Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna, Italy

A Transformer Protective Relaying Algorithm Using the Ratio of the Flux Linkages
Y. C. Kang, S . H. Kang,P. Crossley and S . J. Lee, Members, IEEE, B. E. Lee, Student Member, IEEE
. . .
Secondary winding currents (34) Secondary winding resistances (34) Secondary leakage inductances (34) Secondary flux linkages (34)
I.*. lk, I ,

Abstrad-The ratio of the increments of the primary and secondaly winding flux linkages (RIFL) is the same as the turns ratio during normal operating eonditions such as magnetic inrush, overexcitation and external faults. For an internal fault, the RIFL is not equal to the turns ratio. This paper proposes a transformer protective relaying algorithm using the RIFL. For a single-phaseor a three-phase Y-Y transformer, the increments of the flux linkages are calculated. For a three-phase Y-A transformer, the differences between the two phases of the increments of the flux linkages are calculated to use the line currents, because the delta winding current is unavailable. The RlFL is compared against the turns ratio; if they are different, it is an internal fault. Test results indicate that the proposed algorithm successfully discriminates between internal winding faults and magnetic inrush. This paper also describes the results of implementation of the algorithm into B digital signal processor based prototype relay.
Index Term-

R,, Rk,R,
Lhb, LTk,Lha

5, L &,

Magnetic Inrush, Remanent Flux, Flux

Linkages

Symbols VI, v2
I . I, ~

. .
~~

I Voltages
I

I.

NOMENCLATURE

Definition

al,A R I ,R>
L,,. 1."

I Flux linkages I Mutual flux

Currents

I Winding resistances
1 Leakaee inductances

NI, N 2 vr, va. vc

I", Is, IC,

I Number oftwns
Primary voltages (34) Primary currents (34) Secondary line currents (34) Primary winding resistances (34) Primary leakage inductances (34) Primary flux linkages (34) Secondary voltages (34)

. . .

i., ia,i,

RA,RB,Rc
L,, La, Le

a,, b,&
VOb,

Vk, v,

This work WBS sponsored by Korea Minishy of Science and Technology and Korea Science and Engineering Foundation through the ERC progra"! (Next-Generation Power Technology Center, NYTC). Y. C. Kang and B. E. Lee are wt " T C and Division of Electronics and ih Information Engineenng, Chonbuk National Univ., Chonju, 561-756, Korea (e-mail: yckang@moak.chonbuk ac.kr and mpec@dreamx.net). S. H. Kang and S. J. Lee are with NPTC and Department of Electrid Engineering, Myongji Univ., Yongin, 449-728, Korea (e-mail: shkang@mju.adz and $jle@mju.ac.kr). P. Crossley is with School of Electrical and E l e m l l l e Engineering, the Queen's Univenity of Belfm, N. Ireland (email: p.crosrley@?ee.qub.ac.uk).

0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 02003 IEEE

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has four terms containing the circulating components and they cannot be obtained analytically. The fault detection procedure for a wye-delta transformer is composed as follows. The Reference Phase out ofthree phases is first chosen. Secondly, the four terms for the Reference Phase are calculated using the remainder of the equation. Thirdly, they are substituted into the other equations for the other two phases after being multiplied by factors; these include the parameters of the Reference Phase and the other phases. Finally, the algorithm detects an internal fault if the multiplied and substituted terms do not satisfy any other equations. The procedure assumes the XiR ratios of the delta winding are large. The faulted phase can be identified based on the results when all the three phases are used as the Reference Phase [SI. In addition, for a deltadelta transformer, each equation has eight terms containing the circulating currents, because primary and secondary windings have their winding currents. Thus, the conversion factors that should contain the parameters of the Reference and the other phases of both windings, will be in a more complicated form. The basic principle oftransformer protection using the ratio of the induced voltages of the primary and secondary windings was proposed in [9]. The internal fault is detected based on comparing induced voltages or induced voltage differences with turns ratio. It approximates the differential terms using the backward Euler method and may cause some errors if it is implemented in a digital relay. This paper describes a transformer protective relaying algorithm that uses the ratio of the increment of the primary and secondary winding flux linkages (RIFL). It is the integral version of the algorithm in [9]. For magnetic inrush and over-excitation, the RIFL is equal to the turns ratio, while for an internal fault, it is not. The algorithm estimates the increments of flux linkages for a single phase and a three-phase wye-wye transformer. On the contrary, for a wye-delta transformer, it estimates the differences of the increments of the flux linkages between the two phases to use the line currents. Then, the matching increments or differences ofthe increments are compared with the turns ratio. The algorithm was tested for magnetic inrush and internal faults. The paper also describes the results of implementation of the algorithm on a digital signal processor based prototype relay.

dil dA, v,=R,i,+L,,-+dt dt

Rearranging (1) and (2) yields:

-=

dt
-= d4

di, vI - Rlil - L,, dt v 2 + R Z i 2 + &diz dt

(3)
(4)

dt

The increments of the flux linkages, M,,AA, are estimated by integrating (3) and (4). The ratio of the increment of the primary and secondary winding flux linkages (RIFL) is then defined as:

A4 RIFL = A4
In the steady state, the RIFL is the same as the turns ratio (NJN,) except when AA, = 0 or AA = 0. For magnetic inrush and overexcitation, the RIFL is also equal to NJN,, although M, and AA are non-sinusoidal and distorted. For internal faults, the RIFL is not the same as N,/N,. From this point, the RTFL can be directly used for discriminating internal faults from magnetizing inrush and overexcitation. However even for normal operating conditions, the RIFL is not always equal to NJN, because AAt and AA are instantaneous values and consequently pass through zero. In order to overcome the problem, the Detector described by (6) is used to detect a fault in this paper. The Detector measures the percentage difference between the two estimated increments of the flux linkages. If (6) is less than a threshold, the transformer is not faulted; ifgreater, it is.

where, T is the sampling interval

B. A three-phase Y-A transformer 111. A m N S F O R M E R PROTECTIVE RELAYING ALGORITHM Fig. 2 shows the connections of a three-phase Y-A USING THE RATIO OF FLUX LINKAGES transformer. Voltages are represented in (7) (12).

A. A single-phase transformer Fig. 1 shows a two winding single-phase transformer. If there is no internal fault, v, and vi can be given by:

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:

... 4J ... ic . ...... Fig. 2 A hvo winding three-phaseye-deltatransformer

&,, ,,+

Fig. 1

A two winding singlephrse h-ansforma

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vA=RAiA+ L,

diA -+dt di,

dAA

dt
dA8 dt dAc dt

vH= RBiH Lm-++

dt

vc =R&+L,-+-

diC

dt
dt

(9)
(10)
(1 1)

On the other hand, the relationship between the differences of the increments of the flux linkages can be derived by:
A 4 -AAA AA,-AA,

vab= RJab

+ Llabdi dAab A+dt

- N, --,

MA -A& NI A&-ALk

- N, An, - A 4 - N , (22) --, -N 2 M,-M, N2

dik vb, = Rajk + L,bc + - dAk dt dt

v , = R,i,

di, dA, + Ll, -+ -

dt

dt

Equation (22) is a necessary and sufficient condition for (13). Its proof is shown in Appendix. In this paper, (22) is used for fault detection for a Y-A transformer. Thus, the three Detectors are given by:
A(& - A A ) - A A ( A , -Anb)

If there is no internal fault, (13) is valid.

-_

hnH

Nt

= N,

AAzb

N , ' AAk

N,' AA,

(13)

Detector 1 =

N2

A V c A .T
A(AA -AB)-%A(Aaa
-Abc)
N2

xlOO(%)

(23)

If Ad,,,& A&, AAd, A&, and A% can be calculated from A, (7) (U), three Detectors can he derived directly from the (13). AAA,A&, A&, can he calculated, but AAb,A&, and A & cannot from (10) (12) because i,, i,, and i, are unavailable. In [7] and [8], job, i, and i, were decomposed into the noncirculating and circulating currents. The non-circulating current could be derived from the line current. However, the terms relating the circulating currents could not be obtained analytically and thus an alternative was used to detect an internal fault as mentioned in Introduction. In this paper, to use the line currents, the following relationship between the line and winding currents on the secondary winding is used.

Detector 2 =

A m.T V
A(aB - A c ) - z A ( a k

x 100 (%)

(24)

-a,)
xIOO(%)
(25)

Detector 3 =

N2

AVBc .T
rV. CASE STUDIES

I,

- I#* = I , ,

. .

lab

- lb< = lb , lbC- I ,

= I,

(14)

In addition, if there is no internal fault, the assumption in (15) is valid.

R, " R , = R , = R , L,d zz L,

= Lb = L,

(15)

Subtracting (IO) from (U), (11) from (IO) and (12) from ( 1 1) yields:

daab

dAk

dt
dt

dt

di - vaa -v, -Rib - L, 4

dt
die

Fig. 3 shows a single-diagram of the simulated system and the power frequency is 60 Hz.A two-winding three-phase YA transformer (154kV/14.7kV, 55 MVA) is used to generate fault and inrush data using EMTP. The hysteresis characteristics of the transformer core are modeled using a type-96 element; the saturation point of (40 A, 334 Vs) is selected to use HYSDAT, a subroutine of EMTP. The internal winding fault modeling techniques in [IO] are used to represent turn-to-ground and turn-to-turn faults. The sampling rate is 32 samples/cycle and the voltages and currents are passed through the Butteworth Znd order filters with a stop-band cut-off frequency of 960 Hz (half the sampling frequency). a The performance of the proposed algorithm w s verified on the various conditions such as magnetic inrush and internal winding faults.

d n , - vac- vea - Ri, - L, dt dt

Therefore, whilst AAb, A&, and A% cannot he calculated, their differences between the two phases can he calculated by integrating (16) (IS). The corresponding equations to (16), (17)'and (1 8) can be derived from (7) (9):

A. Magnetic inrush The magnitude of the inrush current depends on the energization angle, the remanent flux at the instant of energization and load. Thus, different inrush currents are generated by varying the above parameters and used for test.

Fig.3

The model system shldied

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Case I : energization angle o 0 deg, 80% remanentflux, no f load Fig. 4 shows the currents and voltages for Case 1. The current and voltages are severely distorted, Fig. 5 shows the two components of Detector 1 i.e. A(&- AA) and N,/N2A(&Ab). results show that the two estimated differences of the The increments of the flux linkages are nearly the same even if the currents and voltages are distorted. If the Detector output is greater than 5%, a counter is increased by one; otherwise it is decreased by one. If the counter is less than zero, it is reset to zero. If a counter exceeds four, the final trip signal is issued. Fig. 6 shows the three Detectors and the trip signal. The output of from each of the three Detectors are less than 5%, consequently the trip signal is not activated. Case 2: energization angle o 0 deg, 80 % remanenfflwr, f fir11 load Fig. 7 shows the operating response of the three Detectors for Case 2; this is identical to Case 1, except a full load ( 5 5 MVA) is connected to the transformer secondary. The primary and secondary voltages are also severely distorted. All three detectors remain below 5%, consequently the trip signal is not activated. The two results indicate that the algorithm accurately estimates the differences of the increments of the flux linkages, even though the currents and voltages are severely distorted by the high remanent flux and the load current.

- 10 8

B -10 2 10
I

:,---,4C

140 140

20

60

ED

100

120

' 1

e 0

d ~10
p
m

;
20 40
M

. , - .l- il

10

tm

ID

20

40

60

80
Time (ms)

lm

120

140

(a) Primary cments

8 -10 - 10
E ..
r

:
20
~

I : .
40
60

: - - X- - - - - I - - -

to

io0

120

140

0
-10

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2
r -B

10

0 -10 10
20
40

---*-----+-60
Bo

IM

120

140

B o

d -10
2 10
I

II

20

40

50

100

120

140

Time (mr)

d -

- -10
1 0

20

4C

60

3 3

lm

lW

140

Fig. 4

--phase

(cj Secondary voltages (v, vbi vJ currents and voltages

..a
r

CO
-lo

i
Zb

$ 0

ld0

lb

li0

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B. Internal windingfaults

The fault data for various faults on the phase B of primary winding are generated and used to test the algorithm. The test results for two of the fault scenarios are described in Cases 3 and 4. Case 3: A turn-to-groundfault, located 60 %from the neutral winding end and at 0 deg inception angle. Case 4: A turn-to-turnfault, located between 20% and 30% and at 0 deg inception angle Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 describe the operating response of the three Detectors for Cases 3 and 4, respectively. As the differences of the increments of the flux linkages are not the same and thus Detectors 2 and 3 exceed the 5% operating threshold. The signals in Detector 1 remain small, because it not affected by a fault on phase B. In Case 3, the trip signal is activated 2.6 rns after fault occurrence. In Case 4, this delay is increased to 5.2 ms.
V.HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

PCL-727 DIA Board

(DiA Conversion1

l2 Analog l n p ~ t 2nd Order Low-Pass Filter (Sailen 8 Key Active Filter1 Spec: Stop-band cutoff l r e ~9GOHz. Gain 0.1 .
x

Fig. 10 shows the configuration of the prototype system. The relay was implemented on the TMS320C6701 digital signal processor. The sampling rate is 32 sampledcycle. The currents and voltages are passed through Butterworth 2d order filters Y-, = 960 E), which are Sallen & Key active filters, to the 14-bit A/D converter.

12

Filtered Analog

Inout lmola Quad. IP PCI Carrier Board AJD Module(lP341) 12 CH. SimullaneOuS AID Conversion
Spec: ReSOiulion : 14bits. I6CH's

Quantized

DayIona TMS320C6701 PCI Dual Board

CPU: IGFLOPS. 167MHz Code-Camaser Studio (Debwain0 Tooil

Fig. IO The wnfguration ofhardware implementation

Time ("7s)

Fig. 9

Detectors and Ihe Wip si@

for Case 4

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VII. APPENDIX

e
2 c
a)

10

Sufficient condition can be proved trivially in substituting (13) into (22). Thus, only necessary condition will be proved. Let three FUFLs be as follows.
i~~ ~ ~

~.

~~i& & ~ . ~ & & U &

~ ~ ~~

E -10

8 10
Q

20

40

80

100

120

140

Substituting (AI) into (22) yields:

.L . -4
I

E 0-

- -10
I

- 10
L m

20

40

N, YLU,-dab =-A(& N,

-nab)
-

(4
(A3)

60

80

100

120

140

%
t

U
dab

- pc b

-10

A(aab

&Ik
................... 4 ......~ . . i ....... ~ ........ <..................:...; ; c 20
~

-yMM = % A ( A ~ -A=) N2
#

(A4)

40

0 .......... -20 .......... -40

In ( M ) ,if AA-

O , M n b = 0 , then y = N I / N , . Similar, in

E 40
d

20

,......... ,........................... ,......... >

I I I I I

40

60

80

1W

120

140

L..-

(A3), if AAsb t O,M, = 0 , then a = N , / N 2 ; in (A4), AAbe# O , A & = 0,then p = N , / N , .

S.
c

40 ..... ..... ..... .... P 20

~40 0

20

40

60

80

M,
I I I

In order for (Al) (A3) to be valid for all A&, AA,, , the condition of a = p = y = N , / N , should be

100

1M

140

satisfied. Thus, _ AAA

_on
D
-40

a,,

-hn,=%=%. Therefore,
ubc

(13)

N2

..... -20 . . . . .
I 1 I
I

is a necessary and sufficient condition of (22).

I I I

Q.E.D

VIKREFERENCES [I] [2] [3] A.G. Phadke, I.S. Thorp, Computer R l y n for Power Systems, eaig Research Studies Press LTD., 1988 C. D. Hayward, H-Onie-CuTTent-Re~~i~d Relays for Transformer Differential Pro1ection;AIEE Tram. vol. 60, pp. 377-382, 1941 R. L. Sharp, W. E. Glassbum A Transformer Differential Relay with Second-Harmonic Rerinint,AlEE Tram. P r l l vol. 77, pp. 913-918, atl, 1958 C. H. Einvall, I. R Linden, A Three-phase Differential Relay for Transformer Protection,lEEE Tram. on PAS,vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 19711980, Novemberllkcember 1975 A. G. Phadke, 1. S . llorp, A New Computer-Based Flux-Restrained Current-Differential Relay far Power Transformer Protection, IEEE Tram. an PAS, vol. 102, NO. 11, pp. 3624-3629, November 1983 K. Inagaki, M. Higaki, Y.Matsui, K. Kurita, M. S u u k i , K. Yoshida, T. Maeda, Digital Protection Method far Power Transformen Based on m Equivalent Circuit Composed of Inverse Inductance, IEEE Trom. on PWRD,vol. 3,na. 4, pp. 1501-1510,October1988 M. S . Sachdev, T. S . Sidhu, H.C. Wood, A Digital Relaying Algorithm for Detecting Transformer Winding Faults:IEEE T r m . on PWRD,vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1638-1648, July 1989 M. S . Sachdev, T. S . Sidhu, H. C. Wood, M. Nagpal, Design, Implementation and Testing of a Microprocessor-Based High-Speed Relay for Detecting Transformer Winding Faults, IEEE Tmm. on PWRD,vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 108-1 17, J a n u q 1992 Y. C. Kang, B. E. Lee, S.H. Kana S.S . Kim, J.K. Lee,A Transformer Protective Relaying Algorithm Using the Ratio of Induced Voltages, IEEE PESZOOI SM,July 15 19,2001, Vancouver, BC, Canada P. Bastud, P. B e m d , M. Meunier, A Transformer Model for Winding Fault Shldies, IEEE Tram. on PWRD, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 690699, A p d 1994

V1. CONCLUSION This paper describes a transformer protective relaying algorithm using the ratio of the increment of the primary and secondary flux linkages. The algorithm estimates the increments of the flux linkages for a wye-wye transformer or the differences of the increments of the flux linkages for a transformer including a delta winding to use the line currents instead of the winding currents. It compares them with the turns ratio to discriminate internal faults from magnetic inrush. The test results clearly demonstrate that the proposed algorithm remains stable for magnetic inrush. In addition, the algorithm detects internal faults within one cycle. A prototype relay successfully discriminates between internal faults and magnetic inrush. The algorithm does not need to h o w the hysteresis characteristics of the transformer core and the use of time domain signals ensures the operating time is less than a conventional relay.

[4]

[SI [6]

171
[8]

[9]

[IO]

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