1.

Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary subject examining the interplay between the

social, legal, management, and scientific aspects of environmental issues. Interdisciplinary
means that issues are examined from multiple perspectives. Unlike environmental science,
which focuses mainly on the scientific component of these environmental issues,
environmental studies investigates the scientific and the humanitarian aspects. Students of
environmental studies learn the causes, effects, and possible solutions to address important
environmental problems.

2.Sunderlal Bahuguna. Sunderlal Bahuguna (born 9 January 1927).

The Chipko Movement or Chipko Andolan was primarily a forest conservation movement in

India that began in 1973 and went on to become a rallying point for many future
environmental movements all over the world it created a precedent for starting of non-violent
protest in India,[1] and its success meant that the world immediately took notice of this non
violent movement, which was to inspire in time many such eco-groups by helping to slow
down the rapid deforestation, expose vested interests, increase ecological awareness, and
demonstrate the viability of people power. Above all, it stirred up the existing civil society in
India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalized people. Today, beyond
the eco-socialism hue, it is being seen increasingly as an ecofeminism movement. Although
many of its leaders were men, women were not only its backbone, but also its mainstay,
because they were the ones most affected by the rampant deforestation,[2]which led to a lack
of firewood and fodder as well as water for drinking and irrigation. Over the years they also
became primary stakeholders in a majority of the afforestation work that happened under the
Chipko movement.[3][4][5] In 1987, the Chipko movement was awarded the Right Livelihood
Award.[6] The chipko aandolan is a movement that practised the Gandhian methods of
Satyagraha where both male and female activists played vital roles, including Gaura Devi,
Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi and Chandi Prasad Bhatt.

3.Silent Valley National Park is a national park with a core zone of 236.74 square kilometres
(91 sq mi) (making it the second largest national park in Kerala). This national park has some
rare species of flora and fauna. It is located in the Nilgiri hills, within the palakkad
District of Kerala, South India. This region was explored in 1847 by the botanist Robert Wight,
[1]
 This park is one of the last undisturbed tracts of South Western Ghats mountain rain
forests and tropical moist evergreen forest in India. Contiguous with the
proposed Karimpuzha National Park (225 km2) to the north and Mukurthi National
Park (78.46 km2) to the north-east, it is the core of the Nilgiri International Biosphere
Reserve (1,455.4 km2), and is part of The Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (6,000+ km2), Western
Ghats World Heritage Site, recognised by UNESCO in 2007.[2]
Plans for a hydroelectric project that threatened the park's rich wildlife stimulated
an environmentalist social movement in the 1970s, known as the Save Silent
Valley movement, which resulted in cancellation of the project and creation of the park in
1980. The visitors' centre for the park is at Sairandhri.
4. The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collection of water from surfaces on
which rain falls, and subsequently storing this water for later use. Normally water is collected
from the roofs of buildings and stored in rainwater tanks. Rainwater harvesting
systems provide distributed stormwater runoff containment while simultaneously storing
water which can be used for irrigation, flushing toilets, washing clothes, washing cars,
pressure washing,or it can be purified for use as everyday drinking water.
5. Importance of DAMs:-
Irrigation
Hydropower
Water supply for domestic and industrial use
Inland navigation
Flood control
In biology or human geography, population growth is the increase in the number of
individuals in apopulation. Global human population growthamounts to around 83 million
annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.6
billion in 2017.

6.Change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, altering the composition
of the global atmosphere.

Human activity includes the pollution that arises from industrial activity and other sources that produce
greenhouse gases. These gases, such as carbon dioxide, have the ability to absorb the spectrum of
infrared light and contribute to the warming of our atmosphere. Once produced, these gases can remain
trapped in the atmosphere for tens or hundreds of years.

The greenhouse effect is the cycle by which these gases become trapped in the atmosphere and heat the
planet. The term was coined in 1827 by Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician and physicist, who
envisioned that the warming process of the Earth acted in the same way as a greenhouse traps heat - a
process of visible light and invisible radiation, with Earth's atmosphere acting as the glass barrier.

7. What Is Child Welfare?

Child welfare is a continuum of services designed to ensure that children are safe and that families
have the necessary support to care for their children successfully. Child welfare agencies typically:

• Support or coordinate services to prevent child abuse and neglect

• Provide services to families that need help protecting and caring for their children

• Receive and investigate reports of possible child abuse and neglect; assess child and family needs,
strengths, and resources
 • Arrange for children to live with kin (i.e., relatives) or with foster families when safety cannot be
ensured at home

• Support the well-being of children living with relatives or foster families, including ensuring that
their educational needs are addressed

8. The sustainable yield of natural capital is the ecological yield that can be extracted

without reducing the base of capital itself, i.e. the surplus required to maintain ecosystem
services at the same or increasing level over time. This yield usually varies over time with the
needs of the ecosystem to maintain itself, e.g. a forest that has recently suffered
a blight or flooding or fire will require more of its own ecological yield to sustain and re-
establish a mature forest. While doing so, the sustainable yield may be much less.
In forestry terms it is the largest amount of harvest activity that can occur without degrading
the productivity of the stock.

9. Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably

manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the
current and future human.. demand. Population, household size, and growth and affluence all
affect how much water is used.

Some general benefits of water conservation include: Energy savings by using less energy

for heating, pumping, and treating water. ... Various environmentalbenefits include
increased water available to local streams, wetlands, and their natural inhabitants and
fewer water projects.

Fresh, clean water is a limited resource. While most of the planet is covered inwater, it is
salt water that can only be consumed by humans and other species after undergoing
desalination, which is an expensive process. ... Water conservationreduces energy use and
can even save households money.

10. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies

(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental
degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects the entire biosphere of plants and organisms living in these water
bodies, as well as organisms and plants that might be exposed to the water. In almost all
cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the
natural biological communities.
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological
molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death
of humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops,
 and may damage the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can
both generate air pollution.
11. The most famous one was the Indian Forest Act of 1878. Both the 1878 act and the
1927 one sought to consolidate and reserve the areas having forestcover, or significant
wildlife, to regulate movement and transit of forest produce, and duty leviable on timber and
other forest produce.

12. What are theeffects of global warming

 Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and severe droughts will cause more dramatic water
shortages and increase the risk of wildfires in the American West.

 Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding on the Eastern Seaboard, especially in
Florida, and in other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico.

 Forests, farms, and cities will face troublesome new pests, heat waves, heavy
downpours, and increased flooding. All those factors will damage or destroy
agriculture and fisheries.

 Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and Alpine meadows could drive many plant
and animal species to extinction.

 Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks will become more common due to
increased growth of pollen-producing ragweed, higher levels of air pollution, and the
spread of conditions favorable to pathogens and mosquitoes.
13. Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with
acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere
in wet or dry forms.  This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the
atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. 

 Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity.  Two thirds of SO2 and one fourth of NOX in the
atmosphere come from electric power generators.
 Vehicles and heavy equipment.
 Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries.
14. Ozone layer is a deep layer in earth’s atmosphere that contain ozone which is a naturally
occurring molecule containing three oxygen atoms. These ozone molecules form a gaseous layer in
the Earth’s upper atmosphere called stratosphere. This lower region of stratosphere containing
relatively higher concentration of ozone is called Ozonosphere. The Ozonosphere is found 15-35 km
(9 to 22 miles) above the surface of the earth.

Natural causes of depletion of ozone layer: Ozone layer has been found to be affected by certain

natural phenomena such as Sun-spots and stratospheric winds. But this has been found to cause not

more than 1-2% depletion of the ozone layer and the effects are also thought to be only temporary. It is

also believed that  the major volcanic eruptions (mainly El Chichon in 1983 and and Mt. Pinatubo in

1991) has also contributed towards ozone depletion.

Man-made causes of depletion of ozone layer: The main cause for the depletion of ozone is

determined as excessive release of chlorine and bromine from man-made compounds such as

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), halons, CH3CCl3 (Methyl chloroform),

CCl4 (Carbon tetrachloride), HCFCs (hydro-chlorofluorocarbons), hydrobromofluorocarbons and

methyl bromide are found to have direct impact on the depletion of the ozone layer. These are

categorized as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).

15. The department of Family welfare undertook many pilot activities for implementation of

the family welfare program to meet the needs of women who are at risk of unwanted births

and has assisted the country to accelerate fertility decline. In 1997, India changed the strategy
of National Family welfare program to Reproductive and child Health- and in the ninth five-

year plan (1997-2002), a total change in implementation was recommended.

16. Role of NGO’S in Protection for the Environment in India

The NGO’s constitute a world wide net work interacting with Governments and Internal

intergovernmental organization in shaping international environmental policies;-

v  Creating awareness among the public on current environmental issues and solutions.
v  Facilitating the participation of various categories of stakeholders in the discussion on environmental

issues.

v  Conducting participatory rural appraisal.

v  Being involved in the protection of human rights to have a clean environment.

v  Protecting the natural resources and entrusting the equitable use of resources.

v  Data generation on natural resources, time line history of villages.

v  Analysis and monitoring of environmental quality.

v  Transferring information through newsletters, brochures, articles, audio visuals, etc.

v  Organizing seminars, lectures and group discussion for promotion of environmental awareness.

v  Helping the villages’ administrative officials in preparation, application and execution of projects on

environmental protection.

According to the World Bank in 1991, "Women play an essential role in the management of

natural resources, including soil, water, forests and energy...and often have a profound

traditional and contemporary knowledge of the natural world around them".[3]Whereas women

were previously neglected or ignored, there was increasing attention paid to the impact of

women on the natural environment and, in return, the effects the environment has on the

health and well-being of women. The gender-environment relations have valuable

ramifications in regard to the understanding of nature between men and women, the

management and distribution of resources and responsibilities and the day-to-day life and

well being of people.