1.

PROJECT PROFILE
Project Title: Production of Hygienic Tissue Paper Using Malunggay Leaves (Moringa
oleifera)
Name of Project Proponent/s: Pascual, Rebekah Mae V.
Region: 2 Division: Nueva Vizcaya
School: Aritao National High School Grade level: 12
Project Duration (number of months): 3
Email: rebekahpascual@yahoo.com Contact number: 0956 305 6373

(2) CATEGORY OF RESEARCH  (4) THEME

___Physical Science ______Food Safety
_____Life Science ______Water Conservation
_____Robotics and Intelligent Machines ______Renewable Energy
_____Mathematics and Computational ______Cyber Security
Sciences  ______Traffic/ Road Congestion
______Health
(3) __Individual ______Disaster Mitigation
____Team ____Agriculture and Environment
______Others (please specify) 
(5) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is one of the well-known herbal plants that is

widely used as a traditional medicine. It contains antibacterial properties as well as

nutritional values that are extremely beneficial to one's health. Moreover,

malunggay leaves also contain lignin and holocellulose fibers that are needed in the

production of paper products. This research will look into the possibility of

producing tissue paper from malunggay leaves. The malunggay tissue paper will be

evaluated in terms of its physical qualities using the following methods: Cage

Method Absorbency Test (Absorbency), Panel Test (Softness), and Wet Strength

Test (Strength). This is an experimental study that will make use of a Completely

Randomized Design (CRD). As a result, the potential use of malunggay leaves in

tissue paper production merits further investigation.

(6) INTRODCTION

(6.1) RATIONALE

Tissue paper demand has skyrocketed since the COVID-19 pandemic began

in 2020, and supplies are barely keeping up with consumer demand. The price of

toilet paper in the Philippines has risen by 17.76 percent in just four weeks, placing

the country sixth in the world in terms of toilet paper inflation (Dumlao-Abadilla,

2020).

Due to the conventional and widespread use of malunggay leaves as a

traditional medicine, it would be helpful to further investigate the recognized

benefits, particularly as a tissue paper. It would also be beneficial to investigate

how malunggay leaves can further aid in the tissue paper inflation faced by the

community.

Because of its fiber qualities, the researcher has decided to conduct a study

on whether it is possible to produce tissue paper out of malunggay leaves. This

study will not only provide a possible solution regarding the issue of paper

inflation, but also create a hygienic product that will be beneficial to one's hygiene,

especially during this time of pandemic.

The findings of this study will provide a deeper insight into whether

malunggay leaves can produce tissue paper. This study yields data that is relevant

to the researcher but more so to the community. The study will provide them with

new perspectives on the possibility of producing tissue paper out of malunggay

leaves. In addition to this, they will further understand the possible benefits of

malunggay leaves in the economy and in hygiene. The findings in this study will
also benefit future researchers in a way that will serve as a source of information or

reference data in conducting new research related to this study. This would be

portrayed as a background or an overview for them to make it easier to improve this

kind of research. 

(6.2) SCIENTIFIC BASIS/ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/

MATHEMATICAL THEORY INVOLVED

This study is anchored on the theoretical study of Fouad et. al. (2019)

entitled, "Antibacterial Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic

bacteria isolated from a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) abscess."

Because of their pharmacological properties and significant therapeutic ingredients,

Moringa species are utilized in medicine all over the world. Moringa oleifera

(malunggay) is the most common Moringa species, which contains a variety of

phytochemical substances, including glycosylates, and has antimicrobial properties.

According to Danielsson (2006), the three most important components of

pulp in producing paper products, such as tissue papers, are cellulose fibers,

hemicellulose fibers, and lignin. A study in Uttar Pradesh, India, found that

Malunggay leaves contain 65.5% holocellulose fibers (a mixture of cellulose and

hemicellulose fibers) and 20.5% lignin (Sharma et al. 2021, 255–62), which makes

it possible to create tissue paper from Malunggay leaves.

(6.3) OBJECTIVES

The general objective of this study is to determine if the production of

Malunggay tissue paper is possible. Moreover, this study aims to specifically
address the following objectives:

1. to produce a Malunggay Tissue Paper.

 2. to test the physical qualities of the Malunggay Tissue Paper in terms of:

a. absorbency

b. softness and

c. strength.

3. to determine if there is a significant difference between the malunggay

tissue paper and the commercial tissue paper.

(7) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Tissue Paper Shortage in the Philippines

Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020, the demand for tissue paper

has skyrocketed due to panic buying by a number of consumers. Tissue paper

manufacturers are struggling to maintain an equilibrium between demand and

supply. In late March, many cities and states across the country issued shelter-in-

place orders in response to the coronavirus pandemic, prompting people to buy

large quantities of household goods. Consumers are frightened, and they are

purchasing more than they should, depleting inventories in a very lean industry. It

will take several months for people to realize they have enough, and inventories on

the shelves will rise. Another reason for the sudden increase in demand is that more

toilet paper is required during the pandemic (Gonzales, 2020).

Tissue paper is one of the most essential hygiene products because it

focuses on keeping our hands and other body parts as clean as possible. In

connection with this, the demand for tissue paper has shot through the roof due to

the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and supplies are barely keeping up with

consumer demand. The price of toilet paper in the Philippines has risen by 17.76

percent in just four weeks, placing the country sixth in the world in terms of toilet
paper inflation (Dumlao-Abadilla, 2020).

Tissue Paper and How It is Made

The production of tissue paper is similar to the process of manufacturing

paper. In a video tutorial uploaded by Hanson and Woodward in 2013, production

of paper from waste paper is possible. The first step is shredding the waste papers

and soaking them for at least 12–24 hours. The soaked papers are then blended in a

blender along with several cups of water. The pulp is strained and broken down into

a tub filled with water. Once the pulp is evenly distributed into the water, a paper-

making screen is used to strain the pulp. It is pressed using a dry cloth before

removing the pulp from the screen and letting it dry for 12 to 24 hours at room

temperature. Ironing the sheet for faster drying is also an option.

Production of Paper Products from Leaves

A study conducted by Sibaly and Jeetah (2017) shows that paper products,

such as paper, can be produced by using pineapple leaves. The production of paper

from pineapple leaves is possible. Their study also shows that the most absorbent

paper was found to be 100% pineapple.

Pandanus candelabrum, or screw pine leaves, can also be used to make

paper because they have medium-length fibers, which are longer than hardwood

fibers, and their pulps individually generate good, strong paper. As previously

stated, the leaves of screw pine that are left to decay away annually in our gardens

and plantations should be used to make good cultural papers (Akpabio and

Akpakpan 2012, 100-107).

 Based on their fiber qualities, chemical composition, and physical features,

Scirpus grossus, Cyperus rotundus, and Typha angustifolia are excellent aquatic

plant species for papermaking. These plants can provide large-scale biomass as raw

fibers for pulp and paper manufacture due to their abundance and availability. The

tensile strength, breaking length, and low moisture content of handmade paper

sheets created for paperboard, writing, and printing paper used for craft, wrapping,

and ornamental applications (Bidin et al. 2019, 1–9).

Improvised Methods in Producing Tissue Paper from Plants’ Leaves

The fibers cellulose and pectin give plants their form and firmness. These

fibers are softened by cooking. The amount of fiber in vegetables varies depending

on the type, age, and even within the same item. Softer vegetables result from a

longer cooking period (Bastin, 2000). The longer you cook anything, the more fiber

is broken down and it becomes softer (Richards, 2019).

Pharmacological Properties of Malunggay Leaves

Malunggay is a medicinal plant that belongs to the family of Moringaceae.

It is one of the most famous medicinal plants that is used to make medicine. Aside

from being an important food source, malunggay leaves have medicinal properties

such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. According to Amabye and Tadasse

(2016), previous research has shown that the medicinal plant malunggay has

antibacterial action against a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus,

Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and E. coli. 

A study investigating the pharmaceutical properties of Moringa oleifera

found that fresh leaf juice and aqueous extracts from the seeds inhibit the growth of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and that using the disk

diffusion method, extraction temperatures above 56°C inhibit this activity (Caceres

et. al. 1991, 213–16).

Malunggay leaves are abundant in vitamin C, protein, iron, and potassium,

and are a good source of these nutrients. Malunggay leaves, according to the study,

can be used as a substitute treatment for treating open wounds (Bates, n.d.).

Lunasin, an antibiotic-like protection for cells with antifungal characteristics, is

found in malunggay leaves (Abastillas et. al. 2017).

Possibilities of Malunggay as Tissue Paper

Moringa oleifera was gathered from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, and

wood quality investigations were conducted to determine its potential for pulp and

paper production. The study's results show that Moringa oleifera fibers are highly

suitable for tissue, corrugated medium, newspaper, and writing paper, according to

the results of this study (Egbewole and Rotowa 2016, 115–122).

According to Danielsson (2006), the three most important components of

pulp in producing paper products, such as tissue papers, are cellulose fibers,

hemicellulose fibers, and lignin. A study in Uttar Pradesh, India, found that

Malunggay leaves contain 65.5% holocellulose fibers (a mixture of cellulose and

hemicellulose fibers) and 20.5% lignin (Sharma et al. 2021, 255–62).

Moringa roots have antibacterial characteristics and are used to treat asthma,

digestive issues, gastritis, inflammation, and skin conditions. The bark of the
moringa tree, like its roots, contains antibacterial capabilities. It is used to treat a

range of ailments, including sexually transmitted illnesses, gout, and arthritis.

Moringa blossoms are made into a potent medicinal tea or crushed into juice in

Ayurvedic medicine. This juice is used to treat urinary tract infections and to help

breastfeeding mothers produce more milk (Degnan et al. 2020).

Synthesis

A variety of literature and studies have been sought and studied by the

researchers that guide the current study in developing and carrying out the research.

Some of the studies were used as variables for guiding the study. Helpful concepts

were also provided from the related literature that was reviewed.

The related literature and studies in this chapter contain an overview of

malunggay and its possibilities to create a tissue paper. Since the COVID-19

pandemic started in 2020, the demand for tissue papers has greatly increased by

almost 17.76%, causing paper inflation in the Philippines.

Malunggay, is commonly known for its nutritional benefits and its ability to

cure chronic diseases. It has also been proven that malunggay has the ability to treat

inflammation. Malunggay leaves are also one of the most commonly used

traditional herbal medicines due to their antibacterial abilities. Several studies

support the fact that malunggay leaves inhibit the growth of several bacteria,

including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Several studies also support that malunggay leaves contain 65.5% of

holocellulose and 20.5% of lignin, the primary components needed in producing

paper products, it makes it possible for them to create tissue paper out of their

leaves. 

(8) METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will use a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This method

will help the researcher collect the data needed to determine if malunggay leaves

can be converted into tissue paper. In order to assess the tissue paper in terms of

absorbency, softness, and strength, inferential statistics will be utilized. This type of

research allows for greater objectivity and accuracy in the results. 

Experimental Procedure

The researcher will conduct an experiment in converting malunggay leaves

into tissue paper. The researcher will make sure proper personal protective

equipment such as gloves, facemasks, hair nets, and laboratory coats or aprons will

be worn. The experiment to be carried out by the researcher as to the production of

tissue paper out of malunggay leaves will follow the following procedures:
Figure 2. Flowchart of the Experimental Procedure

Collection and Preparation of Malunggay

Leaves

Production of Malunggay Pulp

Production of Malunggay Tissue Paper

Product Assessment and Tests

Phase 1: Collection and Preparation of Malunggay Leaves

Malunggay leaves, both ripe and fresh, will be used in this experiment.

Cutar, Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya will harvest 500 grams. The leaves will be thoroughly

inspected and examined to determine their physical condition to ensure that they are

fresh and healthy. The leaves will be cleaned with running tap water to eliminate

any dirt and foreign debris, and then air-dried for 10 minutes, or until no moisture is

evident.

Phase 2: Production of Malunggay Pulp

The washed malunggay leaves will be boiled in a clean casserole with at

least 2 liters of distilled water. For 10 minutes, the leaves will be constantly stirred

at a low medium heat of 100 °C–120 °C. This method will help soften the fibers

present in the leaves for pulp production. 

 After boiling, the leaves, along with 0.5 liters of the water used for boiling,

will be transferred into a blender. The leaves will be blended until a smooth texture

is achieved, creating malunggay pulp. The pulp will be drained using a strainer

after blending, and the pulp will be squeezed in order to remove the excess water.

The pulp will then be measured and divided into three treatments: 

Table 1. Concentration of Malunggay Leaves in each Treatments

Treatment Malunggay Distilled Sheet Size

Tx1 30 grams 4 liters 1 sheet 10”x6”
s Pulp Water Production
Tx2 60 grams 4 liters 1 sheet 10”x6”
Tx3 90 grams 4 liters 1 sheet 10”x6”

Phase 3: Production of Malunggay Tissue Paper

A volume of 4.5 liters of distilled water will be placed into a large tub (24"

long, 15" wide, and 12" deep). The pulp in treatment 1 will be broken down by

hand in the water until no lumps remain. Afterwards, the paper-making screen (11"

x 8") will be used to strain the pulp in the tub evenly into the water as thinly as

possible. The sheet in the strainer will be dried by using a sanitized cloth before

being transferred to the fabric. After that, the sheet will be covered by another

layer of fabric and left to dry for 12–24 hours at room temperature.

Before starting the next treatments, the excess pulp from the solution will

be strained and removed in order to follow the correct and exact measurements for

the next treatments. This process will be repeated until all treatments have
produced a sheet for evaluation.

When the sheets have dried, the uneven edges can now be cut to straighten

the sheet and cut into the desired size for tissue paper. The sheets will also be

ironed in order for them to fully flatten. 

Phase 4: Product Assessment and Tests

After the malunggay tissue paper is created, it will be evaluated in terms of

its absorbency, softness, and strength with the use of the following methods:

Absorbency Test

This study will utilize the Cage Absorbency Test method to investigate the

absorbance capacity of the Malunggay tissue paper. It was adapted from Taylor,

M. (2020). This test determines the absorption capacity of recycled tissue paper. A

predetermined amount of water is dropped from a fixed height of 1 inch onto the

center surface of the tissue paper. The amount of water that the tissue paper can

absorb and hold will be recorded, as well as the time it takes for the drop to absorb.

Panel Test

The most accepted technique available to evaluate softness involves

subjective panel tests. This panel test determines the subjective perception of the

softness of the tissue’s surface by having test panelists hold the tissue in both hands

and run their fingers over it, comparing its softness to that of another tissue

(Furman, n.d.). The test requires at least five trained panelists to determine the

softness of the malunggay tissue paper using a 4-point Softness Scale Model.
 Wet Tensile Strength Test

The wet strength of paper is assessed by wetting a dry piece of paper for a

certain amount of time with a standard test liquid, then measuring the strength

(Hubbe, n.d.). The mouth of a jar will be covered by the malunggay tissue paper

and will be wet with a fixed volume of 5 mL of water. Afterwards, 1-peso (6 g)

coins will be stacked one at a time until the tissue paper tears apart. The weight of

how heavy the malunggay tissue paper can hold will be recorded.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The Mean will be used to categorize and supplement the responses of the

panelists to the evaluation of the malunggay tissue paper in terms of its softness. A

Four-point Likert Scale Model will also be used in interpreting the responses of

the panelists in the Panel Test for the softness of the malunggay tissue paper.

Lastly, One-way ANOVA or analysis of variance will be used in this study to

further determine whether there is a significant difference between the group of

variables; absorbency, softness, and strength, that are significantly different. If the

p-value of the test is lower than the alpha level 0.05, the null hypothesis of the

study is rejected and vice-versa. The researcher will use Microsoft Excel in

determining the p-value between and within groups.

Conceptual Framework

Below shows the Conceptual Framework of the study, along with the Input,

Process, Output (IPO Model) to be used for the study. The materials used to make
the malunggay tissue paper are classified as inputs, while the process relied on the

production of malunggay tissue paper and the collection of data through tests and

observation. The output is the production of the malunggay tissue paper.

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework of the study.

Science education aims to improve students' scientific literacy so that they

can become knowledgeable and engaged individuals who can make informed

choices about how scientific information can be applied to social, health, and

environmental issues. The importance of science and technology in everyday life is

recognized in the scientific curriculum. Science and technology are inextricably

linked to social, economic, psychological, and ethical concerns. According to the

study conducted by Aranda (2020), the scientific curriculum highlights the

importance of a strong link between science and technology, including indigenous

technology, in order to preserve our country's cultural past (K to 12 Science

Curriculum Guide 2016). 

(9) EXPECTED OUTPUTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS 

Malunggay is a common plant in the Philippines, especially in Aritao,

Nueva Vizcaya. This plant is commonly known for its nutritional values and its
antibacterial properties; its ability to treat wounds, inflammations, and even chronic

diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, and diabetes, etc. In

addition to this, malunggay leaves have the qualities needed for the production of

paper products, specifically as a tissue paper. This study aims to produce tissue

paper out of malunggay leaves not just because of its antibacterial properties but

more so to seek a possible solution to the paper inflation that consumers are facing

as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Malunggay tissue paper may be created at home, and because malunggay

plants are abundant and the materials required for production are readily available,

consumers are likely to spend less money than they would if they purchased

commercial tissue paper. Additionally, Malunggay tissue paper includes nutrients

and antimicrobial qualities that may aid in sanitation, making it more convenient

for consumers, especially during this time of pandemic.

(11) WORK PLAN AND TARGET DELIVERABLES

Table 3: Work plan of the study
Agenda Month May June July
Week 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Formulation and Approval
of Research Title
Research Proposal Writing
Research Proposal
Submission
Presentation of Research
Proposal
Collection and Preparation
of materials
Laboratory Analyses

Collection and Preparation

of Malunggay Leaves
Production of Malunggay
Pulp
Production of Malunggay
Tissue Paper
 Product Assessment and
Tests
Data Interpretation
Summary, conclusion, and
recommendations
Final Presentation of
Research Project
Submission of Final
Research Manuscript
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