Chapter 3 - Complex Number

VOLUME 1 [COMPLEX NUMBER]
COMPLEX
NUMBER
NOTES
UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
 STATE THAT COMPLEX NUMBERS THAT DERIVED BY COMBINING THE

REAL PARTS WITH THE IMAGINARY PARTS.
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Real no. Imaginary no.
Real number: a value that represents any quantity along a number line. Because they lie on a
number line, their size can be compared. (http://www.mathopenref.com)
Imaginary number: a number whose square is negative. This can never happen with real
numbers. (http://www.mathopenref.com)
MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 31

 DESCRIBE THAT PRODUCT OF TWO IMAGINARY NUMBER IS

REAL NUMBER.
𝑖=√ 1
Given;
𝑖×𝑖 = √ 1×√ 1
𝑖2 = 1
 STATE THE CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS.
The complex conjugate is expressed by changing the sign of the imaginary part of a complex
number. The real part is left unchanged.
As examples;
EXPRESSION COMPLEX CONJUGATE
+√ i √ i

EXAMPLES EXPRESS THE ANSWER IN TERM

OF +
1. √
=√ × 1
Split number (positive no. X -1)
=√ √ 1
=√ 𝑖 Convert √ 1 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑖
2. √
=√ × 1
=√ √ 1
= 𝑖 Simplify & Convert √ 1 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑖
3. √8 √ 4
= √8 √4 × 1
= √8 √4√ 1
Only split the surd of negative number,
ignore the positive one.
= √8 𝑖
Simplify & Convert √ 1 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑖

4. √
= √ × 1
Only split the surd of negative number, ignore
the number without surd and negative.
= √ √ 1
= √ 𝑖
Convert √ 1 𝑛𝑡𝑜
5. √ ×√ 8
= √ × 1 × √8 × 1
= √ √ 1 × √8√ 1
= √ 𝑖 × √8 𝑖
Number X Number
×
= (√ √8 )(𝑖 2 )
= √40 ( 1) Convert 2
𝑛𝑡𝑜 1
= √40
6. √ 9√ 4
= √9 × 1 × √4 × 1
= √9√ 1 × √4√ 1
= 𝑖× 𝑖
Number X Number
= (𝑖 2 ) ×
= ( 1)
2
Convert 𝑛𝑡𝑜 1
=

LET’S TRY!
1. √ 8 2. √ 49
ANS:√ ANS: 𝟕𝒊
3. 1 √ 4. √ √108
ANS:-12√𝟕𝒊 ANS:- √𝟓𝟒𝟎𝒊
5. √ √ 81 6. √ 10 √ 9
ANS: 𝟓𝟒 ANS: 𝟑√𝟏𝟎
7. √ 114 √ 1 9 8. √
ANS: √ ANS: 𝟏𝟓𝒊

EXERCISES
ANSWER
1. Express the following in terms of + .
a) +√
a) +√
b) √ √
b) √ √
c) +8
c) + √ 1
d) √
d) √
e) 4√ 10 e) 4√10
f) √ √8 f) √ 4
g) √ √ g)
h) √ 4 h) 10

 PERFORM THE OPERATIONS SUCH AS ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,

MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION, CONJUGATE AND EQUIVALENT COMPLEX
NUMBERS.
NOTES
ADDITION
 OPEN THE BRACKET
 PAIR REAL NUMBER WITH REAL NUMBER AND
IMAGINARY NUMBER WITH IMAGINARY NUMBER
SUBTRACTION
 EXPAND MINUS SYMBOL (-) INTO THE BRACKET
 PAIR REAL NUMBER WITH REAL NUMBER AND
IMAGINARY NUMBER WITH IMAGINARY NUMBER
MULTIPLICATION
 EXPAND THE FIRST BRACKET INTO THE SECOND BRACKET

 SUBSTITUTE 𝑖 2 WITH -1
 PAIR REAL NUMBER WITH REAL NUMBER AND IMAGINARY
NUMBER WITH IMAGINARY NUMBER
DIVISION
 EXPAND THE FIRST BRACKET INTO THE SECOND BRACKET FOR BOTH SIDES
(NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR)
 SUBSTITUTE 𝑖 2 WITH -1
 PAIR REAL NUMBER WITH REAL NUMBER AND IMAGINARY NUMBER WITH
IMAGINARY NUMBER

EXAMPLES SOLVE THE FOLLOWING

OPERATIONS:
1. (4 + 𝑖) + ( 𝑖)
=4+ 𝑖+ 𝑖
= 𝑖
2. ( 𝑖) + (4 𝑖)
= 𝑖+4 𝑖
= 4𝑖
3. (8 𝑖) ( 𝑖)
=8 𝑖 + 𝑖
= + 4𝑖
4. ( 1 𝑖) (8 𝑖)
=1+𝑖 8+ 𝑖
= 𝑖

5. ( 𝑖)( + 4𝑖)
= + 8𝑖 𝑖 4𝑖 2
= + 𝑖 4( 1)
= + 𝑖+4
= 10 + 𝑖
6. ( 1 𝑖)(8 𝑖)
= (1 + 𝑖)(8 𝑖)
=8 𝑖 + 8𝑖 𝑖2
=8+ 𝑖 ( 1)
=8+ 𝑖+
= 10 + 𝑖
2−3𝑖
7. 3−𝑖 Solve division problem by multiplying
expression with their conjugate
2−3𝑖 3+𝑖
= ×
3−𝑖 3+𝑖
(2−3𝑖)(3+𝑖)
= Solve as multiplication
(3−𝑖)(3+𝑖)
format for both rows
6+2𝑖−9𝑖−3𝑖 2
= 9−𝑖 2
6−7𝑖−3(−1) Substitute
= 9−(−1) 𝑖2 = 1
6−7𝑖+3
= 9+1
9−7𝑖
= 10

LET’S TRY!
1. ( + 𝑖) (4 𝑖) + ( 𝑖)
2. 4( + 𝑖) ( 𝑖) + (1 𝑖)
3. ( + 𝑖)(4 𝑖) + ( 𝑖)
4. 𝑖(4 𝑖) ( 10 𝑖)( 𝑖)

(2+3 )
5.
−2
−9−
6.
−2+3

 EQUAVALENT COMPLEX NUMBER
Don’t forget to state the value of a and b at the end of the solution
1. Find the value of a and b for ( + 𝑖) + (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = ( 4 𝑖).
( + 𝑖) + (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = ( 4 𝑖)
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = ( 4 𝑖) ( + 𝑖)
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 4 𝑖 𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 8𝑖
𝑎= ,𝑏 = 8
2. Find the value of a and b for (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(1 𝑖) = ( + 𝑖).
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(1 𝑖) = ( + 𝑖)
−2+7𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) =
1−𝑖
−2+7𝑖 1+𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = ×
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
−2−2𝑖+7𝑖+7𝑖 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) =
1−𝑖 2
−2+ 𝑖+7𝑖 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) =
1−𝑖 2
−2+ 𝑖+7(−1)
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) =
1−(−1)
−2+ 𝑖−7
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) =
1+1
−9+ 𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) =
2
−9
𝑎= ,𝑏 = 2
2

3. Find the value of a and b for ( + ) (1 )=( + ).
( + )=( + ) + (1 )
( + )= + +1
( + )= 1+
−1 2
( + )= +−
−
1 2
( + )=
1 2
= , =
LET’S TRY!
1. ( + ) (4 )=( )
− ( − )
2. (3− )
=( 4)

EXERCISES
ANSWER
1. Solve the following questions :
a) ( + ) (4 )+( ) a) +
b) 11
b) 4( + ) ( ) + (1 )
c) ( + )(4 )+ ( ) c) 1
d) 1 +1
d) (4 ) ( 10 )
+19
(2+3 ) e)
29
e) −2
1 +29
−9− f)
f) 13
−2+3
−2−6 g) +
g) −2−
2. Find the value of a and b for :
a) ( + )( + )=( 1 ). a)
−1+13
3
b) ( + )+( + ) = 4( 9 ). b) 14 9
( + )
c) =( 1 ). c) 1 1
3−2
d) (9 + ) ( + ) = (10 + ). d) 19 10

 SOLVE THE COMPLEX NUMBERS USING ARGAND’S DIAGRAM

EXPLAIN GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER
THROUGH ARGAND’S DIAGRAM
DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE IN AN ARGAND’S DIAGRAM TO REPRESENT A

COMPLEX NUMBER
𝜃 = 180 𝜃=
𝜃 = 180+ 𝜃= 0

 USE ARGAND’S DIAGRAM TO FIND MODULUS AND ARGUMENT
Modulus Argument
𝒃
z = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 arg z = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 =
STEPS:
STEP 1: List the value of a and b
STEP 2: Find modulus
STEP 3: Find argument
STEP 4: Draw Argand Diagram
STEP 5: State the
EXAMPLES
1. Find the modulus and argument for = + .

a=2 b=3
STEP 2: Find modulus STEP 3: Find argument
2 2 −1 3
z=√ + Arg z = = 1 =
2
z = √4 + 9
z = √1
STEP 4: Draw Argand Diagram STEP 5: State the

Z=2+3i
i = = 1
𝜃 = = 56.31
3
r
2

2. Find the modulus and argument for = 1 +

a = -1 b=5
−1
z = √( 1)2 + 2 Arg z = −1
z = √1 + = 8 9 =
z=√
i = 180
Z=-1+5i
= 180 - 78.69
5
= 101.31
r
-1
 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN

OTHER FORMS
DETERMINE COMPLEX NUMBERS IN THE FORM OF POLAR,
TRIGONOMETRIC AND EXPONENTIAL.
VARIOUS FORMS:
Polar form = 𝑛 𝑛 𝑜 𝑛
Trigonometric form = ( + )
Exponential form = r = z = modulus

𝑡 𝑛 𝑛 ×
180
You still need to use 5 steps as above method and then, reflex the modulus
and argument in various forms

EXAMPLES
1. Find the modulus and argument for = + . Express the answer in

polar, trigonometric and exponential form.

a = -3 b=5
−1
z = √( )2 + 2 Arg z = −3
= 9 04 =
z = √9 +
z=√ 4
= 180
i = 180 – 59.04
Z=-3+5i
= 120.96
5
-3 r
STEP 6: Express the answer in various form
Polar form: √ 4 1 09
Trigonometric form: √ 4( 1 09 + 1 09 )
Trigonometric form: √ 4( 1 09 + 1 09 )

2. Express = in polar, trigonometric and exponential form.
We still need to find modulus

and argument by solving the
STEP 1: List the value of a and b equations before expressing the
a = -3 b = -1 answer in various forms.
−1 −1
z = √( )2 + ( 1)2 Arg z = −3
z = √9 + 1 = 18 4 =
z = √10
= 180 +
i = 180 + 18.43
-3 r = 198.43
-1
Z= -3 - i
Polar form: √10 198 4

Trigonometric form: √10( 198 4 + 198 4 )
(19 3× ) 3 6
Exponential form: √10 =√ 4

3. Given that 1 = 4 and 2 = + . Express 1 + 2 in polar,

trigonometric and exponential form.
We have to solve the
equations first before
EXTRA: Solve using required operation continue with the given steps.
1+ 2=( 4 )+( + )
= 4 + +
= +
Use the new equation to find
the value of modulus and
argument.
= =
−1 2
z = √( )2 + ( )2 Arg z =
−2
= 4 =
z = √4 + 4
z = √8
i = 180
Z= -2 + 2i
= 180 - 45
2
= 135
r
-2
Polar form: √8 1
Trigonometric form: √8( 1 + 1 )
(13 × ) 2 36
Exponential form: √8 = √8

LET’S TRY!
1. Find the modulus and argument for 𝑧 = 𝑖.
2. Find the modulus and argument for 𝑧 = + 𝑖.

3. Find the modulus and argument for 𝑧 = + 𝑖. Express the answer in polar,
trigonometric and exponential form.
4. Express 𝑧 = 1 9𝑖 in polar, trigonometric and exponential form.

5. Given that 1 = and 6. Given that 1 = and

2 = + . Express 1 2 2 = 1+ . Express 1 2 in
in polar, trigonometric and polar, trigonometric and
exponential form. exponential form.

EXERCISES
ANSWER
1. √ , 191 1
1. Find the modulus and argument for = .
2. √ 1 , 0 19
2. Find the modulus and argument for = .
3. √89 , 14 99
3. Find the modulus and argument for = 8+ . Express the
answer in polar, trigonometric and exponential form.
4. Express = + in polar, trigonometric and exponential

4. √18 , 1
form.
5. Express = + in polar, trigonometric and exponential

5. √1 , 9
form.
6. Given that 1 = and 2 = 1+ . Express 1 2 in

6. √ , 1
7. Given that 1 =9 4 and 2 = + . Express 1 2 in

7. √ 4 , 4
8. Given that 1 = + and 2 = 1 . Express 1 2 in polar,
trigonometric and exponential form. 8. √1 , 19
9. Given that 1 =4+ and 2 = . Express 1 2 in
polar, trigonometric and exponential form. 9. 1 4 ,1 8

 SOLVE MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN

POLAR FORMS.
MULTIPLICATION DIVISION
STEP 1 : 𝑍 × 𝑍 STEP 1 : 𝑍 𝑍
STEP 2 : 𝜃 + 𝜃 STEP 2 : 𝜃 𝜃
STEP 3 : FORM THE NEW EQUATION STEP 3 : FORM THE NEW EQUATION
EXAMPLES
1. Given that 1 = ( 4 + 4 ) and

2 = ( 188 + 188 ) Find:
a) 1 2
b)
2
2
c) × 2
Solution:
a) 1 2
STEP 1 : × = × =
STEP 2 : + = 4 + 188 =4 8
STEP 3 : = ( 4 8+ 4 8)
b)
2
STEP 1 : = =0 1
STEP 2 : = 4 188 = 4
STEP 3 : = 0 1( 4+ 4)
2
c) × 2
STEP 1 : × = × = 98
STEP 2 : + = 188 4 + 188 =1 08
STEP 3 : = 9 8( 1 08+ 1 0 8)

2. Given that 1 = √8 1 89 and 2 =√ 1 0 Find:
a) 1 2
b)
2
2
c) × 2
Solution:
a) 1 2
STEP 1 : × = √8 × √ = √48
STEP 2 : + =1 89 + 1 0 = 08 1
STEP 3 : = √48 08 1
b)
2
STEP 1 : × = √8 √ = 11
STEP 2 : =1 89 1 0 =4 1
STEP 3 : =11 4 1
2
c) × 2
STEP 1 : × =√ √8 × √ = 1
STEP 2 : + =1 0 1 89 + 1 0 =8
STEP 3 : = 1 8

3. Given that 1 = ( 189 9 + 189 9) and 2 = √ 11 9

Find the following and express the answer in exponential form:
a) 2 1
2
b)
c) × 1
2
Solution:
a) 1 2
STEP 1 : × = ×√ =1
STEP 2 : + = 189 9 + 11 9 = 0 8
303 × 3
STEP 3 : =1 = 1
b)
2
STEP 1 : × = √ = 1 89
STEP 2 : = 189 9 11 9 =
76× 1 33
STEP 3 : = 1 89 = 1 89
2
c) × 2
STEP 1 : × =√ ×√ =14
STEP 2 : + = 11 9 189 9 + 11 9 = 9
37 9× 0 66
STEP 3 : =14 = 14

LET’S TRY!
1. Given that 𝑧1 = √8 1 89 and 𝑧2 = √ 1 0 Find:

𝑧 𝑧
a) 𝑧1 𝑧2 b) 𝑧 c) 𝑧2 × 𝑧2
2
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 1 𝑒 𝑖3 9 𝑟𝑎𝑑

and 𝑧2 = √ 𝑒 𝑖1 17𝑟𝑎𝑑 Find:
𝑧 𝑧
a) 𝑧1 𝑧2 b) 𝑧 c) 𝑧2 × 𝑧2
2

3. Given that 𝑧1 = ( 189 9 + 𝑖 189 9) and 𝑧2 = √ 11 9 Find the

following and express the answer in exponential form:
𝑧 𝑧
a) 𝑧1 𝑧2 b) 𝑧 c) 𝑧2 × 𝑧2
2
4. Given that 𝑧1 = + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = ( 1 1 + 𝑖 1 1 ) Find the

following and express the answer in Cartesian form:
𝑧 𝑧
a) 𝑧1 𝑧2 b) 𝑧 c) 𝑧2 × 𝑧2
2

EXERCISES
ANSWER
1. Given that 1 = √8 1 89 and 2 =√ 1 0

Find:
a) √48 08 1
a) 1 2 b) 1 1 4 1
b)
2 c) 1 8
2
c) × 2
2. Given that 1 = ( 4 + 4 ) and

2 = ( 188 + 188 ) Find:
a) ( 4 8+ 4 8)
a) 1 2
b) b) (
7
4+ 4)
2
2
c) × 2 c)
9
( 1 08+ 1 0 8)
39
3. Given that 1 = and 2 = √ 1 0 Find
the following and express the answer in exponential form:
a) 1 2 a) √ 09
b)
2
2 b) 4 04 1 8
c) × 2
02
c) 0 8
7
4. Given that 1 = 1 and
2 = ( 1 1 + 1 1 ) Find the following and
express the answer in Cartesian form:
a) 2 1 a) + 1
2
b)
b) 0 18 0 09
c) × 1
2 c) 0 4 + 8 9

MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING2
BASIC MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER 4: INEQUALITIES
Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
1. Understand of inequality notations, range and number line.

2. Solve problem related to inequality.
4.1 Introduction of inequalities
- An inequality is an algebraic relationship between two unequal quantities.
- An inequality shows which quantity is greater, than or less than another quantity.
- Example: Ali ran faster than Abu. In inequality, we can write where a represent “how
fast Ali can run” while b represent “how fast Ali can run”. is the sign that represent
inequality.
Table 4.1 a) Inequalities symbols
Symbols Examples Meanings
is greater than 4
is greater than or equal to
is less than 5
is less than or equal to
- Interval notation is a way to notate the range of values that would make an inequality true.
Table 4.1 b) Interval notations
Notations Names Examples Meanings
( ) Open interval ( ) From -1 to 4 but do not include -1 and 4
[ ] Closed interval [ ] From 2 to 10 and include 2 and 10
From 0 to 6, include 0 but do not

[ ) Half- closed interval [ ) include 6
From -15 to 5, do not include -15 but

( ] Half- open interval ( ] include 5
41
MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING
BASIC MATHEMATICS 2
Number Line
- An inequality also can be represented in number line.

- By writing down numbers on a number line makes it easy to differentiate
which numbers is bigger or smaller.
- In number line, numbers on the left are smaller than on the right. Example :
 -1 is smaller than 1
 -3 is smaller than 2
- Inequalities in number line
 Use an empty circle, for and .

 Example:
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Use a solid circle for and .
 Example:
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
-3
 Example :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
42

Chapter 3 - Complex Number

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Chapter 3 - Complex Number

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VOLUME 1 [COMPLEX NUMBER]

 STATE THAT COMPLEX NUMBERS THAT DERIVED BY COMBINING THE

Real no. Imaginary no.

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 31

 DESCRIBE THAT PRODUCT OF TWO IMAGINARY NUMBER IS

 STATE THE CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS.

EXPRESSION COMPLEX CONJUGATE

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 32

EXAMPLES EXPRESS THE ANSWER IN TERM

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 33

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 34

ANS:-12√𝟕𝒊 ANS:- √𝟓𝟒𝟎𝒊

ANS: 𝟓𝟒 ANS: 𝟑√𝟏𝟎

ANS: √ ANS: 𝟏𝟓𝒊

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 35

1. Express the following in terms of + .

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 36

 PERFORM THE OPERATIONS SUCH AS ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,

 EXPAND THE FIRST BRACKET INTO THE SECOND BRACKET

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 37

EXAMPLES SOLVE THE FOLLOWING

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 38

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 39

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 40

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 41

 EQUAVALENT COMPLEX NUMBER

1. Find the value of a and b for ( + 𝑖) + (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = ( 4 𝑖).

2. Find the value of a and b for (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(1 𝑖) = ( + 𝑖).

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 42

3. Find the value of a and b for ( + ) (1 )=( + ).

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 43

1. Solve the following questions :

2. Find the value of a and b for :

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 44

 SOLVE THE COMPLEX NUMBERS USING ARGAND’S DIAGRAM

DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE IN AN ARGAND’S DIAGRAM TO REPRESENT A

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 45

 USE ARGAND’S DIAGRAM TO FIND MODULUS AND ARGUMENT

1. Find the modulus and argument for = + .

STEP 1: List the value of a and b

STEP 2: Find modulus STEP 3: Find argument

STEP 4: Draw Argand Diagram STEP 5: State the

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 46

2. Find the modulus and argument for = 1 +

STEP 2: Find modulus STEP 3: Find argument

STEP 4: Draw Argand Diagram STEP 5: State the

 UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN

Exponential form = r = z = modulus

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 47

1. Find the modulus and argument for = + . Express the answer in

STEP 1: List the value of a and b

STEP 2: Find modulus STEP 3: Find argument

STEP 4: Draw Argand Diagram STEP 5: State the

STEP 6: Express the answer in various form

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 48

2. Express = in polar, trigonometric and exponential form.

We still need to find modulus

STEP 2: Find modulus STEP 3: Find argument

STEP 4: Draw Argand Diagram STEP 5: State the

STEP 6: Express the answer in various form

Polar form: √10 198 4

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 49