q
wv wv
V Y vv Y vb 0
(+)
b wv wv i
0 Y bv Y Y
bb bb Y bi
i 0 Y ib Y ii
Th W
The Ward-PV
d PV equivalent
i l t network:
t k
B V
Internal ~

system ~
3. Extended Ward

 To combine the simplicity of the Ward

equivalent with the response of the Ward Ward-PVPV
equivalent.
 It is
i a Ward
W d equivalent
i l t with
ith additional
dditi l reactive
ti
support at the boundary buses such that its
reactive
ti response iis close
l tto th
thatt off the
th
Ward-PV equivalent.
 The reactive support in the extended Ward is
derived so that the incremental responsep
(linearized response from the base case) for
the reactive p
power flows is almost the same as
that from the Ward-PV equivalent.
Incremental form of Decoupled Load Flow:
T
  P    P    P 
   B '  ,    
1
'..... 
 V   V   V 1 
T
  Q 
  Q    Q   
   B '' V ,    1
'.....
 V   V   V 1 
 

Consider the decoupled load flow:

 P   V V B    

i i j ij i j
j  i

    V
2
 Q V i B ii i V j B ij

i
j  i

I
Incremental
t l form:
f
 P i
  V i V j B ij
  i
   j

j  i

or :
 P i
  V j B ij
  i
   j

V i j  i

Set V j
 1 , then :
  P 
   B '  (DC load flow)
 V 
On the other hand:
  Q

  V
i
  2 V i B ii
  Vj i
j B ij
i

  Q

i
  V B i  j 
  V j
i ij

  Q V

1
V i
  2 B  j
B
 i
 V i
ii
j i V i
ij

so : 
  Q
V
1 i
  B i  j 
i
 V ij
 j

  Q  Q 
 Q Q  1 1
 
As  Q  V , where    V  V 
V V 
1 2

   
 1 
 V 1 
 1  1 Q
 V 2   Q  V  V
  V

  
  Q  1  Q
   V V   ' V
B '
 V  V
  

  2   B
''
F
For B ' ': B ii B ii
j i
ij

 
 2   B ij  B i 0    B
Yii Gii j Bii  j  i 
shunts

  B ij  2 B i 0
 j i
ij

j i
 
'
B ii
 B   B i  j
''
ij ij

B’’ can be obtained from B’ by deleting rows &

p
columns corresponding g to PV buses, doubling
g
the shunts.
* * * * * * *
From Eq. (+), if the rows and columns
corresponding to the external PV buses are
deleted, then the decoupled reactive power flow
is given by:
  Q  
 b 
 '' 
 B WV
 
i ''

'' 
B bb B bi  b    V 
 V b  


               
 
'' 
  

''
 B ii    V 
i     Q i  
 B ib   
   
V i
The reactive response of the Ward-PV
Equivalent to the changes in boundary bus
voltage V b is V b 1 0 
V   0  
V B
b
 Q
WV
b
 b
''
WV  V b   (*)

On the other hand if one starts with the original

networks and performs the Ward Equivalent, the
decoupled reactive power flow would be
 Qb 
 
 B ''  B  B b'' i 
''
i
V   V b 
 W bb
 
b
    Q i  
 B ''
 ib B i''i  V i   
  V i  
The reactive response of the Ward equivalent is
given by:

Q  V b B W' '  V
W
b b 
By equations (*)
( ) & ().
() If the Ward Equivalent is
desired to have the same reactive response as
the Ward-PV
Ward PV equivalent,
equivalent reactive injections
should be of the amount:
(#)
 
~
Q  V b  B WV
''
 B W' '  V
b    b
^
B

* * * * * * *
An approximation to (#) will be derived that can
be implemented in a power flow program
program. The
approach is to construct a network the
^
corresponding B” matrix of which is B .
 ^
Consider the k-th component of Q , i.e., b

~
Q ^ ^
k 
B Vk   BkmVm
Vk kk m k
^ ^
 B Vk   Bkm Vm  Vk 
k m k

....(a)
^ ^ ^
Where: Bk  Bkk   B k
km
mk

IIn other
th words,
d the
th corresponding
di network
t k
^
has a shunt given by B k .
Now suppose
''
B wv  B km
wv
  and
B w' '  B  w
km

Then :
B kkwv   
mk
wv
B km  j v
B kjwv  B k

(shunt)
mb

B kkw   
mk
wv
B km  Bk

(shunt)
mb

Therefore :
^

B kk  B kkwv  B kkw
   B kjwv
j v

Practicall y :  V m   V k and B kkwv  B kkw , so :

^ ^

B k
 B kk    B kjwv
j v
 By the above derivation, an approximate
formula is obtained:
~ ^
 Q  Vk B k
Vk
k

^
Ward-PV
~
B k

Bkj ~
~
j ^

boundary external  B k
 
j v
B kj
~ ^
^
Q  V 2
B / 2
k Bk / 2 k
~
k k

^ ^
 Q  2V k  V k B k
/ 2 B k
k

~
~

~
The construction of an extended Ward
equivalent is summarized below:

1. Obtain
Obt i a Ward
W d Equivalent
E i l t off the
th external
t l
system.
2. Start again from the original system.
Ground all external PV buses.
Apply Gaussian Elimination on the Bus
Admittance Matrix Y to eliminate all external
buses to obtain the equivalent shunts at the
boundaryy buses, which are the admittances
^
j B k
3. Augment the Ward Equivalent by inserting a
^

shunt j B at each boundaryy bus.

k
2

• The extended Ward equivalent has been

found to give accurate results for
contingency evaluation
evaluation.
Further Information
F F.
F. F Wu
W and d A.
A Monticelli,
M ti lli “C“Critical
iti l review
i off
external network modeling for on-line security
analysis,”
l i ” Int.
I t Journal
J l off Electrical
El t i l Power
P andd
Energy Systems, Oct. 1983, pp. 222-235.