VOLUME 1 CALCULUS

CALCULUS

UNDERSTAND DIFFERENTIATION

 IDENTIFY LIMITS AND DIFFERENTIATION

LIMITS
In the study of calculus, we are interested in what happens to the value of a function as
the independent variable gets very close to a particular value.

DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiation is an operation that allows us to find a function that outputs the rate of
change of one variable with respect to another variable.

BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
>>>STEPS:
i) Bring the power of x to the front Remember that the outcome when you
ii) Copy the main function differentiating A CONSTANT is zero [0]
iii) Deduct the power of x by 1

EXAMPLES
Differentiate each of the following
functions with respect to x

1. 2. √

( )

3. 4.

( )
[ ( )]

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EXERCISES
Differentiate each of the following
functions.

1. 2. √

3.
4.

5. √ 6.
√
√

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 DESCRIBE DIFFERENTIATION TECHNIQUES

Chain rule
The chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more
functions.

Consider a composite function in the form of

where n is an integer.

The chain rule also can be substitute with the extended power rule.

EXTENDED
CHAIN POWER
RULE RULE

EXAMPLES
Differentiate each of the following
functions BY USING APPROPRIATE RULE

𝑦 ( 𝑥 𝑥)

CHAIN RULE EXTENDED POWER RULE

𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑( 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑦
[ ( 𝑥 𝑥) ]×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
× 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 ×( 𝑥 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑢 ×( 𝑥 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
( 𝑥 1)( 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

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𝑦 ( 𝑥 )

CHAIN RULE EXTENDED POWER RULE

𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑( 𝑥+ )
1 𝑢 ( 𝑥 ) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
× 𝑑𝑥 1 ( 𝑥 ) ×
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
1 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥
8( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
8( 𝑥 )

𝑦
(𝑥 𝑥)
CHAIN RULE EXTENDED POWER RULE

𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑢
𝑢
𝑦 (𝑥 𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 8𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 [ (𝑥 𝑥) ]×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
× 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 8 𝑥 𝑥 ×( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
8𝑢 ×( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
8(𝑥 𝑥) ( 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑥)

𝑦 √(7𝑥 𝑥 )

CHAIN RULE EXTENDED POWER RULE

𝑢 7𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 √𝑢 𝑢
𝑦 (7𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
8𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(7𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
(7𝑥 𝑥 ) ×
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
× 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 (7𝑥 𝑥 ) ( 8𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 × ( 8𝑥 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(7𝑥 𝑥 ) ( 8𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

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LET’S TRY!
𝑦 ( 𝑥 𝑥)

CHAIN RULE
EXTENDED POWER RULE

( 𝑥 )
𝑦
CHAIN RULE
EXTENDED POWER RULE

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𝑦 (𝑥 )

CHAIN RULE EXTENDED POWER RULE

𝑦
(𝑥 1)
CHAIN RULE EXTENDED POWER RULE

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EXERCISES

QUESTIONS: ANSWER

1. Differentiate the following functions:

a) a. 1 1

b) ( ) b. 1

c.
c) ( )( )
d.
+
d)

2. Differentiate each of the following functions:

a) ( 1) a. 8 ( 1)

b) ( ) b. 8 ( )

( + ) c. ( ) ( )
c)

d) d.
( ) ( )

e) √( ) e. ( ) ( )
f) ( )
f. (( ) ( )
( )
g) g. ( )

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Product rule
The product rule is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions.

The formula may be stated as below:

PRODUCT RULE

If given ( ) ( ) then

EXAMPLES
Differentiate each of the following
functions BY USING APPROPRIATE RULE

𝑦 𝑥 ( 𝑥 1)

𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 ( 𝑥 1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 ( 𝑥 1) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate both functions
1 ( 𝑥 1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 Substitute into formula

𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 ( 𝑥 1) 𝑥( 𝑥 1)

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 ( 𝑥 1) 𝑥( 𝑥 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑥( 𝑥 1) 𝑥 ( 𝑥 1)] Factorize the function
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥( 𝑥 1) 𝑥 1]
Simplify the answer

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𝑦 (𝑥 𝑥) ( 𝑥 )

𝑢 (𝑥 𝑥) 𝑣 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑥 𝑥)( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 ) ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑥) ( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 ) (𝑥 𝑥)( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 𝑥) ( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 ) (𝑥 𝑥)( 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑥)( 𝑥 ) 1 (𝑥 𝑥) ( 𝑥 )( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑥)( 𝑥 ) 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑥)( 𝑥 ) 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

LET’S TRY!
𝑦 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑥 )

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𝑦 (𝑥 1)( 𝑥 𝑥 )

𝑦 𝑥 √(𝑥 )

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Quotient rule
The quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the quotient of two other
functions for which derivatives exist.

The formula may be stated as below:

QUOTIENT RULE

( )
If given ( ) then

EXAMPLES
Differentiate each of the following
functions BY USING APPROPRIATE RULE

𝑥
𝑦
𝑥 1

𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiate both functions

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣

𝑑𝑦 ( 𝑥 )( 𝑥) ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 )
Substitute into formula
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ( 𝑥 1) 𝑥( 𝑥 1)

𝑑𝑦
𝑥( 𝑥 1) 𝑥 ( 𝑥 1)]
𝑑𝑥
Factorize the function
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥( 𝑥 1) 𝑥 1]

Simplify the answer

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LET’S TRY!
(𝑥 )
𝑦
𝑥

𝑥 1
𝑦
( 𝑥 1)

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EXERCISES

ANSWER
QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate each of the following functions BY

USING APPROPRIATE RULE:

a) ( ) a. ( ) ( 8 1 )

b. ( ) (1 1 1 )
b) ( )( )

c. ( ) (11 )
c) √( )

d.
d) ( )
( )

+
e.
e) ( + )
+

( ) ( + )
( ) f.
f) ( + )
( + )

g. ( ) (7 1 )
g) ( )
+ +
h.
( )
h) ( )

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 CALCULATE GRADIENTS OF TANGENT TO A CURVE BY APPLYING

THE DIFFERENTIATION TECHNIQUES.

Consider the function: y = f(x), with point (x1,y1) lying on the function graph. The tangent line to
the function at (x1,y1) is the straight line that touches y = f(x) at that point. Both the graph of y =
f(x) and the tangent line pass through the point, and the tangent line has the same gradient, 'm', as
the function at that point.

The normal line to function y = f(x) at the point (x1,y1) is the straight line that passes through the
point making a 90º angle with the graph. The gradient of the normal line is -1/m, where 'm' is the
gradient of the tangent line at the same point.

For example, consider the function y = x2. The tangent and normal lines at the point (1,1) are
shown on the diagram below:

[REF: www.teacherschoice.com.au]

𝑑𝑦
GRADIENT OF TANGENT, 𝑚𝑡 𝑑𝑥

GRADIENT OF NORMAL, 𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑡

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EXAMPLES
Calculate the gradient of the tangent and
normal of the following functions.

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 1
at 𝑥

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 Differentiate the function

At 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑦 Substitute the value of x into
( )
𝑑𝑥 formula
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
7

𝑚𝑡 7

𝑚𝑛

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 ( 𝑥 )
at (1, ) at origin.

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥 ) × 1 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

At 𝑥 1, At 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 (1) (1) 𝑑𝑥
1 ( ( ) )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥

𝑚𝑡 𝑚𝑡 1

𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑛 ( )

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LET’S TRY! Calculate the gradient of the

tangent and normal of the following
functions.
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑦 ( 𝑥 𝑥)
at ( , ) at 𝑥 .

𝑥 𝑥 ( 𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥

at origin. at 𝑥 1.

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 CONSTRUCT THE TANGENT AND NORMAL EQUATIONS

EQUATION OF TANGENT, 𝑦 𝑦 𝑚𝑡 (𝑥 𝑥 )

EQUATION OF NORMAL, 𝑦 𝑦 𝑚𝑛 (𝑥 𝑥 )

EXAMPLES
Calculate the equation of the tangent and
normal of the following functions.

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
at (1,1)

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
8𝑥

At 𝑥 1,
𝑑𝑦
8(1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑚𝑡 Thus, 𝑚𝑛

Equation of tangent Equation of normal

Substitute the value of x, y and
( ) ( ) m at the respective formula
At (1,1), At (1,1),

1 ( 1) 1 ( 1)

1
1
1
1

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LET’S TRY!
Calculate the equation of the tangent and normal of
at 1

Calculate the equation of the tangent and normal of

( )( ) at ( , )

Ans:

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EXERCISES

QUESTIONS ANSWER

1. Find the gradient of tangent and normal for:

a. at (1, 1)
a) 1,
+
b. at ( , ) b) ,

c) ,
c. ( ) at origin.
d) ,
d. ( ) at 1

2. Find the equation of tangent and normal for the

following functions:

8 7
a. at ( , ) a)

b)
b. ( ) at ( 1, )
c) 1
c. ( )( ) at
d) 7
d. ( 7) at x=2

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UNDERSTAND INTEGRATION

 DESCRIBE THE INTEGRATION

Integration is often introduced as the reverse process to differentiation. It is known as the

operation of calculating the area between the curve of a function on the x-axis or y-axis.

___ 𝑑 FUNCTION + c
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
c FOR CONSTANT

INTEGRATION
𝐹 𝑏 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑏

DEFINITE INTEGRAL __ 𝑑
𝑎

GET THE EXACT NUMBER AS

THE ANSWER

BASIC INTEGRATION:
>>>STEPS:
i) Adding up the power of x by 1
ii) Bring down the power of x as denominator
iii) NO CONSTANT in the answer, you need to add +c to replace the constant

EXAMPLES
Integrate each of the following functions
with respect to x

1. ∫ 𝑑 2. ∫ 𝑑

3. ∫ 𝑑 4. ∫ 𝑑

√ + 6. ∫ ( )𝑑
5. ∫ 𝑑
( 1 18 ) 𝑑
∫ 𝑑

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EXERCISES Integrate each of the following functions.

1. ∫ 𝑑 2. ∫ 𝑑

3. ∫ 𝑑 4. ∫ 𝑑

5. ∫ ( )𝑑 6. ∫ 𝑑

+ √ +
7. ∫ 𝑑 8. ∫ 𝑑
√

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( + )
 INTEGRAL OF ( ) ( ) ; power of x must be 1.

>>>STEPS:
i) Re-write the bracket
ii) Adding up the power of n by 1
iii) Differentiate the bracket and put it down as a denominator
iv) You need to add +c to replace the constant

EXAMPLES
Integrate each of the following functions
with respect to x

1. ∫( ) 𝑑 2. ∫ √ 7𝑑
( )
( )
× = ∫( 7) 𝑑
( ) ( + )
( )
× ×
( )
( + )
×

( + )

EXERCISES Integrate each of the following functions.

1. ∫ (8 ) 𝑑 2. ∫ ( 𝑑
+ )

( )
( + )

( + )
3. ∫ √(1 ) 𝑑 4. ∫ 𝑑

( ) ( + )

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 CALCULATE THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION WITH

INITIAL CONDITIONS GIVEN

This type of problem produces an unknown constant that requires the use of an initial
condition or known point to solve. When you calculate the indefinite integral, you end
up with something called the constant of integration. Because you have this
unknown constant, you need a known point to plug into your equation to figure it out.
This known point is your initial condition.

EXAMPLES Determine the indefinite integral of a

function with the given initial conditions

∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑦(1) 1

𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
( ) ( )
𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑐 1 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑐 1 𝑐

At 𝑦(1) 1,
𝑐
( ) ( )
1 𝑐 1𝑥 𝑥 1
∴ 𝑦 1

∫( 𝑥 )(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑦( )

𝑦 ∫( 𝑥 )(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 At 𝑦( ) ,

𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 8𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐

- 𝑐

8𝑥 𝑥 1 1
∴ 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥

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LET’S TRY!
Determine the indefinite integral of ∫ 𝑑 at
(1) 1

with the given initial conditions

Ans:

Determine the indefinite integral of ∫ ( ) 𝑑 at

( ) 7

Ans:

Ans:

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 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
>>>STEPS:
i) Make sure upper limit bigger than lower limit; if not, switch the position of the limits
and put negative symbol in front of the function
ii) Integrate as usual but do not add c. bracket the functions and put the limit outside.
iii) Substitute upper limit into x – substitute lower limit into x

EXAMPLES
Calculate each of the following definite
integrals.

1. ∫ 𝑑 2. ∫ 𝑑
[ ]
( ) (1) ( ) ( )
( (1)) ( ( ))
( ) (1 1 )

3. ∫ 𝑑
You need to change the position of the limits; upper limit
∫ 𝑑 should be bigger than lower limit but you need to put the
negative symbol to the function.

∫ 𝑑
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
7
88
8 8

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LET’S TRY!
Solve the following definite integrals:

1. ∫ 𝑑 2. ∫ 𝑑

3. ∫ ( 1) 𝑑 4. ∫ ( )𝑑

5. ∫ ( )( )𝑑 6. ∫ 𝑑

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EXAMPLES
Calculate each of the following definite
integrals.

1. ∫ ( 7) 𝑑 2. ∫ √ 𝑑

( )
[ ] ∫ ( ) 𝑑
×
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
[ ] [ ] ( )
×

( ( )) ( ( ))

17
1

3. ∫ 𝑑
( )
BRING THE BRACKET UP, SWITCH THE POWER INTO
∫ ( ) 𝑑
–VE NUMBER
( )
[ ]
×
[ ( )
]
[ ( )
] [ ( )
]

LET’S TRY!
Solve the following definite integrals:

( + ) ( + )
1. ∫ 𝑑 2. ∫ 𝑑

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 THE AREA UNDER A CURVE

The area under a curve between two points can be found by doing a definite integral
between the two points. To find the area under the curve y = f(x) between x = a and x =
b, integrate y = f(x) between the limits of a and b.

Areas under the x-axis will come out negative and areas above the x-axis will be
positive. This means that you have to be careful when finding an area which is partly
above and partly below the x-axis.
(http://www.mathsrevision.net)

EXAMPLES
Calculate the area of the region by the
following figures:

1. 1 1. ∫ 1𝑑

[ ]
[( ) ] [( 1) ( 1)]
1 ( )
-1 2 1

2. 2. Area 1: ∫ 𝑑

[ ]
-2 3 ( ) ( )
[ ( )]
( )

Area 2: ∫ 𝑑
You need to calculate the area separately
because one part of the area in under the
x-axis while another one is above the x- [ ]
axis. ( ) ( )
[ ( )]

Area=

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 88

VOLUME 1 CALCULUS

LET’S TRY!
Solve the following definite integrals:

1. 2. Find the area under a curve

at and 1.

-4 -1

3. Find the area under a curve 4.

( 1)( ) at and
.

0 3

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 89

VOLUME 1 CALCULUS

EXERCISES

ANSWER
1. Integrate the following functions:

a. ∫ 𝑑
a)
b. ∫ ( )𝑑
+ b)
c. ∫ 𝑑
c)
d. ∫( 8) 𝑑
( )
d)
( )
e. ∫ 𝑑 ( )
e)
f. ∫ 𝑑
( + ) f)
( + )

2. Solve the following integrals:

a. ∫ 𝑑 a)

b. ∫ ( )𝑑 b)
c) 1
c. ∫ ( 1) 𝑑
d)
d. ∫ 𝑑

3. Find the area under a curve for the following functions:

a. 1 at 1 and and . a) 1

b)
b. 1 at 1 and 1 and
c)
c. 1 at 1 and 1 and 1
d)
d. from and 1

MATHEMATICS FOR COMPUTING 90