MINERAL INSULATED HEATING CABLE SHEATH TEMPERATURE TEST

METHODS AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

Copyright Material IEEE
Paper No. PCIC-2011-48

Blair McGrath, P.Eng. Sudhir Thorat George Brady

Product Marketing Manager Product Marketing Manager Senior Project Manager
Tyco Thermal Controls Tyco Thermal Controls Syncrude Canada
th
250 West Street 307 Constitution Drive 9405-50 Street
Trenton, ON K8V 5S2 Menlo Park, CA 94025-1164 Edmonton, AB T9B 2T4
Canada USA Canada
bmcgrath@tycothermal.com sthorat@tycothermal.com Brady.George@syncrude.com

Ron Jurchuk, P.Eng. Richard Loiselle, P.Eng. Ron Derworiz, P.Eng.

Business Development Mgr Electrical Engineering Specialist Electrical Engineering Manager
Tyco Thermal Controls Suncor Energy Services Inc. Shell Canada Energy
th
985 Memorial Drive 150_6 Ave SW P.O. Bag No. 23
Fort McMurray, AB T9H 2X3 Calgary, AB T2P 3E3 Ft Saskatchewan, AB T8l 3T2
Canada Canada Canada
rjurchuk@tracerindustries.com rloiselle@suncor.com rderworiz@ieee.org

Abstract - Methods to measure and predict maximum approval agencies, such as CSA, FM and UL. In addition,
sheath temperatures of mineral insulated (MI) heating cable from a practical standpoint, the industry also needs MI heat
vary by testing agency, standards writing body and tracing designs to be cost-effective and easy to install and
manufacturer. This has resulted in confusion in the industry maintain. This paper proposes an improved test method to
about the best approach to predict sheath temperatures of accurately predict the maximum sheath temperature as well
MI heat tracing cables. This paper presents an analysis of as strategies to optimize the designs with MI heat tracing
two different test methods for sheath temperature prediction. cables.
The test methods studied are commonly known in the Investigations into improved methods for predicting MI
industry as the 'pipe test' and the 'plate test'. The paper cable sheath temperatures began in 2001 when it was
demonstrates that the pipe test has significant variation in recognized that different manufacturers were predicting
the measured sheath temperatures in successive test runs different temperatures for similar cables (Figure 1), which is
while the plate test produces a much more repeatable and contrary to what the principles of thermal heat transfer would
accurate result. The paper proposes the use of the plate test predict. The lack of consistency suggested that there was no
as a preferred method to measure and predict maximum industry-wide consensus as to the method that should be
sheath temperature. As a related topic, the paper also used to reliably and consistently predict the sheath
presents general considerations for optimizing designs that temperature of MI heating cables under various conditions or
will reduce costs and improve constructability of electrical that the existing methods did not produce consistent results.
heat tracing designs using MI heat tracing cables. A case Some of the factors suspected of contributing to this
study is presented to demonstrate application of these situation were:
design optimization techniques. 1. the data was based on limited measurements that
were made over 30 years ago,
Index Terms - Mineral insulated (MI) heating cable, 2. the tools and equipment used to generate the data
sheath temperature, pipe test, plate test, electric heat were no longer state-of-the-art, and
tracing, electric trace heating, AIT 3. the data existed only in the form of tables and graphs
and was limited to a small subset of the conditions
I. INTRODUCTION that were of interest.
5hNIh TemperabJre tor 511&- (1.9 mm) M' cable on Pipe at 15O"C (300F)
In North America, the heat tracing industry has been 500

providing MI electric heat tracing cables to industrial .......

customers for freeze protection and for process temperature Manufadu irA. ----�
-- ----
0� V-- Manufac urer Manufadu
maintenance applications for more than 50 years. It is well Eurooe �
Manufact rerC
canada
known that because MI cables are constant wattage cables,
they produce the same amount of heat regardless of the
��...- ---�
temperature of the pipe on which they are installed. When MI --- .---
/. :::.---'
heating cables are used in classified areas, the Canadian ��
and US electrical codes require that the surface temperature
150 l/""
of electrical equipment, including MI heat tracing cables,
100
operate below the auto-ignition temperature of flammable
fluids or dusts in the area. Therefore, it is important to be 50

able to accurately and confidently predict the maximum •

• , . 30 50 60 70 80
temperature the heating cable sheath will reach in any
particular installation. For this reason, having the capability to
Fig 1 - MI Cable Sheath Temperatures Predictions by Manufacturer
accurately predict sheath temperatures is also required by

978-1-61284-298-1/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

 the cable sheath, it was observed that it was very difficult to
II. TEST METHOD COMPARISON obtain reproducible temperatures and that the "hottest spot"
varied from run to run and from pipe to pipe. This was true in
A project was started to evaluate which of the suspected spite of the fact that extra efforts were taken to attempt to
causes were contributing to the inconsistencies between control heat loss, including the use of supplemental heaters
manufacturers. Several MI heating cables of the same inside the pipe, plugging of all the gaps in the insulation by
manufacturer were selected for sheath temperature testing additional fibrous insulation and sealing the seams in the
ranging in size from approximately 3 to 11 mm in diameter. insulation with tape (see Figure 5 and 6). After these
IEEE 515 "Standard for the Testing, Design, Installation, and extraordinary steps were taken to try to get consistent results, it
Maintenance of Electrical Resistance Heat Tracing for Industrial was found that the measured temperatures still varied widely.
Applications" [1]- contains a method known as the pipe test to This can best be seen in Figure 7 which is a graph of
evaluate sheath temperatures. This method was first selected temperatures at various locations as a function of time and
to evaluate the sheath temperature of the MI cable. Three pipe heating cable power. It can be seen that the temperatures at
sculptures were built that conformed with, but went beyond, the the pipe, valve, and flange identified as T18, T13 and T14
requirements of IEEE 515. Two of those sculptures are respectively in Figure 6, differ by as much as 8rC at 10 Witt,
illustrated in Figure 2, and installation details showing the even after steps to minimize temperature variation were taken.
heating cable and some of the many thermocouple attachment The figure illustrates the effect on the pipe temperature of using
points are shown in Figures 3 and 4. aluminum tape to plug the gaps in the insulation. The figure
also illustrates that the value and flange temperatures are much
lower than the set-point of 300°C at 10 and 20 Wlft while they
are close to or higher than 300°C at 30 and 40 Witt. The
amount of heating cable installed on these pipe features is not
adequate at lower wattages. This demonstrates the difficulty of
obtaining uniform pipe temperatures along the length of the
pipe especially with a constant wattage product. This variation
in the pipe temperature at different locations is one of the key
reasons for variability in the measured sheath temperature in
the pipe test. Figure 6 also demonstrates the effect of plugging
the gaps in the insulation using an aluminum tape on the
corresponding pipe temperature and sheath temperature.
Using aluminum tape resulted in increasing the corresponding
pipe temperature T15 from 268°C to 293°C with a similar
increase in local sheath temperature T1 from 478°C to 503°C.
The key point is that the insulation installation affects the local
pipe and sheath temperature and if the local pipe temperature
is not measured, the sheath temperature measurements could
be misleading.

Fig 5 - Valve and Insulation Fig 6 - AI-tape to plug the insulation gaps.

Several cable sizes were tested at power levels between 10

and 50 watts per foot and at pipe temperatures of 50, 150 and
300°C with 2-inch calcium silicate insulation. The pipe
temperature was maintained using an internal heater and a
controller. The sample heating cable was powered at each
wattage level and allowed to stabilize. Using thermocouples
fixed at many key points on the pipe, valve, and flanges, and on

2
 3.2 mm diameter MI Cable Sheath Temperatures at 300·C pipe
To further illustrate the lack of consistency in the pipe test
temperatura methodology, data was plotted in an "Isoplot" format. In this
MO r-------. plot, data is measured twice, by taking data from the same point
on a cable installed on two pipes. In an ideal, repeatable test,
these duplicate temperature measurements would be the same,
and the plot would give a straight diagonal line. It can be seen
soo , in Figure 8 that the data points do not fall on the line, but rather
indicate an unacceptably large measurement error of over
1OO°C. Figure 9 also shows that the variation in the sheath
temperature measurement in the pipe test increases at higher
400 sheath temperatures i.e. at higher wattages and higher pipe
10Wift temperatures. Under these conditions, it is believed that the
fIIt:N::M:."'.""':.""'� variation in the insulation installation and cable installation plays

E a larger role in affecting the sheath temperatures.

! 300
E
It
Actual ,hladl ttmpenrtum for • 7 mm dlam .. r cable on dlffel"lnt pipe lCulptum
J
� �------ �
200
x

ODD
x
x

• T1 • T2 T3

T4 :1.:T5 T6 ... +-------+--�

100
•

- T9 T11 x T13 (Vawe) .Sculpturw1n.SculpturIl2

i! ...
T14 (Flange) T15 (Vertical riser) T16 (Vertical riser)

1-
•

. T17 - T18
Sculpture 3V$. Sculpture 2

(Flanged Elbow) (Pipe)

TIM
200
Fig 7 - Pipe Sculpture Sheath Temperature Measurements

100 �����----�
Similar results were obtained when the pipe temperature was
not controlled using the internal heater and controller. The
sample heating cable was powered at various wattages and the
entire system was allowed to stabilize. For example, figure 8
shows that the pipe temperature at six different locations varies Fig 9 - Pipe Sculpture Repeatabiliity

by 80aC at 30 W/ft.
3,2 mm dlarnet.r MI Cable 8haath Tltmperalu ... at YOriou.
poww Iwv•• on a "IPI! ,...t
OOO r-------.
Recognizing that it was going to be difficult to generate

40
reproducible sheath temperatures using the pipe test, a second

522
sheath temperature test method was evaluated. This test,
ooo t-------��--1 which is a modified version of the test described in BS 6351
"Electric Surface Heating. Code of Practice for the Installation,
oT1 Testing and Maintenance of Electrical Surface Heating
oJ2
T3 Systems" [2], is commonly referred to as the "plate test". This
T4 test uses a 600 mm x 600 mm x 50 mm metal plate which is air
>T5
cooled, electrically heated and well insulated. In the procedure,
+T7
oTe

10W/ft ·T8
the cable is laid on the plate over a trough to simulate the field
condition where the heating cable is not in direct contact with
the pipe. Figure 10 illustrates a typical plate test set up, with the
heating cable in place, and the plate surrounded by thermal
200
insulation, but left uncovered to illustrate the location of the
cable and thermocouples. After many trials, it was determined
156
-T17
-T18
that deeper troughs produce higher sheath temperatures up to
.T19 a 5-mm trough depth with no additional effect beyond a 5-mm
100 T20
104 100 depth.

Fig 8 - Pipe Sculpture Sheath Temp Measurements without the controller

3
 332SA2600 (3.2 mm, Incoloy Sheath, Plate Test and Pipe Test Results
600

500 �

400
�1 c
§
�

r 8
@
Plate Test JOO"C

I I
c __

Pipe Data 300°C

200
c

100

.. ..
Pow_tWfmI
2D 40 .00 .40

Fig 12 - Pipe and Plate Test Repeatability Comparison

The variables that impact the sheath temperature of MI cable

include system variables such as cable diameter, cable
Two plate test set-ups were used with different plates and material, substrate (pipe or plate) material, insulation type and
calcium silicate insulation. To fit the cable, a 0/." wide groove thickness. The variables also include operating conditions such
was machined in the insulation with ends plugged to prevent air as substrate temperature and cable wattage. The installation
flow. 2- inch calcium silicate insulation was used in both plate variables that affect the length and depth of the air-gap between
test set-ups. The sheath temperatures under the same the MI cable and the substrate also impact the measured
operating conditions in the two plate set-ups are plotted in the sheath temperature. In the case of the pipe test, due to the
isoplot in Figure 11. It can be seen that with two different set­ inherent variability in cable installation, it is difficult to maintain a
ups, the plate test gave much more reproducible results than well-defined depth and length of air-gap between the cable and
the pipe test. the pipe. It is believed that due to variability in the insulation
installation and heat loss characteristics of pipe features, it is
difficult to maintain a uniformed pipe temperature. These
Actual Sheath Temperature for a 7 mm dla MI cable on different Plate test set-ups installation variables are the main cause of variability in the
measured sheath temperature in the pipe test. Hence, it is
difficult to develop a sheath temperature algorithm based on the
pipe test that will provide accurate and consistent results.
Moreover, the maximum sheath temperature was obtained at
different spots in different pipe sculptures which means that to
capture the highest sheath temperature, multiple
thermocouples are needed making the test cumbersome for
sheath temperature verification purposes. The plate test is more
..
.PI�te 1 vs. Plate 2
reproducible because the air-gap is well defined, the insulation
installation is better controlled, the plate can be uniformly
heated using internal heaters or cooled using air channels and
the maximum sheath temperature location is easy to capture on
the cable at the center of the air-gap. The maximum sheath
temperature obtained using the plate test is in-line with the
maximum sheath temperature obtained on the pipe test
ShelttJ Tempemure (RC)
provided the sheath and pipe temperatures are measured at

Fig 1 1 - Plate Test Repeatability

many locations along the length of the pipe. While we
understand that the pipe test intends to resemble real life
installation of heating cable on a pipe, the difficulty in controlling
Further, when the plate test results are compared with the pipe
the variables mentioned above makes the test cumbersome
test results, it can be seen in Figure 12 that the plate test data
and difficult to reproduce. The plate test provides an easy,
approximates the highest found temperature in the pipe test.
reliable and cost-effective way for manufacturers to develop
This was verified for various MI cables under wide range of
and verify their sheath temperature predictions.
operating conditions. This means, if the sheath temperature
was measured at many locations along the length of the MI
A plate test apparatus was modeled using finite element
cable, the maximum sheath temperature measured in the pipe
analysis (FEA) software. It was thought that developing a
test would be in agreement with the maximum sheath
predictive model of the test would verify that the experimental
temperature measured in the plate test.
predictions are consistent with basic principles of heat transfer
science, and would create a method to perform sensitivity
analyses and to model various installation scenarios that might
be difficult to test experimentally. Although the model was quite
complex and required the effects of radiation, convection, and
conduction to be included, the output of the FEA confirmed the

4
experimental results since the agreement between the two data the applications where the desired temperature to be
sets was excellent. The graphical output for one experimental maintained is relatively high and the area temperature rating is
condition is illustrated in Figure 13, confirming the temperature relatively low. In these cases, the standard heat tracing designs
range over the length of the modeled heating cable. Figure 14 would require multiple passes of MI cables with lower wattage
shows good agreement between the data predicted by the FEA in order to keep the maximum sheath temperatures below the
for cables at 50°C and 300°C and the data obtained area temperature rating. The design techniques listed below are
experimentally on the plate test. used to improve constructability by reducing the number of
The experimental results show that the plate test is a more passes while still ensuring reliable performance of the heat
repeatable and accurate method of predicting maximum sheath tracing systems. These methods have been proven effective for
temperatures for MI heat tracing cables. various real life applications and are continuing to be employed
in improving electrical heat tracing system designs:
462.46 Max
422.99 a) Investigate use of polymeric heating cables - Use of a
383.51 self-regulating, power-limiting or other heating cable
344.04
technology may be a suitable alternative since polymeric
304.57
265.09 heating cables do not have similar sheath temperature
225.62 considerations as MI cables. However, the user must
186.14 ensure that the alternate technology is applicable for the
146.67 given maintain and exposure temperatures as well as
107.19111in
ensure that the alternate technology provides a benefit in
reducing the number of heating cable passes as
compared to the MI cable design.
b) Review the area T-rating- Engineering assumptions for
establishing T-Ratings are often generalized for entire
facilities instead of considering the actual materials in a
y
specific section of the facility. Considering the AIT of the
specific hazards in the area may allow raising the
0 000 0.200 (m) acceptable equipment temperature, thus allowing higher
I outputs for a given cable and reducing the number of
0.100
Fig 13
cable runs required.
- MI Cable FEA Model of Sheath Temperature
c) Review the minimum ambient temperature assumption-
Heat loss calculations are based on a certain minimum
Comparison of Plate Test and FEA Results ambient temperature assumption. This minimum
ambient temperature may be increased based on the
600 actual history at the location which will potentially reduce

Q
OJ

Ii
550

500
,-�
/--.;.-� I d)
the calculated heat loss and number of passes of
heating cable.
Review the required maintain temperature assumption-
l"
450
""�.;;>:::-:;;.;;-� /<_-0
.Ie] I The heat input to maintain a pipe at a certain
/vJ
OJ

E
a.

400
.. / /� I temperature can be reduced if the required temperature
f!!. //' /";/
.. -;;;.//
I at which the pipe is to be maintained can be lowered
.s 350 //

/"
'"
r---� based on the actual fluid characteristics.
6 Exp_300C Plate
OJ

300 /
..c
Vl e) Rationalize the safety factor - As in any engineering
6 FEf,_300C PIGte
/ff""
-'
::?: design, safety factors are used in EHT system design to
E 250
o Ex�_50C PI.te ensure that design assumptions made can withstand a
/:/5.1
=>

o FEA_SOC 'late
E 200
'x certain level of variation from assumed values as actual
I

'"

::?: 150
g/ operating conditions change. Often the safety factors
I used can be rationalized for practical considerations. In
100
particular, as the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) increases,
a so 100 150 200 the safety factor (SF) for the EHT design can be reduced
Cable Power Density [W/m) without adversely affecting system performance given
that larger thermal mass will exist in a pipe as the
Fig 14 - Comparison of Plate Test and FEA
diameter increases. As the safety factor is reduced, the
calculated heat loss is reduced which may reduce the
III. DESIGN OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
number of passes of MI heating cables. The decision to
reduce the safety factor will also depend on the durability
After addressing the industry need to reliably and accurately
of the insulation and cladding material as well as the
predict the MI sheath temperatures, it was decided to develop
quality of the insulation installation. These factors must
design optimization techniques to further improve and optimize
carefully be considered before proceeding with a safety
the electrical heat tracing designs using MI heating cables. The
factor reduction.
driver behind this initiative was the industry need for simple,
cost effective, constructible, and easy to install and maintain f) Use insulation with improved K-Factor - Improving the
thermal resistance of the insulation has the same effect
electrical heat tracing designs using MI cables. There are many
as increasing the insulation thickness, thereby reducing
opportunities to optimize designs and reduce costs especially in

5
 the heat loss to ambient. There are several alternative The technique in Figure 3 uses the design from Figure 2 (T­
insulations available beyond the standard mineral wool rating change) and rationalizes the safety factor. H ere the
and calcium silicate insulation that are available for use, safety factor has been rationalized from 25% to 15%. This
with a potential to reduce the number of passes of MI results in the removal of one more pass of cable from 5
heating cables. passes in the Figure 2 design down to 4 passes in the Figure
g) Use a larger diameter MI heating cable- Under identical 3 design.
conditions, the sheath temperature for a larger diameter Finally in Figure 4 the designer has re-zoned the area and
MI cable will be lower than that of a smaller diameter limited the zone to a single flow path and has calculated the
cable. Thus use of a larger diameter MI cable may sheath temperature as a control limited design instead of a
enable higher wattage cables thereby reducing the stabilized design. This results in an EHT design using only 3
number of passes. passes of cable, down from the original base design of 7
h) Limit design to a single flow path where 'control limited' passes.
methods can be used - The sheath temperature of the
MI cable can be limited using controllers if a single flow V. CONCLUSIONS
path design is used rather than multiple flow paths under
a single heat tracing circuit. The current IEEE 515 contains a pipe test to predict MI
i) Increase insulation thickness - Increasing the insulation heating cable sheath temperatures which can lead to
thickness will reduce the heat loss thereby reducing the inaccurate and varied sheath temperature predictions
number of passes of heating cables. However this could throughout the industry. The plate test method has proven to be
be a potentially expensive option and should be used if a much more repeatable, cost-effective and accurate method of
and only if the standard design is not acceptable. predicting and verifying sheath temperatures. Maximum sheath
j) Consider the use of small, step-down low voltage temperatures measured using the plate test are in agreement
transformers - Using a step-down transformer will with the maximum sheath temperatures measured on the pipe
reduce the voltage supplied to an MI heating cable and test, with the plate test having the significant advantage of
consequently reduce the sheath temperature and being able to easily capture the hottest temperature along the
number of cable passes. Typically a 10 kVA transformer cable sheath. Due to the variability in the cable and insulation
will have 120 V primary supply with tap-selectable installation in the pipe test, the location where the maximum
secondary supplies of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 V. This sheath temperature is measured varies from one set-up to the
can often be a cost effective method to reduce the other and cannot be recorded reliably. The plate test should be
number of passes of heating cable. considered as the method of choice to verify and predict the
maximum sheath temperatures in future releases of the IEEE
IV. CASE STUDY 515 standard, with the goal of entirely phasing out the pipe test
method. The paper also presents optimization strategies to
In order to demonstrate these design optimization reduce costs and improve installation and maintenance of the
techniques, an actual installation was chosen and selected electrical heat tracing designs while ensuring reliable system
techniques were applied from the base design to show how performance. These methods have proven effective for various
the techniques can assist in developing EHT designs that are real life applications and are continuing to be employed in EHT
constructible and maintainable while using the higher sheath system design.
temperatures as measured on the plate test.
The case study is illustrated in Appendix A, showing four VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
variations of an EHT design of a particular pipe segment.
Figure 1 is the base design where the designer has chosen to The authors would like to acknowledge the technical
use multiple passes of a lower wattage cable, thereby contributions of Latif Ahmadyar, P.Eng, Tyco Thermal
lowering the sheath temperature to meet the area temperature Controls Engineering Supervisor who developed the case
rating of 260°C. This design results in 7 passes of cable study for this paper.
along the main section of the pipe segment. Although this The authors would like to acknowledge the technical
technique of using more passes of a lower wattage cable contributions of Ningli Liu, Tyco Thermal Controls Product
achieves a design that meets the area temperature rating, it Development Engineer, who developed the FEA simulation for
has the significant drawback of having too much cable to this paper.
actually physically assemble on the pipe, along with the
associated problems with maintenance of valves or pumps VII. REFERENCES
and having to disassemble and re-assemble the multiple
passes. Further steps are needed here in order to optimize [1] IEEE 515, May 2004, IEEE Standard for the Testing,
the design and reduce the number of passes of cable. Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Electrical
The next technique applied to the base design is shown in Resistance H eat Tracing for Industrial Applications, New
Figure 2. In this design, the T-rating of the hazardous location York, NY: IEEE.
was T2 (300°C) based on the auto-ignition temperatures of [2] BS 6351-3, November 1983, Electric Surface Heating.
flammable fluids in the area. With the new T-rating, 7 passes Code of Practice for the Installation, Testing and
in the base design are reduced to 5 passes in the Figure 2 Maintenance of Electrical Surface Heating Systems: BSI
design. Although 5 passes is more manageable from an
installation and maintenance standpoint, some further VIII. VITA
optimization can still be performed.
Ron Jurchuk has a 1975 Electronic Technology diploma from

6
Fanshawe College and a 1981 Bachelor of Applied Science
Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of
Waterloo. Ron has 20 years' experience with Imperial Oil and
Suncor in the petroleum refining and oil sands industries. He is
currently employed by Tyco Thermal Controls in Fort
McMurray, Alberta. He has been with Tyco Thermal Controls
for 9 years. Ron is a Certified Engineering Technologist in
Alberta as well as a registered Professional Engineer in the
provinces of Ontario & Alberta. He is a 35-year member of the
IEEE and has authored 2 IEEE PCIC conference papers.

Ron Derworiz received his Bachelor's of Science degree in

Electrical Engineering from the University of Alberta in
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada in 1992. He is with Shell Canada
Energy in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada as the
Upgrader facility Electrical Engineering Manager. He is a 19-
year Member of the IEEE and author of two IEEE papers.

George Brady graduated from Northern Alberta Institute of

Technology, 1988 and has spent 30 years in the petro-chemical
industry in maintenance, reliability and project roles. Presently
he is Senior Project Manager with Syncrude Canada and is the
author of many IEEE papers and PCIC presentations.

Richard Loiselle graduated from the University of

Saskatchewan with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering in 1989 and has spent 20 years in the petro­
chemical industry in maintenance, reliability and project roles
and is the author of many IEEE papers and presentations.

Sudhir Thorat received his Bachelors of Science in Chemical

Engineering from the University of Mumbai in 1998, Masters in
Materials Science and Engineering from the University of
Tennessee, Knoxville in 2000 and Masters in Business
Administration from California State University, East Bay in
2007. He has 9 years of experience in heat tracing systems
working for Tyco Thermal Controls and has published 2
international papers in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
He is presently Product Marketing Manager at Tyco Thermal
Controls.

Blair McGrath received his Bachelor of Mechanical

Engineering and Management from McMaster University in
Hamilton, Ontario in 1993. He is presently Product Marketing
Manager at Tyco Thermal Controls and is a registered
Professional Engineer in the province of Ontario.

7
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