© Strmko / Dreamstime.

com

Introduction
Logic of Hypothesis Testing
Experiment: Marijuana and ■
the Treatment of AIDS ■
Patients
Repeated Measures Design
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Null Hypothesis (H0) ■

Decision Rule ( Level)

Evaluating the Marijuana ■
Experiment
■
Type I and Type II Errors
Alpha Level and the Decision
Process ■

Evaluating the Tail of the

Distribution
One- and Two-Tailed Probability ■
Evaluations ■
Size of Effect: Signi cant
Versus Important

Chance or Real Effect?—1 ■

Chance or Real Effect?—2

“No Product Is Better Than
■
Our Product”
Anecdotal Reports Versus
Systematic Research
Summary
Important New Terms
Questions and Problems
What is the Truth? Questions
Notes
Online Study Resources

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Logic of Hypothesis Testing

Marijuana and the Treatment of AIDS Patients

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

Results of the marijuana experiment

Experimental Condition Control Condition Difference
Patient THC Pill Placebo Pill Score
No. Food Eaten (calories) Food Eaten (calories) (calories)

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Logic of Hypothesis Testing

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Logic of Hypothesis Testing

Table B entry
No. of P P
N Events 0.50

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

definitions ■ Type I error

Type II error

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Alpha Level and the Decision Process

Possible conclusions and the state of reality

State of Reality

Decision H0 is true H 0 is false

Retain H0
Reject H0

he

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

definition ■ alpha level

Effect on beta of making alpha more stringent

State of Reality
Alpha Obtained
Level Probability Decision H0 is true H0 is false
0.05 0.02 Reject H0
0.01 0.02 Retain H0

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Evaluting the Tail of the Distribution

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

0.2461
0.25
0.2051 0.2051
0.20

0.15
0.1172 0.1172
0.10

0.05 0.0439 0.0439

0.0010 0.0098 0.0098 0.0010

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Binomial distribution for N 10 and P 0.50.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 One- and Two-Tailed Probability Evaluations

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

. 

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 One- and Two-Tailed Probability Evaluations

Patient
Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a.
b.
c.
d. c
e.

SOLU T ION
a.

b.

c.

STEP 1: Calculate the number of pluses and minuses. he

STEP 2: Evaluate the number of pluses and minuses.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

Table B entry
No. of P P
N Events 0.50

d.

e.

Subject
Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 One- and Two-Tailed Probability Evaluations

a.
b.
c.
d. c
e.

SOLU T ION
a.

b.

c.

STEP 1: Calculate the number of pluses and minuses. he

STEP 2: Evaluate the number of pluses and minuses.

Table B entry
No. of P P
N Events 0.50

d.

e.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

Before After Before After

Subject Jogging Jogging Subject Jogging Jogging

a.
b.
c.
d. c
e.

SOLU T ION
a.
b.
c.

STEP 1: Calculate the number of pluses and minuses.

STEP 2: Evaluate the number of pluses and minuses.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Size of Effect: Signi cant Versus Important

Table B entry
No. of P P
N Events 0.50

d.

e.

t is

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 C H A P T E R 10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test

Time

Answer

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.