Question Bank Compressed

3 Year 1 Semsester
rd st
Question Bank
1. MGTS 301
2. CHEG 301
3. CHEG 302
4. CHEG 303
5. CHEG 304
6. CHEG 311
KATHMANDU LTNIVERSITY Marks scored:
End Semester Examination
February/March, 2018
Level : B.E Course : CHEG 304
Semester: I
Year : III
Exam RollNo.: Time: 30 mins. F.M. :10
Registration No.:
Date l,tAR i 0 2018
.c
A))
[20 Q. x 0.5 = l0 marks]
choose the most appropriate answer from the given choices.
l. A bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid

are continuously
containing leftover nutrient, metabolic and products and microorganism
removed at the same rate is called
[ ]cryostat [ ]chemostat [ ]fed-batchfermenter [ ]continuousfermenter
the bubbles in a
2. The average concentration of oxygen in the boundary layers surrounding
reactor is determined bY
[ ] ultra-small dissolved oxygen probe
[ ] laser-based photographic system in
[ 1 ,n"ururing tire steady state concentration of oxygen in the bulk prior to inoculation
reactor.
in
[ ] measuring the steady state concentration of oxygen in the bulk after inoculation
Reactor
using
J The time interval required to double the cell population can be calculated
lllnzlp, f]tnz []lnP llPfln2
4. Which of the following steps are involve in anaerobic methane production?
(i) Hydrolysis lii; acidification (iii) acetogenesis (iv) methanogensis
i'tiiiunaiii ilianAii [ ]i,iiiandiv [ ]i,ii,iiiandiv
The rate limiting step in the movement of oxygen from the gas phases in a bubble
to the
5
cell is the movement of oxygen molecules through
[ ] gas-liquid interface [ ] bubble boundary layer
i j uutt< liquid [ ] gas Phase
6 In anaerobic environment, sugar (CnHz*O,n) in dough is converted into
[]glucose []water []alcohol []carbonmonoxide
7 Steroid hormones are derived from the modification of

[]cholesterol []flavonoids []alkaloids [ ] amino acid
8 Settling velocity z, is given bY

[ ]kc-* [ ]kc [ ]ldc [ ] kc/m
9 A torsion dynamometer is used to measure
[ ] viscosity [ ] foam level [ ] gas flow rate [ ] shaft power input
10. Which of the following has more tolerance for acidic pH?
(i) Yeast (ii) Bacteria (iii) E. coli (iv) moulds
[]iandiii []i,iiandiii []iandiii [ ]iandiv
Fill in the blank by most appropriate VALUE or WORD
11. The oxygen transfer rate per unit of reactor volume is given
12. The amount of antifoam entering fermenter is controlled
13. For single reaction with ordinary kinetic, PFTR provide _

and than the CSTR of equal volume.
14. Secondary metabolites which inhibits growth of other microbial species, even at low
level are called

15. Partition chromatography relies on the of solute
between two solvent.
t6 is used to remove cells from fermentation broth.
17. in which heat released by the enzyme-
catalyzed reaction is detected by a calorimeter.
18. Protein and nucleic acid can be analyzed using

detection.
19. In Contois growth kinetic model specific growth rate (p):

20. is used for the removal of bacteria.
KATHMANDU L'NIVERSITY
February/March, 2018 tJlAR 1 E 2O1B
Level : B.E. Course : CHEG 304
Year : III Semester: I
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins. F.M. : 40
6(B"
[8 Q. , 5 :40 marks]
Attempt any EIGHT questions.
l.a. Consider an organism that follows the Monod growth law with pmax= I h-1, 6r:
0.25 glL and Y.r, : 0.5 g/g. The reaction is to be carried out in CSTR with a feed
substrate concentration of 20 g /L. t3l
(i) Calculate the dilution rate for an existing cell concentration of 9.5 glL.
(ii) What is the dilution rate that will give the maximum product yield?
(iiD What is the dilution rate at which wash out occurs?
b. Discuss the different membrane separation technique used in bioprocess. 12)
2.a. Consider the growth of aerobic microorganism. Describe with suitable

example the oxygen utilization rate during the batch culture. t3l
b. Write a note on reactor dynamics and indicate condition for stability t2)
3.a. Give some example of bio-production of fine chemicals. Also shed light on the
biological significance of these metabolites. t3l
b. Write down the mass balance equation for CSTR with recycle and wall growth. l2l
4.a. Distinguish between structured and unstructured growth model. Briefly explain the
toxin effect on cell gromh. [0.5+1.5]
b. Describe the Gas-Liquid mass transfer in cellular system. How would you determine
the volumetric rate of oxygen consumption in bioreactor? U+21
5.a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of PFTR with respect to CSTR? Shed light
on different CSTR model used for enzyme-catalyzed reactor with neat diagram. U+2)
b Briefly explain the typical growth curve for batch cultivation. What is the case of
multiple lag phase? Explain with suitable example. [1.5 + 0.5]
6.a. Distinguish between continuous rotary vacuum filter and plate and frame frlter. tzl
b Describe the major steps involved in anaerobic methane production t3]
7.a. What are the major steps involve in downstream processing. Briefly explain salting out
methods used for the recovery of protein. ll+2)
-
b. What are the major control operation used in bioreactor? How would you
dissolved oxygen concentration in bioreactor.
monito.
[0.5+ 1.5]
8.a. what are single cell proteins? Explain with suitabre exampre . L2)
b. What are the online and. o.ffline analytical methods used in

analysis of bioreactor
parameters. Briefly explain the two analytical method
used for ihe measurement of cell
properties.
t3l
9.a. Describe_the major steps involve in brewing and wine making
process. Draw the
process flow chart.
t3l
b. Write short notes monoclonal antibody. pl
Marks Scored:
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
February/Tvlarch,2019
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F.M. :10
Registration No.: Date F[8 2 i 20le

SECTION "A"
:
[20 Q' x 0'5 l0 marks]
Choose the most appropriate answer from the given choices.
l. Diauxic growth of biomass is associated with

[ ] Multiple lag phase t ] Sequencing utilization of multiple substrate
[ ] Absence of lag phase t ] Simultaneous utilization of multiple substrate
2. What do you meanby KLo

[ ] Volumetric mass transfer coefficient [ ] Henry's law coefficient
[ ] Volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient [ ] Volumetric solute transfer coefficient
3. What assumption are made when modeling on Ideal tubular reactor?
[ ] Steady state and no radial variation [ ] Plug flow and liquid system
[ ] Gas flow and steady state [ ] Only gas flow
4. Which of the following analytical instruments are used to analyse gases in bioreactor?
(a) Gas chromatography (b) Mass spectrometry
(c) Column chromatography (d) Gel filtration chromatography
[ ]a,c [ ]a,d [ ]b,c [ ]a,b
5. Lowry reagents is used for the analysis of
[ ]DNA [ ]RNA [ ] Protein [ ] Carbohydrates
6. Spectrophotometer is used to measure the cell properties in the bioreactor by measuring
[ ]Opticaldensity [ ]Dissolveoxygen[ ]pH [ ]COz
7. Which of the following microorganism is immobilized by attachment to porous acetylcellulose for
acetic acid assay?
(a) Nitrosomonas species (b) Trichosporon brassicae
(c) Citrobacter freundii (d) Pseudomonas fluorescence
[ ]a,b [ ]b,c [ ]c,a [ ]d,a
8. Example of filter for continuous mode of filtration is
[ ]Plateandframe [ ]Spiralwound [ ]Rotaryvaccum [ ]Tubular
9. Which type of liquid-liquid extraction is most efficient?
[ ] Multistage counter current [
] Multistage cross current
[ ] Multistage co-current [
] Single stage
10. Which of the following is not one of the ingredients of beers?
[ ]Hops [ ]Yeast [ ]Malt [ ]Must
Fill in the blanks with appropriate WORDS or VALUES.
11. Ion exchange chromatography is based on the
12. is a section for receiving and storing raw

material and is final product preparation (formulation),
packaging and shipping.
13 is a protein extracted from algae, yeasts or bacteria and used

as a substitute for protein rich food.
14. Antibodies are produced in specialized cells known as
15. A completely mixed continuous stirred tank reactor for the cultivation of cells is called
16. size of bubbles is relevant to mass transfer
t7. material balance is the starting point for the

charucterization of reactor dynamics.
18. Organism growing at the same rate, use of permits processing

of more feed material per unit time ard rea
situation.
19. In reverse phase chromatography, the stationary phase is in nature.

_
20 contain material of undefined composition. e.g. mixed

with unknown extract chemicals.
FebruaryAvlarch,20lg FEB 2 7 Zuts
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins F. M. :40
(6BD
SECTI
[8Q." 5:40 marks]
Attempt ANY EIGHT questions.
l.
a. Consider an organism that follow Monod growth law with pmax: I h-l,yv, = 0.5 g g-r , Ks :
0-2 gL't, Sr: l0 g L-r . Calculate the diluiion rate atthe cell washout condition.
121
b. Derive the kinetics of cell growth model in the presence of endogenous metabolism and
maintenance.
t3l
2
a. How toxin concentration affects the growth phase in batch cultivation?
b. Briefly explain the gas-liquid contacting modes in bioreactor. l3l
t2l
a
a. With suitable example, describe the rate of metabolic oxygen utilization in a biological reactor.
b. write down the material balance reaction in an idealplug flow reactor. fii
4
a. Sketch the five different CSTRs design for enzyme catalyzedreaction and explain
its
application.
b. What is biosensor? Explain t3l
with suitable examples.
t2l
5
How would you extract the protein and RNA from the cell?
?. t3l
b' Briefly explain the use of spectrophotometerand flurometry for measuring cell propertier.
izt
6
Sketch the process flow chart for antibiotics
/A\ ?'
b. Explain
recovery and explain the major steps involved.
" [3]
the chromatographic technique used for the protein
iurification. Lzl
7
a' What is biofuel? Explain briefly the process of acidogenesis and methanogenesis
during
anaerobic methane production
b' What is bioconversion? Give any three examples of production of protein t3l
via recombinant
DNA technology. Why E coli is widely used as a host for the ...rrbinrnt protein production?
[0.5+t+0.5]
8
a' Sketch the generalized process flow sheet for fermentation process economics.
With suitable
example, estimate the major manufacture cost associated inthe industrial
scale fermentation.
b. How would you measure the performance characteristics of biological reactor? t3l
12)
9. Write short notes on
(i) Centrifugation and sedimentation (ii) Single step extraction and rurrir,jr2.5*#.r'"1
February/Ivlarch, 2019
Level B.E. Course : CHEG 311
Year m Semester: I
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins F.M. :10
Registration No.: Date 0 0 MR 2019
SECTION "A''
t20 Q. x 0.5 = 10 marksl
Attempt ALL questions. Tick the most appropriate answer.
1. During the desalting of crude oil, which of the statement is not true?
(a) Desalter pressure is maintained above vaporization pressure of crude oil
(b) Desalter pressure is maintained below vaporization pressure of crude oil
(c) Low voltage is preferable for better desalting
(d) Lower temperature is preferable
2. Caprolactum, a raw material for the manufacture of nylon-6, is produced from
(a) Phenol (b) Benzene (c) Naphthalene (d) Pyridine
J Visbreaking process is used mainly for making

(a) Smoke free kerosene (b) Fuel oil
(c) High octane gasoline (d) High octane Number
4. Crude oil is pumped by a pump.

(a) Gear (b) Centrifugal
(c) Screw (d) Reciprocating
5 What is the temperature of crude oil in desalting unit?

(a) 131-141 "C (b) 151-161 'C (c) 171-181 "C (d) 101 -t20'c
6. Catalytic cracking of paraffins generally give
(a) Smaller paraffins + olefins (b) naphthene + olefins
(c) aromatic + olefins (d) alkylated naphthene with fewer rings
l Which of the following is thermo set resin?

(a) Epoxy resin (b) PET resin (c)Polycarbonate (d)Fluorocarbon
8 Knocking is the term used for

(a) Diesel (b) Gasoline (c) Jet fuel (d) Kerosene
9 In the solvent pulping process, the operating temperature is around

(a) 140-220"C (b) 90-120 "C (c)220-320"C (d) 320-420'C
10. In catalytic reforming, preheating is done to achieve

(a) Temperature control (b) To reform catalyst
reformate
(c) To remove gases and (d) To separate aromatics from the product
11. Yeast enzyme readily ferments

(a) Sucrose to ethanol (b) Sucrose to propanol
(c) Sucrose to butanol (d) Sucrose to methanol
12. Schematic diagram of racemic and mesodiads is shown in the figure
rl
.f
x H t-t H Y H
ra*mic diad nrcso diarl

lll
An NMR analysis of a polystyrene sample showed that it had close to l00%o racemic diads
The sample would be
(a) Isotactic polystyrene (b) Syndiotactic polystyrene
(c) Atactic polystyrene (d) None of these
13. Thermal cracking is a cracking process that generally proceed at

(a) Elevated temperatures in the absence of catalyst
(b) Elevated temperatures in the presence of catalyst
(c) Temperatures below the reaction temperature in the absence of catalyst
(d) Temperatures below the reaction temperature in the persence of catalyst
14. In Visbreaking process, the operating temperature of mild thermal cracking at 50-200 psig
is
(a) 470-500'C (b) 500-700'C
(c) 700-900'C (d) 200-300 "C
15. Which is the correct order of RONC (Research Octane Number )?

(a) Naphthenes<Aromatics<Paraffins (b)ParaffinscNaphthenes<Aromatics
(c) Aromatics<Paraffins<Naphthenes (d)Paraffins<AromaticscNaphthenes
16. What are the byproducts of sugar industries?

(a) Bagass, filtercake and molasses (b) Coke and yeast
(c) Pyrite ashes, calcium carbonate and sand (d) None of these
17. In hydrogenation process

(a) A substance is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst
(b) The addition of hydrogen is done in the presence of a catalyst
(c) The removal of hydrogen is done in the presence of a catalyst
(d) The addition of hydrogen is done in the absence of a catalyst
18. The UNIPOL Process for the production of polyethylene is a

(a) Low pressure polymerization in fluidised bed reactor
(b) High pressure polymerization in fluidised bed reactor
(c) Low pressure polymerization in fixed bed reactor
(d) High pressure polymerization in fixed bed reactor
19. Ziegler-Natta catalyst generally contain

(a) TiCh, TiCly'MgClz (b) CrO:/SiOz
(c) Cr on AlzOr (d) None of these
20. Pyrolysis gasoline is obtained from?

(a) Catalytic cracking (b) Gasification
(c) Steam cracking (d) Thermal cracking
February/M arch,2019 0 6 HAR 2019
SECTION ''B''
[4Q.x5=20marks]
Attempt ANY FOUR questions
I Discuss the manufacturing of pulp with neat and clean flow sheet diagram. Why does black
liquor enter various section of digester in the preparation of wood pulp?
2. Discuss the manufacturing of sugar from sugarcane with neat and clean flow sheet diagram.
Discuss energy economy in the sugar manufacturing process.
J What do you mean by crude oil distillation? Discuss in detail the various products produced
during the distillation of crude oil.
4. Explain Visbreaking with Soaker process with neat and clean diagram.
5 What is reforming of crude oil? Explain any one type of catalytic reforming process with
neat and clean flow diagram.
SECTION ''C''
[5Q.x 4=20 marks]
Attempt ANY FIVE questions.
6. Make comparison of soaps and detergents. Draw flow sheet for continuous soap
manufacturing process.
1. Explain hydrogenation of oil. Draw flow diagram for hydrogenation of oil
8. Discuss Ziegler process for polyethylene manufacture.
9. Discuss thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers with their applications.
10. What is synthetic fiber? Describe monomer and comonomer.
ll. Discuss ANY FOUR.

a. Fluidized bed catalytic cracking
b. Types of crude oil
c. Alkylation and isomerization
d. Isotactic and atactic polymer
e. Steam methane reforming reaction
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY Marks Scored:
End Semester Examination [C]
June, 20 I 8
Level : B.E. Course : CHEG 3l I
Year : lll Semester: I
E,xam RollNo. Time: 30 mins F.M. :10
Registration No. Date .tN 10 2018

SECTION "A''
:
[20 Q. x 0.5 l0 marks]
Select the most appropriate answer.
Which of the following is not the composition of black powder in explosives?

a) KNO; b) Charcoal c) Glycerine
d) Sulfur
2. A unit process is exemplified by

a) Distillation b) Hydrogenation c) Oxidation d) Purification
J Styrene is produced from ethyl benzene by process of

a) Dehydrogenation b) Oxidation c) Alkylation d) Dehydration
4. Which is the most powerful explosive among the following options?

a) TNT b) Picric acid c) Explosive D d) RDX
5 The gasification reaction represented by C + HzO * CO + Hz is an

.. reaction
a) Exothermic b) Endothermic c) Catalytic d) Autocatalytic
6 Which of the following is the characteristics of Kratt pulping process?

a) Produce white grade paper b) Produce brown paper
c) Easy bleaching d) Fibers are weaker
7 . Digestor conditions for sulfite process is

a) 20- I 50 0C, 4-6 atm and 6- l0 hours for wood
b) 70- I 80 0C. l0 atm and 5-6 hours for wood
c) 70-180 0C,20 atm and l0-15 hours for wood
d) 00- I I 0 0C. l-4 atm and l0- 15 hours for wood
8 ' " " is commonlv as coke oven sas'
;t ao, H;, N; ;il ;;; [!u
c) CO, HzO d) CO. Hz, CH+
9 Which of the following is the sweetest?

a) Glucose b) Fructose c) Sucrose d) Lactose
10. Esterification reaction produces ...

a) Detergent b) Vanaspati ;t s";; d) Mercaptans
ll Hydrophilic group of a soap or detergent solution is .. . . .

a) Water hating b) Soil loving c) Water loving d) None
12. Which of the following is a detergent?
a) hexachloride
Benzene b) Alkyl benzene sulphonate
:, c) Polytelrafluoroehtylene
,
d) Cellulose nitrate
13. Most commonly used rubber vulcanizing agent is

a) Bromine b) Platinum c) Carbon d) Sultur
14. Solvent used tbr extraction of oil is

a) Hexane b) Methyl ethyl benzene
c) Furfural d) Benzene
l5 Rancidity of oilcan be reduced by....

a) Decoloration b) Hydrogenation c) Oxidation d) Purification
t6 Liquor poisoning generally occurs by ....

a) Ethyl alcohol b) Carbonic acid c) Methylalcohol d) Impurities
17. Neoprene is chemically known as ....

a) Polybutadiene b) Styrene butadiene rubber
c) Polyurathanes d) Polychloroprene
l8 In petroleum refining, the process used for conversion of hydrocarbon to aromatics is
a) Catalytic cracking b) Catalytic reforming

c) Hydrotreating d) Alkylation
l9 Oxidation number of gasoline is a measure of its

a) Resistance to knock b) Ignition delay
c) Pour point d) Smoke point
20. Mercaptans is repiesented as ... .... (where R and R'are alkyl groups)
a) R-COOH b) R-S-H c) R-S-R d) R-S-R'
KATHMANDU UNIVITRSITY
End Sernester Examination [C]
Level B.E.
June. 201 8
u[n 1o 2018
Year III Course : CHEC 3l I
Tirne Semester: I
2 hrs. 30 rnins
I
F.M. :40
[5e, 2: l0 marksl
write short answers fbr questions given berow. Attempr
ANy FIVE.
I ' Define dynamite on the basis of its constituents. What
is Brisance and how it is
measured?
2' what is destructive distillation? State the differences between

stripping and absorption.
3' what do vou mean by lautering in beer brewing and rnaceration
in wine making process?
4' Describe the process in digestor during vegetabre
oir extraction.
5' List out the fractions or cuts from the crude distillation
column from top to bottom with
diagram.
6' Define polycondensation and addition reactions

with exampre.
ilcrl
SECTION
[2e r 5: I0 marks]
Answer ANY TWO questions frorn this secrion.
7. Explain the process for production of paper

with neat and crean diagram.
8' tne process of producti on of 99Yo white glycerin from fats with process
3ffi;'3:
9' write the application and chemistry involved in production
dacron-myl ar po lyester. of nylon-6 polymer and
SE ION rDrt
[2e l0 = 20 marks]
"
Read the following questions carefuily and answer ANy
rwoquestions.
l0' Discuss on complete manufacturing process
of sugar fiom sugarcane with neat and clean
diagram' You should mention ,h,y;i;rl
;;"p;br";f sugar, chemical reactions involved
(if anv) and descri.ption of inaivia'uat urii.il;;;i;tion
highly recommended. orindividual unit in bulet form is
Il ' write the detail production process of methanol

from synthesis gas. Mention physical
properties of methanol. chemical reactions
involveJ and description of individual unit.
Descriprion of individuar unit in buileiiorm
; hi"ghry recommend-ed.
12' what are coking and non-coking coals? Describe
the entire process of coking of coal rvith
neat and clean diagram. Meition chemical
..u.tioru involved unJ-'d.r.ription
individual unit. Descliption of individual
,riil, ;il.;form is highly recommended. of
@tu-
'llr
Marks scored:
Level : B.E Course CHEG 3I I
Year : III Semester I
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F. M. :10
Registration No Date l.tAR 1 I 2018

SECTION "A"
[20 Q. x 0.5
:10 marks]
Answer the following multiple choice questions.
l. Which of the following is most important for coke production?

a) Moisture b) Ash c) Volatiles d) Carbon
2 Coke oven gas mainly consists of

a) Hz& CHc b) CO & COz d)Hz&CO d) CH+ & CO
J Coking coals are invariably

a) Lignites b) Bituminous c) Sub-bituminous d) Anthracites
4 Gun powder which is an explosive consists of charcoal, sulfur and ..

a) Glycerine b) Salt petre c) Nitroglycerine d) Dynamite
5 Styrene is produced from ethyl benzene by the process of

a) Dehydrogenation b) Oxidation c) Alkylation d) Dehydration
6. Epoxy resin
a) Is a good adhesive b) Is an elastomer
c) Cannot be used for surface coating d) Is a polyester
7 Fermentation of molasses to produce ethyl alcohol is done at ... ..........0c.

a) 20-30 b)<-5 c)40-50 d) 100- ls0
8 A unit process is exemplified by

a) Distillation b) Extraction c) Hydrogenation d) Absorption
9 A good lubricant should have

a) High viscosity index b) High volatility
c) Low pour point d) Low viscosity index
10. Nitrile rubber is made by

a) Isobutylene and isoprene b) Acrylonitrile and styrene
c) Acrylonitrile and butadiene d) None of these
11. In single propellant system, the liquid used serves as

a) Fuel b) Oxidizer c) CatalYst d) All of the above
t2. The type of evaporator used to concentrate the dilute juice in single effect is
a) Calendria type evaporator
b) Long tube vertical rising film evaporator
c) Long tube vertical falling film evaporator
d) Forced circulation type evaporator
13. Molasses is diluted to .... .......sugar solution.

a) 20-40% b)}-s% c)10-15% d)60-80%
t4 For hydrogenation of oil, .. . . ..is commonly used as catalyst and

is a catalyst poison.
a) Platinum, sulfur b) Platinum, oxygen c) Nickel, sulfur d) Nickel, oxygen
15 Reactor operating condition in production of vinyl chloride from ethylene is

a) 100 0C and20 atm b) 150 0C and 1.5 atm
c) 100 0C and 1.5 -2 atm d) 15 0C and 1.5 -2 atm
16. Vis-breaking process is mainly used for making

a) High cetane diesel b) High octane gasoline
c) Fuel oil d) Smoke free kerosene
t7 Octane rating of a gasoline is measure of its

a) Ignition delay b) Resistance to knock
c) Ignition temperature d) Smoke point
18. Aromatics have higher of all the hydrocarbons of same carbon atoms.
a) Smoke point b) Octane number c) Cetane number d) Viscosity
19. Neoprene is chemically known as

a) Polybutadiene b) SBR c) Polyurethane d) Poly chloroprene
20 Which of the following is a copolymer?

a) PVC b) Bakelite c) Polythene d) Teflon
February/March, 2018 lilAR 1 I 2018
Level : B.E. Course : CHEG 3l I
Year : III Semester : I
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins. F. M. :40
SECTION ''B''
[5Q r 2: l0 marks]
Write short answers for questions given below. Attempt ANY FIVE
1 State the composition of primer. Name any two mixtures of bursting charge used in
military explosives.
2 Describe gasifier used in coal gasification process with neat diagram.
J What is black strap molasses? What does one Brix indicates?
4 What is meant by 100 proof alcohol? What are the chemical conversions involved in
fermentation process under controlled pH, temperature, aeration-agitation and yields?
5 What do you mean by rancidity? What does saponification value indicates?
6 Explain in brief about the three different method used to determine molecular weight of
polymer.
SECTION "C''
[2Q * 5: l0 marks]
AnswerlNI WO questions from this section.
7 Differentiate between Kraft and sulfite process of pulping based on types of fibrous raw,
essential chemical reagents and reactions, digester condition, material of construction of
digester, types ofpulp and paper produced.
8 Write the chemistry involved in Nylon 66 polyamide and Dacron Mylar polyester making
along with their application. :
9. Describe the type of addition polymerization.
SECTION ''D''
,
[2Q l0:20 marks]
Answer ANY WO questions from this section.
l0 Discuss the complete process of manufacture of ethyl alcohol from molasses with neat
and clean diagram. You should mention physical properties of ethyl alcohol, chemical
reactions involved and description of individual unit. Description of individual unit in
bullet form is highly recommended.
I t. Write the detail manufacturing process of methanol from synthesis gas with neat and
clean diagram. You should include physical properties information, reaction involved and
description of individual unit involved in the process. Description of individual unit in
bullet form is highly recommended.
12. State the differences between soap and detergents. Describe the complete process of
production of soap, glycerin and fatty acids with neat diagram. You should include
chemical reactions involved and description of all units of the process. Description of
individual unit in bullet form is highly recommended.
ll
KATHMANDU LN{IVERSITY Marks Scored
Level : B.E Course : CHEG 301
Exam.Roll No.: Time: 30 mins F.M. :10
Registration No Date rEB 2 6 2018
SECTION "A"
[20 Q.xQ.5:10 marks]
Attempt IZZ questions.
Tick the most appropriate answer.

1. The unit of the rate of a reaction is
a. mol L-l s-l b. mol L-l c. L mol-l s-l d. L mol-r
2 All reactants are charged to a reactor at once and no materials are fed to or taken out of
the reactor during reaction. The reactor is
a. CSTR b.PFR c. PBR d. batch reactor
5 The rate of reaction for reactant A is defined by

where Ca is the concentration of reactant A and t is reaction time.
^#
A.
iff*nere V is the reaction volume and Na is the number of moles of reactant A.
where Fa is the molar flow rate of reactant A.
" #
O.
#*here v is the volumetric flow rate.
4 The statement that is false is
a. The reaction rate depends on type of catalyst.
b. The reaction rate depends on species concentration.
c. The reaction rate depends on type of reactor.
d. The reaction rate depends on system pressure.
5 In a CSTR, the molar flow rate of reactant A was I mol/s and the volumetric flow rate
was 0.5 L/s at the reactor inlet. The concentration of A at the reactor inlet is
a. 0.5 mol/L b. L,0 mol/L c. 1.5 mot/L d .2,0 mol/L
6. The conversion of a reaction is defined by the number of moles of limiting reactant that
have reacted per
a. mole of excess reactant. b. mole of desired product.
c. mole of limiting reactant. d. mole of undesired product.
7 If a CSTR is replaced with a PFR of same volume for a reaction rate represented by
-rA = ft *n.r. ra is the reaction rate of reactant A and Xa is the conversion of A,
a. the conversion of A would increase.
b. the conversion of A would decrease.
c. the conversion of A would increase up to a conversion of 0.5 and decrease thereafter.
d. the conversion of A would decrease up to a conversion of 0.5 and increase thereafter.
8, The volumetric flow rate that is used to determine the space time in a continuous flow
reactor is the
a. volumetric flow rate at the reactor inlet.
b. volumetric flow rate at the standard condition.
c. volumetric flow rate at 60oF.
d. volumetric flow rate 75oF.
9 For a reaction order ofn, the unit ofthe rate constant can be expressed as
a. concentration/time b. (concentration)n/time
c. (concentration;(l-ny,1*. d. (concentration/time)n
10. The activation energy of a reaction is

a. the difference in potential energy between reactants and products.
b. the difference in potential energy between reactants and the transition state molecule.
c. the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy of reactants.
d. the difference in potential energy between products and the transition state molecule.
11. The relationship between rate constant and activation energy can be represented by
a. Clapeyron equation b. Antoine equation.
c. Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation. d. Arrhenir_rs equation.
12. The burning of a coal in a rotary kiln can be represented by c (solid) + oz (gas) ) co2
(gas). Assuming that the reaction is isothermal and isobaric, the volumetric flow rate of
the gas should
a. decrease with the conversion of the coal.
b. increase with the conversion of the coal.
c. remain constant with the conversion of the coal.
d. decrease in the initial stage and increase in the later stage.
l3 The Damkohler number of a reaction

a. is the rate of reaction at entrance divided by the entering flow rate of A.
b. decreases with increasing conversion.
c. can be expressed for all reactions as a function of space time and rate constant.
d. indicates how fast a reaction can approach the equilibrium state.
14. The equation used most to calculate pressure drop in a packed column is
a. Bernoulliequation. b. Ergun equation.
c. Antoine equation. d. Arrhenius equation.
l5 Which reactor is desirable to increase the conversion of a thermodynamically limited

reaction?
a. semi-batch reactor b. membrane reactor.
reactor
c. fluidized bed d. plug flow reactor.
16. The concentration of reactant A was measured with time in a batch reactor. The preferred
method of determining the reaction order with respect to A is
method.
a. the differential b. the integral method.
c. the method of initialrates. d. the method of harf-lives.
t7 The reactor that is used most commonly for the study of kinetics for gas-solid reactions is
reactor.
a. batch b. semi-batch reactor.
c.CSTR. d. differential reactor.
18. choose a statement that is false in describing the differential reactor.

a. The reactor consists of a tube containing a very small amount of catalyst.
b. The reaction rate can be considered to be spatially uniform within the bed.
c. With reaction time, usually reactant concentrations are measured rather than product
concentrations.
d. The reaction can be considered to be isothermal.
2l
19. The overall yield of a reaction in a tubular reactor is

ttB 2 6 2018
a. the ratio of exit molar flow rate of desired product to exit molar flow rate of undesired
product.
b. the ratio of exit molar flow rate of desired product to exit molar flow rate of the key
reactant that have been consumed.
c. the ratio of exit molar flow rate of undesired product to exit molar flow rate o{'desired
product.
d. the ratio of exit molar flow rate of undesired product to exit molar flow rate of the key
reactant that have been consumed.
20. For a multiple reaction of A )D (desired product) and A ) U (undesired product), the
production rate of D, To = koC&ndthe production rate of U, r, = kuC)/'where Ca
and Cs are the concentrations of A and B, respectively. The preferred reactor to rnaximize
the selectivity of the desired product is
a. batch reactor. b. CSTR.
c. PFR with recycle. d. fluidized bed reactor.
KATHMANDU TINIVERSITY
February/March, 2018 FEB 2 6 2o1B
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins F.M. :40
SECTION "B"
1 A gas-phase reaction represented by A + 2B ) 2C +3D was carried out in a PBR, l0

cm in diameter and 1 m in length. The true density of the catalyst particles loaded in
the reactor was 3.0 glcm3 and the bulk density was 1.5 g/cm3.
1.1 Calculate the mass of the catalyst.
1.2 Calculate the void fraction in the reactor.
1.3 When the reaction rate of component A is - I 41. d.t.r*ine the reaction rate for
component D.
1.4 Convert a reaction rate of IX into the reaction ,ut" in @.

[1+l+l+l]
2. Nitrogen oxide that is used for production of nitric acid was manufactured using an
isothermal PFR at 5 atm and 200oC through a reaction represented by 4NH3 + 5oz)
4NO + 6H2O' Air was used as a source for oxygen. The molar fraction of arnmonia in
the feed to the reactor was 0.1. Determine the concentration of NO at the conversion
of 0.5. t4l
3 The elementary gas-phase reaction A : B + 2C is carried out in a membrane reactor
with no pressure drop. Product B flows out of the sides of the reactor with the
transport coefficient of kc:0.08 s-1. The rate constant of the forward reaction at
50oC
is l0-a min-l and the activation energy is 85 kJ/mol. Reactant A enters the reactor at
5atm and l00oc and at a molar flow rate of 2.5 mol/min. The concentration
equilibrium constant is 0.025 mol2 dm-6. Write the program for Polymath to calculate
the reactor volume to achieve 80oZ conversion. All necessary constants should
be
specified in the program.
t6l
4. An irreversible reaction, A) B + C was carried out in a batch reactor The
concentrations of reactant A with reaction time were measured to be as follows:
Time, min 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
Ca, mol/L 2.00 I
a
J I 0.95 0.73
Determine the reaction order with respect to A.
T4
_ -3Ceo + 4CAr - Cez
2Lt
cnr-4cAz+3CA3
tA3
- zLt
tsl
5. For the decomposition of A, the following three reactions occur in parallel.
A) R, rp: lmol L-l s-l
A) S, rs: C4mol L-l s-l

A) T, ry: C42mol L-l s-l
S is the desired product, and R andT are undesired products. ceo : 5mol/L, Cno = cso
= Cto : 0 mol/L. Find the maximum concentration of the desired product, S in a
CSTR.
tsl
SECTION "C"
6. A liquid-phase reaction represented by A) B was carried out in a continuous reactor.

The reactant A is pure, the concentration is 5mol lL, and the volumetric flow rate is l0
L/min. The reaction rate of A, -ra: kCe where k:0.1/min. and Cn represents the
molar concentration of A. Determine the volume of a CSTR to achieve a conversion
(Xa) of 0.8.
t4l
OR
A reaction represented by A ) B was carried out in a batch reactor. The reaction rate
of A can be expressed as -ra : kce2 (k: 0. , Lr) The initial concentration of A in
the reactor was at I mol/L. Calculate the time it would take for the concentration of A
in the reactor to fall down to one fifth of the initial concentration.
7 A reversible gas-phase reaction represented by A:2B was carried out in a PFR at 400
K and l0 atm. The reactant fed into the reactor was pure A and the concentration
equilibrium constant is known to be 0.25 L/mol. Calculate the conversion of A and
the concentrations at equilibrium. gl
OR
The reaction of N2Oa(g) = 2NO2(g) was carried out at 25oC in a 100 L batch reactor.
Initially the pressure was at 2atm and there existed NzO+ only. Calculate the partial
pressure of NOz when 50 % of NzOa was consumed.
8. An elementary liquid-phase reaction represented by A ) R was carried out in an

isothermal CSTR with the recycle ratio at 2. The final conversion of A was measured
to be 0.5. calculate the conversion in the absence of the recycre. t4]
OR
The rate equation of a reaction, A ) R is represented by
- rr = ,3. 1 C.q (rrirri/ { ' hr) .
At the recycle ratio of 2, CAo: I mol/L, and at the space time of 5 h, calculate the
final concentration of A (C$.
ttB 2 6 2018
g. Two parallel irreversible liquid-phase reactions, A > R, A ) S were carried out in a
PFR with pure A as feed at l0 mol/L. Calculate the molar concentrati on of the
product stream leaving the reactor when the conversion of A is 90%.
t4l
dc- dc.
tr - lmcA, tr :1.0c1 -
OR
The following two reactions were carried out in a constant-volume batch reactor.
A) R, -rAr : klCa (mol L-l s-l)

A) 25, 'tA2: kzCr ( mol L-r s-r)
kt= kz = 0.1s-1. Assuming that initially no S and R were present, calculate the
conversion ofA at t: 10 s.
KATHMANDU LTNIVERSITY Marks Scored:
Level :B.E. Course :CHEG 301
Year : III Semester :I
Exam. Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F.M. :10
Date :,1 ? FEB 2o1g

Registration No.:
6'A"
S
[20 Q. x 0'5:10 marks]
Attempt ALL questions. Tick the most appropriate answer
I Which reactor type will require the lowest volume to achieve a conversion of 40Yo?
(a) CSTR i
1
(b) PFR
(c) Batch reactor
(d) Need more data
tl+ a
o
x
tt
2. Which plot represents the rate vs time for the batch isothermal I -order reaction?
(a) A A B
(b) B r5 r..
(c) c
(d) D Tinre Time
C D
rs
3 Which of the following is not the example of a rate law?

dce
(u) ro =
* (b) -re - kca (c) ri kce - (d) -ra=k dt
4 lf,-ra: knCTCt then what is the correct unit of rate constant for -ra = keCi?
(u) S-i (b)mol dm-3S-1 (c) dm3mol-1s-1 (d) dm6mol-2s-1
5 As the value of the activation energy approaches zero, the value of the rate constant
approaches:
1aj Zero
(b) A large constant number A (Frequency factor)
(c) Infinity (d) None of these
6. Which of the following statement is false?
(a) A PFR is equivalent to an infinite number of CSTRs in series.
(b) The space time in a CSTR is equivalent to the batch time in a batch reactor.
(c) A PFR may be thought of irt terms of an infinitesimally small batch reactor that moves
down a pipe.
(d) A CSTR is equivalent to a PFR with infinite recycle ratio.
7 From the following plot, what is the reaction order with respect to A?
(a) 0 (b) 0.78 (c) 0.5 (d)l
y=1.01 xtil.76
ln( -dCa/dt)
ln(Ca)
8 What does the rate data in the plot suggest about the system?
*
(a) The reaction is fractional order in A
a-t[
(b) The experiment had a problem g*
$&6
(c) A power rate law model is not appropriate L.
*
&
(d) None of these t &
€&* 60
*
ln (Co)
9 Suppose a l tt -order reaction is running in a differential catalytic reactor al lYo conversion.

If the inlet flow rate is doubled, the production rate of the product approximately
(a) Doubles (b) Stays the same (c)Halves (d) None of these
10. Which change cannot increase the rate -re?

(a) Raise temperatur€ .+ (b) Use better catalyst
(c) Switch to better reactor (d) Change solvent in liquid phase reaction
I l. What does the flow rate of products out of the reactor usually increase with increasing
volume in a CSTR when the inlet flow rate remains constant?
-1.
-a
r.*
(a) Larger volumes increase the amount of time the fluid spends in the reactor on average
(b) Larger volumes increase the concentration of reactants
(c) Larger reactors are easier to mix
(d) None of these
12. For an elementary reaction A+28 5 :C
(a) Rate of appearance of C is equal to rare or qlsappearance of A 1 7 FEB 201s
(b) Rate of disappearance of A is equal to rate of disappearance of B
(c) Rate of appearance of C is equal to rate of disappearance of B
(d) Rate of appearance of C is 3 times rate of disappearance of A
13. Consider the reaction network below. If tho*overall selectivity of W and P is 4.0, what is
the overall yield of P?
(a) 0.20 (b) 0.7s . --*'n' W
(c) 0.80 (d) 4.0 A .--.----
P
14. Consider an isothermal plug flow reactor with a zero-order reaction.
R+P
Pure R --) ------>
PFR
Suppose the inlet flow of R doubles. how does the rate change?
(a) Doubles (b) Decreases to half its value
change
(c) Does not (d) None of these
15. For a reaction that is half-order in "A". Which of the following variables when plotted
versus time yields a straight line?
(a) ce (b) (ca)1/z (c)ln (ce) (d) (ca)-1lz
16. Which of the following rate laws are NOT examples of the power law models?
. (a) -ra = ktCe
(b)-ra : kr/C^^,
(c) -rn - k1 , -:a-
1t+t<rCfl)
(d) All of the above are examples of power law rate laws.
17. A catalyst
(a) Initiates a reaction
(b) Lowers the activation energy of reacting molecules
(c) Is capable of reacting with any one of the reactants
(d) Cannot be recovered chemically unchanged at the end of a chemical reaction
18. Rate of a chemical reaction is not influenced by the

(a) Catalyst
(b) Temperature
(c) Reactant concentration
(d) Number of molecules of reactants taking part in a reaction
19. The rate constant of a first order reaction depends on the

(a) Time (b) Temperature
(c) Concentration of the reactant (d) Concentration of the product
20.
The space-velocity is the proper performance measure of flow reactors. The space velocity
has the units of
(a) Time (b) (Time)-' (c) Velocity (d) (Velocity)-'
February/March,2019 u1.? f [B 2019
Level : B.E. Course CHEG 3OI

Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins F.M. 40
SECTION "B"
[4 Q' " 5
:20 marks]
Attempt ANY FOUR questions'
1. The reaction, A--+ B is to be carried out isothermally in a continuous-flow reactor. The
entering volumetric flow rate vo is l0 dm3/h. Q'{ote: FR: CRv, For a constant volumetric
flow rate v: v0. then FA: Cnvo. Also, Ceo: Fno/vo: ([5mol/h]/[10 dm3lh]) 0.5 mol/dm3
Calculate both the CSTR and PFR reactor volumes necessary to consume 99oh of A (i.e.,
Cn:0.01Cn0) when the entering molar flow rate is 5 mol/h, assuming the reaction rate -rn
is
:
(a) -ra k with k:
0.05
#
(b) -re: kCe with k:0.0001 s-l
(c) -rn: with k : 300 #
2. Discuss reaction order and rate law.
3. Soap consists of the sodium and potassium salts of various fatty acids such as oleic stearic,
palmitic, lauric, and mystristic acids. The saponification for the formation of soap from
aqueous caustic soda and glyceryl stearate is
3NaOH (aq) + (CrzHrsCOO)rC:Hs -- 3CrzHrsCOONa + CrHs (OH):
(caustic soda) (glyceryl stearate) (soap molecule) (glycerol)
Letting X represent the conversion of sodium hydroxide (the moles of sodium hydroxide
reacted per mole of sodium hydroxide initially present), set up a stoichiometric table
expressing the concentration of each species in terms of its initial concentration and
conversion X.
If the initial mixture consist solely of sodium hydroxide at a concentration of10 mol/L and
of glyceryl stearate at a concentration of 5 g mol/L, what is the concentration of glycerine
when the conversion of sodium hydroxide is (a) 10% and (b) 80%?
4. A reaction (A+B) is conducted into the Continuous stirred-tank reactor' The reactor
contains a catalyst of 60 Kg. The feed is coming in at 20 atmospheres and the value of
change of pressure with weight of catalyst is -0.2 i.e., (dp/dw). The reaction followed first
order reaction (rn: -kCe) and has 86.5 % conversion. What is the conversion of the
reactant A to be expected if the Continuous stirred-tank reactor have no pressure drop?
5 reactions:
Consider the following set of Rate laws
Reaction l:4NHr +6NO--+ 5\2 +6HzO -rrNo: krNoCss.Cft'[

Reaction 2: 2NO - Nz *Oz -r2Nz: kr*rCi,o
Reaction 3: Nz *Oz* 2NOz -T3oz: k3orCNzCS,
Write the rate law for each species in each reaction and then write the net rates of
formation of NO, Oz and NOz.
SECTI ON "C"
:20 marks ]
[5Q' 4 '
Attempt ANY FIVE questions
6. Derive the general mole balance equation and discuss design equation of Continuous -
Stirred Tank Reactor.
Consider the reaction A + 2B --- 3C" in which the rate of disappearance of A is 5 moles
*
7
of A per dm3 per second at the start of the reaction. At the start of the reaction
(a) What is -rA?
(b) What is the rate of formation of C?
(c) What is the rate of disappearance of B?
(d) What is rc? [l+l+1+1]
8 Discuss Spherical packed-bed reactor. Derive the expression for Spherical reactor catalyst
weight.
9 What do you mean by Differential reactor? Discuss method of Half-lives.
10. Consider the elementary gas phase reactions
l.
lt
f'ln
3B
-j.s--':r
' k ro
*H?**
o
Set up the equations to calculate the concentration of each species as a function of time in
a constant volume batch reactor. The reaction is carried out isothermally'
11. Discuss ANY FOUR. [1+1+1+l]
a. Space time and DamkOhler Number

b. Efficiency of a reactor system and rate selectivity parameter
c. Volume change with reaction
d. Pressure drop in a PiPe
e. Differential method of rate analysis
L
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY Marks scored

June,2018
Level B. E. Course : CHEG 303
Year III Semester: I
Exam RollNo. Time: 30 mins F.M. :10
JUN 1
r 2018
Registration No. Date
SECTION "A"
[20 Q.x0.5:10 marks]
1. Thermal conductivity of solid metal normally with rise in temperature
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains constant
d. may increase or decrease depending on temperature
2 When heat is transferred from a hot body to a cold body in a straight line, without
affecting the intervening medium, it is referred to as heat transfer by
a. conduction b. convection
c. radiation d. conduction and radiation
3 Pick up the wrong case. Heat flowing from one side to the other directly depends on
a. face area b. thermal conductivity
c. thickness d. temperature difference
4 Which of the following has least value of conductivity?

a. Glass b. Water c. Plastic d. Air
5 If the body is at thermal equilibrium, then the
a. emissivity: absorptivity b. emissivity < absorptivity
c. emissivity > absorptivity d. emissivity I absorptivity
6 In radiative heat transfer, a gray surface is one
a. which appears gray to the surface
b. whose emissivity is independent of wavelength
c. which has reflectivity equal to zero
d. which appears equally bright from all directions
7 Heat transfer takes place according to
a. first law of thermodynamics
b. second law of thermodynamics
c. third law of thermodynamics
d. zeroth law of thermodynamics
8 In heat exchangers, the value of logarithmic mean temperature difference should be
a. Maximum possible
b. Minimum possible
c. Zero
d. Constant
9. Air at 20oC blows over a plate of 50 cmX75 cm maintained at 250"C. If the convection
heat transfer coefficient is 25 wm2 oc, the heat transfer rate is
a. 215.6 kW b.2156 kW c. 2.156 kW d.21.56 kW
l0' Two balls of the same material and finish have their diameters in the ratio of 2:1. If both
the balls are heated to the same temperature and allowed to cool by radiation, the
rate of
cooling of big ball as compared to the small ball will be in the ratio of
a. 1:1 b.2:l c. l:2 d. 4:l
I L In free convection heat transfer, Nusselt number is a function of
a. Prandtl number and Reynolds number
b. Grasshoff number and Reynolds number
c. Grasshoff number, Reynolds number and prandtl number
d. Grasshoff number and prandtl number
12. Shell side pressure drop in a shell and tube heat exchanger does not depend upon the
a. Baffle spacing & shell diameter
b. Tube diameter & pitch
c. Viscosity, density & mass velocity of shell side fluid
d. None of these
13. A copper wire, 5.2 mm in diameter, is insulated with a layer of pVC of thermal
conductivity k": 0.43 WmoC. The wire carries current, and its temperature is 60oC.
The
film coefficient at the outer surface of the insulation is I 1.35 Wlm2 oC. Calculate the
critical insulation thickness to the nearest whole number.
a. 35 mm b. 37 mm c. 38 mm d. 36 mm
14. Hot water (0.01 m3lmin) enters the tube side of a counter current shell and tube
heat
exchanger at 80oC and leaves at 50oC. cold oil (0.05 m3/min) of density g00
kg/m3 and
specific heat of 2 kj/kg.K enters at20nC. The oil temperature in oC at the exit
is
approximately
a. 30 b.35 c.40 d. 47
l5 Calculate the log mean temperature difference in oC for the heat exchanger
in problem 14.
a. 32 b.37 c.45 d.50
tll 1 4 2010
16. Heat produced when a steady state current I passes through an electrical conductor
having resistance R is
a. IR b. IR2 c. I2R d. I2R2
17. For radiation exchange between 4 surfaces, how many view factors need to be
determined directly?
a. 5 b.6 c.7 d.8
18. Film boiling occurs at _ pressure

a. atmospheric b. sub-atmospheric
c. very high d. very low
19. The fin efficiency is the ratio of heat transfer across the fin surface to the theoretical heat
transfer across an equal area held at the
a. surroundingtemperature
b. average temperature of the fin
c. temperature of the fin end
d. constant temperature equal to that of the base
20. Heat transfer by natural convection is enhanced in system with

a. high viscosity
b. high coefficient of thermal expansion
- c. low temperature gradients
d. low density change with temperature
June, 201 8
lll r 4 2018
Level :B.E. Course : CHEG 303
SECTION "B"
Attempt Any .Eazr q uesti ons.
I A cylindrical stainless steel vessel (k: 15 Wm'K) with an inside diameter of I meter
and 0.1 meter thick walls is full of radioactive material (k: 80 W/m'K) which generates
energy at a rate of 2 x 105 Wm3. The vessel is submerged in a bath of water, which is
maintained at 25"C. The convective heat transfer coefficient between the vessel and
water is 1000 W/m2 .K. The ends of the cylindrical vessel are capped and very well
insulated so that heat transfer through the ends is negligible. If the system is at steady
state, determine the temperatures
a) wall
at the outer surface of the vessel t4l
b) at the inner surface of the vessel wall t3]
c) at the center of the radioactive material t3l
Assume a length basis of I m for the cylindrical vessel.
2 Determine the percentage increase in heat transfer associated with attaching aluminum
(k:240 Wm.K) fins of rectangular profile to a plane wall. The fins are 50 mm long, 0.5
mm thick, and are equally spaced at a distance of 4 mm (250 fins total). The convection
coefficient associated with the bare wall is 40 Wm2.K, while that resulting from
attachment of the fins is 30 Wm2.K. Assume a length basis of I m for the plane wall.
I0l
J A long, uninsulated steam line with a diameter of 89 mm and a surface emissivity of 0.8
transports steam at 200oC and is exposed to atmospheric air and large surroundings at an
equivalent temperature of 20oC.
a) Calculate the heat loss per unit length for a calm day. t4l
b) Calculate the heat loss on abreezy day when the wind speed is 8 m/s. t4l
c) For the condition of part (a), calculate the heat loss with a20 mm thick layer of
insulation (k: 0.08 Wm.K). l2l
4. Water flowing atarate of 3.8 kg/s is heated from 38 to 55oC in the tubes of a shell-and-
tube heat exchanger. The shell side is one-pass with water flowing at 1.9 kg/s entering at
94"C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 1420 Wlmz'K. The average water velocity
in the 1.905-cm ID tubes is 0.366 m/s. Because of space limitations, the tubes may not
exceed 2.44 m in length. Determine:
a) the required number of tube passes. t3l
b) the number of tubes per pass. L4j
c) the length of the tubes (per pass), keeping in mind the space restriction. I3l
5 The spectral, hemispherical emissivities for zirconia and tungsten are shown below. Each
of these metals is being considered for use as a filament in a light bulb.
1
Zirconia ".") 1
Tungeten
f,I
0.8
r?
' L Filarnent C1
{lr 0.45
S3 T; 3000 K, ri,
u.t li2
0.1s
g 0.4 0.7 a a )" {pm) 0 2 4 7, {pm)
a) What is the total hemispherical emissivity of the zirconia filament at 3000 K? [4]
b) What is the total hemispherical emissivity of the tungsten filament at 3000 K?
Which type of filament requires more power consumption? l4l
c) With respect to the production of visible radiation, which of the two filaments is
the more efficient? Justify your answer quantitatively. l2l
6. A vertical air space in the wall of a home is 0.1 m thick and 3 m high. The air separates a
brick exterior from a plaster board wall, with each surface having an emissivity of 0.9.
Consider conditions for which the temperatures of the brick and plaster surfaces exposed
to the air are -10 and 18oC, respectively. For rectangular cavities, use
Nltr: 0'046Ral/3
a) What is the rate of heat loss per unit surface area? t5]
b) What would be the heat loss per unit area if the space were filled with urethane
foam (k :0.026 Wm.K)? t5l
gl-t ztl18 c4eq --3o3 'l.r\te
Useful Equations and sraphs:
Qt: AtUt - G)
Jt:Et*P$t
Eat - Ji.
Qt: e)/eiA1
(1, -
N
li - J i
,,:Lj=t (AtFti)-'
Qt: Ij=t AiFilo(rf - rf)
o : 5.67 x 10-8 W /mz. Ka
gP(T, - T*)L'
Ra-
va
Cp,r(Tsat - 7r)
Ja - hrn
h}n : hf s(L + 0.6BJa)
4m' 4pilt*6
" lhb
trCfI-:
Ft
s(T) =
Ii t^Q'r)e^,oQ"r)al'
ErQ)
F1s-t): Il s^,oat
f E^,bdu
Heat Exchanger Graphs:
1.0 ].0
0,8
0.6 0.6
(o (,,
o.4 4,4
o.2
0
0 1 2 J 4 5 0i2345
NTU NTU
$tt;t,ttti 11.1* Iiffectiveness of a palallel- I

l,'lr;r:xr, I t.1 Iiffectiveness ol' a
flou heat exchanger (lJquation I I.2t]). courrlerflorv heat e.rcl:anger (lirluation I 1.29),
ltN 1o 2tt18
?'1r., or '1",i 'l',,,i ot 7',.,i
Tr,uot Too
Tr, at Tt,,o
'I'",, or Tr.,
Tlror'Fr.,
1.0
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0.8
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0.6 1.0
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0.4 0.8
1.00
o.2 0.6
0.75
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0 0.4 0.25
1234s
NTU
o.2
ftcrnn I t.I g Flffecriveness r:fa shell-and-
tube heat e.xchanger with one shell and any
multiple of tu.o tubc passes (two, four, elc. 012 3 4.5
tube passes) (Equation 11.30). NTU
*'rct:nl: I l. l3 Hl'f*:tivenerss ofashell-

antl-tubc heat exchange,r rvith tno shcll
l)rr^sscs anil:rnv uultip[<: of f<rrrr tulrc 1la^ssr:s
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il
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-+--l
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ai rl
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T t, cg I'' 107 lt I t)0 e' r# tr lf
Pr
ixl (ks/m3) (kJlkl' $ (N 's/m3) (rr.*2ls) {1{/m'K) {m2/s}
Air
?1.1 2.00 9.34 2.54 0.786
100 3.5562 r.032
103.4 4.476 13.8 5.84 0.?58
150 2..136'4 1.0t2
132.5 7.590 18.1 10.3 0J3?
200 1.?458 1,007
159.6 1 1.,14 22.3 15.9 0.720
250 |.394'7 1.006
1.007 t&4.6 15.89 26.3 22.5 0.707
300 1.1614
208.2 20.9? 303 29.q 0.700

350 0.q950 1.009
1.014 234.r 26.41 33.8 38.3 0.690
400 0.8711
1.0?l 250.7 32.39 37.3 4't.? 0.686
450 a.7740
38.?9 4fi.7 56.7 0.684
500 0.6964 r.030 2'.10.1
288.4 45.57 43.9 66.7 0.683
550 0.6329 1.040
?6.9 0.685
600 0.5804 1.051 305.8 52.69 46.9
87.3 0.690
650 0.5356 1.063 -j2?.5 60.21 49.7
524 98.0 0.695
700 4.4975 1.075 338.8 68.10
0.702
750 0"4643 1.08? 354,6 7b.37 54.9 109
0.?09
800 a.$54 1.099 369"8 s4.93 5?.3 120
3ti4.3 93.80 59.6 131 0.716

850 0.409? 1,1 10
3e8.1 r02.q 62.4 143 0.720
900 0.3868 1.121
950 0,3666 1 .131 41 1,3 I t)') 64.3 155 0:173
424.4 131 .q 66.7 168 0.736
lu)0 0.3482 1.141
1.159 449.0 141.8 71 .5 195 a.128
r 100 0.3166
1200 a.?902 1.175 4X.A 162.9 '76.3 2A $.728

tJ.2679 1.189 496.0 185.1 82 238 0.?19
130CI
1"207 53f) 213 91 303 0.7f)3
1400 0.24.88
1.230 55? 240 100 350 0.685
1500 0,2322
0.2177 L248 584 268 r06 390 0.688
1600
1700 0.2049 t.2€l 6ll 298 113 435 0.685

1800 0.1935 1.286 63? 339 1?fl 482 0.683
1900 0.1833 r 307 663 362 128 534 a.677
3q6 t3? 589 t).672
2{XrO a.fl41 1"337 689
1.372 '715 431 147 646 0.66?
2100 0.16.s8
"lr4 0.655
z?jJA 0.1582 I Al7 740 468 1{d)
0.1513 1.478 "166 506 175 783 0.64?
2300
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2400
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2500
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- t.o tlre heat eqtra tiolr witl: rto genr:r'ation
Plane lTall CYlindrical lYall" Sphericnl \Vall' t,,.
ac ",.1ffi -l-t3
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l-, L, tz
Astribution
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2$ bn
2-LLj-lI 4n( li" i
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1.5 2.i
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T 3.* T distribution and heat loss for {ins of unifornl cro$s soution
'fip Condition 'I'enrperature f in Heat
(r; Distritrution Al0b Trsnsfer Rate 41
Ltse L)
A Convection heat cosh m(I *" .r)-t- (hlmk) sinh m(1" * x) sinhnrl + (hlmk\ cCIsh mL
M
tran$fer:
cosh rrl. + $l,rakl sinh ml cosh lnl + (hlmkl sinh ml
hfitL, '" '-kdfltdxl.*L
{3.r0) t3'12)
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d|ldx,*1 = 0 cosh rnl (3'?61
3.75)
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* (0tfgr) sirrh rxr + sinh m(L * xt (coshmL 0,10"1
A{L} 0t. M***-*:*:-'#
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sinh ml
(3.77t (3.78)
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tl'
!91 i't *;{0'' if(* I t, s*'{) 0tt!i, I xr'6{'0 r$
(t880 I 1i{u6'r} iri0'l ;9Fr'0 0tr'r)'l t r ;s'fi {ltY.}
_. rl l_
ttr.0'l leFS 0 ssr0'l 9*Slr1) I8t0 I rlsr'0 6I',{i
*itt'0 0i0 i il'r
a6g0 l !.6!1 0 l.fiX)',i 0r l9'n I r!:0
z$'l
1
6tt{'0 si0 1lliryyl

'rte
1 lt
1"1'.
unrparu
gff{-l 60!s'0 59t0't ,1{E 0 i"e o "t7 o ur rapurl.dl 1n
*620'l r:;f6 {) *trfr i I I rr'0 rQr0 I illt{) 0t'{ 't c,
*9i{}'l 0{rg { 96l ?'0 {t,l(} I $itr'{l 601)
6ti{' r 0?$r.0 i.$tn l iH6f'* {l{lQ l l*rf $ 8(' t l(]fflLt uot<r ,,

o .tt
.ni /
(0?ti'l ittr.t) fil$i irOi"f (, ?tr0'l $ r9?.'0 i$'fl 'tLi Q 4'1 t" . .ti?-r uorpcu
90'0 p.uoq'l lo l?p
6il0"1 r ier'o $rl0'l Sttf '{) 8fi)0 I sirS'0 (or;), q(o)
* t rrl) s0'0 'lti 0 4,'l ,_...i_ Iruuiqlosr !ulo0i
6Flu l r?Stf, t! nil0'l Snlf't) itt()Q I
,i lc'l rrttt Q 6r{l(} I li'0

!'I lrt {}}'l t86l t) r{r'{)
(H{*'l ,t*il gtfifi t 0lfi tl fifiXI I !;trt {'{t t*'{)
fis*)'l sr'ir'(l
t]
ff$0*'l E6* t',{) r:ttx)'t 01i:l 0 ;0-0 lbtq
-
tJ"1,
- |
ZIQ ,::.2
i i.-" unrpaur
ur paunq araqds
0t{}fi t 0{rl'0 s?.Os r rrrl fl ,tm'r 8{}li0 { l${)
r3 (0*rl t3 (llpJ) ,) {ple-I) ,,!{ r!ilal$

l1 r1 ro1ru.1 adnqs^ suo!lrlrtsrll irll8uillJs
tucld - r.rlls = ,rl srol)BJ

o.raqdg :aptrg1.i,-1 rtlugul ilr: tl
'i-tuol9i s
I .!rrj nlr{rrlltl{ t6 !Jt.l'l*
udr l,rlll llr{)J I llll{}t}1t,}llll ll-",t1 {r }}r"}l} t, rl-l
lo'tdllu trlJ,l-.rtlo dll I rfi rllr.rlrtrJ'xr') | '! ll ltll,l, pol){Jas ro-l s3l8.l ltlJq uollJnpu{,J si^Jtll()Isu?[$P pUtl il(Ur')IlJnP(rt)') t't
*rl1 I
{J tr,)lllrrtrt rir.rl
gr0z tt Nfir
ri+ r
EXTERNAL FLOW CORRELATI ONS
7,9 Summary of conver:tiou heat transfer correlatiotls for exterrral flow"'e

Ceometry Conditions'
*a332q€:a Prtts (7,2.t ) Flat plate Lanrinar, Iocal, !, Pr ,: 0.6
= 0,6&4Rele Pri'l (7.30) Flat plate [.aminar, average, T,, Pr 7 ().6
= 0.565Pele (7.3?) l-lat plate Laminar, lncal,'Ir. Pr s 0.05. Pe. * l(J0
= 0.0?96,?eyr Pr'r' (7.36) FIat plate Turbulenl, l<xal,T,,Rs. f 108,

0.6sPr:;{i0
= {0.0}7&efr - 87l1Pr}'l (7.38) Flat plate Mixed, average. 7,, lle.,., - 5 x 105,
&eL5 I0$,0"6 5; Pr s; 60
= C Re6 Prt'' t7.5?) Cylindcr Ar,crage, f/, 0.4 € Be, s 4 X 105,

pr ;t- 0.7
= C RcB Pf'iPrlPr,lt't (7.53) Cylindcr Avcrage, 7,, I s fitro s l0r;.

*
0.7 Pr *! 500
fra = 0.: + 10.6?Rc'li2Prtil Cylinder Average, T1, Re:e Pv ;* 0.2

i xil +(0.4/P/)m1-tr't1
x [t * (Itrr,/282,0&))id]4ri (?.54}
S, *: *' (o.4Belf SpheLe Average, f.,3.5 *. Rep s ?.6 x ltF,

+ 0.06l?eil1)Pf * 0.71 € Pr s; 380
x ($1p.,)'!o (7.s6)
ffi, = 2 -l 0.6fidf: Prts (7.57i Falling drerp Avcrage , 7*
ffin = I' l3ClCi Re"j.* Prtt: {?.60}, (?.61) Tube bankr Average, I/, 2m0 * fiep. *r* s 4 x 104.
flables 7,5, 7.6) Pr *: $.1
iiio = 6r, Rsfr.,oo* Pr$
1$(PrlPr,\tt'l (7.64), (?.65) Tube bankr Average, T, IOOO * Reps 2 x 106,
(Iables ?.7, 7.8) 0,7sPrx5-00
The constants in these tables are for the

equation below for the cylinder in cross flow
Nu, :hD : C Re$Prtt3 I.rnlr ?.3 Conslarrts of Iicpr ation ?.52 ['or noncircular
k cv[nders in cross fltrrv ofa ]3
(;eornc{ry Reo (: m
'I',talr ?.2 Crtnstants of f,quation Siuar,

r
7.52 fur tlre circular r:ylinder in (\ D
l-
5 x lor*10' 0.246 0.588
cro$$ flow III, 12.1 r.* lr"lj

L-S Io j x lor*to' 0. l0? 0.675
fi, lltxad0n
Rea C T ;r x t0, 0.160 0.638
5 16r*1.r)5
0.4^4 0.989 0.330 '*r l

I
D
t
trli x tot..to) 0.01$5 0 78:
4-40 0.9r I 0.385 v

T
It 5 x t0' l0' 0.r53 0.6:ilt
40-4000 0.6f13 0.466 i
p;lle
4000-40,000 0,193 0.6rI V,lrl,Cal
11T
40,000-400,000 0.027 0,rjt)s i+ ll
UT
D .l x t01... l.-i x to' o.:?8 0.7-11
llt t q 2018
EXTERNAL FLOW ACROSS TUBE BANKS
The constants below ,Vu, * 1.13t, R$.*". Prl( The constants below frils* cReg^,rr*(fr)'"
- are for the equation [rr=,0s +0.000
I are for the equation
ZO
fiv,- a
-l
to the right. I zooo

z o.t
ftsD.,o,
= [ to the right. Io.u=rrs:00 toJ I
le, J ItooosRcr,.o"^s:x
7.5 C,:nstants of lilquations ?.58 anrl ?'60
,\lrt..tr. hr airflot' over a 'l'rlt.r 7.7 Clottstanls of Eclrration ?.64 lbr the tube barrk
tubt: bank of l0 or m()re rorss I in cnrss flarv I I5'l
sfl) R8D,*u, c rt
Configuration
,.5 t.0 3.tl
1.25
Aligned 11l*10: 0.80 0.{0
sLlt, C'I |n cl tn (lt lrl C,
Strggered l0 l0r 0.90 0.40
rligned Aligncd to:--ttlj I .Approrimate as a single
t1t l0t) 0.?04 0.0633 0.?r:: Suggered to:-tor J (isoluted) cylindcr
0.348 0.592 0.:7-5 0.608 0.
r.50 0.i67 0.586 0.?50 0 ri:0 u.t0l 0.702 0.c)6?8 (r.j4i

Aligned lo'-.2 x lo5 02'7 {) 63
2.fi) 0.41 8 0.570 0.ll)! 0.6(i2 0.119 0.bJl 0. r98 0.611,

(sr/I ).0.7)'
- 3.00 0.190 0.60r 0.,15? 0.5s4 0.374 0.58 r 0.286 0.6&r
Staggered I0r-2 x l0' o.l5{sriq)!i5 0.60
-^ rcd
\ {Sr/5r < ?l
r 0.2r3 U
Snggered loi*2 >: los 0.40 0.60
0.900 0,rl{6 0.571 0.401 0.J8t,i
(5r/.1, > ?)
0.497 0.t"5s
- 1.000
I.I'Lt 0.4?it 0.s6s 0.51g U,J&.
l
,{ligned 2xl()i-2x106 0.02 t 0.$4
t.t50 0.i t8 0.55fi 0.50: 0.554 0.519 0.5.16 0.-<22 0.5S1 Staggered ?x t05-2x 106 0.02? 0.84
l.-5m 0.451 0.568 0..160 0..562 0..r52 0.5ti8 0.48$ O,J6T

'for.S,/.S,. < 0.?. heat rlnrler is irelficienl erld aligned ltlhbs $hould not be userl.
l.fiX) 0.404 4.5'17 0.4 l6 0.568 0.482 0.556 0.4j19 t).:?
- (,
3.000 0.3 r0 0.5c): 0."156 0,580 0..r{0 0.:61 0.4?8 0:?{ 'I',,ru.r: 7,ll (lrrrer:tiun tirctor' of liqrratiorr ?.(r5
'l'.ltlt,r: ?,6 Cotrcction for:tor C2 nf ErJuation 7.61 fnr ,ryr. <- t0 [20] lior I,. zl !11 1 Re,",". P- 10x) u5l
234 r 6 ?89 ,Y, 211 5 7 ll, 13 lt
o Q1
lignetl 0.64 0.80 0.87 090 0.92 0.94 096 0.ts 0.9(, Aligned u.70 0.1i0 0 li(r 0.90 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.s
Staggcrtd 0.68 0.75 0.81 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.9i 0.9it 0.99 Staggercd n64 0.76 0.s4 0.89 0.9: 0.95 0.97 0.9s 0.r-l
NATU RAL CONVECTION CORRELATIONS

fiK'0fimcndfil
(;eomrt.I (:or*latiotr R$trittierls 0.3iJ7R<rl;6 I
ffir* o'82s + $.2$)
tt *a4wr'$"Pl
- )
*il4r.,,rjj FiJi4,
':i: q
'it' ri) .J t'l
[qflrior 9.]0 For horizontal plates l- * d-f i9.2$)
*.iie llri
tippt'r Surlhce of l{ot Flatt or l"orvtr littrfncr d Cold Platt:
il lr
,. ktsbl iltn{
E(tgrns r.26
,43.s,
0 !1 0 r,t fil)' ,Si, * 0".5afi,:;" {1fi4 $ 8,r, 6 l0:} {e.}$)
r.r! Hs ur& 4: i:
* si*r tl**:
Iil, * 0.15ft&j* 610: s ,trr, s 10tr) {9.3 r I
Lorvt'r Surlace lf Ilttl Platt or Upper Surfact ol Cold Fltltl

Iigrratiur (i.)0 1il3 ltlrr x: !()
'i
[4o3!icD I l, l{}::., f$i :i. Ii}i Xilr - 0.27fla]''' { 101 :{ Ito,. * }0,'1 {9.-1? )
,fr a71I J!l{* jr::
tltrj
l{ 0.liS? /t*jfi
,' &Ilr; ftrt6 rs l$1:
rr_ t;
._-
l- :ilf r*ir ,i iilr'
",,
+.
{0.* tt + t0.55tlPr1q/|18r2r
-i {,t1lttltr,t} }7 rii
.1 t!;ri;r$,l.! xi:lre 0"5s9firr|f;

'ri '
[4uiirxr 91{ B0rr::1(l'l
,rd|l# =:
fi . t}.abtllPr)ntul*
{q.35)
i.9n*r
\@/ f;patirn {.}l fit,.

tu
,::
ir,
l0''
t3.3
d
tlt E#ilfli6 ru, b( rrpid ts t utriq* {!li.{tt i, {r}.1, € |il/l;rl"}.
I NTERNAL FLOW CORRELATIONS
T,ttlt.u S.-1, Iirrrnru;r.r ul'r:onver:tiurr r:r.rrrclationx fr;r l'lttr, in rr cit.r.ullrr' I nllr{''{',"

dl*rmlstir:n C,'orreliti*rr*
tV*., * 4.36 lE.53j I"arrri*ar. tuil5, g1r1,s16t*d. unil,<rrn ly,l
.#r*;, * 3^68 {e.55} I-anlr**r. iirllr- d*r*li:p*i1, *nif*rnr I,

: 0.066sr/)it.rRrfi Pr
* | * 0.0{[(fxl ]Rc,,l'rJ,,i { tt.:(i} 1.,*tnrrnar, th*rnxil r$lrF {*r conibinnl *ntry, itith l,r ",1 5i,
unif*rrn l,
ur
-:;-
,\,16* ....{R*r,Pr\r,t1u
,'
|*6lZ,11 1,'
# Pr *i },
J li,J r 8,5? I Lanrinirr, r,:+rrrtlinrrl *ntryr, {).fi
?,75, unrl'r"rrrrt 7.
t1.0{14{ s {dpJ
1 "l'utt-rul**t,
,'Vlt1, = {.1.1;2}rt+:fi /tr" t*.$0t'' f'rrllr d*"-eh:${1, {1.6 x. fr ri; I(r8.
&rr,, ;: 1il,00{). tLll}t ;e 10, rr : il..t fgr 'l',:., y,,
irnd s * fi,1 lirr T, {" 7'",
*r
ti
*it1; * 11.*??*trf,') fr1" l tl_
4 I
{8 $I}'' Turhulrnt, lirlll'cl*vel*pei}" fi.? {., l}r *: l{t,"|1W1,
/{ci; r:: I{}.t}{l{], l-l/);: 1{}
t tl
,*ilg *
t/Sir,(*, .. i{i{,{}rPr
itl $lr'' Trryh*Llltt. f*lly ti*reloprd. fi,5 g Pr i:l :{Nn.
I l l?.?{1ffil,1i:f.Fr:'i ..." ,t x
it}ltl *. /lrs, $ 5 I{)6. itl/)i ij l*
'l'.ulr 8.Li\trsselt numbers and fr:iction factors fr.rr frrilr, tleveluyrtl

larninar flow in tubes o{'di-ffer.ing eross sectiorr 'I',rrrt.u tI.I firrs-.elr nunrlrr:r liir lully tleveloped lanrirar
llort in a cirr:ular. tube annulu-q rvith r-rne. surface insulate,
*u,, * !'Do and tht: otLer at (lorrstaltt IrnlJ)r:ratur.e
Cross $ection !d
{Unifarm 4i'; I tiniforxr I,} I Xe ,+,
DilD,, ,\1, Conrtents
0 i.66 See Frlrration 8.55
@ 4.36 -1.66 6,r {1.05 l7.,lfi 406 -

{i. l0 I l ^lli .t.tt
<l 0.l.s 7.31 4.23
.. LEE!
1.0 3.61 1.rs
(!.50 57+ {.j}.1
b
offiffitr r.43 .1,73 3.01i 59

,.. l.0tl +.60 .1.86 .See "I atrle $. I. lrln * r,
b
,W| ;.t, 4
''1 3.3'
'l'rglr: 8,3 lnlluenrr: toeflitientr tor frrlly lltrelrrp+:d
b Ianirrar flow in * r:ircular trrbe annulrrs rvith
"W ].() 1.^l<) 1.96 69 runil'orrn hr:al flrrx nrlrintained al Lroth surfarrr;s
,W
b
4.0 i 11 .1.4.{ D,/l),, $i $r
?3
b
8.0 6.49 560 oa 0 4.,i(xl n 0
b 0.03 t7.8 t .1.7q1 :. l8 0.0394
ui !rljI,ii,:r:.r.:1,.i r. * s.'33 1.54 96 0.,0 I t.9l j
1.6-r + 1.38-1 0.0562
He.rted 0.:0 5.499 4.83:t 0.9{J5 0.1041-
#rr-afillli.\5; -5 1., 4.8(: 96 0.,10 6.581 4.q'?9 0.603 0. l 8:3
,6sulat*d
0.6{} 5.912 5.099 {1.4?1 0,?455
A.
3.tr i.49 5l 0.80 5.58 5.:4 11.40t 0.299
1.0() 5 .iEs ,s.185 0.-146 0.316 -
KATHMANDU TJNIVERSITY Marks scored:
Exam Roll No.: Time: 30 mins. F.M. :10
Date illAR 1 3 2018

Registration No.:
((A"
[20 Q. x0.5 =10 marks]
I Which of the following is generally considered as opaque surface towards radiations?

a. Gases u. sotiar c. Liquids d. Both (b) and (c)
2. When vaporization takes place directly at the heating surface, it is called

a. Film Uliting b. Nucleate boiling c. Vapour boiling d. None of these
3 With increase in temperature, the thermal conductivity of non-metallic amorphous solids

a. Increases b. Decreases
c. Remains constant d. First decreases and then increases
the
4. Shell side pressure drop in a shell and tube heat exchanger does not depend upon
a. Baffle spacing & shell diameter
b. Tube diameter & pitch
c. Viscosity, density & mass velocity of shell side fluid
d. None of these
5 With increase in porosity, the thermal conductivity of a solid substance

a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains unchanged
d. May increase or decrease; depends on the solid
6. Fouling factor
a. Is a dimensionless quantitY
b. Accounts for additional resistance to heat flow
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
7 In case of heat flow by conduction for a cylindrical body with an internal heat source, the
nature of temperature distribution is
a. Linear b. Parabolic c. Exponential d. None of these
8 The rate of emission of radiation by a body does not depend upon the
body
a. Shape and porosity of the b. Nature of the surface
c. Wavelengtir ofradiation d. Surface temperature of the body
9 Maximum heat transfer rate is obtained in -_--- flo*'

a. Laminar b. Turbulent c. Transition region d. Creeping
10. In case of boiling, the liquid temperature is below the saturation temperature
and the boiling takes place in the vicinity of the heated surface.
a. Nucleate b. Pool c. Local d. Saturated
11. Pick out the wrong statement.

a. In process heat exchangers, saturated steam is preferred over the superheated steam.
b. When a vertical plate is heated in infinite air environmental under natural convection
conditions, the velocity profile in air, normal to the plate, exhibits a maximum.
c. The maximum is the emissive power of a surface at a temperature T1 occurs at a
wavelength of 1"1. If the surface temperature is halved, the maximum in the emissive
power would occur at a wavelength of 0.5 1"1.
d. A body at925 K emits an energy of 1.42 x l0r1oWm2 1o is the Stefan-Boltzman
constant) in the wavelength band between 3 pm to 4 pm. The fraction of this energy
in the total energy emitted over the entire wavelength range is equal to emissivity.
t2 A copper wire,5.2 mm in diameter, is insulated with a layer of PVC of thermal

conductivity k": 0.43 WmoC. The wire carries current, and its temperature is 60oC. The
film coefficient at the outer surface of the insulation is I 1.35 Wlm' oC. Calculate the
critical insulation thickness to the nearest whole number.
a. 35 mm b.37 mm c. 38 mm d. 36 mm
13. Lubricating oil is being recycled continuously through a double-pipe counterflow heat
exchanger for cooling. The oil is to be cooled from 70oC to 40oC at the rate of 1000 kg/h
using water entering at28oC. The water temperature at the exit should not exceed 42oC.
The specific heat of oil is 2.05 KilkgoC and that of water is 4.17 kJ/kg"C. Calculate the
required rate of flow of water.
a.l200kgh b. 1053 kg/h c. 1550 kg/h d.925 kglh
t4 Based on the data given in the above question (question 13), what is the log mean
temperature difference for the heat exchanger?
a.280C b. 12.80C c. 18.90C d. 19.4"C
l5 For the heat exchanger in problem 13, if the area of the heat exchanger is 3 m2, what is
the overall heat transfer coefficient?
a.200 wm20c b.400 wm20c c.500 wm20c d.300 wm20c
t6 For radiation exchange between 5 surfaces, how many view factors need to be
a.9 b.lz c. l0 d. I I
t7 An absorber system at T - 600 K and e:0.5 is placed in a large room whose walls are at
300 K. What is the radiosity of the room?
a. 435 W lm2 b. 459 W/m2 c. 529 W lm2 d. 569 Wm2
l8 The bottom of a copper pan 0.3 m in diameter is maintained at 1 18"C by an electric

heater. The heater supplies power at the rate of 836 kWm2 which causes the water to
boil. If the latent heat of vaporization for water is2257 kJ/kg, what is the evaporation
rate ?
a. 100 kg/h b.g4kglh c.82kglh d. 98 kg/h
/
l,lAR 1 3 2018
19. A horizontal high pressure steam pipe of 0.1 m outside diameter passes through a large
room whose wall and air temperatures are 23oC. The pipe has an outside surface
temperature of l65oC and anêmissivity of r:0.85.If the convection coefficient of the
pipe is given to be 7 .29 Wm2.K, estimate the heat loss from the pipe per unit length.
-siefan-Boltzman
constant is 5. 67 * 1 0-8 Wm2.K4
a. 625 W lm b. 400 Wm c. 7 66 W lm d. 835 Wm
20. For internal forced convection, in a fully developed flow, the critical Reynolds number
corresponding to the onset of turbulence is
a.5*lbs b.18oo c,23oo d.26oo
February/March, 2018 l,lAR i 3 2018
SECTION "B"
1
:
A furnace wall is made up of a 0.25-m thick layer of fireclay brick (k 2'5 W/m'K), a
0.20-m thick layer of insulating cement (k = 0.16 Wm'K) and a 0.10-m outer layer of
masonry face biick. Furnace gur.r on the inside of the furnace arc at 1000"C with a
convective heat transfer coefficient of 115 Wm2 'K while the outer wall is exposed to air
at20"C (h:25 Wm2 't<;.
a) Ignoring radiation, compute heat loss per square meter of wall. t4]
bi d"t"rrni-r. the temperature of the outer surface of the furnace. 12)
If the maximum temperature of the masonry face brick cannot exceed 50oC, by how
"i much must the insulating cement thickness be adjusted to satisfy this requirement? [4]
OR
The outside wall surface of a 25 mm diameter metal tube (k:42 Wim'K) is maintained
at l2}"C.The tube is located in a room at25oC and the convective heat transfer
coefficient is 34 W/m2 .K. We would like to increase heat transfer from the tube by
tube.
adding fins that are 3 mm thick and 18 mm long, made of the same material as the
What witt be the percentage increase in heat transfer if we add twelve straight fins
positioned longitudinally parallel to the axis of the tube? Take a basis of I m for the
length of the metal tube.
2 AZ mX2 mvertical plate is exposed on one side to saturated steam at atmospheric

pressure and on the other side to cooling water that maintains the plate temperature at
500c.
a) What is the rate of heat transfer to the coolant? What is the rate at which steam
condenses on the plate? t6]
b) For plates inclined at an angle 0 from the vertical, the average convection coefficient
for condensation on the upper surface, hL(incti), may be approximated by an expression
of the form fu1incr, = (cosg)% \r1vert1, where &(r".t) is the average coefficient for the
vertical orientation. If the 2 mX2 mplate is inclined at 45o from the normal, what
are the rates ofheat transfer and condensation? t4]
J A shell-and-tube heat exchanger must be designed to heat 2.5 kgls of water from 15 to
85oC. The heating is to be accomplished by passing hot engine oil, which is available at
l60oC, through thi shell side of the exclanger. The oil is known to provide an average
pass the
convection coefficient of ho:400 Wm2.K on the outside of the tubes. Ten tubes
water through the shell. Each tube is thin walled of diameter D = 25 mm, and makes eight
passes through the shell. If the oil leaves the exchanger at l00oC,
a) What is the oil flow rate? tzl
Uj Uow long must the tubes be to accomplish the desired heating? t8l
4 Consider a circular furnace that is 0.3 m long and 0.3 m in diameter. The two ends have
diffuse, gray surfaces that are maintained at 400 and 500 K with emissivities of 0.4 and
0.5, respectively. The lateral surface is also diffuse and gray with an emissivity of 0.8 and
a temperature of 800 K. Determine the net radiative heat transfer from each of the
surfaces. [10]
OR
: :
Consider two vertical panes at temperatures of Tr 22oC and T2 -20oC separated by
atmospheric air, and the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection is Ra1," :
2000.
a) What is the conduction heat flux across the air gap for the optimal spacing Lo,
between the panes?
b) If the glass has an emissivity of r* = 0.90, what is the total heat flux across the gap?
c) What is the total heat flux if a special, low-emissivity coating (e2 :0.10) is applied to
one of the panes at its air-glass interface? What is the total heat flux if both panes are
coated?
CHE& 3O3
l,lAR 1 3 2018
l;{} Chapter 3 t One-Dinrcnsional, Steudy-State Conductiott
100
80
60
;e
+ tz
40
t2
20
0 1.5 2.O 2.5

0 0.5 1.0
3t2( t 1tr2
! rr;t:ttt j-i. I {} Elficiency of straight Iins (rectangular, triangular, and parabolic profiles).
Hence, as shown in Figures 3.18 and 3.19, the efficiency of.a rectangular fin with
tip convection may be iepresented as a function of
3/2(
)t''' I
:1.{i.4 }'ins ol' Norrrtniltr"trt (lross-Setlirlunl At"ra
Analysis of frn thermal behavior becomes more complex if the fin is of nonunifornt
cros;section. For such cases the second term of Equation 3'61 must be retained,
and the solutions are no longer in the form of simple exponential or hyperbolic
100
80
60
;s
40
I , ,+12
T +12
20
0 1R 2.O 2.5
0 0.5 1.0
3t2( I 1rr2
l'tt;l nr: 3. I 9 Effir:iency of antrular fins of rectangular profile'

},lAR 1 3 2018
l;2 Clrapter il s One'Dintensionol, Steatly-Stute Conduc'iort
Trrt,t: li.ji Efficiency of common fin shaPes
Straight Fins
tanh (3.8e)
t=2
tz)
q rlz
=-R- ) (3.93)
r=Z l2+(tl)zlt'z
= (t2)
=(tl]rll- t \z
2 (s.e4)
.t= [2l)ln(l
, + 4=
t4a-fl lP'z +
( + ,)l
1
r = [1 + (t )21t,'2 T
t
= (/3)
Circular Fin
r) r( )- r) 2
(3.e1)
,=Zr(i(lZ)- 1
T
2
2 )+ r) r(
, =. ,+ I
l_ (211 )
="ti- X G:n
2
Pin Fins
tanh (3.95)
J:1r
= +( /4)
= (n 214\
z(2
,=Tl2+( tz)?lttz
2
-a- ) (3.e6)
T
= lnll?]r 2
I
l,lAR 1 3 2018
6 ltl Clrapter LO t Boiling ond Con'dertstt'iort
1.0
Equation 10.39
10.40
0.1 1000 1800 10,000

10 30 100
6
Moclified Nusselt number for condensation on a

vertical plate'
l.'t{;t.RE l(}.1ll
theseequations,itiSnecessarytodeterminethevalueoftheReynoldsnumber,6.
io Ao tf, Equations 10.34 and 10'36 may be combined to provide
-: ut,
(.",- ,)
(10.41)
4
and 10'40
and expressions may be determined.from Equations 10.38, 10'39,
for
and substituted into Equation 10'41 to yield
( rar- )
3t4
(10.42)
, = 3.78[ p r
u=30
121 Trtt
3.70 (s,r- +4 r]'" = 1800

) (10.43)
ri t
30
= ,,
tL (?l )tt3
0.069 ( - z 1800
6:
,ar ) 05
- 151 o' *,ur]n' 5
(10.44)
tL 'l 121 ltrs
For a particular problem, Equations 10.42 through 10.44

may each be solved 6, for
Reynolds number. The conect value is the one
yi.ldfu itrree possiUte values of the
ihat liel within the range of application iisted *ith the equation.
Once o is known'
can be found most readily from Equation l0'41'
the average convection coeffrcient
Ex,lrupr,r 10.3
Theoutersurfaceofaverticaltube,whichislmlongandhasanouterdiameterof
g0 mm, is exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure and is maintained at
rate of heat transfer to
so"c uy the fiow of cool water ttuough the tube. what is the
at the surface?
the cooiant, and what is the rate at whiih steam is
condensed
l4AR 1 3 2O1B
()l
Appendix At The'nnophysicd Properlies of Motlcr I
'I',tRt.EA..5 Continued
Saturated. Liquids (Continue.d)

p p.tG v 1d .ld d. t( B.ld
(N's/m'z) (m2ls) (Wm'K) (m2/s) (K-')
(K) (k/m') (kJ/kg' K)
Befrigerant- 1 34a (C sHzFJ

5,5 2.02
230 1426.8 1.249 0.04912 0.3443 112.1 0.629
5.0 2.ll
240 1397.7 1.267 0.04202 0.3006 107.3 0.606
4.6 2.?3
250 1367.9 1.287 0.0s633 0.2656 102.5 0.583
4.2 2.36
260 1337.1 1.308 0.03166 0.2368 97.9 0.560
4.0 2.53
?70 1305.1 1.333 0.02775 0.2127 93.4 0.537
3.7 2.73
280 1271.8 1.361 0.02443 0.1 92 1 89.0 0.514
3.5 2.98
290 1236.8 1.393 0.02156 0.17 44 84.6 0.491
3.4 3.30
300 1199.7 r.432 0.01905 0. l 588 80.3 0.468
3.3 3.73
310 1159.9 1.481 0.0r680 0.1 449 7E.l 0.443
3.2 4.33
320 1116.8 1.543 0.01478 0.1 323 71.8 0.417
5.19
330 I
',1069. 1.827 0.0r 292 0. I 209 67.5 0.388 3.1
3.1 6.57
340 1015.0 1.75r 0.0l l l8 0.1 102 63. I 0.355
3.2 9. 10
350 951.3 1.961 0.00951 0.1000 58.6 0.314
3.5 1s.39
360 870.1 2.437 0.00781 0.0898 54.1 0.255
5.7 55.24
370 40.3
7 5. 105 0.00580 0.0783 51.8 0.137
Refrigerant-22 (CHCF,
3.4 2.05
230 1416.0 1.087 0.03558 0.2513 114.5 0.744
3.2 2. 16
240 1386.6 1.100 0.0314s 0.2268 r09.8 0.720
3.0 2.29
250 1356.3 l.li7 0.02796 0.2062 105.2 0.695
2.8 2.45
260 1324.9 1.137 0.02497 0.1 884 100.7 0.668
2.63
270 1292.t 1.161 0.02235 0.1730 96.2
gl.7
0.641 2.7
2.6 2.86
280 1257-9 1.189 0.02005 0. 1 594 0.613
3.l5
290 1221.7 1.223 0.01798 0.t472 87.? 0.583 2.5
2.5 3.51
300 1183.4 1.265 0.01610 0. I 361 82.6 0.552
2.4 4.00
310 1t42.2 1.319 0.0r438 0.1259 78.1 0.518
4.69
320 1097.4 1.391 0.01278 0.1165 73.4 0.481 2.4
5.75
1047 .5
2.5
330 1.495 0.01127 0. I 075 68.6 0.438
7.56
340 990.1 1.665 0.00980 0.0989 63.6 0.386 2.6
1.35
350 920.1 1.997 0.00831 0.0904 58.3
l
0.317 2.8 1
23.88
360 823.4 3.001 0.00668 0.0811 53. 0.215 3.8
Mercury (Hg)
0.0290 0. 181
273 13,595 0.1404 0. I 688 01240 8180 42.85
0.0248 0.181
300 13,529 0.1393 0. I 523 0.1 25 1 8540 45.30
0.0196 0. 181
350 13,407 0.1377 0. I 309 0.0976 9180 49.75
0.181
400 13,287 0.1365 0.1 17 I 0.0882 9800 54.05 0.0163
0.0140 0.r81
450 13,167 0,1 3s7 075
0, I 0.0816 r0,400 58.10
0.182
500 13,048 0.13s3 0.1007 0.0771 10,950 61.90 0.0125
0.0112 0.1 84
s50 12,929 0.1352 0.0953 0.0737 I 1,450 6s.55
0.0103 0.1 87
600 12,809 0. 1 355 0.091I 0.071 I 11,950 68.80
<.) I (r Appendix A, t Thernnliltysical Pntpertie-s of Mattel
'l'tttl.l 1.3 Therm<-rphysical Properties of Saturatetl Fluids"
So,turated Liqu.ids
p It 'ld v'lff .ld a'l07 B.ld

(K) (kg/m) (kJ/kg.K) (N. s/m) (m2/s) (Wm'K) (m2/s) (K-r)
Engine Oil (Unused)
273 899.1 1.796 38s 4280 t47 0.s 10 47,000 0.70
280 895.3 t.827 zt7 2430 144 0.880 27.500 0.70
290 890.0 l.868 99.9 tt20 145 0.872 12,900 0.70
300 884.1 1.909 48.6 550 145 0.859 6400 0.70
310 877.9 1.95 I 25.3 288 145 0.847 3400 0.70
320 871.8 1.993 14.1 16r 143 0.823 1965 0.70
330 865.8 2.035 8.36 96.6 l4t 0.800 I 205 0.70
340 859.9 2.076 5.3 r 61.7 r39 0.779 793 0.70
350 8s3.9 2.1 r8 3.56 4t.7 138 0.763 546 0.70

360 847.8 ?.16t 2.52 29.7 138 0.753 395 0.70
370 841.8 2.206 r.86 22.0 137 0.738 300 0.70
380 836.0 2.250 l.4t 16.9 136 0.723 233 0.70
390 830.6 2.294 1.10 13.3 135 0.709 187 0.70
400 825.1 2.337 0.874 10.0 134 0.695 t5?, 0.70

410 818.9 2.381 0.698 8.52 133 0.682 125 0.70
420 812.1 2.427 0.564 6.94 133 0.675 103 0.70
430 806.5 2.471 0.470 5.83 132 0.662 88 0.70
Ethylene Glycol [CrHn(OH)J

273 1130.8 2.294 6.51 57.6 242 0.933 617 0.65
280 1125.8 ?.323 4.20 37.3 244 0.933 400 0.65
290 1118.8 2.368 2.47 22.1 248 0.936 236 0.65
300 r114.4 2.415 1.57 t4.t 252 0.939 l5r 0.65

3r0 1103.7 2.460 1.07 9.65 255 0.939 103 0.65
320 1096.2 ?.505 0.757 6.91 258 0.940 73.5 0.65
330 1089.5 2.549 0.561 5.15 260 0.936 s5.0 0.65
340 1083.8 2.592 0.431 3.98 26r 0.929 42.8 0.65
350 1079.0 2.637 0.342 3.17 26t 0.917 34.6 0.65

360 r 074.0 2.682 0.278 2.59 261 0,906 28.6 0.65
370 1066.7 2.728 0.228 2.14 262 0.900 23.7 0.65
373 1058.5 2.742 0.215 2.03 263 0.906 22.4 0.65
Glycerin [C.H'(OH)J
273 t276.0 2.26t 1060 83 10 282 0.977 85,000 0.47
280 t27t.9 2.298 534 4200 284 0.972 43,200 0.47
290 1265.8 2.387 185 I 460 286 0.955 15,300 0.48
300 1259.9 2.427 79.9 634 286 0.935 6780 0.48
310 12s3.9 2.490 35.2 281 286 0,916 3060 0.49
320 1247.2 2.564 2t.0 168 287 0.897 1870 0.50
l,lAR 1 3 2018
918 Apperrrlix A t Thernrcphysical Properties of Motte'r
'l'rut.r i\.5 Conti.nu.ed
Saturated Liquid- Vapor, 1 atmb

o'ld
Fluid di tur/te nf,tr o.J-') (N/m)
757 1.44 17.7

Ethanol 3sl 846
812 1111 32.7
Ethylene glycol 470
974 1260 63.0
Glycerin 563
301 12,7 40 3.90 417
Mercury 630
217 1377 5.26 15.4
Refiigerant R-134a 247
234 1409 4.70 18.1
Refrigerant R-22 232
Adapted from References l5-19.

Adapted from References 8, 20. and 2l
Property value corresponding lo 300 K
.i
tll I
)
ltllll
)
I I
'l',rnl.n .l.(r Thermophysi<:al Properties <lf Saturated Water"

Specific Heat of Specific Thenmal Expansion
Volume Vapor- Heat Viscositv Conductivity Prandtl Surflace Coeln-
Tempera- (mt/kg ization, (kJ/kg'K) (N .s/m/) (Wim'K) Number Tension, cimt, Temper-
ture, Pressure, ._._.....t...___.'-.--..
%'rd Bt' td ature,
(K) (bars) ur.1O3 u fr..l[.S) .J rr1.ld rr .Iff ,.ld .1d J
(N/m) (K -r) (K)
273.15 0.0061 I 1.000 206.3 2502 4.217 1.854 1750 8.02 569 18.2 l2.99 0.815 75.5 -68.05 273. l5
275 0.00697 1.000 181.7 2497 4.2tt 1.855 1652 8.09 574 r8.3 t2.22 0.817 75.3 -32.74 275
280 0.00990 1.000 r 30.4 2485 4.1 98 1.858 1422 8.29 582 18.6 10.26 0.825 74.8 46.04 280
285 0.01387 1.000 99.4 2473 4.1 89 1.861 1225 8.49 590 18.9 8.8r 0.833 74.3 ll4.l 28s
290 0.01917 1.001 69.7 2461 4.t84 1.864 1080 8.69 598 19.3 7.56 0.841 73.7 t7 4.0 290
295 0.02617 1.002 5 1.94 2449 4.18 I 1.868 959 8.89 606 19.5 6.62 0.849 72.7 227.5 29s
x
300 0.03531 1.003 39.13 2438 4.179 1.872 855 9.09 613 19.6 5.83 0.857 71.7 276.1 300
305 0.04712 1.005 29.74 2426 4.1 78 1.877 769 9.29 620 20.1 5.20 0.865 70.9 320.6 305 I
310 0.06221 1.007 22.93 2414 4.178 1.882 695 9.49 628 20.4 4.62 0.873 70.0 361.9 310 H
315 0.08132 1.009 17.82 2402 4.179 1.888 631 9.69 634 20.7 4. l6 0.883 69.2 400.4 315
320 0.1053 l.0l I t 3.98 2390 4.1 80 1.895 577 9.89 640 2r.0 3.77 0.894 68.3 436.7 320
325 0.135 I 1.013 I 1.06 2378 4.t82 1.903 528 10.09 645 21.3 3.42 0.901 67.5 471.2 325
330 0. 17 l9 1.016 8.82 2366 4.184 l.9l I 489 10.29 650 21.7 3. l5 0.908 66.6 504.0 330
0.2167 7.09 2354 4.1 86 1.920 453 10.49 656 22.0 2.88 0.916 65.8 535.5 335
335 1.018
:
340 0.2713 1.021 5.74 2342 4.1 88 1.930 420 10.69 660 22.3 2.66 0.925 64.9 566.0 340
345 0.3372 1.024 4.683 2329 4.191 1.941 389 10.89 668 22.6 2.45 0.933 64.1 595.4 345
350 0.4163 1.027 3.846 23t7 4.1 95 1.954 365 I 1.09 668 23.0 2.29 0.942 63.2 624.2 350
355 0.5 100 1.030 3.180 2304 4.1 99 1.968 343 I 1.29 671 23.3 2.14 0.951 62.3 652.3 355
360 0.6209 1.034 2.645 2291 4.203 1.983 324 11.49 674 23.7 2.02 0.960 61.4 697.9 360
z
365 0.7514 1.038 2.212 2278 4.209 1.999 306 1 1.69 677 24.1 l.9t 0.969 60.5 707.1 365 >
v
370 0.9040 1.041 1.861 2265 4.214 2.017 289 l1.89 679 24.5 1.80 0.978 59.5 728.7 370
373.15 1.0133 1.044 1.679 2257 4.217 2.029 279 12.02 680 24.8 1..76 0.984 58.9 750. I 373. 15 (J
375 1.0815 1.045 1.57 4 2252 4.220 2.036 274 12.09 681 24.9 t.70 0.987 58.6 761 375 t\)
O
380 1.2869 1.049 1.337 2239 4.226 2.057 260 12.29 683 25.4 l.6l 0.999 57.6 788 380 CO
385 1.5233 1.053 1.142 2225 4.232 2.080 248 12.49 685 25.8 r.53 1.004 56.6 814 385
390 1.794 1.058 0.980 2212 4.239 2.104 237 12.69 686 26.3 1.47 1.013 55.6 841 390
400 2.455 1.067 0.731 2183 4.256 2.1 58 217 13.05 688 27.2 1.34 1.033 53.6 896 400
410 3.302 1.077 0.553 2153 4.278 2.221 200 t3.42 688 28.2 r.24 1.054 5 1.5 9s2 410
420 4.370 L088 0.425 2t23 4.302 z.Zgt 185 13.79 688 29.8 l.l6 1.075 49.4 l0l0 420
430 s.699 1.099 0.331 2091 4.331 2.369 173 14.14 685 30.4 r.09 l. l0 47.2 430
'l'tnt,r t.{i Continued
ir
Specific Heat of Specific Thenmal Expansion
Volume Vapor- Heat Viscositv Conductivity Prandtl Surface Coeff-
Tempera- (m3lkg) ization, (kJ/kS.K) (N.Jmz) (Wm.K) Number Tension, cient, Temper-
ture, Pressure, o1'ld Fr' rd ature,
(K) (bars) ur'ld u G,.r/xs) J 1ry'ld r, 'rd r'ld 'ld , (N/m) (K -r) (K)
440 7.333 1.1 10 0.261 2059 4.36 2.46 t62 14.5{) 682 31.7 1.04 t.t2 45.1 440
450 9.319 1.123 0.208 2024 4.40 2.56 152 14.85 678 33.1 0.99 1.14 42.9 450
460 tt.7l t.137 0.1 67 1989 4.44 2.68 143 15. l9 673 34.6 0.95 t.t7 40.7 460
470 14.55 1.152 0.1 36 l95l 4.48 2.79 136 15.54 667 36.3 0.92 1.20 38.5 470
480 17.90 r.167 0.lll 1912 4.53 2.94 t29 15.88 660 38. l 0.89 1.23 36.2 480
490 21.83 l.184 0.0922 1870 4.59 3. l0 124 l6 23 651 40.1 0.87 1.25 33.9 490
x
500 26.40 1.203 0.0766 1825 4.66 3.27 118 16.59 642 42.3 0.86 1.28 31.6 500
510 31.66 1.222 0.0631 1779 4.7 4 3.47 113 16.95 631 44.7 0.85 l.3t 29.3 510 I
520 37.70 1.244 0.0525 1730 4.84 3.70 108 17.33 621 47.5 0.84 1.35 26.9 520 B
530 44.58 1.268 0.0445 r679 4.95 3.96 104 17.72 608 50.6 0.8s 1.39 24.5 530 :
540 52.38 1.294 0.0375 t622 5.08 4.27 101 18.1 594 54.0 0.86 1.43 22.1 540
550 61.19 1.323 0.0317 1564 5.24 4.64 97 18.6 580 58.3 0.87 1.47 ts.7 550
560 71.08 1.355 0.0269 1499 5.43 5.09 94 19. I 563 63.7 0.90 t.52 17.3 560
570 82.16 1.392 0.0228 t42g 5.68 5.67 9l 19.7 548 76.7 0.94 1.59 15.0 570 :
580 94.51 1.433 0.0193 1353 6.00 6.40 88 20.4 528 76.7 0.99 1.68 12.8 580 G
590 r 08.3 1.482 0.0r 63 1274 6.4 r 7.35 84 21.5 5r3 84. r l.0s r.84 10.5 590 G
600 123.5 1.541 0.0137 tl76 7.00 8.75 81 22.7 497 92.9 1.14 2.15 8.4 600
610 137.3 1.612 0.0115 1068 7.85 l1.l 77 24.1 467 10s r.30 2.60 6.3 610
620 1 59.1 1,705 0.0094 941 9.35 15.4 72 25.9 444 114 1.52 3.46 4.5 620
62s 1 69.1 1.778 0.0085 858 10.6 r 8.3 70 2.7.0 430 t2t 1.65 4.20 3.5 625
\
630 179.7 1.856 0.0075 78t r2.6 22.1 67 28.0 412 130 2.0 4.8 2.6 630
635 r 90.9 1.935 0.0066 683 16.4 27.6 64 30.0 392 t4t 2.7 6.0 1.5 635
640 202.7 2.075 0.0057 560 28 42 59 32.0 367 155 4.2 9.6 0.8 640
645 215.2 2.351 0.0045 361 90 54 37 t) 331 178 12 26 0.1 645
647.3 22t.2 3.170 0.0032 0 e T 45 45.0 238 238 - T 0.0 647.3
Adapted liom Reference 22
I bar = los N/mr.
Critical temperalure.
(
(
I l I t I I I
I'IAR 1 3 2018
69() Clrapter' ll t Heat l)xchangers
T.rrt.s I l.'l Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

Flow Arrangement Relation
Concentric tube
Parallel flow NTU =

ln ll - e(l + )l (l 1.28b)
l+
Counterflow Nru:+,"(=) ( <l)

Nru=* ( : l) (11 .29b)
Shell-and-tube
One shell pass (NTU)r=-(l+ ,r-,rt"(-j) (l 1.30b)

(2,4,...tube passes)
2/e1- Q + )
(l 1.30c)
(l + 2)tt2
Shell passes Use Equations 11.30b and 11.30c with

(2 ,4 ,. . . tube passes) ll
ct - -l (=) NTU : (NTU)I (ll.3lb, c, d)
Cross-flow (single pass)
,.* (mixed), .,,, (unmixed) NTU: - hI r.(.)h(l-e ,] (l 1.33b)
;*r-
.," (mixed), ,,", (unmixed) Nru: -(f)r,r rn(r -e) + rl (l 1.34b)
Allexchangers( = 0) NTU=-ln(l-e) (l 1.3sb)
(NTU)r. Finally, this iesult would be multiplied by

to obtain the NTU for the
entire exchanger, as indicated in Equation ll.31d.
The foregoing expressions are represented graphically in Figures ll.l0 through
11.15. When using Figure 11.13, the abscissa corresponds to the total number of
I.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
75
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
o.2 o.2
0 0
0 2 3 45 012 3 45
NTU NTU
Flt;r,ttu I I. l()
Eflectiveness ol a parallel- F tr;unr I l. l I
Eflectiveness ol a
flow heat exchanger (Equation li.2B). counterflow heat exchanger (Equation I 1.29)
ll.4 r Heo,t Exch.anger Anolysist Tlrc Effectiueness-NTU Method {r(.} I
or or
or 0r
or
ot
1.0
or
0.8 or
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.4
1.00
0.6 0.75
o.2
0.50
o.25
0 0.4
012345
NTU
0.2
Iil;t:ttt: I l.I2 Elfectiveness of a shell-and-
tube heat exchanger with one shell and any
multiple of two tube passes (two. four, etc. 1 2 3 45
tube passes) (Equation I 1.30). NTU
l rr;t.*ti I l. l.l Flf{ectiveness of a shtll-

irrr,l-tuL,: ht:uI t:rclrartgt'r lvit[r tuo slrt'lI
passes antl tnv nrultrple nl lirttt lulx' pit.s,'"
(four, eight, etc. tube passes) (l')rluatiorr I l.li I
with n : 2).
transfer units, NTU: (NTU),. For Figure 11.15 the solid curves correspond to
*,n mixed and .0, unmixed, while the dashed curves correspond n,in unmixed to
and ,nr* mixed. Note that for :0, all heat exchangers have the same effcctive-
ness, which may be computed from Equation 11.35a. Moreover, if NTU
= 0.25,
all heat exchangers have approximately the same effectiveness, regardless of the
value of, and e may again tre computed from Equation 11.35a. More generally,
for > 0 and NTU = 0.25, the counterflow exchanger is the most effective. For
any exchanger, miximum and minimum values of the effectiveness are associated
with : 0and = l,respectively.
As noted previously, in the context of cross-flow heat exchangers, the terms
and are idealizations representing limiting cases of actual flow
conditions. That is, most flows are neither completely mixed nor unmixed, but exhibit
partial degrees of mixing. This issue has been addressed by DiGiovanni and Webb
[7], and algebraic expressions have been developed to determine the e*NTU rela-
tionship for arbitmry values of partial mixing.
We also note that both the LMTD and e - NTU methods approach heat
exchanger analysis from a global perspective and provide no information conceming
conditions within the exchanger. Although flow and temperature variations within a
l,lAR 1 3 2018
(r92 Clraptet' ll t Heut Exclrunge.rs
or 0r
0r or
or
or -->
or
t,
1.0
l.o
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
o.2 0.2
0
o
012345 0 23 45
NTU
NTU
Frct Hr'; I l. l.l.

Ellecliveness ol a single- ['tr;t'xn I l, li> Ef(ectiveneed:of asingle-
pass, cross-llow heat exchanger with both pass, cross-flow lreat exchangei'with one fluid
fluids unmixed (Equation I1.32)' rnixed antl the other unmixed iEqLrations
11.33,11.34).
q
(computational fluid
heat exchanger may be determined using commercial CFD
pro-
dynamic) co"mputeriodes, simpler numerical procedures may be adopted' Such
cedures have been applied by Ribando et al. to determine temperature variations in
concentric tube and shell-andtube heat exchangers [81.
ExaMpLs 11.3
Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finned-tube, cross-flow heat exchanger at 300"C
and leave at 100'C, are used to heat pressurized water at a flow rate of I kg/s from
35 to 125'C. The exhaust gas specific heat is approximately 1000 J/kg' K' and the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas-side surface area is
: 100
Wmz . K. Determine the required gas-side surface area using the NTU method'
Solurton
I{uolr.rt: Inlet and outlet temperatures of hot gases and water used in a finned-
tube, cross-flow heat exchanger. Water flow rate and gas-side overall heat transfer
coefficient.
fini: Required gas-side surface area.

4
'*
il
i
},lAR 1 3 2O1B
s;,32 Chapter 8s lntemd Foteed Conoeclbn
a circular tube"'b'"
TlsLB 8.4 $rrrnmary of convection correlations for flow in
Condldors
Correladon
(8.19)
t = 64lReo
,, .:#;-;i-: 4'
Nuo'= 4,36 -.
(8.55) Larninari fully dcveloped, uniform I,
Nup = 3.66,
0.0668(DlL)Re p Pr taminiu;ttrermal entry (or combined entry with Pr
5)'
Nio= 3,66 + (8.56) =
rTaulrt,DR uniform T; !
"FrP
or
en{y,0.6 = Pr = 5,0.00t44 = (ttltt') <

ni,=t86(r#)*(#,)""
(8.20af Turbulent, fuIly developed , Rep =
2 x lt
I = 0.3l6Re6tta x ld
f:0'l84Re;'/5
(8.20br Turbulent, fully developed, Rep =2
(8,2rr Turbulen! tully developed, 3000 = Rep s 5x 106

1 = 10.7901n Reo - 1.64)-2
160,
(E,60)d
Nuo= o.V23Re{ Prn T,) T^
Reo=
audn =
or/\ s 16'700'
Pr
: fuo= O.*r*rlt ,r"(fr) (8.61)d Turbulenq tully develope4 0-1
ReD= 10,000,I2= l0
=
or
Ul9)(Reo- 1000)Pr 2000'
NUD=;1ril7fiff@al $.62)d Turbulent,tully'develo;xd'g::.Pi =
5 x 106, (L/D)z l0
3000 s Reo
=
fuIly develoPed, uniform gl,
Nuo = 4.g2 + 0.0185(Reo Pr)o'm
x ld, ld 3 Peps loa
Pr)or (8,65) nietals, tirbulenq fully dcveloped'

Nuo = 5;6"* 0.025(rReo
100
uniform Tn =
bY respectivelY.
'The urass transfcr corrclations may bc obtaincd
t"
or
properties in Equations 8.t9, E.20, and 8.21 are based
hopcttics in
the rcsuls of Figure 8 3
numbcr Mp over thc entire rube length'
dAs a first E:61, oi
(Tn + T",.V2. t
if (I/D) = l0.TtrcPtoPcrtics should then bc ovaluaid at firlly develoPed laminar flow arc providcd ir
Tor nrbcs of noocircular cross section, Rc, Dsu^tv, r Dlt
4ArlP-;,go,d'u; = m!il;, Rcsults for
be irsed as a firsl approximation'
Tablc 8.1. For uubulcnt flow, Equation 8.6,0 may
li,:a:J :::i ;.
*r'r: :.;i-iiir?i,€' :'l i

...,.;.:".. -:1-: i:l:i.]-.," -*r
.f
.t.
i
,
l,lAR 1 3 2018
n lrt Clrapter l3 r llo.diotion Exchunge Betueen Sur/cces
1.0
0.7
0.5
o.4
0.3
A)
0.1
o.o7
0.05
0.04
0.03
o.o2
0.01
0. 1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 345 10 20
Frr;t ur: Lll.'l View lactor {br aligned parallel rectangles'
For more complicated geometries, the view factor may be determined by solv-
"Equation
ing th; l.rUfr integral of 13.1. Such solutions have been obtained lor
and
*iny aiif.*nt surfice arrangements and are available in equation, graphical,
geometries are pre^sent€d in Tables
rabuiar form Il-41. Results f6r several common
13.1 and l3.2and Figures 13.4 through 13.6. The configurations
of Table l3.l are
urrr*ua to be infiniiely long (in a direction perpendicular- to the page)"and are
"iable 13'2 and Figures 13'4 through
hence two-dimensional. The Jonfigurations of
1 3.6 are three-dimensional.
It is useful to note that the results of Figures 13.4 through 13.6 may be usedlo
an end surface of a
determine other view factors. For example,lhe view factor for
1.0
0.8
@r
0.6
=2
0.4
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0. I I 2 4 6 810
Ftr;t ltt: I il..-r \riew lirctor {br cr-ruxial parallel disks'

},lAR 1 3 2O1B
13.2 r Rutliutiotr Exchungt' Iltthcaen Optquo, Dffise, Crty Surfaces Blll|
Turt,n 1.3.3 Special Diffuse, Gra Two-S urface Enclosures
Large (InIinite) Parallel Planes
ffii
,, ', ar
o( t- 2)
(1 3.1 9)
-*:--f' --]
rz= |
t2
1l
z' z' €z
-+--l
8r E2
Long (Infinite) Concentric

Cylinders
I
12:
or( 1 -it (l 3.20)
22 |.l'ez
2
,r-- | €1' €2 (;)
Concentrlc Spheres
ll
2
2 t2-
or(1 -it (13.21)
2g
tz: I *.*(:)'
Small Convex Object in a Large Cavity
l:0 t=o.fl 1- il u 3.22)
rz=1
2' 2, t2
Rad iation
sh ield
.""> *+ ()
32 -2
I' l, 2,2'€2
t 1-€r I l-tr,, l-e:,,, 1 ! - a2
ttt It3 €:.tl €s'zl 332 ,, ,

()
FtctrnE l3.l I Radiation exchange Lretween largtr
parallel planes with a radiation shield. (o) Schematic'
(b) Network representatiorl.
l,r,.t
.i'. : r
Appendix At Thermophysicol Prope.rties of Muahr 9,t.r
T.tsl.r:, A..{' Thermophysical Properties

of Gases at Atmospheric Pressureo
p p.td v'lff 'ld a.ld
(K) (kg/m) (kJ/kg.K) (N.s/m'z) (mz/s) (Wm.K) (m'ls)
Air
100 3.5s62 I 032 7 t.t 2.00 9.34 2.54 0.786
150 2.3364 1.01 2 103.4 4.426 13.8 5.84 0.758
200 t.7458 1.007 132.5 7.590 18.1 10.3 0.737
250 1.3947 L006 159.6 11.44 22.3 15.9 0.720
300 1.1 614 1.007 184.6 15.89 26.3 22.5 0.707
350 0.9950 r.009 208.2 20.s2 30.0 29.9 0.700

400 0.871 l 1.014 230.1 26.4t 33.8 38.3 0.690
450 0.77 40 I .021 250.7 32.39 37.3 47.2 0.686
500 0.6964 l.030 270.t 38.79 40.7 56.7 0.684
550 0.6329 r.040 288.4 45.57 43.9 66.7 0.683
600 0.5804 L051 30s.8 52.69 46.9 76.9 0.685

650 0.5356 1.063 322.5 60.21 49.7 87,3 0.690
700 0.4975 1.075 338.8 68.1 0 52.4 98.0 0.695
750 0.4643 1.087 354.6 76.37 54.9 109 0.702
800 0.4354 1.099 369.8 84.93 57.3 t20 0.709
8s0 0.4097 l.lr0 384.3 93,80 59.6 131 0.716

900 0.3868 1.121 398. r 102.9 62.0 143 0.720
950 0.3666 l.l3l 411.3 tt2.2 64.3 155 0.723
1000 0.3482 l. l4l 424.4 121.9 66.7 168 0.726
l 100 0.3166 1.159 449.0 141.8 71.5 195 0.728
I 200 0.2902 1.t75 473.0 162.9 76.3 224 0.728

r300 0.2679 L l89 496.0 185. I 82 238 0.719
1400 0.2488 t.207 530 213 9l 303 0.703
1500 0.2322 1.230 557 240 100 350 0.685
1600 0.2177 t.248 584 268 106 390 0.688
1700 0.2049 1.267 611 298 113 435 0.685

1800 935
0. I 1.286 637 329 120 482 0.683
r900 0.1833 1.307 663 382 t28 534 0.877
2000 0.17 4t 1.337 689 s96 t37 589 0.672
2100 0. l 658 1.372 715 431 147 646 0.667
2200 0.1 582 t.417 740 468 160 714 0.655

2300 0.1513 t.478 766 506 t7s 783 0.647
2400 0.1448 1.558 792 547 196 869 0.630
2500 0. I 389 1.665 818 589 222 960 0.613
3000 0.1135 2.726 955 841 486 1570 0.536
Ammonia (NH)
300 0.6894 2.158 101.5 14.7 24.7 16.6 0.887
320 0.6448 2.t70 109 16.9 27.2 19.4 0.870
340 0.6059 2.192 116.5 t9.2 29.3 22.t 0.872
360 0.5716 2.221 124 7,1.7 3l.6 24.5 0.872
380 0.5410 2.2s4 131 24.2 34.0 27.g 0.869
9'12 Appentlix L s Thertnophysicul Properties of Mattar
'I',rulu A..1. Continued

p lL td v'ld 'ld .r'ld
(K) qrg/m3) (kJ/kg'K) (N s/m'z) (n'/s) (Wm'K) (m2/s)
Ammonia (NHs)
37.0 31 .5 0.853
400 0.5136 2.287 138 26.9
40.4 35.6 0.833
420 0.4888 2.322 145 29.7
43.5 39.6 0.826
440 0.4664 2.357 t52.5 32.7
46.3 43.4 0.822
460 0.4460 2.393 159 35.7
49.? 47.4 0.822
480 0.4273 2.430 166.5 39.0
173 42.2 52.5 51.9 0.813

500 0.4101 2.467
45.7 54.5 55.? 0.827
520 0.3942 2.504 180
4S.1 57.5 59.7 0.824
540 0.3795 2.540 186.5
s2.0 60.6 63.4 0.8?7
s60 0.3708 2.577 193
56.5 63.8 69.1 0.817
580 0.3533 2.613 I 99.5
Carbon Dioxide (COJ

0.765
280 1.s022 0.830 140 7.36 15.20 9.63
0.766
300 1.7730 0.851 149 8.40 16.55 11.0
0.7s4
320 1.6609 0.872 156 9.39 18.05 12.5
0.7 46
340 1,5618 0.891 165 10.6 19.70 14.2
4l
360 1.47 43 0.908 173 tl.7 21.2 15.8 0.7
13.0 22.75 17.6 0.737

380 L3961 0.926 181
4.3 24.3 19.5 a.737
400 1.3257 0.942 i90 r
28.3 '24.5 D.7zti
450 i.1782 0.981 210 17.8
21.8 32.5 30.1 0.7'15
500 1.0594 t.a2 231
550 0.9625 1.05 251 26. l 36.6 36.2 0.721
40.7 42.7 0.717

600 0.8826 1.08 270 30.6
44.5 49.7 0.712
650 0.8143 1.10 288 35.4
48. r 56.3 0.7 17
700 0.7564 1.r3 305 40.3
51.7 63.7 0.714
750 0.7057 1.15 321 4 5.5
55. I 71.2 0.71 6
800 0.6614 t.t7 337 51.0
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

9.63 0.781
200 1.6888 1.045 t27 7.52 17.0
0.753
220 1.5341 1.044 t37 8.93 19.0 11.9
0.7 44
240 1.4055 1.043 t47 10.5 20.6 14.1
4l
260 r.2967 1.043 157 t2.l 22.1 16.3 0.7
0.733
280 L2038 1.042 166 13.8 23.6 18.8
25.0 21.3 0.730

300 1.1 233 1.043 175 15.6
26.3 23.9 0.730
320 1.0529 1.043 184 17.5
27.8 26.9 0.725
340 0.9909 t.044 193 19.5
I 29.8 0.725
360 0.9357 1.045 202 2r.6 29.
32.9 0.129
380 0.8864 1.047 2r0 23.7 30.5
36.0 0.719
400 0.8421 1.049 218 25.5 31.8
44.3 0.714
450 0.7483 1.055 237 3r.7 35.0
38. I 53. I 0.710
500 0.67352 1.065 254 37.7
62.4 0.710
550 0.61226 1.076 271 44.3 41.1
72.1 0.707
600 0.s6126 1.088 286 51.0 44.0
t
l4AR 1 3 2O1B
Appen<fix At Thermoplrysi.cul Properties of lllottcr 9,t:r
TAtil,r: A.,l Continued

p lL ttr v,lff .ld d ld
(K) (kg/m) (kJ/kg.K) (N s/m'z) (m%) (Wm'K) (m'/s)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

650 0.51806 1.101 301 58. I 47.0 82.4 0.705
700 0.48102 1.t14 315 65.5 50.0 93.3 0.702
750 0.44899 1.127 329 73.3 52.8 104 0.702
800 0.42095 Ll40 343 81.5 55.5 lt6 0.70s
Helium (He)
100 0.4871 5.r93 96.3 19.8 73.0 28.9 0.686
120 0.4060 5.193 107 26.4 81.9 38.8 0.679
140 0.348 I 5,193 ll8 33.9 90.7 50.2 0.676
160 5.193 129 99.2
180 0.2708 s.193 139 51.3 107.2 76.2 0.673
200 5.193 150 I 15.1
220 0.2216 s.193 160 72.2 123.t 107 0.675
240 5.1 93 t70 130
260 0.1875 5.193 180 96.0 137 141 0.682
280 5.193 190 145
300 0. I 625 s.1 93 199 122 t52 180 0.6s0

350 22t .ii
5.193 t70
400 0. 12 l9 5.193 243 199 187 .&gs 0.675
450 5.1 93 263 204
500 0.09754 5.1 93 283 290 220 "134 0.668
550 5.193
600 5.1 93 3; 252
650 5.193 332 264
700 0.06969 5.1 93 350 502 278 768 0.654
750 5.1 93 364 zgt
800 5.193 382 304

900 5.1 93 4t4 330
1000 0.04879 5.193 446 914 354 1400 0.654
Hydrogen (H)
100 0.24255 11.23 42.1 17.4 67.0 24.6 0.707
150 0.16156 12.60 56.0 34.7 101 49.6 0.699
200 0.l2ll5 1 3.54 68, I 56.2 131 79.9 0.704
250 0.0s693 14.06 78.9 81 .4 ts7 ll5 0.707
300 0.08078 14.31 89.6 lll 183 158 0.701
350 0.06924 14.43 98.8 143 204 204 0.700

400 0.06059 14.48 108.2 t79 226 258 0.695
450 0.05386 14.50 117.?, 218 247 316 0.689
s00 0.04848 14.52 t26.4 261 266 378 0.69 I
550 0.04407 l 4.53 134.3 305 285 445 0.685
()'l,l' Appendix A' s Therntophysical Properties of Matter
'I'rgt l.; .t.'l Continued

plt l07 v 108 'rd rr'ld
(K) (kg/m) GJ/kg'K) (N s/mz) (mz/s) (Wm'K) (mz/s)
Hydrogen (H2)
142.4 352 305 519 0.678
600 0.04040 14.55
157.8 456 342 676 0.675
700 0.03463 14,61
t72.4 569 378 849 0.670
800 0.03030 14.70
I86.5 692 412, 1030 0.671
900 0.02694 14.83
201.3 830 448 I 230 0.673
1000 0.0?424 14.99
213.0 966 488 1460 0.662

1 100 0.02204 15.17
226.2 n20 528 I 700 0.659
1200 0.02020 15.37
238.5 1279 568 1955 0.655
1300 0.01865 15.59
250.7 t447 610 2230 0,650
1400 0.01732 15.81
262.7 1626 655 2530 0.643
1500 0.01616 16.02
273.7 1801 697 281 5 0.639

r 600 0.0152 16.28
284.9 I992 742 3130 0.637
1700 0.0143 I 6.58
296. I 2193 786 3435 0.639
1800 0.0135 16.96
307.2 2400 835 3730 0.643
1900 0.0128 t7.49
2630 878 3975 0.661
2000 0.0121 18.25 3 18.2
Nitrogen (Nr)
2.00 9.58 2.60 0.768
100 3.4388 1.070 68.8
4.45 13.9 5.86 0.759
150 2.2594 1.0s0 100.6
7.65 18.3 10.4 0.736
129.2
200 1.6883
1.3488
1.043
t.042 154.9 11.48 ,r) 15.8 0.727
250 0.716
15.86 25.9 22.1
300 1. I 233 1.041 t78.2
29.3 ,o, 0.71 1
350 0.9625 1.042 200.0 20.78

32.7 37. I 0.704
400 0.8425 1.045 220.4 26.1 6
45.6 0.703
450 0.7485 l.050 239.6 32.01 35.8
38.9 54.7 0.700
500 0.6739 1.056 257.7 38.24
44.86 41.7 63.9 0,702
550 0.6124 1.065 27 4.7
51.79 44.6 73.9 0.701

600 0.56 I 5 1.075 290.8
66.71 49.9 94.4 0.706
700 0.4812 1.098 321.0
0.421.1 l.?2 349. I 82.90 54.8 ll6 0.715
800 0.721
375.3 100.3 59.7 139
900 0.3743 1.146
118.7 64.7 165 0.721
1000 0.3368 1. 167 399.9
423.2 138.2 70.0 193 0.718

l 100 0.3062 1.187
445.3 1s8.6 75.8 224 0.707
1200 0.2807 1.204
179.9 81.0 256 0.701
1300 0.2591 1.219 466.2
Orygen (OJ
9.25 2.44 0,796
100 3.945 0.962 76.4 1.94
13.8 5.80 0.766
150 2.585 0.921 114.8 4.44
18.3 10.4 0.737
200 1.930 0.915 147.5 7.64
22.6 16.0 0.723
250 r.542 0.915 178.6 I 1.58
28.8 22.7 0.711
300 1.284 0.920 207.2 16.14
t2612018 Untitled document - Google Docs
l4AR 1 3 2018
Some Useful Equations.
q,:Ai(Ji-G,)
Ji:Ei+piGi
tr -l
"bi "i
4i-@r4
N
n':4,# J -J,
q,: Y.A,F uo(T? - ril
o:5.67x l0-8 wf m2.Ka
s9(7,-T,)L1
Ra: vo
'
ra_T
, c ,.t(T ,ut-T,)
hl*: h/80 + 0.68Ja)
Rrd: ffi:ry
111
- https://docs.google.com/documenvd/1u3iEkHNgqLN7q9zK02N2U9-jkKTcTHllrTSZhFH9DNw/edit
Mark Scored:
KATHMANDU I.INIVERSITY
May/June,2019
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F.M. :10
Registration No.: Date g'{ JUN 201$
SECTION "A"
[20Q' x 0'5 : 10 marks]
Encircle the most appropriate answer among the given choices.
1. If you were to heat your food in space, what would be the mode of heat transfer?
a. Conduction c. Radiation
b. Convection d. Conduction and convection
I 2 Newton's Law of Cooling applies to heat transfer by

a. Conduction c. Radiation
b. Convection d. All of the above
J The temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of a spherical shaped
vessel is 200 oC. If the resistance to heat transfer and the thermal conductivity of the
material are O.2275\JW and 0.0833 W/m.oC respectively, what is the rate of heat
transfer'?
a. 879.132W b. 2079.12W c. 583.21 W d. 1541.56 W
4. It is desirable to operate many engineering devices in the boiling regime.

a. Nucleate c. Transition
b. Film d. None of the above
5. The thermal resistance for one-dimensional conductive heat transfer through a flat plane
IS and through a cylindrical object is ?
a. Exponential and Linear c.Logarithmic Polynomial
-l
and
b. Linear and Logarithmic d. Exponential and Logarithmic
6 Heat transfer coefficient is maximum for which flow?
a. Turbulent b. Laminar c. Creeping d. Transition
7 The amount of heat transferred by a single fin is 7 47 watts, If an engine is 8.5 kW in size,
is 30% efficient in transferring power (i.e. the otherT0%o is lost as heat) and 80% of the
lost heat is transferred by the fins, how many fins are needed?
a.5 b.6 c.7 d.8
8 Which of the following is NOT an example of conduction?
a. Burning yourself on a hot stove
b. A Styrofoam cooler slowly gaining heat from surrounding on a hot day
c. The warmth you feel when you hold a hot water bottle
d. The cold feeling when you step on a cold tile floor
9 For radiation exchange between 3 surfaces, how many view factors need to be
a.3 b.4 c.5 d.6
10. For external forced convection over a flat plate, the critical Reynolds number
corresponding to the onset of turbulence is
a. 2300 b.4000 c.500000 d. 10000
11 For clean and uncontaminated surfaces, condensation occurs by
a. Film formation b. Droplets formation
c. Fog formation d. Borh (a) and (b)
12. In radiation, a surface which is large relative to all other surfaces under consideration can
be treated as if it were a
a. Gray body b. Black body c. Red body d. Green body
13. Baffles increase the convection coefficient of the fluid of a heat exchanger
a. Tube side only b. Shell side only
c. Both shell and tube side d. None of the above
t4 Radiation emitted by a black body is independent of

a. Wavelength b. Temperature c. Direction d. All of the mentioned t
15 Consider a large isothermal enclosure that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 2000
K. Calculate the emissive power of the radiation that emerges from a small aperture on
the enclosed surface. The stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 x 10-8 wm2.K4
a. 9 x 105 wlmz b. 5 x 105 wm2 c. 106 wlm2 d. 6 x 106 wm2
t6 According to Kirchhoff's law, any surface in a large isothermal enclosure has

a. Emissivity equal to absorptivity
b. Emissivity equal to transmissivity
c. Absorptivity equal to transmissivity
d. Emissivity, absorptivity and transmissivity are all equal
17. For a plane or convex surface, the view factor Fii which is defined as the radiation that
leaves the surface i and is directly intercepted by i is
a. I b.3 c.0 d.5
18. Water flows at the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger.
Water is heated from 50 oC to 75 oC by an oil flowing through the tube. The specific heat
o
of the oil and water are 1.780 kJlkg.K and 4.186 kJ&g.K respectively. If the oil enters
and leaves at 1 15 oC and 70 oC respectively, what is the rate of heat transfer?
a. 110kW b.113kW c.116kW d.120kW
19. For the problem in 18, what is the log mean temperature difference?
a. 26.8oC b.27.8oc c. 28.8 oC d. 29.8 oC
20. For the problem in 18, if the overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 Wm2.K, what is the
area of the heat exchanger?
a. 15.8 m2 b. I 1.5 m2 c. 70.4 m2 d. 1g.g m2
May/June, 2019 0a JUN 201$
SECTION "B"
[4Q. x 10 = 40 marks]
Attempt AIW FOUR questions
1 Aluminum pin fins of parabolic profile with blunt tips are attached on a plane wall of
oC. Each fin has a length of 20 mm and a base diameter of 5 mm.
surface temperature 200
The fins are exposed to an ambient air condition of 25oC and the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 50 Wm2.K. Taking Io(x) and L(x) values as 1.0350 and 0.1716, determine
a) The efficiency ofeach fin 141
b) Heat transfer rate of each fin t3l
I 2
c) Effectiveness of each fin
A cylindrical stainless steel vessel (k = 15 Wm.K) with an inside diameter of 1 meter
t3l
and 0.1 meter thick walls is full of radioactive material (k = 80 Wm'K) which generates
energy at a rate of 2 x 10s Wm3. The vessel is submerged in a bath of water, which is
maintained at25"C. The convective heat transfer coefficient between the vessel and
water is 1000 Wm2 .K. The ends of the cylindrical vessel are capped and very well
insulated so that heat transfer through the ends is negligible. Assume a length basis of 1
m for the cylindrical vessel. If the system is at steady state, determine the temperatures
a) At the outer surface of the vessel wall t3l
b) At the inner surface of the vessel wall t3l
c) At the center of the radioactive material 141
J Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1 shell pass and 8 tube passes heat exchanger. The
tubes are thin walled and are made of copper with an internal diameter of L.4 cm. The
length of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 5 m, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 310 Wm2.K. Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil
I
oC
through the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at temperatures of 20
and 150 oC respectively. Determine
a) The rate ofheat transfer in the heat exchanger t5l
b) The outlet temperature of the water I3l
c) The outlet temperature of the oil LZ)
4, Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2 m high and 3 m wide vertical

plate that is maintained at 80 oC by circulating cooling water through the other side.
Determine
a) The heat transfer rate by condensation to the plate tsl
b) The rate at which the condensate drips off the plate at the bottom
oC from the vertical
t3l
c) The heat transfer rate if the plate was tilted at 30
Use hint.in. = hvertical (cos g)l/a t2)
5 A metal disc is placed on top of a cylindrical furnace whose bottom surface is electrically
heated and whose sidewall may be approximated as reradiating surface. The disc is
maintained atT2:400 K and the electrically heated surface is maintained at T1= 800 K.
The electrically heated surface is mounted on a ceramic base material of thermal
conductivity k = 20 Wm.K. The bottom of the base material as well as the ambient air
and large surroundings are maintained at a temperature of 300 K. Emissivities of the
heater and the disk inner and outer surfaces &r€ €1 = 0.9, ez,i 0.5 and ez, o 0.9
= =
respectively. Assuming steady state and convection within the cylindrical cavity,
determine
a) The electrical power that must be supplied to the heater t5l
b) The convection coefficient that must be maintained at the outer surface of the disk t5l
{*:300 X
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r ;
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6 Consider the flow of oil at 20"C in a 30-cm-diameter pipeline at an average velocity of 2

m/s. A 200-m-long section of the pipeline passes through icy waters of a lake at OoC.
Measurements indicate that the surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly 0"C.
Disregarding the thermal resistance of the pipe material, determine
a) The temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake 14)
b) The rate of heat transfer from the oil t3l
c) The pumping power required to overcome the pressure losses and to maintain the
flow of the oil in the pipe
The pressure drop in the pipe for laminar flow is given by

t3l
o
f 6a L pv$,
ReD 2
Mark Scored:
February/March,2019
Year ru Semester: I
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins F.M. : l0
o20lg
Registration No.: Date fEB2
SECTION "A"
[20 Q.x 0.5= 10 marks]
Select the most appropriate answer
I Fourier's law applies to the heat transfer by

a. Convection b. Conduction c. Radiation d. All of the above
2. Bulk of the convective heat transfer resistance from a hot tube surface to the fluid
flowing in it, is
a. In the central core of the fluid
b. Mainly confined to a thin film of fluid near the surface
c. Uniformly distributed throughout the fluid
d. None of the above
a
J In case of heat flow by conduction for a cylindrical body with an internal heat source, the
nature of temperature distribution is
a. Linear b. Parabolic c. Exponential d. None of the above
4. The rate of emission of radiation by a body does not depend upon the
a. Shape and porosity of the body b. Surface temperature
c. Nature of the surface d. Wavelength of radiation
5 Maximum heat transfer is obtained in flow

a. Turbulent b. Laminar c. Transition d. Creeping
6. In case of boiling, the liquid temperature is below the saturation temperature

and the boiling takes place in the vicinity of the heated surface.
a. Nucleate b. Pool c. Local d. Saturated
7 Pick up the wrong case. Heat flowing from one side to the other directly depends on
a. Face area b. Thermal conductivity
c. Thickness d. Temperature difference
8. In free convection heat transfer, Nusselt number is a function of

a. Grasshoff number and Prandtl number
b. Prandtl number and Reynolds number
c. Grasshoff number and Reynolds number
d. Grasshoff number, Reynolds number and Prandtl number
9 Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two heat exchangers are available (i) a shell
and tube heat exchanger and (ii) a finned tube heat exchanger. Tube side heat transfer
area are equal in both the cases. The recommended arrangement is
a. Finned tube heat exchanger with air inside and steam outside
b. Finned tube heat exchanger with steam inside and air outside
c. Shell and tube with air inside and steam outside
d. Shell and tube with steam inside and air outside
10. Fouling factor

a. Is a dimensionless quantity
b. Accounts for additional resistances to heat flow
c. Does not provide a safety factor for design
11. Lubricating oil is being recycled continuously through a double-pipe counterflow heat
exchanger for cooling. The oil is to be cooled from 70 oC to 40 oC at the rate of 5000 kg/h
using water entering at 28 oC. The water temperature at the exit should not exceed 42oC.
The specific heat of oil is 2.05 kJ/kg oC and that of water is 4.11 kJ/kg "C. Calculate the
required rate of flow of water.
a. 4200kglh b.5267 kglh c. 5550 kgftr d.6250kgth
t2 Based on the data given in the above question (question 1l), what is the log mean
temperature difference for the heat exchanger ?
a. 28oC b. 12.8oC c. 18.9oC d. 19.4"C
t3 For the heat exchanger in problem 11, if the area of the heat exchanger is 3 m2, what is
the overall heat transfer coefficient ?
a. 1000 wm2 0c b. 1300 wm2 0c c. 1400 wm2 0c d. 1500 wm2 0c
t4 For radiation exchange between 10 surfaces, how many view factors need to be
determined directly ?
a. 40 b.45 c. 50 d. 35
15. Baffles in the shell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger
a. increase the cross-section ofthe shell side liquid
b. force the liquid to flow parallel to the bank
c. increase the shell side heat transfer coefficient
d. decrease the shell side heat transfer coefficient
16. A Biot number of less than I suggests
a. Higher resistance to heat transfer within the solid and higher resistance from solid to
fluid
b. Lower resistance to heat transfer within the solid and lower resistance from solid to
fluid
c. Lower resistance to heat transfer within the solid and higher resistance from solid to
fluid
d. Higher resistance to heat transfer within the solid and lower resistance from solid to
fluid
FEg 2 0 2019
17 The bottom of a copper pan 0.3 m in diameter is maintained at 1 18 oC by an electric
heater. The heater supplies power at the rate of 836 kWm2 which causes the water to boil.
If the latent heat of vaporization for water is 2257 kJ/kg, what is the evaporation rate ?
a. 100 ke/h b.94kglh c. 82 kg/h d.98 kg/h
18. Heat produced when a steady state current I passes through an electrical conductor
having resistance R is
a. IR b. IR2 c. I2R d. I2R2
19. A perfect black body is one which

a. Is black in color
b. Absorbs heat radiations of all wavelengths falling on it
c. Reflects all the heat radiations
d. Transmits the heat radiations
20. The heat transfer takes place according to

a. Znroth law of thermodynamics
b. First law of thermodynamics
c. Second law of thermodynamics
d. Third law of thermodynamics
-
Febru arylTVI ar ch, 20 I 9 rtB 2 r zs\g
SECTION "B''
[4Q. x 10 = 40 marks]
1 The engine of my go-cart has circular fins, 3 mm thick, that are machined into the
aluminum of the cylinder (k = 240 Wm.K) such that the outer diameter of the cylinder
itself (not including the fins) is 10 cm and the fins stick out from the cylinder by 5 cm.
The temperature of the cylinder cannot exceed 265 "C.I typically run my go-cart in on a
27 "C day under conditions such that the convective heat transfer coefficient h is 80
Wm2.K.
a. Estimate the amount of heat transferred by a single fin. U)
b. If the engine is 8.5 kW in size, is 30Va efficient in transferring power (the other 70Vo
is lost as heat) and 807o of the lost heat is transferred by the fins, how many fins are
needed? t3l
2. A vertical plane wall is shown below. The outside brick is 10 cm thick, and the inside
panel is 1.3 cm thick plaster board. The brick and the plaster board are separated by a 9.5
oC, while on the plaster board
cm of glass fiber insulation. On the brick side is air at 2
side air is at 27 oC. The wall is 2.5 m tall. How much heat is transferred through wall per
oC
unit width? Also, find the wall temperatures Tw,r and T*,2. Assume Tw,r and T*,2 as 10
and20 oC respectively for initial calculation and then find the corrected t10l values.
Thermal conductivity value of the brick, glass-fiber and plaster are0.45,0.035 and 0.814
Wm.K respectively.
Il*urhoard
Cir*rnqn lrrir! lnulurisn
.{ir d !"[] Air d l7"t:
Tw,r Tw,z
l0 9.' l..lm
OR
A heat exchanger is to be designed to condense an organic vapor at a rate of 500 kg/min
which is available at its saturation temperature of 355 K. Cooling water at 286 K is
available at a flow rate of 60 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 475 Wm2C.
Latent heat of condensation of organic vapor is 600 kJlkg. Calculate
a. The number of tubes required, if tubes of 25 mm outer diameter, 2 mm thickness and
4.87 m length are available, and t6l
b. The number of tube passes, if cooling water velocity should not exceed 2 mls. l4l
a
J Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m by 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very large
room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27oC. One plate is
maintained at a temperature of 900 oC and the other is maintained at 400 oC. Their
emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves
and the surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Consider
only the plate surface facing each other. t10l
4. Consider an air heater consisting of a semicircular tube for which the plane surface is
maintained at 1000 K and the other surface is well insulated. The tube radius is 20 mm
and both surfaces have an emissivity of 0.8. If atmospheric air flows through the tube at
0.01 kg/s and T* = 400 K, what is the rate at which heat must be supplied per unit length
to maintain the plane surface at 1000 K? What is the temperature of the insulated
surface? t10l
OR
A thin-walled concentric tube heat exchanger of 0.19 m length is to be used to heat

deionized water from 40 to 60 oC at a flow rate of 5 kg/s. The deionized water flows
through the inner tube of 30 mm diameter while saturated steam at I atm is supplied to
the annulus formed with the outer tube of 60 mm diameter. The thermophysical
properties of the deionized water are p - 982.3 kg/m3, cp = 4781 Jlkg.K, k = 0.643
Wm.K, p = 548 * 10-6 N.s/m2, and Pr = 3.56. Estimate the convection coefficients for
both sides of the tube and determine the inner tube wall outlet temperature. Does the
condensation provide a fairly uniform inner tube wall temperature equal approximately to
the saturation temperature of the steam? t10l
For a horizontal tube condensation, the convection coefficient is given by
where C =0.729
c?eq- 309
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End Semester Examination[C]
2014
Level : B.E. /B. Pharm. / B. Tech Course : MGTS 301
___________________________________________________________________________
Exam Roll No.: Time : 30 min F. M. : 20
Registration No.: Date :

___________________________________________________________________________
SECTION “A”
[20Q  1 = 20 marks]
1. All of the following are examples of cash inflows except:
a. Asset salvage value b. Income taxes
c. Operating cost reduction d. Construction cost savings
2. If you deposit $1,000 over three years at 9% annual interest (meaning that you will make
one lump sum withdrawal at the end of three years), what is the interest earned in the 2nd
year?
a. $90.00 b. $98.34 c. $98.10 d. $106.93
3. We have the following demand and supply functions,

Demand: Qd = 600 - 30P, Supply: Qs = -300 + 120P. Equilibrium price and output are
a. P = $2 and Q = 540 b. P = $10 and Q = 300
c. P = $3.33 and Q = 500 d. P = $6 and Q = 420
4. Which one of the following statements is false?

a. Average total cost is total cost per unit of output.
b. Total cost equals total fixed cost plus total average cost.
c. Average fixed cost plus average variable cost equals average total cost.
d. Marginal cost depends on the amount of labor hired.
5. An investment project costs P. It is expected to have an annual net cash flow of 0.125P for
20 years. What is the project’s payback period?
a. 0 year b. 6 years c. 8 years d. 11 years
6. The price of burgers increases by 22% and the quantity of burgers demanded falls by 25%.
This indicates that demand for burgers is:
a. elastic b. inelastic c. unitarily elastic d. perfectly elastic
7. What effect would have on the break-even point and expected profit if there is an increase
in fixed cost?
a. (decrease, decrease) b. (decrease, increase)
c. (increase, increase) d. (increase, decrease)
8. Vi Wilson is interested in buying an automobile priced at $18,000. From her personal

savings, she can come up with a down payment in the amount of $3,000. The remaining
balance will be financed by the dealer over a period of 36 months at an interest rate of
6.25%, compounded monthly. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The monthly payment can be calculated by using A = $15,000(A/P, 6.432%/12, 3)
b. The monthly payment can be calculated by using A = $15,000(A/P, 0.5208%, 36)
c. The monthly payment can be calculated by using A = $15,000(A/P, 6.25%, 3)/12
d. The dealer’s annual percentage rate (APR) is 6.432%
9. Alternative A has a first cost of $10,000, an annual operating cost of $5,000 and a salvage
value of $2,000. Alternative B has an initial cost of $25,000, an annual operating cost of
$1,000 and a salvage value of $12,000. If both alternatives have a five-year life, the
equation that will yield the rate of return on the incremental investment is:
a. 0 = -$15,000 + 4,000(P/A,i,5) + 10,000(P/F,i,5)
b. 0 = -$15,000 + 4,000(P/A,i,5) - 10,000(P/F,i,5)
c. 0 = -$15,000 + 4,000(P/A,i,5) + 12,000(P/F i,5)
d. 0 = -$15,000 - 4,000(P/A,i,5) + 10,000(P/F,i,5)
10. A manufacturing process has fixed costs of $20,000 per year with variable costs of $15
per unit. If the company sells each unit for $20, the number of units that must be sold
each year in order to reach breakdown is nearest to:
a. 1,000 units b. 2,000 units c. 3,000 units d. 4,000 units
11. In an economic service life (ESL) analysis, the capital recovery term _______ with each
year of ownership.
a. Decreases b. Increases c. Remains same d. Cannot say
12. The LCM of lives is required to perform an analysis for different life assets for the
following methods: __________________
a. AW and B/C b. PW, AW, and IRR
c. Life cycle costs d. Payback period
13. In top down costing and design approach which of the following holds true
a. Target cost = competitor’s price - desired profit
b. Target cost = ( 1+ profit margin) /competitor’s price
c. Target cost = competitor’s price+ desired profit
14. The annual equivalent costs of retaining a defender over its 3 year remaining life and the
annual equivalent operating costs for its challenger over its 4 year physical life are given
below. Use MARR of 12% and determine the optimal replacement time. Assume an
infinite planning horizon and no technological change (cost) in the challenger. What
would be your decision?
Holding Annual equivalent cost

Period
Defender Challenger
1 $3000 $5000
2 2500 4000
3 3200 3100
4 4500
a. Replace now b. Replace 1 year later
c. Replace 2 years later d. Replace 3 years later
15. Which of the following is the method of calculating depreciation

a. Delphi method b. Unit of production method
c. Moving average method d. Exponential smoothing
16. Chose the option which does not support definition of depreciation
a. Be inventory or investment property b. Be used in business
c. Have a determinable useful life d. Wear out, decay, get used up
17. A dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of cost estimates at two different times
is a
a. Power law model b. Throughput rate
c. Cost index d. Cost capacity factor
18. A used machine, which had a initial cost of $70,000, was purchased by Company A for
$50,000. The company expects to depreciate the machine over a five-year period and
then sell it for $10,000. According to the straight line method, the depreciation charge in
year two is nearest:
a. $8000 b. $10,000 c. $12,000 d. $14,000
19. If the sensitivity of several parameters is shown on one graph, the scale of the x-axis
should be ________________ from the most likely estimated value.
a. Decision node b. Probability node
c. Percentage deviation d. Measure of worth
20. Which of the following is not a component of integrated approach for developing cash
flows
a. Work breakdown structure b. Saving investment structure
c. Cost and Revenue structure d. Estimating technique
End- Semester Examination[C]
2014
Level : B.E. /B. Pharm. / B. Tech Course : MGTS 301
Time : 2 hrs. 30 min F.M : 55
___________________________________________________________________________
SECTION "B"
Attempt ALL the questions. Missing parameters can be assumed suitably.
1 a. Suppose you work in an account/ finance department of a company which produces [4]
biscuits. Explain various types of cost you encounter during your job. Use of proper
terminologies is expected in the answer.
b. A firm is planning to manufacture a new product. The sales department estimates that [2]
the quantity that can be sold depends on the selling price. As the selling price is
increased, the quantity that can be sold decreases.
Numerically they estimate: P = $35.00 - 0.02Q, where P =selling price per unit, Q =
quantity sold per year. On the other hand, the management estimates that the average
cost of manufacturing and selling the product will decrease as the quantity sold
increases.
They estimate C = $4.00Q + $8000, where C = cost to produce and sell Q per year. The
firm's management wishes to produce and sell the product at the rate that will maximize
profit, that is, where income minus cost will be a maximum. What quantity should the
decision makers plan to produce and sell each year?
c. What is the major disadvantage of payback period method of project selection? Given [3]
below are the two projects, Project A and Project B. Based on the payback period
method, which project should be selected.
Project A Project B
-1000 -1000
500 100
400 300
300 400
100 600
2 a. Morris Glass Company has decided to invest funds for the next 5 years so that [4]
development of “smart” glass is well funded in the future. This type of new-technology
glass uses electrochrome coating to allow rapid adjustment to sun and dark in building
glass, as well as assisting with internal heating and cooling cost reduction. The financial
plan is to invest first, allow appreciation to occur, and then use the available funds in the
future. All cash flow estimates are in $1000 units, and the interest rate expectation is 8%
per year.
Years 1 through 5 (investment): Invest $7000 in year 1, decreasing by $1000 per
year through year 5.
Years 6 through 10: No new investment and no withdrawals.
Years 11 through 15(withdrawal): Withdraw $20,000 in year 11, decreasing
20% per year through year 15.
Determine if the anticipated withdrawals will be covered by the investment and
appreciation plans. Use Present worth method.
b. Bajhang Energy Company is considering two mutually exclusive projects, X and Y. [6]
Both projects have a life of 3 years. The expected cash flows are as follows. Use
MARR= 10% per year.
Year X Y
0 -10000 -8500
1 5125 4450
2 5125 4450
3 5125 4450
a) Check the feasibility of both the projects based on NPV and IRR measures.
b) Which project would you select and why?
OR
a. The cost of tuition at public universities has been steadily increasing for many years. [4]
One Midwestern university pledged to keep the tuition constant for 4 years for all
students who finished in the top 3% of their class. One such student who liked research
planned to enroll at the university and continue there until earning a PhD degree (a total
time of 9 years). If the tuition for the first 4 years will be $7200 per year and it increases
by 5% per year for the next 5 years, what is the present worth of the tuition cost at an
interest rate of 8% per year?
b. A special-purpose machine is to be purchased at a cost of $15,000. The following table [6]

shows the expected annual operating and maintenance cost and the salvage values for
each year of the machine’s service:
Year of O&M costs Market value

service
1 $2,500 $12,800
2 3,200 8,100
3 5,300 5,200
4 6,500 3,500
5 7,800 0
If the interest rate is 10%, what is the economic service life for this machine, and the
annual equivalent cost at 5th year.
3 a. Explain cost and revenue estimates based on detail, accuracy, cost and their intended [3]
use.
b. Miriam has been asked to estimate the cost today of a 2500ft2 heat exchange system for [2]
the new plant being-analyzed. She has the following data.
Her company paid $50,000 for a 1000ft2 heat exchanger 5 years ago.
Heat exchangers within this range of capacity have a power sizing exponent (x) of 0.55.
Five years ago the Heat Exchanger Cost Index (HECI) was 1306; it is 1487 today.
c. A company is planning to introduce a new product in the market. The best competitor
sells a similar product in the market. The best competitor sells a similar product at $420/
unit. Other pertinent data are as follows:
Direct labor cost: $15.00/hour
Factory overhead: 120% of direct labor
Production materials $ 300/unit
Packaging costs: 20% of direct labor
It has been found that an 85% learning curve applies to the labor required. The time to
complete the first unit has been estimated to be 5.26 hours. The company secedes to use
the time required to complete the 20th unit as a standard for cost estimation purposes.
The profit margin is based on the total manufacturing costs.
a. Using the information given, determine the maximum profit margin that the company [3]
can have so as to remain competitive.
[2]
b. If the company desires a profit margin of 15%, can the target cost be achieved? If not,
suggest two ways in which the target cost can be achieved.
4 a. Determine how sensitive the decision to invest in the system is to the estimates of The [6]
RX Drug Company has just purchased a capsulating machine for $76,000. The plant
engineer estimates the machine has a useful life of 5 years and little or no salvage value.
He will use zero salvage value in the computations. Compute the depreciation schedule
for the machine using:
(a) Straight-line depreciation.
(b) Sum-of-years'-digits depreciation.
(c) Double declining balance depreciation.
b. Acme Delivery is considering a proposal for new package tracking technology. The [5]
system has an estimated initial cost of $1.9 million and will require upgrades and
maintenance of $140,000 each year. Acme estimates that improved tracking will save
approximately $680,000 per year, after system operating expenses. Acme has a MARR
of 15% per year, and the study period for this technology is 6 years, after which time
Acme expects the entire system will need to be replaced.
Explain with the sensitivity diagram within the range of ± 20% PW changes in the
estimates for i) initial investment cost and ii) useful life, other parameters remain
constant.
5 The federal government is planning a hydroelectric project for a river basin. In addition
to producing electric power, this project will provide flood control, irrigation, and
recreation benefits. The estimated benefits and costs expected to be derived from the
three alternatives under consideration are listed in the following table:
Decision Alternatives
A B C
Initial const $8,000,000 $10,000,000 $15,000,000
Annual benefits or costs:
Power sales $1,000,000 $1,200,000 $1,800,000
Flood control savings 250,000 350,000 500,000
Irrigation benefits 350,000 450,000 600,000
Recreation benefits 100,000 200,000 350,000
O&M costs 200,000 250,000 350,000
The interest rate is 10%, and the life of each of the projects is estimated to be 50 years.
(a) Find the benefit–cost ratio for each alternative. [6]
(b) Select the best alternative using incremental B/C method [3]
OR
The Idaho Department of Fish and Wildlife (IDFW) is considering two locations for a
new state park. Location E would require an investment of $3 million and $50,000 per
year to maintain. Location W would cost $7 million to construct, but the IDFW would
receive an additional $25,000 per year in park fees. The operating cost of location W
will be $65,000 per year. The revenue to park concessionaires will be $500,000 per year
at location E and $700,000 at location W. The disbenefits associated with each location
are $30,000 per year for location E and $40,000 per year for location W. Assume the
park will be maintained indefinitely. Use an interest rate of 12% per year to determine
which location, if either, should be selected on the basis of on the basis of [9]
(a) The conventional B/C method

(b) The modified B/C method
6 Write short notes on ( any THREE) [6]

a. Nominal and Effective interest rate
b. Elasticity of demand
c. Principles of engineering economy
d. Break even analysis
Use following formulas if needed:

Uniform series
(F/A, i, N) = {(1+i)N – 1)/ i
(P/A, i, N) = {(1+i)N – 1}/{i (1+i)N )
(A/F, i, N) = i/{(1+i)N – 1}
(A/P, i, N) = i(1+i)N /{(1+i)N -1}
Gradient series
(A/G, i, N) = [{(1+i)N – iN–1}/i{(1+i)N – 1}]
(P/G, i, N) = [{(1+i)N – iN–1}/i2 (1+i)N]
(P/A1, g, i, N) = [{1– (1+g)N ( 1+i) –N}/( i – g)]

Answer Key to objective questions
Question No. Correct option
1 b
2 c
3 d
4 b
5 c
6 a
7 d
8 b
9 a
10 d
11 a
12 b
13 a
14 c
15 b
16 a
17 c
18 a
19 c
20 b
2013
Level : B.E/ B.Sc/B. Pharm./B.Tech. Course : MGTS 301
Exam. Roll No.: Time: 30 mins F. M: 20
Registration No. : Date:
SECTION "A"
[20 Q  1 =20]
Select the most appropriate choice from the following:
1. Consider the One Laptop per Child project pioneered by a team of engineers from M.I.T.
This computer will be sold in remote parts of the world (e.g. rural Cambodia and Nepal) for
$50 apiece. If the profit per computer is mere $0.10 and the estimated market size in 2009 is
100 million students, what is the total profit on this humanitarian effort?
a. $50,000,00 b. $50,000,000 c. $10,000,000 d. $10,000,00
2. The cost of material and labor used in a product or service are examples of:
a. Fixed cost b. Variable cost c. Overhead cost d. Standard cost
3. Which one of the following statement is true regarding fixed costs?

a. Fixed costs are those unaffected by changes in activity level over a feasible range of
operations for the capacity or capacity available.
b. When larger changes in usage of resources occur, or when plant expansion or shutdown
is involved, fixed costs can be affected.
c. The labor and material costs directly associated with a product, service, or construction
activity are fixed costs.
d. Both a and b.
4. A company has determined that the price and the monthly demand of one of its products are
related by the equation D= √(400 – p), where p is the price per unit in dollars and D is the
monthly demand. The associated fixed costs are $1,125/month, and the variable costs are
$100/unit. What is the optimal number of units that should be produced and sold each
month?
a. 10 units b. 15 units c. 20 units d. 25 units
5. ____________________ deals with prevention of waste, improved material selection, and

reuse and recycling of resources.
a. Value engineering
b. Design for the environment
c. Green engineering
d. Both b and c
6. The average time per unit required to produce the first 30 units, if the slope parameter of the
learning curve is 92% and the first unit takes 460 units:
a. -3.30069E-11 b. 305.54 c. 245 d. 347.32
7. Suppose that a market survey has shown that the best competitor’s selling price is $27.50 per
assembly. Total manufacturing cost is $1,310. If a profit margin of 10% (based on total
manufacturing cost) is desired, target cost for the assembly is
a. $26.21 b. $25.00 c. $28.83 d. $5,000
8. A ______________________ is a mathematical model that explains the phenomenon of

increased worker efficiency and improved organizational performance with repetitive
production of a good or service.
a. factor technique b. learning curve
c. cost estimating relationship d. spider plot
9. Every year you deposit $2,000 into an account that earns 2% interest per year. What will be
the balance of your account immediately after the 30th deposit?
a. $44,793 b. $60,000 c. $77,385 d. $81,136
10. The equation represented by F = A(F/A, i%, N) is called ____________________________

a. single payment compound amount factor b. single payment present worth factor
c. uniform series compound amount factor d. uniform series present worth factor
11. Which of the following equation yield the amount of the 21st (final) payment on the $100,000
loan when 20 payments of $10,000 have already been made?
a. $10,000 (F/A, 8%, 20) + P (F/P, 8%, 21) = $100,000
b. $10,000 (P/F, 8%, 20) + F (P/F, 8%, 21) = $100,000
c. $10,000 (P/A, 8%, 20) + F(P/F, 8%, 21) = $100,000
d. $10,000 (A/F, 8%, 20) + P(F/P, 8%, 21) = $100,000
12. If you borrow $5,000 to buy a car at 12% compounded monthly, to be repaid over the next
four years, what is your monthly payment?
a. $131 b. $137 c. $1,646 d. $104
13. A credit card company charges an interest rate of 1.375% per month on the unpaid balance of
all accounts. What is the effective rate of interest per year being charged by the company?
a. 16.5% b. 17.81% c. 18.71% d. 15.35%
14. Which of the following methods convert cash flows resulting from a proposed problem
solution into their equivalent worth at some point (or points) in time by using an interest rate
known as the MARR?
a. Present Worth Method and Annual Worth Method
b. Present Worth Method and Internal Rate of Return
c. Internal Rate of Return and Payback Period
d. All of the above
15. MARR stands for:
a. Moving Average Rate of Return b. Minimal Average Rate of Return
c. Minimum Attractive Rate of Return d. Maximum Attractive Rate of Return
16. Corporate jet costs $1,350,000 and will incur $200,000 per year in fixed cost and $277 per
hour in variable costs. The jet will be operated for 1,200 hours per year for five years and
then sold for $650,000. The MARR is 15% per year. What is the capital recovery cost of the
jet?
a. CR = -$1,350,000 (A/P, 15%, 5) + $650,000 (A/F, 15%, 5)
b. CR = $1,350,000 (A/P, 15%, 5) - $650,000 (A/F, 15%, 5)
c. CR = $1,350,000 (A/F, 15%, 5) - $650,000 (A/P, 15%, 5)
d. CR = -$1,350,000 (A/F, 15%, 5) + $650,000 (A/P, 15%, 5)
17. ____________________________ solves for the interest rate that equates the equivalent
worth of an alternative’s cash inflows to the equivalent worth of cash outflows.
a. Discounted cash flow method b. Internal rate of return method
c. Breakeven interest rate d. All of the above
18. Which of the following statement concerning the comparison of mutually exclusive
alternatives is true?
a. Equivalent-worth methods are computationally cumbersome to use.
b. Both the equivalent-worth and rate-of-return methods, will consistently recommend the
best alternative
c. Rate-of-return methods produce correct choices if the analysts or the manager insists of
maximizing the rate of return on the total cash flow.
d. None of the above.
19. A small pump costs $16,000 and has a life of eight years and a $2,000 SV at that time. If
200% DB method is used to depreciate the pump, the BV at the end of four year is
a. $9,000 b. $8,000 c. 6,000 d. $5,000
20. Which one of the following is considered to be a major source of uncertainty?

a. Possible inaccuracy of the cash-flow estimates used in the study.
b. Type of business involved in relation to the future health of the economy.
c. Type of physical and equipment involved.
d. All of the above
2013
Level : B.E/ B.Sc/B. Pharm./B.Tech. Course : MGTS 301
Time : 2 hr 30 mins F. M. : 55
SECTION "B"
Attempt ALL questions: (Assume missing parameters where necessary)
Note: Interest and Annuity table for discrete compounding is enclosed herewith.
1. a. What is breakeven point? Establish the relationship between cost, volume, and breakeven
point when price is independent of demand. [5]
b. An engineering consulting firm measures its output in a standard service hour unit, which
is a function of the personnel grade levels in the professional staff. The variable cost is
$62 per standard service hour. The charge-out rate (i.e., selling price) is $85.56 per hour.
The maximum output of the firm is 160,000 hours per year, and its fixed cost is
$2,024,000 per year. What is the breakeven point in standard service hours and in
percentage of total capacity? [4]
2. a. The Dell Corporation borrowed $10,000,000 at 7% interest per year, which must be repaid
in equal EOY amounts (including both interest and principal), over the next six years.
How much must Dell repay at the end of each year? How much of the total amount repaid
is interest? [4]
b. Suppose that you have just borrowed $7,500 at 12% nominal interest compounded
quarterly. What is the total lump-sum, compounded amount to be paid by you at the end
of a 10-year loan period? [3]
c. A man deposited $10,000 in a savings account when his son was born. The nominal
interest rate was 8% per year, compounded continuously. On the son’s 18 th birthday, the
accumulated sum is withdrawn from the account. How much will this accumulated
amount be? [2]
3. a. Maintenance costs for a small bridge with an expected 50-year life are estimated to be
$10,000 each year for the first 5 year, followed by $10,000 expenditure in the year 15 and
a $10,000 expenditure in the year 30. If i = 10% per year, what is the equivalent uniform
annual cost over the entire 50-year period? [7]
OR
Larry Brin, a 22 year-old and newly hired information technologist decides to invest
$4,500 (10% of his annual salary) in a mutual fund earning 7% per year. He will continue
to make annual deposits until he retires at age 62 (i.e., 40 years after he started his job).
He expects his salary to increase by an average of 4% each year during this time. How
much money will Larry have accumulated in his mutual fund when he retires? [7]
b. Suppose that annual income from a rental property is expected to start at $1,300 per year
and decrease at a uniform amount of $50 each year after the first year for the 15-year
expected life of the property. The investment cost is $80,000, and rate of interest is 9%
per year. Is this a good investment? Assume that the investment occurs at time zero (now)
and that the annual income is first received at end-of-year one. [5]
4. a. A small company purchased now for $23,000 will lose $1,200 each year for the first four
years. An additional $8,000 invested in the company during the fourth year will result in a
profit of $5,500 each year from the fifth year through the fifteenth year. At the end of 15
years, the company can be sold for $33,000.
i. Determine the IRR. [4]
ii. Calculate the FW if MARR = 12% [3]
b. Two mutually alternatives are being considered for the environmental protection equipment
at a petrol refinery. One of these alternatives must be selected. The estimated cash flows
for each alternative are as follows: [5]
Alternative A Alternative B
Capital investment $20,000 $38,000
Annual expenses 5,500 4,000
Market value at 1,000 4,200
end of useful life
Useful life 5 years 10 years
Which environmental protection equipment alternative should be selected? The firm’s
MARR is 20% per year. Assume the equipment will be needed indefinitely.
5. a. A special purpose machine is to be depreciated as a linear function of use. It costs $25,000

and is expected to produce 100,000 units and then be sold for $5,000. Up to the end of the
third year, it has produced 60,000 units, and during the fourth year it produced 10,000
units. What is the depreciation for the fourth year and the BV at the end of the fourth
year? [3]
b. An industrial machine costing $10,000 will produce net cash savings of $4,000 per year.
The machine has a five-year useful life but must be returned to the factory for major
repairs after three years of operation. These repairs cost $5,000. The company’s MARR
is 10% per year. What IRR will be earned on the purchase of this machine? Analyze the
sensitivity of IRR to ±$2,000 changes in the repair cost. [5]
OR
A sewage containment project is expected to require an initial investment of $3 million
and annual maintenance expenses of $57,000. The benefits to the public are valued at
$460,000 per year. This project can be assumed to have an infinite life. If MARR is 10%
per year, determine whether the project is economically attractive using the B-C ratio
measure of merit. [5]
6. Write short notes on (any TWO): [2  2.5 = 5]

a. Opportunity cost
b. Value engineering
c. Sensitivity analysis
You may use the following formula if needed:
Uniform Series
(F/A, i%, N) = { (1 + i )N – 1 } / i
(P/A, i%, N) = { (1 + i )N – 1 } / { i (1 + i )N}
(A/F, i%, N) = i / { (1 + i )N – 1 }
(A/P, i%, N) = { i (1 + i )N} / { (1 + i )N – 1 }
Gradient Series
(P/G, i%, N) = 1/i [{ (1 + i)N -1}/{i (1 + i)N} – N/(1 + i)N]
(A/G, i%, N) = [1/i – N/{(1 + i)N – 1}]
Geometric Sequences of Cash Flows
If f = i
P = A1N(P/F,i%, 1)
else
P = A1 [1 – (P/F, i%, N)(F/P, f%, N)]/ (i – f)

End-Semester Examination
2014
Level: B.E. Course: MGTS 301
Year: III Semester: I
Roll No.: __________ Time: 30 mins
Date: _____________ Full Marks: 20
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions
Select the most appropriate choice from the following: [20 x 1 =20]
21. Consider the One Laptop per Child project pioneered by a team of engineers from M.I.T. This
computer will be sold in remote parts of the world (e.g. rural Cambodia and Nepal) for $50
apiece. If the profit per computer is mere $0.10 and the estimated market size in 2009 is 100
million students, what is the total profit on this humanitarian effort?
a. $50,000,00 b. $50,000,000 c. $10,000,000 d. $10,000,00
22. The cost of material and labor used in a product or service are examples of:
a. Fixed cost b. Variable cost c. Overhead cost d. Standard cost
23. Which one of the following statement is true regarding fixed costs?
a. Fixed costs are those unaffected by changes in activity level over a feasible range of
operations for the capacity or capacity available.
b. When larger changes in usage of resources occur, or when plant expansion or shutdown
is involved, fixed costs can be affected.
c. The labor and material costs directly associated with a product, service, or construction
activity are fixed costs.
d. Both a and b.
24. A company has determined that the price and the monthly demand of one of its products are
related by the equation D= √(400 – p), where p is the price per unit in dollars and D is the
monthly demand. The associated fixed costs are $1,125/month, and the variable costs are
$100/unit. What is the optimal number of units that should be produced and sold each month?
a. 10 units b. 15 units c. 20 units d. 25 units
25. ____________________ deals with prevention of waste, improved material selection, and reuse
and recycling of resources.
a. Value engineering
b. Design for the environment
c. Green engineering
d. Both b and c
26. The average time per unit required to produce the first 30 units, if the slope parameter of the
learning curve is 92% and the first unit takes 460 units:
a. -3.30069E-11 b. 305.54 c. 245 d. 347.32
27. Suppose that a market survey has shown that the best competitor’s selling price is $27.50 per
assembly. Total manufacturing cost is $1,310. If a profit margin of 10% (based on total
manufacturing cost) is desired, target cost for the assembly is
a. $26.21 b. $25.00 c. $28.83 d. $5,000
28. A ______________________ is a mathematical model that explains the phenomenon of

increased worker efficiency and improved organizational performance with repetitive
production of a good or service.
a. factor technique
b. learning curve
c. cost estimating relationship
d. spider plot
29. Every year you deposit $2,000 into an account that earns 2% interest per year. What will be the
balance of your account immediately after the 30th deposit?
a. $44,793 b. $60,000 c. $77,385 d. $81,136
30. The equation represented by F = A(F/A, i%, N) is called __________________________________

a. single payment compound amount factor
b. single payment present worth factor
c. uniform series compound amount factor
d. uniform series present worth factor
31. Which of the following equation yield the amount of the 21st (final) payment on the $100,000
loan when 20 payments of $10,000 have already been made?
e. $10,000 (F/A, 8%, 20) + P (F/P, 8%, 21) = $100,000
f. $10,000 (P/F, 8%, 20) + F (P/F, 8%, 21) = $100,000
g. $10,000 (P/A, 8%, 20) + F(P/F, 8%, 21) = $100,000
h. $10,000 (A/F, 8%, 20) + P(F/P, 8%, 21) = $100,000
32. If you borrow $5,000 to buy a car at 12% compounded monthly, to be repaid over the next four
years, what is your monthly payment?
a. $131 b. $137 c. $1,646 d. $104
33. A credit card company charges an interest rate of 1.375% per month on the unpaid balance of
all accounts. What is the effective rate of interest per year being charged by the company?
a. 16.5% b. 17.81% c. 18.71% d. 15.35%

34. Which of the following methods convert cash flows resulting from a proposed problem solution
into their equivalent worth at some point (or points) in time by using an interest rate known as
the MARR?
a. Present Worth Method and Annual Worth Method
b. Present Worth Method and Internal Rate of Return
c. Internal Rate of Return and Payback Period
d. All of the above
35. MARR stands for:
a. Moving Average Rate of Return
b. Minimal Average Rate of Return
c. Minimum Attractive Rate of Return
d. Maximum Attractive Rate of Return
36. A corporate jet costs $1,350,000 and will incur $200,000 per year in fixed cost and $277 per
hour in variable costs. The jet will be operated for 1,200 hours per year for five years and then
sold for $650,000. The MARR is 15% per year. What is the capital recovery cost of the jet?
a. CR = -$1,350,000 (A/P, 15%, 5) + $650,000 (A/F, 15%, 5)
b. CR = $1,350,000 (A/P, 15%, 5) - $650,000 (A/F, 15%, 5)
c. CR = $1,350,000 (A/F, 15%, 5) - $650,000 (A/P, 15%, 5)
d. CR = -$1,350,000 (A/F, 15%, 5) + $650,000 (A/P, 15%, 5)
37. ____________________________ solves for the interest rate that equates the equivalent
worth of an alternative’s cash inflows to the equivalent worth of cash outflows.
a. Discounted cash flow method
b. Internal rate of return method
c. Breakeven interest rate
d. All of the above
38. Which of the following statement concerning the comparison of mutually exclusive alternatives
is true?
a. Equivalent-worth methods are computationally cumbersome to use.
b. Both the equivalent-worth and rate-of-return methods, will consistently recommend
the best alternative
c. Rate-of-return methods produce correct choices if the analysts or the manager insists of
maximizing the rate of return on the total cash flow.
d. None of the above.
39. A small pump costs $16,000 and has a life of eight years and a $2,000 SV at that time. If 200%
DB method is used to depreciate the pump, the BV at the end of four year is
a. $9,000 b. $8,000 c. 6,000 d. $5,000
40. Which one of the following is considered to be a major source of uncertainty?

a. Possible inaccuracy of the cash-flow estimates used in the study.
b. Type of business involved in relation to the future health of the economy.
c. Type of physical and equipment involved.
d. All of the above
Marks scored
KATHMANDU LTNIVERSITY
February/March,2016
Level : B.E./B. Pharm./B. Tech. Course : MGTS 301
Exam Roll No. Time: 30 mins F. M. 20
Registration No.: Date

SECTION "A"
[20 Q' x l:20 marks]
Economics is
a. applicable only when scarcity is not a b. the study of choice under conditions of
problem scarcity
c. fundamentally the same as sociology d. exclusively the study of business firms
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a perfectly-competitive market?

a. The output sold by a particular firm b. The firms are price-setters.
may be quite different from the output
sold by the other firms in the market.
c. It is difficult for new firms to enter the d. All firms produce and sell a
market due to barriers to entry. standardized or undifferentiated
product.
J If you have the demand and supply function as: ed = 600 - 30p and es: -300 + 120p,
the equilibrium price and output are
a. P: $6 and Q :420. b. P = $2 and e :540.
c. P: $10 and Q:300. d. P = $3.33 and e = 500.
4. A toy manufacturing company has a capacity of 300,000 units annually. The fixed cost
of the production line is $200,000 per year with a variable cost of $4 per unit and
revenues of $7 per unit. The percent of capacity that must be utilized for the company to
breakdown is closest to:
a. 3l b. 22
c. 39 d. 46
5 If you deposit $1000 per month into

an account which pays interest at a rate of l2yo per
year compounded monthly, the amount of money you would have at the end of
five
years is nearest to:
a. $6,353 b. $68,321
c. $76,234 d. $81,670
6. The length of time required for money to quadruple in value at an interest rate of 6%o per
year is nearest to:
a. 12 years b. 24years
c. 18 years d. 30 years
7 The operating cost of a small machine is $800 in year one, $900 in year two, $1000 in
year three, increasing by $100 per year through year ten. At an inteiest rate of 8% per
year, the equivalent annual worth of the machine is nearest to:
a. $7,966 b. $1,149
c. $2,598 d. $1,187
8 Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. The simplicity of the payback period b. If you were to consider the cost of
method is one of its most appealing funds in a payback period calculation,
qualities even though it fails to you would have to wait longer to
measure proj ect profi tability. breakeven as you increase the interest
rate.
c. Considering the cost of funds in a d. If two investors are considering the
payback calculation is equivalent to same project, the payback period will
finding the time period when the be longer for the investor with the
project balance becomes zero. higher MARR.
9 The annual payment on a $1,000 loan over a four-year period at l)Yoper year interest is
$315.42. The unrecovered balance immediately after tht first puy*.ni has been made is
nearest to:
a. $784.58 b.
$684.s8
c. $884.58 d.
$1,100
10. A permanent historic monument has a first cost of $20,000 with a maintenance cost of
$2,000 every three years. At an interest rate of 10%oper year, the annual worth of the
monument is nearest to:
a. $6,710 b. $4,604
c. $4,000 d. $2,604
I l. The construction cost of a permanent park is $600,000. Annual maintenance and

operation costs are $120,000 per year. At an interest rate of l}Yo per year, the
capitalized cost of the park is nearest to:
a. $720,000 b. $600,000
c. $1,800,000 d. $1,200,000
t2 Alternative X has a first cost of $5 million and an annual maintenance cost of $200,000
Alternative Y has a first cost of $7 million, a maintenance cost of $40,000 and periodic
expenditures of $100,000 every five years. If both alternatives have infinite livis, the
equation that will yield the rate of return on the incremental investment is:
+
a. 0: -$2 million + 160,000/i b. 0 = -$2 million + 160,000/i -
100,000(A/F,i,5)/i 100,000(A/F,i, )ti
c. +
0: -$2 million + 160,000/i d. 0: -$2 million + 160,000/i +
100,000(A/F,i,5) 100,000(PiF,i,5)
t3 The usage time that will result in an asset's lowest equivalent annual cost is known as
the asset's
a. Current market value b. Replacement life
c. Useful life d. Economic service life
14. The factor method is used to estimate
a. Material cost b. Manufacturing cost
c. Total plant cost d. Opportunity cost
15. In a cost-capacity equation for estimation, an exponent value less than 1.0 indicates that
are taken advantage of.
a. Diminishing of scale b. Economies of scale
c. Diseconomies of scale d. Minimizing of scale
16. The difference between a modified B/C ratio and a conventional BiC ratio is that the
modified ratio:
a. Places M&O costs in the denominator b. Places M&O costs in the numerator
and disbenefits in the denominator
c. Subtracts M&O (maintenance and d. Places disbenefits and M&O costs in
operating) costs from the numerator the denominator
17. The first cost of a permanent road that will improve access to a rural area is $1,000,000.
The annual maintenance cost is expected to be $20,000 per year. Improved accessibility
will result in benefits of $70,000 per year. At an interest rate of 6Yo per year, the
conventionalBlC ratio is nearest to:
a. 0.750 b. 0.875
c. 1.25 d. 1.75
18. The method that does not necessarily produce a declining pattem of depreciation over
an asset's service life is:
a. straight line method b. The sum-of-the-years'-digits method.
c. The double-declining-balance method. d. The units-of-production method.
19. An asset with a first cost of $30,000 has been depreciated by the straight line method at
$4,000 per year. If the asset's depreciable life was five years, the salvage value used in
calculating the depreciation was closest to:
a. $8,000 b. $4,000
c. $10,000 d. $5,000
20. The first step in performing a sensitivity analysis is to select the of

interest that are most likely to vary from the estimate.
a. Measure of worth b. Parameter(s)
c. Probabilitynode d. Decision node
-
KATHMANDU LJNIVERSITY
End Sernesler Exaniinaticxt
Februar-v/March. 2016
Level B.E./B. Pharm./B. Tech Course : MGTS 301
Year III J 1 HAR 2016 Semester: I
Time 2 hrs. 30 mins. F.M. :55
SECTION ''8"
Attempt ALL the questions of the follor.ving. Missing parameters can be assumed suitably
1 a. Explain the rational decision making process in engineering economics l2l
b. A privately owned summer camp for youngsters has the following data for a 12-week t3l
SCSSlON
Charge per camper $120 per week
Fixed costs $48,000 per session
Variable cost per $80 per week
camper
Capacity 200 campers
i. Develop the mathematical relationships for total cost and total revenue.
ii. What is the total number of campers that will allow the camp to just break even?
iii. What is the profit or loss for the l2-week session if the camp operates at 80%
capacity?
c. Explain in detail the life cycle cost concept. t3l
d. An electric power plant uses solid waste for fuel in the production of electricity. The t2)
cost Y in dollars per hour to produce electricity is Y,: 12 + 0.3X + 0.27X2, where X i^s
in megawatts. Revenue in dollars per hour from the sale of electricity is l5X-0.2X2.
Find the value of X that gives maximum profit.
2 a. Mark Johnson saves a fixed percentage of his salary at the end of each year. This year 14)
he saved $1500. For the next 5 vears, he expects his salary to increase alanSYo annual
rate, and he plans to increase his savings at the same 80% annual rate. He invests his
money in the stock market. Thus there will be six end-of-year investments (the initial
$1500 plus five more). Solve the problem using the geometric gradient factor. (a) How
much will the investments be worth at the end of 6 years if they increase in the stock
market at a 10oh arrnual rate?(b) How much will Mark have at the end of 6 years if his
stock market investments increase only at8% annually?
b. A city that is attempting to attract a professional football team is planning to build a [3]
new stadium costing $250 million. Annual maintenance is expected to amount to
$800,000 per year. The artificiai turf will have to be replaced every 10 years at a cost of
$950,000. Painting every 5 years will cost $75,000. If the city expects to maintain the
facility indefinitely, what will be its capitalized cost at an interest rate of \Yo per year?
Find the effective interest rate per quarter at a nominal rate of 8% compounded (a) t3l
quarterly, (b) weekly, (c) daily, and (d) continuously. i
3 a. The plant manager has just purchased a piece of unusual machinery for $10,000. Its
reshle value at the end of 1 year is estimated to be $3000, because the device is sought
by antique collectors, resale value is rising at the rate of $500 per year until seventh
year. The maintenance cost is expected to be $300 per year for each of the first 3 years,
and then it is expected to double each year after that. Thus the fourth-year maintenance Ul
will be $600; the fifth-year maintenance, $i200. and so on until seventh- year. Based on
a l5o/o MARR, what is the economic service life of this machinery?
ill HhR 20ib
b Randy Duckout has been asked to develop an estimate of the per-unit selling price (the t3]
price that each unit will be sold for) of a new line of hand-crafted booklets that offer
excuses for missed appointments. His assistant Doc Duckout has coliected information
that Randy will need in developing his estimate:
Cost of direct labor: $20 per hour

Cost of materials: $43.75 per batch of 25 booklets
Cost of overheaditems: 50o/o of direct labor cost
Desired profit: 200h of total manufacturing cost
Doc also finds out that (1) they should use aJ5oh leaming curve for estimating the cost
of direct labor, (2) the time to complete the I't booklet is estimated at 0.60 hour, and (3)
the estimated time to complete the 25'h booklet should be used as their standard time for
the purpose of determining the unit selling price. What would Randy and Doc's estimate
be for the unit selling price?
4 a. Select among the followi mutual exclusive altemative lRR method t4l
A B C
Initial cost $2000 $4000 $s000
Uniform annual 410 639 700
benefit
Rate of return 20% 15% 12.8%
OR
The table below gives information about two machines a company wishes to purchase. I4l
Compare the probable part cost from Machine A and Machine B, assuming that each
will make the part to the same specification. Which machine yields the lowest part cost?
Assume that the MARR = l0o/o per year.
If the cost of labor can be cut in half by using part-time employees, which machine
should be recommended?
Machine A Machine B
Initial capital investment $35,000 $ 150,000
Life 10 years 8 years
Market value $3,500 $ I 5,000
Parts required per year 10,000 10,000
Labor cost per hour $16 $20
Time to make one part 20 minutes 10 minutes
Maintenance cost per $ 1,000 $3,000
year
b. The federal government is considering three sites in the National Wildlife Preserve for t6]
mineral extraction. The cash flows (in millions) associated with each site are given
below. Use the B/C method to determine which site, if any, is best, if the extraction
period rqlt1qtqq Q J and the interest rate is l0%
Site A Site B Site C
Initial cost, $ 50 90 200
Annual cost, $/year 3 4 6
Annual benefits, $/year 20 29 61
I
Annual disbenefits, 0.5 1.5 2.1
$/year
, I ,{Aii 2ij16
5a An asset has first cost of S5000, a fir,e year useful life and no salvage value. Determine r- l
l.rI
depression schedule using Double Deciining Balance Melhod.
b A company wishes to purchase nell, equipment and the following estimates have been
t7)
proposed. The management is still in doubt regarding the proposed estimates basically
the annual revenue structure. annual operation and maintentulce cost, useful life and the
expected MARR. You have been hired as a consultant to perform sensitivity analysis
of
the proposed system. Use Annual worth Method and plot sensitivity diagram within the
range of +30o/o (y-ou can use inten'al of l5%) changes in the p*u..i.., that are in
doubt.
Initial investment $-300,000

Annual revenue $90,000
Annual cost $-40,000
MARR r2%
Usetul life l0 yrs
value 30,000
^ 6 Write shorr notes on (ANy TWO)

t5l
a. Principles of engineering economy
b. Parametric cost estimating
c. Reasons for replacement analysis
Use following formulas if needed
Uniform series
(F/A, i, N) : - r;l i
{(t+i)N
(PlA,i,N) = {(1+i)N - r;l1i (t+i)N )
(A/F, i, N) = i/{(l+i)* - t }
(A/P, i, N) = i(t+i)N /{(t+i)N -t }
Gradient series
(A/G, i, N): [{(t+i)* - iN-l }/i{(t+i)N t}]
-
(P/G, i, N) = [{(l+i)N - iN-t
1ri21t+i;N1
(P/Ar, g, i, N) = [{r- (r*g)* ( l+i) -N}( i_ g)] if ilg
(P/Ar, g, i, N) = {N/ (l+i)} if i:g
Mark Scored:
August/September, 2017
Level : B. Sc. Course : MGTS 301
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F. M. : 20

SECTION “A”
[20 Q. × 1 = 20 marks]
Encircle the most appropriate answers from the given choices.
1. Microeconomics deals with which of the following?
a. the total output of an economy
b. the measurement of a nation's inflation rate
c. how producers and consumers interact in individual markets
d. how tax policies influence economic growth
2. The opportunity cost of a particular activity
a. is the same for everyone pursuing this activity
b. may include both monetary costs and forgone income
c. always decreases as more of that activity is pursued
d. usually is known with certainty
3. If an investment quadruples in value in seven years, the rate of return on the
investment is nearest to:
a. 21.9% b. 29.1% c. 24.6% d. 23.2%
4. An electric power plant uses solid waste for fuel in the production of electricity. The
cost Y in dollars per hour to produce electricity is Y=12 + 0.3X +0.27X2, where X is
in megawatts. Revenue in dollars per hour from the sale of electricity is 15X - 0.2X2.
Find the value of X that gives maximum output.
a. 15.64 MW b. 64.15 MW c. 35.40 MW d. 45.18 MW
5. A company produces transmission gears used by several farm tractor manufacturers.
The base cost of operation is $596,700 per year. The cost of manufacturing is $18.40
per gear. If the company sells the gears at an average price of $37.90 each, how many
gears must be sold each year to break even?
a. 15,740 b. 15,740 c. 30,600 d. 32,430
6. Four alternatives for a manufacturing process have annual benefits and costs as
shown.
Alternatives Benefits Costs
1 58,000 50,000
2 51,000 41,000
3 47,000 38,000
4 57,000 46,000
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
7. In present value method one has to account for

a. interest rate prevalent at a given time
b. exchange rate prevalent at a given time
c. sales tax rate prevalent at a given time
d. both income and sales tax rates prevalent at a given
8. Which one of the following is the cost driver of software?

a. wing area b. horsepower c. gross weight d. line of codes
9. You are saving up for a big investment in six years. You estimate it will take $14,500
to secure this investment. How much do you need to put into a savings account at the
end of each year if the savings account earns 4%? Neglect taxes. Suppose an investor
wants to have $10 million to retire 45 years from now. How much would she have to
invest today with an annual rate of return equal to 15 percent?
a. $ 2,185 b. $2,375 c. $2,415 d. $2,485
10. In designing a system it is found that the cost of the system was Rs
150,000 and the benefit is Rs 10,000 per month. The interest is 1% per
month; the payback period using simple payback period method is
a. 14 months b. 17 months c. 15 months d. 20 months
11. An elevator system for a 20-yr old high-rise office building cost $400,000 when first
installed. The system was designed to last 30 years, with salvage at 10% of initial
cost. Depreciation is straight line. The allowable depreciation charge per year is:
a. $12,000 b. $13,333 c. $18,000 d. $20,000
12. The primary objective of cost-benefit analysis is
a. to find out direct and indirect cost of developing the information system
b. to determine the tangible benefits of the information system
c. to determine if it is economically worthwhile to invest in developing the
information system
d. to determine the intangible benefits of the information system
13. The NPV of the two projects are equal in discount rate of 15%. MARR of the project
is 10%. What is the crossover rate of the project?
a. 10% b. 15% c. 5% d. 25%
14. What determines the value of a critical factor?
a. investment planning models b. financial planning models
c. cost planning models d. revenues forecast models
15. Stan Moneymaker has a bank loan for $10,000 to pay for his truck. This loan is to be
repaid in equal end of month installments for five years with a nominal interest rate of
12% compounded monthly. What is the amount of each payment?
a. $222 b. 333 c. $234 d. $200
16. The estimated value of a property at the end of its useful life is
a. Market value b. Salvage value
c. Book value d. Original value
17. A piece of equipment used in a business has a basis of $50,000 and is expected to
have a $10,000 salvage value when replaced after 30,000 hours of use. Find book
value after 10,000 hours of operation
a. $40,000 b. $50,000 c. $36,700 d. $13,300
18. The period of time (years) that results in the minimum equivalent uniform annual cost
(EUAC) of owning and operating an asset is called:
a. Useful life ` b. Physical Life c. Ownership life d. Economic life
19. Suppose that a market survey has shown that the best competitor’s selling price is $30
per assembly. If a profit margin of 20% is desired, determine a target cost for the
throttle assembly.
a. $ 30.25 b. $24.75 c. $ 25 d.$ 30.55
20. Suppose that an aircraft manufacturer desires to make a preliminary estimate of the
cost of building a 600 MW fossil fuel plant for the assembly of its new long distance
aircraft. It is known that a 200 MW plant cost $ 100 million 20 years ago when the
appropriate cost index was 400, and that cost index is now 1200. The cost factor for a
fossil power plant is 0.79. What is the current cost of a 600 MW plant?
a. $714 million b. $ 600 million c. $ 1200 million d. $ 300 million
August/September, 2017
Level : B.Sc. Course : MGTS 301
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins. F. M. : 55
SECTION “B”
Attempt ALL the questions. Missing parameters can be assumed suitable.
1. a. Assume that your employer is a manufacturing firm that produces several different
electronic consumer products. What are four nonmonetary factors (attributes that may
be important when a significant change is considered in the design of the current best
selling product? [2]
b. Classify each of the following cost items as mostly fixed or variable. Give appropriate
reason as well. [2]
Raw materials Direct labor Depreciation Property taxes
c. A plant operation has fixed cost of $2,000,000 per year, and its output capacity is
100,000 electrical appliances per year. The variable cost is $40 per unit, and the
product sells for $90 per unit.
i. Construct the economic breakeven chart and determine the breakeven quantity and
dollar breakeven point.
ii. Compare annual profit when the plant is operating at 100% capacity. Assume that
the first 90% of capacity output is sold at $90 per unit and that the remaining 10%
of production is sold at $70 per unit [3]
d. You are planning to build a new home with approximately 2,000-2,500 gross square
feet of living space on one floor. In addition, you are planning an attached two-car
garage (with storage space) of approximately 450 gross square feet. Develop a cost
and revenue structure for designing and constructing, operating (occupying) for 10
years, and then selling the home at the end of the 10th year. [3]
2. a. Tesla Motors manufactures high-performance battery electric vehicles. An engineer

is on a Tesla committee to evaluate bids for new-generation coordinate-measuring
machinery to be directly linked to the automated manufacturing of high-precision
vehicle components. Three bids include the interest rates that vendors will charge on
unpaid balances. To get a clear understanding of finance costs, Tesla management
asked the engineer to determine the effective semiannual and annual interest rates for
each bid. The bids are as follows:
Bid 1: 9% per year, compounded quarterly
Bid 2: 3% per quarter, compounded quarterly
Bid 3: 8.8% per year, compounded monthly
i. Determine the effective rate for each bid on the basis of semiannual periods.
ii. What are the effective annual rates? Evaluate the bid based on the EAR.
iii. Which bid has the lowest effective annual rate? [3]
b. A loan of $10,000 is to be repaid over a period of eight years. During the first four
years, exactly half of the loan principal is to be repaid (along with accumulated
compound interest) by a uniform series of payments of A1 dollar per year. The other
half of the loan principal is to be repaid over four years, with accumulated interest, by
a uniform series of payments of A2 dollar per year, If i=9% per year, what are A1 and
A2? [4]
c. An apartment complex wishes to establish a fund at the end of 2004 that, by the end
of the year 2021, will grow to an amount large enough to place new roofs on its 39
apartment units. Each new roof is estimated to cost $2,500 in 2019, at which time 13
apartments will be reroofed. In 2020, another 13 apartments will be reroofed, but the
unit cost will be $2,625. The last 13 apartment will be reroofed in 2021 at a unit cost
of $2,750.
The annual effective interest rate that can be earned on this fund is 4%. How much
money each year must be put aside (saved), starting at the end of 2005, to pay for all
39 new roofs? State any assumptions you make. [3]
3. a. A remotely situated fuel cell has an installed cost of $2,000 and will reduce existing
surveillance expenses by $350 per year for eight years. The border security agency’s
MARR is 10% per year.
i. What is the minimum salvage (market) value after eight years that makes the fuel
cell worth purchasing?
ii. What is the fuel cell’s IRR if the salvage value is negligible? [5]
b. Two mutually exclusive alternatives are being considered for the environmental
protection equipment at a petroleum refinery. One of these alternatives must be
selected. The estimated cash flows for each alternative are as follows: [5]
Alternative I Alternative II
Investment $20,000 $38,000
Annual operating $55,00 $4,000
expenses
Salvage (market) value $1,000 $4,200
i. Which environmental protection equipment alternative should be selected? The

firm’s MARR is 20% per year.
ii. Assume the study period is shortened to five years. The market value of
Alternative B after five years is estimated to be $15,000. Which alternative would
you recommend?
4. a. Casio Systems is purchasing a new bar code scanning device for its service center in
San Francisco. The table that follows lists the relevant cost items for this purchase.
The operating expenses for the new system are $10,000 per year, and the useful life of
the system is expected to be five years. The salvage value for depreciation purpose is
equal to 25% of the hardware cost.
Cost item Cost

Hardware $160,000
Training $15,000
Installation $15,000
i. What is the book value of the device at the end of year three if the SL depreciation
method is used?
ii. Suppose that after depreciating the device for two years with the SL method, the
firm decides to switch to the double declining balance depreciation method for the
remainder of the device’s life (the remaining three years). What is the device’s BV
at the end of four years? [5]
b. In a replacement analysis for a vacuum seal on a spacecraft, the following data are
known about the challenger: the initial investment is $12,000; there is no annual
maintenance cost for the first three years, however, it will be $2,000 in each of years
four and five, and then $4,500 in the sixth year and increasing by $2,500 each year
thereafter. The salvage value is $0 at all times, and MARR is 10% per year. What is
the economic life of this challenger? [5]
5. a. In the past, the A fram Foundation has awarded many grants to improve the living and
medical conditions of people in war-torn and poverty-stricken countries throughout the
world. In a proposal for the foundation’s board of directors to construct a new hospital
and medical clinic complex in a deprived central African country, the project manager
has developed some estimates. These are developed, so she states, in a manner that does
not have a major negative effect on prime agricultural land or living areas for citizens.
Award amount: $20 million (end of) first year, decreasing by $5 million per year for 3
additional years; local government will fund during the first year only
Annual costs : $2 million per year for 10 years, as proposed
Benefits : Reduction of $8 million per year in health-related expenses for citizens
Disbenefits : $0.1 to $0.6 million per year for removal of arable land
Use the modified B/C methods to determine if this grant proposal is economically
justified over a 10-year study period. The foundation’s discount rate is 6% per year.
Compare the grant proposal by taking disbenefits $0.1 million and $0.6 million separately
and comment on the findings. [5]
b. The managers of a company are considering an investment with the following

estimated cash flows.
MARR : 15% per year.
Capital investment : $30,000
Annual revenues : $20,000
Annual expenses : $5,000
Market value : $1,000
Useful life : 5 years
The Company is inclined to make the investment; however, the managers are nervous
because all of the cash flows and the useful life are approximate values.
The capital investment is known to be within ±20%. Annual expenses are known to
be within ±20%. The annual revenue, market value, and useful life estimates are
known to be within ± 20%. Analyze the sensitivity of PW to changes in each estimate
individually. Based on your results, make a recommendation regarding whether or not
they should proceed with this project. Graph your results for presentation to
management. [5]
6. Write short notes on (ANY TWO) [5]

a. Purpose of Cost estimation
b. Cross over rate
c. Depreciation
Mark Scored:
August, 2018

Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F. M. : 20

SECTION “A”
[20 Q. × 1 = 20 marks]
Encircle the most appropriate answers from the given choices.
1. With interest at 8% compounded annually, how much money is required today to provide
a perpetual income of 1400 per year?
a. 18000 b. 10000 c. 17500 d. 16000
2. The period of time (years) that results in the minimum equivalent uniform annual cost
(EUAC) of owning and operating an asset is called:
a. Physical Life b. Ownership life c. Economic life d. Useful life
3. The conventional B/C ratio is written as

a. B/C= (Benefits- Disbenefits)/Costs b. B /C= Benefits/(Costs +Disbenefits)
c. B/C = (Benefits + Disbenefits)/Costs d. B/C= (Benefits * Disbenefits)/ Costs
4. If an investment triples in value in seven years, the rate of return on the investment is
nearest to:
a. 6% b. 17% c. 25% d. 35%
5. What uniform annual amount should be deposited each year in order to accumulate
$100,000 at the end of the 5th annual deposit if money earns 10% interest?
a. $15,890.12 b. $15,890.12 c. $16,279.75 d. $16,379.75
6. What is the decision rule of cost benefit analysis?

a. Select the project if the B/C ratio is greater than 1
b. Select the project if the B/C ratio is less than 1
c. Select the project if the B/C ratio is negative.
d. Select the project if the B/C ratio is 0
7. Which one of the following is the cost driver of any Mobile Application?
a. internal space b. horsepower c. gross weight d. line of codes
8. A $50,000 bond with a coupon rate of 6% per year payable quarterly matures 10 years
from now. At an interest rate of 8% per year compounded quarterly, the relation that
correctly calculates the present worth of the remaining payments to the owner is
a. 1500(PA,4%,20) 50,000(PF,4%,20) b. 3000(PA,8%,10) 50,000(PF,8%,10)
c. 750(PA,1.5%,40) 50,000(PF,1.5%,40) d. 750(PA,2%,40) 50,000(PF,2%,40)
9. A replacement analysis is most objectively conducted from the viewpoint of

a. a consultant. b. the company that originally sold the defender
c. the company that is selling the challenger d. the maintenance department.
10. An oil refinery has decided to purchase some new drilling equipment for $550,000. The
equipment will be kept for 10 years before being sold. The estimated SV for depreciation
purposes is to be $25,000. Using the SL method, the BV at the end of the depreciable life
is
a. $0 b. $50,000 c. $35,000 d. $25,000
11. Alternative A has a first cost of $10,000, an annual operating cost of $5,000 and a
salvage value of $2,000. Alternative B has an initial cost of $25,000, an annual operating
cost of $1,000 and a salvage value of $12,000. If both alternatives have a five-year life,
the equation that will yield the rate of return on the incremental investment is:
a. 0 = -$15,000 + 4,000(P/A,i,5) - 10,000(P/F,i,5)
b. 0 = -$15,000 - 4,000(P/A,i,5) + 10,000(P/F,i,5)
c. 0 = $15,000 + 4,000(P/A,i,5) + 12,000(P/F i,5)
d. 0 = -$15,000 + 4,000(P/A,i,5) + 10,000(P/F,i,5)
12. What rate of interest compounded annually is the same as the rate of interest of 8%?
compounded quarterly?
a. 8.07% b. 8.24% c. 8.12% d. 8.16%
13. If an investment triples in value in seven years, the rate of return on the investment is
nearest to:
a. 6% b. 17% c. 20% d. 25%
14. A project has $15,000 in annual worth of benefits, $5,000 in annual worth of dis-benefits
and $5,000 in annual worth in cost. What is the benefit cost ratio?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0
15. If a company invests $10,000 and receives $2,775 per year for five years, the rate of
return on the investment is nearest to:
a. 12 b. 6 c. 16 d. 8
16. The PW method requires evaluation of two mutually exclusive alternatives over the least
common multiple (LCM) of their lives. This is required
a. because the study period is always the LCM of the lives
b. to maximize the number of calculations to find PW
c. to ensure that the equal service assumption is not violated
d. to compare them over a period equal to the life of the longer-lived alternative
17. At an interest rate of 6% per year, the annual worth of an expenditure of $10,000 now,
and $10,000 every 5 years forever, is nearest to:
a. $2,374 b. $2,974 c. $1,774 d. $600
18. For the net cash flow sequence of -$10,000 in year zero, +$3,000 in year one, -$2,000 in
year two, +$8,000 in year three, and +$6,000 in year four, the number of possible rate of
return values is:
a. 4 b. 1 c. 3 d. 2
19. Stan Moneymaker has a bank loan for $10,000 to pay for his truck. This loan is to be
repaid in equal end of month installments for five years with a nominal interest rate of
12% compounded monthly. What is the amount of each payment?
a. 333 b. 212 c. 234 d. 222
20. How much must you invest today in order to withdraw $2,000 annually for 10 years if the
interest rate is 9%?
a. $12,004 b. $12,562.09 c. $12,992.22 d. $12,835.32
August, 2018
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins. F. M. : 55
SECTION “B”
Attempt ALL the questions. Missing parameters can be assumed suitable.
1. a. Explain why the subject of engineering economy is important to computer engineer. [2]
b. Suppose your company has just discovered $100,000 worth (this is the original
manufacturing cost) of obsolete inventory in an old warehouse. Your boss asks you to
evaluate two options: (1) remachine the obsolete parts at a cost of $30,000 and then
hopefully resell them for $60,000 or (2) scrap them for $15,000 cash (which is certain)
through a secondhand market. What recommendation would you make to your boss?
Explain your reasoning. [2]
c. A large wood products company is negotiating a contract to sell plywood overseas. The
fixed cost that can be allocated to the production of plywood is $800,000 per month. The
variable cost per thousand board feet is $155.50. The price charged will be determined by
p = $600 - (0.05) D per 1,000 board feet. [3]
i. For this situation, determine the optimal monthly sales volume for this product and
calculate the profit (or loss) at the optimal volume.
ii. What is the domain of profitable demand during a month.
d. The Mechanical Engineering department has a student team that is designing a formula
car for national competition. The time required for the team to assemble the first car is
100 hours. Their improvement (or learning rate) is 0.8, which means that as output is
doubled, their time to assemble a car is reduced by 20%. Use this information to
determine [3]
i. the time it will take the team to assemble the 10th car.
ii. the total time required to assemble the first 10 cars.
iii. the estimated cumulative average assembly time for the first 10 cars.
2. a. A city is spending $20 million on a new sewage system. The expected life of the system
is 40 years, and it will have no market value at the end of its life. Operating and
maintenance expenses for the system are projected to average $0.6 million per year. If the
city’s MARR is 8% per year, what is the capitalized worth of the system? [3]
b. A large lithium-ion phosphate battery pack for an industrial application is expected to
save $20,000 in annual energy expenses over its 6-year life. For a 3-year simple payback
period, the permissible capital investment is $60,000. What is the internal rate of return
on this $60,000 battery pack if it has a residual value of $10,000 at the end of 6 years?
The MARR is 18% per year. [4]
c. Three different bank loan rates for electric generation equipment are listed below.
Determine the effective rate on the basis of the compounding period for each rate. [3]
i. 8.75% per year, compounded quarterly.
ii. 9.25% per year, compounded monthly.
iii. 8.5% per year, compounded weekly.
Which bank would you recommend? Why?
3. a. A new storm drainage system must be constructed right away to reduce periodic flooding
that occurs in a city that is in a valley. Five mutually exclusive designs have been proposed,
and their present worth (in thousands of dollars) of costs and benefits are the following. [5]
System
1 2 3 4 5
PW of costs $1000 4000 4000 10000 12000
PW of benefits $8000 8000 14000 16000 24000
i. Which system has the greatest B–C ratio?
ii. Which plan(s) should be adopted, if any, if the controlling board wishes to invest any
amount required, provided that the B–C ratio on the required investment is at least
1.0?
iii. Which system has the largest incremental B–C ratio?
iv. What plan should be selected, if three projects are mutually exclusive?
b. Three mutually exclusive alternatives are being considered for the production equipment
at a tissue paper factory. The estimated cash flows for each alternative are given here.
(All cash flows are in 000 s.) [5]
A B C
Capital investment $2,000 $4,200 $7,000
Annual revenues 3,200 6,000 8,000
Annual costs 2,100 4,000 5,100
Market value at end of useful life 100 420 600
Useful life (years) 5 10 10
Which equipment alternative, if any, should be selected? The firm’s MARR is 20% per
year. Please state your assumptions.
4. a. Consider the following data on an asset: [4]
Cost of the asset, I $50,000

Useful life, N 7 years
Salvage value, S $0
Compute the annual depreciation allowances and the resulting book values, using:
i. the Straight Line (SL) method.
ii. the 200% Diminishing Balance method with switchover to SL.
b. Anew forklift truck will require an investment of $30,000 and is expected to have year-
end MVs and annual expenses as shown in the table below. If the before-tax MARR is
10% per year, how long should the asset be retained in service? [6]
End of Year, k Market Value, End of Year, k Annual Expenses (Ek)

0 $30,000
1 22,500 $3,000
2 16,875 4,500
3 12,750 7,000
4 9,750 10,000
5 7,125 13,000
5. a. You owe your best friend $2,000. Because you are short on cash, you offer to repay the
loan over 12 months under the following condition. The first payment will be $100 at the
end of month one. The second payment will be $100 + G at the end of month two. At the
end of month three, you’ll repay $100 + 2G. This pattern of increasing G amounts will
continue for all remaining months. [4]
i. What is the value of G if the interest rate is 0.5% per month?
ii. What is the equivalent uniform monthly payment?
iii. Repeat Part (i) when the first payment is $150 (i.e., determine G).
b. Consider a proposal to enhance the vision system used by a postal service to sort mail.
The new system is estimated to cost 1.1 million and will incur an additional 200,000 per
year in maintenance costs. The system will produce annual savings of 500,000 each year
(primarily by decreasing the percentage of misdirected mail and reducing the amount of
mail that must be sorted manually). The MARR is 10% per year, and the study period is
five years at which time the system will be technologically obsolete (worthless). The PW
of this proposal is PW (10%) = − 1,100,000 + (500,000 − 200,000) (P/A, 10%, 5) =
37,236. (This gives PW at 0% change)
Determine how sensitive the decision to invest in the system is to the estimates of
investment, annual cost and annual savings. What are the decision reversal points? (This
gives you PW = 0). Draw Spider Plot or Sensitivity Graph for initial investment, annual
cost and annual savings), as you already have two points to draw straight line for each
variable. [6]
6. Write short notes on (ANY TWO) [5]

a. Top-down and bottom-up approach of cost estimation
b. Market competition
b. External rate of return (ERR)
Use following formulas if needed:

Uniform Series
(𝐹 ⁄𝐴 , 𝑖, 𝑁) = {(1 + 𝑖)𝑁 − 1}/𝑖
(𝑃⁄𝐴 , 𝑖, 𝑁) = {(1 + 𝑖)𝑁 − 1}/{𝑖(1 + 𝑖)𝑁 }
Gradient Series
1 (1 + 𝑖)𝑁 − 1 𝑁
{ [ − ]}
𝑖 𝑖(1 + 𝑖)𝑁 (1 + 𝑖)𝑁
KATHMANDU UNIVERSMY Mark Scored:
May/June,2019
Level : B.E./B.Sc./B.Pharm./B.Tech. Course : MGTS 301

Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F. M. :20
nu," 0'? Jff{

201$
R.rir,.u,io, No.,
t20Q.xl=20 marksl
Choose the most appropriate answerfrom the given options and encircle the letter ofyour choice.
D 1 Which of the fundamental approach of cost estimation uses historical data from similar
engineering project?
a. Bottom up approach b. Top down approach
c. Parallel approach d. Mixed approach
2. Which of the following is not an example of cost?

a. Property taxes and insurance b. Overhead
c. Capital investment d. Salvage value
J. Detail estimates used in the detailed engineering or construction stage of a project usually
have their accuracy of
a. +5Vo b. x)SVo c. +30 to 50%o d. x.1.0%o
4 Products that are directly used by people to satisfy their wants are called
a. Producer goods b. Necessity goods c. Luxury goods d. Consumer goods
t The market for laser ignition units is estimated to be 1000 per month if the'selling price is
Rs. 400 per month. The monthly cost of production is C= 35,000 + 0.552, where S is the
number of units produces each month. Assume that monthly sales and production rates are
equal. Compute the monthly profit if production is 1000 units per month.
a. -Rs. 135,000 b. Rs. 112 c. Rs. 135 d. Rs. 35,800
6. Four projects for manufacturing process have annual benefits and costs shown as
Proiect Benefits (Rs.) Costs (Rs.)

1 58,000 50,000
2 51,000 41,000
3 47,000 38,000
4 57,000 46,000
Which alternative would you choose based on B/C ratio if all projects are mutually
exclusive projects?
a. 1 b.2 c.3 d. 4
7 A corporation evaluates all capital investment using a207o annual return. The corporation
must purchase a new tangent scanner. The following estimates pertain to two models
available.
ScanX Holo-Scan
First Cost Rs.90,000 Rs. 170,000
Life(years) 5 5
Salvage value Rs. 15,000 Rs.50,000
Annual cost Rs.44,000 Rs.70,000
Generated income (annual) Rs. 100,000 Rs. 160,000
Using general straight-line depreciation, compute the book value of the ScanX at the end
of two years.
a. Rs. 15,000 b. Rs. 30,000 c.45,000 d. 60,000
G
8 A new Bio Vue instrument costs Rs. 50,000. Operating, maintenance and repair cost
Rs.10,000 for the first year, Rs. 25,000 for the second ycar, Rs.40,000 for the third year
and Rs.55,000 for the fourth year. Minimum attractive rate of return is 107o. Compute the
annual net equivalent cost if the Bio Vue is kept for four years.
a. Rs.10,000 b. Rs.12,500 c. Rs.46,000 d. Rs.45,000
9 A new bus route was added last week, but the average number of passengers on that bus
been only 20; the capacity is 60. The fare is Rs.0.5 and the cost of operating the bus is
Rs.0.05 per passenger plus Rs.25 per trip. The marketing director suggests offering a
Rs.0.25 fare to people who have never before taken the bus. Assume that the director's
suggestion is implemented and the 15 additional per trip are gained. The total profit per
trip will be
a. -Rs.26.75 b. -Rs.13 c. -Rs.3.75 d. Rs.10
10 If Rs.1000 is deposited in a savings account that pays 6Vo annual interest and all the interest
o
is ieft in the account, what is the account balance after three years?
a. Rs.840 b. Rs.1,000 c. Rs.1,180 d. Rs.1,191
11. A set of speakers may be purchased now for Rs.400 or by making a down payment of Rs.35
and additional payments of Rs.45 at the end of each of next ten months. Compute the
nominal interest rate for the time payment plan.
a. ll.27o b.Zl.2%o c.23.3% d.48.8%o
12. solves for the interest rate that equates the equivalent
worth of an alternative's cash inflows to the equivalent worth of cash outflows.
a. Discounted cash flow b. Internal rate of return
c. External rate of return d. Breakeven analysis
&2 JUi'{ 201$
13. The NPV of the two projects are equal in discount rate of 157o. MARR of the project is
lOVo.What is the crossover rate of the project?
a.10Vo b. l5%o c.5%o d.25%o
14. The International Parcel Service has installed a new radio frequency identification system
to help reduce the number of packages that are incorrectly delivered. The capital
investment in the system is Rs.65,000 and the projected annual savings are tabled below.
The system's market value at the EOY five is negligible, and the MARR is lSVo per year.
End of Year Savings
1 Rs.25,000
2 Rs.30,000
J Rs.30,000
4 Rs.40,000
)
5 Rs.46,000
What is the future worth of the project?
a. Rs.70,846 b. Rs.84,028 c.Rs.92,824 d. Rs.82,048
15. Stan Moneymaker has a bank loan for $10,000 to pay for his truck. This loan is to be repaid
in equal end of month installments for five years with a nominal interest rate of 12Vo
compounded monthly. What is the amount of each payment?
a.$222 b. $333 c.$324 d. $520
16. . The estimated value of property based on the market demand is

a. Market value b. Salvage value c. Book value d. Original value
17. A piece of equipment used in a business has a basis of $50,000 and is expected to have a
$10,000 salvage value when replaced after 30,000 hours of use. Find book value after
10,000 hours of operation.
-f 18.
a. $40,000 b. $50,000 c. $36,700 d. $13,300
The period of time (years) that results in the minimum equivalent uniform annual cost
(EUAC) of owning and operating an asset is caIled.......
a. Useful life b. Physical life c. Ownership life d. Economic life
t9. Suppose that a market survey has shown that the best competitor's selling price is $30 per
assembly. If a profit margin of 20Vo is desired, determine a target cost for the throttle
assernbly.
a. $30.25 b.$24.7s c. $25 d. $30.55
20. Which of the following factor is not essential to consider in replacement studies?
a. Sunk cost
b. Recognition and acceptance of past errors
c. Value of existing machine based on outsider's point of yiew
d. Office equipment other than challenger and defender
I
I
KATHMANDU UNTVERSMY
May/June,2019
0 2 JUi{ 201$ -
Level : B.E./B.Sc./B.Pharm./B.Tech. Course MGTS 3Oi

Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins. F. M. 55
SECTION "B"
Attempt ALL the questions. Missing parameters can be assumed suitably.
a. The management team of a small furniture manufacturing company is under pressure to

increase profitability to get a much-needed loan from the bank to purchase a rnore modern
pattern-cutting machine. One proposed solution is to sell waste wood chip's and shavings
) to a local charcoal manufacturer instead of using them to fuel space heaters for the
company's office and factory areas. t3]
i. Define the company's problem. Next, reformulate the problem in a variety of creative
ways.
ii. Develop at least one potential alternative for your reformulated problems in second
part of (i).
b. A large profitable commercial airline company flies 731 type aircraft, each with a
maximum seating capacity of 150 passengers. Company literature states that the
economic break-even point with these aircraft is 70 passengers. t3l
i. Draw a conceptual graph to show total revenue and total costs that this company is
experiencing.
ii. Identify any two types of fixed costs that the airline should carefully examine to lower
its breakeven point. Explain your reasoning.
c. Six years ago, an 80-kW cliesel electric set cost $160,000. The cost index for this class
of equipment six years ago was 187 and is now 194. The cost-capacity factor is 0.6. The
I plant engineering staff is considering a 120-kW unit of the same general design to power
a small isolated plant. Assume we want to add a pre-compressor, which (when isolated
and estimated separately) currently costs $18,000. Determine total cost for the 120-kW
unit. t4)
2. a. Suppose you deposit Rs. 1,000,000 I commercial bank which provides nominal interest
rate of ll%o per year. What will be the total fund at the end of 3 years if the interest rate
is: t3l
i. Daily compounding
ii. Quarterly compounding
iii. Which scheme would you choose and why?
b. Suppose you make 15 equal annual deposits of Rs. 1,000,000 each year into a bank
account paying 5Vo'interestper year. The first deposit will be made one year from today.
How much money can be withdrawn from this bank account immediately after the 15th
birthday? t3l
c. You can buy a machine for Rs. 100,000 that will produce a net income, after operating
expenses, after operating expenses, of Rs. 10,000 per year. If you plan to keep the
machine for four years, what must the market (resale) value be at the end of four years
to justify the investment? You must make a 15Vo annual return on your investment?
l4l
OR
For a repayment schedule that starts at EOY four at Rs. Z and proceeds for years 4
through 10 at Rs. 22,Rs. 32, and so on......, what is the value of Z if the principal of
this loan is $10,000 and the interest rate is 7Vo per year? t4j
3 a. Determine the FW of the following project when the MARR is 15Vo per year. Is the
project acceptable? tSl
Investment cost
Expected life
Rs.10,000,000
5 years
J
Market value at the end of 5th year -Rs. 1,000,000
Annual receipts Rs.8,000,000
Annual expenses Rs.4,000,000
b. Four mutually exclusive projects are being considered for a new two-mile joggiry track,
the life of the track is expected to be 80 years, and the sponsoring agency's UaRR is
L6Vo per year.
Annual benefits to the public have been estimated by an advisory
committee and are shown below. Use the IRR method (incrementally) to select the best
jogging track. t5l
Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D

Initial cost $62,000 $52,000 $150,000 $55,000
Annual benefits $10,000 $8,000 $20,000 $9,000
Rate of return on 16.lvo 15.4Vo 13.37o 16.4Vo
investment
a
OR
Two mutually exclusive alternatives are being considered for the environment
protection at a petroleum refinery. One of these alternatives must be selected. The
estimated cash flows for each alternative are as follows:
Alternative A Alternative B
Capital investment Rs.20,000 Rs. 38,000
Annual Expenses Rs. 5,500 Rs.4,000
Market value at end of useful life Rs. 1,000 Rs.4,200
4 a. Suppose that the cost of machinery is Rs. 1,000,000 with depreciable life of seven years
and salvage value of Rs. 100,000. Prepare depreciation schedule using straight line method
and mention the appropriate time to switch from straight line method to declining balance
method if 200Vo DB method is used. t5l
&? JUt{ 201$
b. Bipasha Corporation has an overhead crane that has an estimated remaining life of 10 years.
The crane can be sold now for Rs. 8,000. If the crane is kept in service, it must be overhauled
immediately at a cost of Rs. 5,000. Operating and maintenance costs will be $3,000 per
year after the crane is overhauled. The overhauled crane will have zero MV at the end of
the 8 years study period. A new crane will cost Rs. 20,000, will last for 8 years and will
have a Rs. 4,000 MV at that time. Operating and maintenance costs are Rs. 1,000 per year
for the new crane. The company uses a before-tax interest rate of ll%o per year in evaluating
investment alternatives. Should the company replace the old crane? t5]
5 a. A new storm drainage system must be constructed right away to reduce periodic flooding
that occurs in a city that is in a valley. Five mutually exclusive designs have been proposed,
and their present worth in (Rs.) of costs and benefits are the following. t5l
System I System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5
) PW of costs 1,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000
PW of benefits 8,000,000 8,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 24,000,000
i. Which system has the largest incremental B-C ratio?
ii. State few conditions in which incremental B-C ratio is used?
b. The managers of a company are considering an investment with the following estimated
cash flows.
MARR l5Vo pet lear

Capital investment $30,000
Annual revenues $20,000
Annual expenses $5,000
I\{arket value $1,000
Useful life 5 years
Calculate sensitivity of capital investment, annual expenses and annual revenue and find
the most and least sensitive factor and interpret the results. t5]
{ 6. Write short notes on (ANI TWO): t5l

i. Public projects and its evaluations.
ii. SensitivityAnalysis
iii. Minimum attractive rate of return
Useful Formulae:
Uniform Series Gradient Series
(F/A,iqo,II) = { (1 +i )N - I IIi (PIG,iVo, N) = l/i t{ (1 + i)N -l }/{i (1 + i)N} - N/(1 + i)Nl
(NG,ivo, N) = [l/i-N/{(1 + i)N- 1}]

(A/F,iVo,N) = i i { (1 + i )N- 1 }
(A/P,iVo,N) = { i (1 + i )N} / { (1 + i )N- I } Geometric Sequences of Cash Flows
P= AlN(P/F,i%o,l)
else
P= A1 [1 - (P/F, i7o, N)(F/P, f7o, N)]/ (i - f)

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY Marks scored:
June, 201 8
Exam Roll No.: Time: 30 mins F.M. : 10
Registration No.: Date lll t 2 2018

SECTION "A"
[20 Q.xQ.5:10 marks]
l. Mercury manometer (U-tube type) exemplifies a system.
a. zero b. first c. second d. third
2. Bode stability method uses loop transfer function.

a. open b. closed c. neither (a) nor (b) d. either (a) or (b)
J For a feedback control system to be stable, the

a. roots ofthe characteristic equation should be real.
b. poles of the closed loop transfer function should lie in the left half of the complex
plane
c. bode plots of the corresponding open loop transfer function should monotonically
decrease.
d. poles of the closed loop transfer function should lie in the right half of the complex
plane.
4. The open loop transfer function of a control system is (K*R/(l+TS)). This represents
a. a first order system b. dead time system
c. a First order time lag d. a Second order system
5 The root locus method, a pole of a transfer function G(s) is the value of s for which G(s)
approaches
a. -l b.0 c. 1 d. co
6. Characteristic equation is the denominator of the transfer function

a. open b. closed c. both (a) and (b) d. neither (a) nor (b)
7. In Bode plot, (D vs ro is plotted on alan graph paper.

a. ordinary b. semi-log c. log-log d. triangular
8. Phase lag of the sinusoidal response of a first order system is

a. 90o b. 180" c.30o d. I20"
9 What is the Laplace transform of cos t ?
a. l/(s2+t) b. s/(s2+l) c. l/(s2-1) d. s/(s2-l)
l0 Pick out the wrong statement.
a. There is no transfer lag for a single first order system.
b. Stirred tank with a water jacket exemplifies an interacting system.
c' Transfer lag is a characteristic of all higher order systems (other than first order
systems).
d. Transfer lag decreases as the number of stages decreases.
ll cascade system responds faster than conventional control with
frequency of
oscillation.
a. Iower b. higher
c. equal d. specific to the control system
t2 The sensitivity is for a square root valve.
a. increasing b. decreasing c. linear d. none
13. A negative gain margin expressed in decibels means a./an svstem
a. unstable b. stable
c. critically damped d. none
t4 The maximum flow through a valve (C,:4) is 35.6 gallmin. Calculate the pressure drop
in the valve to throttle the flow of glycerine. Specific gravity of glycerine is
1.26.
a. 120 psi b. t00 psi c. I 15 psi d. 130 psi
l5 The unit impulse response of a second order system with a gain of 5 always
returns a
steady state value of
a.5 b.l c.0 d. l0
16. If a response of a control system is to be free of offset and oscillation, the most suitable
controller is
a. P only b. PI c. pD d. ptD
t7 conversion formula for converting amplitude ratio (AR) into decibels is
a. Decibel : 20 logro (AR) b. Decibel : 20 log" (AR)
:
c. Decibel 20 logro (AR)o 5 d. Decibel : 20 log" (AR)o s
18. Gain margin is equal to the
a. amplitude ratio b. reciprocal of amplitude ratio
c. gain in P controller d. gain in pI controller
t9 The frequency response of a first order system has a phase shift with upper and lower
bounds given by
a. -.n,nl2 b. -nl2,nl2 c.-n12,0 d. O,-xl2
20 The characteristic equation for the control system
a. depends only upon the open loop transfer system
b. determines its stability
c. is the same for set point or load changes
d. all of the above
June,2018 .lt{ 1 2 2018
Level : B. E. Course : CHEG 302
Year : tII Semester: I
SE,CTION "B"
Attempt the following questions
1.
a. Sketch the following functions t4l
i. f(t): u(t) -Zu(t - l) + u(t - 3)
ii. f(t) : 3tu(t) - 3u(t - 1) - u(t - 2)
b. Find x(s) for the following differential equations. You do not need to invert the
expression. t2l
d" tz*-!l-z*:4 * ezt
dt3'' d.t2 d.t
x(0):1 x'(0):g x"(0)- -l
c. Invert the following transform tzl
70 * 400s
s(5s + 1)
2 Starting from first principles, derive the transfer function Hr(s)/Q(s) and Hz(s)/Q(s) for
the tiquid level system shown in the figure below. The resistances are linear and Rr: Rz:
l. Note that two streams are flowing from tank l, one of which flows into tank2. You are
expected to give numerical values of the parameters in the transfer functions and to show
clearly how you derived the transfer functions. t8l
q(t) AF2
hr
Ru:2 Rt: 1
Tank I Az:1
hz
Rz: 1
Tank 2
J For the control system shown below
a. Write the characteristic equation. LZj
b. Construct the Routh array for the control system to determine if the system is stable
for K" :9.5,11 and 12
V)
R
K. 1 /((s+ 1 )(0. 5 s+ 1 ))
3/(s+3)
4. Derive the transfer Y/X for the control system shown below. Please show all the steps for
full credit. t6I
2
+
X Y
1/s 1/s
25
I
-ltl 1 2 2018
5 The thermal system shown in figure below is controlled by a PD controller. These data
are given:
w:250 lb/min
p: 62.5 lb/ft3
Vr:4 ft3
Vz: 5 ftl
Vr:6 ft3
C:I Btu/(lb."F)
A change of I psi from the controller changes the flow rate of heat q by 500 Btu/min. The
temperature of the inlet stream may vary. There is no lag in the measuring element.
a. Draw a block diagram of the control system with the appropriate transfer in each
block. Each transfer function should contain numerical values of the parameters.
t8l
b. From the block diagram, determine the overall transfer function relating the
temperature in tank 3 to a change in set point. l2l
c. Find the offset for a unit- step change in inlet temperature if the controller gain K"
is 3psi/oF of temperature error and the derivative time is 0.5 min. 12)
PD Controller
Final Control
pst
o
F
q
W
Vr Vz Vs
OR
Consider the liquid level control system shown in figure below. The tanks are non-interacting
The following information is known:
. The resistances on the tanks are linear. These resistances were tested separately,
and it was found that if the steady-state flow rate q cfm is plotted against steady-
state tank level h ft, the slope of the line dq/dh isZ ft2lmin.
o The cross-sectional area ofeach tankis2 ft2.
. The control valve was tested separately, and it was found that a change of 1 psi in
pressure to the valve produced a change in flow of 0.1 cfm.
o There is no dynamic lag in the valve or the measuring element.
a. Draw a block diagram of this controlsystem, and in each block give the transfer function,
with numerical values of the parameters. t5]
b. Determine the controller gain K. for a critically damped response. 12)
c. If the tanks were connected so that they were interacting, what is the value of Kc needed
for critical damping? t3l
d. Using 1.5 times the value of K" determined in part (c), determine the response of the level
in tank 2 to a step change in set point of I in. of level. 12]
P
controller
Water
up
q
Rr
Rz
e{*at (r)n q uls
4
,*r('+ t) (r>n,D_2i
iu
D:-S (tln,,, a
J'
I+Y $Y,/
iu
..t $)nt
I
.f (J)tt
;
I
ruJoJ$rrEJJ, qdu.r5; uoJlurnJ
I'Z A'rfiV.L
8me z t t{f
>ld 1ef,- Senc
I eslndrtrI }Iun'{r)g
1= [e],l/
r{+r{r+r) (Jln r.1 sol ,,, a

D+S
u:i+.(r+s) iJ)r Jry uto ,,, ,

)t
e? '* er I (,r)r q qsor

s
t*{ 1
(r), ry quts
.u1
+.rl
{r}a ry sor
t
ruiolsrrBJ: qtlu.rS uo$,ung
(panuguo3l t'Z A,IgyI
''Uin i l
'uonJUnJ Eurrlag dats-tlun B ol rgal$,{s -rap-lo-puosas B
Jo asuffdsau
I
r[ flur]sI.{
rtt
OI 8 I Z 0
0
t
$
I z'a
I I
/ F'0
I
,T:,,1
/, 9'0
'ifi{
0'I = )*. #t
TIT '/
/i
o
\ ? I 'J
,/ I e'0 8'0 d
\.'/
./,
/ .t I r'0
-\ 9'0
â_ * 8'0=)
*.h *+ /; 0"1
/ \t* ,
,
t
\" I
z'l
\
I
\ l F'l
\ /
fi
Br0u z t ut
0.8
n :\ = 0.2
\
rrl.
0.6 0.4
I
It ]
0.4
{t \r
)5
6
I
1.0
fft
F- o.z =l
t. 1.4
N,. /
0
h"--
\'T --r I
z
L
\
T
I
4.2 \ I
\
\
I
\ /
4,4 2 4 6 I 10
0
tlr
fiGURE 7-8
Response of a second-or{er system to a unit-impulse forcing function'
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY Marks scored
February/March, 201 8
Exam RollNo.: Time: 30 mins F.M. : 10
Registration No.: Date uAR 0 52018

SECTION "A"
[20 Q'xQ'5:10 marks]
I Which of the following is an undesirable dynamic characteristic of an instrument?

a. Reproducibility b. Time lag c. Dead zone d. Static error
2. Pick out the one which is a first order instrument.

a. Mercury in glass thermometer (without any covering or air gap)
b. Bare metallic thermometer
c. Bare vapor pressure thermometer
d. All(a), (b) & (c)
J Typical specifications for design stipulates the gain margin and phase margin to be
respectively
a. >l.7and>30o b.<l.7and>30o c.<l.7and<30o d.>l.7and<30o
4 For an input forcing function, x(t) : 2?,the Laplace transform of this function is
a. 2lsz b.4ls2 c.Zls3 d.4ls3
5. The second order system

_ with the transfer function "- has a damping ratio
of "" *
s2+2s+
a. 2.0 b. 0.5 c. 1.0 d. 4.0
6. A negative gain margin expressed in decibels means a/an system.

a. Unstable b. Stable c. Critically damped d. None of these
7 Instrumentation in a plant offers the advantage of

a. Greater safety of operation b. Better quality of product
c. Greater operation economy d. All of the above
8 The roots locus plot of the roots of the characteristics equation of a closed loop system
having the open loop transfer function given below will have a definite number of loci for
variation of K from 0 to o. The number of loci is
a.3
b.2 K(s + 1]
c. I 2(2s + 1) (3s + 1)
d.4
9 What is the Laplace transform of sin t?
a. l/(s2+t; b. s/(s2+l; c. l/(s2-l) d. s/(s2-l)
10. Pick out the wrong statement.
a. There is no transfer lag for a single first order system.
b. Stirred tank with a water jacket exemplifies an interacting system.
c. Transfer lag is a characteristics of all higher order systems (other than first order
systems).
d. Transfer lag decreases as the number ofstages decreases.
11. The frequency at which maximum amplitude ratio is attained is called the
frequency.
a. Resonant b, Cross-over c. Corner d. Natural
t2 In Bode plot, O ys ro is plotted on alan graph paper

a. Ordinary b. Semi-log c. Log-log d. Triangular
13. Bode stability method uses loop transfer function.

a. open b. closed c. Either (a) or(b) d. Neither (a) nor (b)
14. Phase lag ofthe frequency response ofa second order system to a sinusoidal forcing
function
a. is30" b. is 90. at the most
c. approaches 180o asymptotically d. is 120.
l5 Routh stability method uses loop transfer function.

a. open u.ctos.a .. Eith., (a) or(b) d. Neither (a) nor (b)
16. The offset introduced by proportional controller with gain K, in response of first order
system can be reduced by
a. reducing value of K" b. introducing integral control
c. introducing derivative control d. none of the above
17 Cascade system responds faster than conventional control with frequency of

oscillation.
a. Iower b. higher
c. equal d. is specific to the control system
18. For two step unit decrease in the process input, the signal from the feedforward controller
should be compensated by if there is to be no change in the process
output.
a. four step decrease b. one step increase
c. two step increase d. four step increase
t9 The maximum flow through valve for a pressure drop of 100 psi is 35.6 gallmin. Find the
for a valve used to throttle the flow of glycerine for which sg:1.26.
Cu rating
a. 2.0 b. 5.0 c. 10.0 d. 4.0
20. The unit impulse response of a second order system with a gain of 5 always returns a
steady state value of
a.5 b.l c.0 d.lO
KATHMANDU TINIVERSITY
February/March, 2018 l{AR o tztrlg
SECTION "B"
Attempt the following questions

l.
a. Draw input signals for
t4l
I. f(t):u(t) +(t- l)u(t- t) -(t-2)u(t- 2) - u(t-3)
il. f(t) : 2u(t - 2) - (t- 2)u(t - 2) + (t_ a)u(t _ a)
b. Solve the following using Laplace transforms. Do not invert the expression
tzl
d2x ^d. x
as-+3?*=1 x(o) = x'(o)=Q
lnvert the following transform:

12)
3s
(s2 + 1)(s2 +4)
2 For the reactor (CSTR) shown in the figure below, determine the transfer function that
relates the exit concentration from the reactorto changes in the feed concentration. If we
instantaneously double the feed concentration from I to 2 mollL, what is the new
exiting
concentration I min later? What is the new steady state reactor concentration? The rate
constant is k = 2 (mol/L)-'(min)-r.
The reaction rate law is -r4 = kCa2, where ra is the production rate of A in moles per
liter
per minute. Igl
Reaction: 2A+ B
Rate law: -ra = kCe2
5 L/min
Cao = 1 molil
5 L/min
C = 0.2
Volrrme= 50 I
J For the control system shown below
a. Write the characteristic equation. 12)
b. Use the Routh test to determine if the system is stable for K" = 4 l2l
c. Determine the ultimate value of Kc above which the system is unstable 12)
U
+
R+ Kc(1+2/s) 1l2s+1
C
1 /s+ 1
4. Determine the transfer function C(s) / R(s) for the control system shown below. Express
the results in terms of Gu, Gu and G.. Show allthe steps forfullcredit. {4)
C
uAR 0 y2018
5 The system shown in the Figure below is controlled by a proportional controller. The
concentration of salt in the solution leaving the tank is controlled by adding a
concentrated solution through a control valve.
Controller
Cr= 25 lb/ft3
'1 ft3/min of water
Hold up
volume C
3ft3
The following data apply:

Concentration of concentrated salt solution C1 = 25lb salt/ft3 solution.
Controlled concentration C = 0.1 lb salt/ft1 solution.
Control valve: The flow through the control valve varies from 0.002 to 0.006 ft3lmin with
a change of valve top pressure from 3 to l5 psi. This relationship is linear.
Distance velocity lag: It takes I min for the solution leaving the tank to reach
the
concentration measuring element at the end of the pipe. Neglect lags in the valve.
a. Draw a block diagram of the control system. Place in each box the appropriate
transfer function. calculate all the constants and give the units.
b' Using a rough frequency-response diagram and the Ziegler-nichols rules, determine t6]
the settings for the controller.
c' Using the controller settings in part (b), calculate the offset when the set point is L4j
changed by 0,02 unit of concentration.
t4]
OR
The stirred tank heater system shown in the figure below is controlled by a PI controller
The following data apply:
Flow rate o of liquid through the tanks: 250 lb/min
Holdup volume of each tank: l0 ft3
Density of liquid: 50 lb/ft3
Final control element: A change of 1 psi from the controller changes the heat input q by
100 Btu/min. The final control element is linear.
Final Control
K", psi/oF
psi
11, IIlifl
o
T
Thermocouple
a. Draw a block diagram of the control system. Show in detail such things as units
and numerical values of the parameters. t6]
b. Determine the controller settings by Ziegler-Nichols rules. t4l
c. If the control system is operated with proportional mode only, using the value of
K. found in part (b), determine the flow rate w at which the system will be on the
verge of instability and oscillate continuously. What is the frequency of this
oscillation? l4l
ELflJ.e-keq- go L TaL/e
-t --
CHAPTER 2 MODELINC TOOLS FOR PROCESS DYNAMICS 2I
rcdy
Giaph Transform
1
J
f,n, 'e
I
-i
s'
e ipre-
oa) )e
nl
s,+i ::
.; ,l
{{
cor--i-
:l
ignore
1l
'I
l
J
I
c-otu(t)' s*a
!.-' nl I
{e-otu(t) t,*;r;r I
k
sin tt r1t; r
7;V
:l
i*
:!
)", PART I MODELING FOR PROCESS DYNAMICS
TABI.E 2,1 (Continued)
tr rrnction
Graph
Transform
cos kt u1r)
s
--;--........"-
s'+k'
*
lr sinh lr
l u(r) k
F,
iil
:i
7:7
f
{6
J
fl cosh /<r u(r)

': J
r.l
s'-k'
it
;
g'
E
c
(
i,
I e-at sin kt u(t) k
C +;f;7
e-ut cos kt u(r) .r+a

(,*;tl7
Area = I
6(r), unit impulse
I
}4AR O 2018
CHAPTER 7 HIGHER.ORDER SYSTEMS:

SECOND-ORDER AND TRANSPORTATION
.AG t43
lTFields
7.1 8)
I \
I
7 L \
)qs.-9.15) I
\ t
la ,ot8t
I
I
I to s2 and ( = 0.8 .4 Q.-
0.6
ctl( r&\+ 0,4
0.2
,
a /
Z t.?
/t = 1.0
t'ti/
(7. l9)
I '/ +a
I
lUArûll lS
r Chap.4, I
/
4.-.18)
solution I I
:,j
les-rari- 4 6 l0
ns lred t/r
in nature
t. 7-3 is 7-3
of
tid r be
. : 'i {> 1. ofEq. (7.17) gives

TT9S\
oa
re cil- G: ,u,, = | s'('t,[.",n*, .
r )iif
,:,1
-
i 6,,inn,fSr 1 ! (7.21)
t;
b the
t?5:i )
( 2D.
J .-are . cosho=eo+e-o
2
) the procedure for obtaini n8 Eq. (7.21)
is parallel to th at used in the
The response has been plotred previous cases
in Fig. 7-3 for se veral values of (
rdi1.ion, IS Notice that rhe
becomes more'iSI
)r )to " as. This is known
the
$
-jr_i
Mark Scored:
KATHMANDU LINIVERSITY
May/June,20l9
Exam RollNo. : Time: 30 mins F.M. : l0
Date 3,0 h{AY 201$

Registration No.
SECTION "A"
[20Q. x 0.5: 10 marks]
Encircle the most appropriate ans'wer among the given choices.
l. For two non-interacting first order systems connected in series, the overall transfer function is
the of the individual transfer functions.
I a. Product b. Sum c. Ratio d. Difference
2. phase lag
- ofthe frequency response ofa second order system to a sinusoidal forcing function
a. Is 30o c. Approaches l80o asymptotically
b. Is 90o at the most d. Is l20o
J Which of the following controllers has the maximum offset?

a. P b. PI c. PID d. PD
4. 'll(co2T2 + l)'/' represents

a. A.R. of the first order sYstem c. Phase lag of the first order system
b. A.R. of the second order sYstem d. Phase lag ofthe second order system
5. Which of the following controllers requires the minimlrm stabilizing time?

a.P b. PI c. PD d. PID
a 6. According to Bode stability criterion, a system is unstable if the open loop frequency response
exhibits an amplitude ratios exceeding unity at the frequency for which phase lag is
a. 0o b. 45o c. 90o d' 1 80o
1 The transfer function of a process is l/ (16s2 + 8s + 4). If a step change is introduced into the
system, then the response is
a. Under damped c. Over damPed
b. critically damped d. over critically damped
8 A pneumatic valve is said to contribute negligible dynamic lag if the time constant of the valve is
a. I b. VerY small c. VerY high d' oo
9 The open loop transfer function of a process is K*[(s+l)(s+4)] / [(s+2)(s+3)]. In the root locus
diagram, the poles will be at
a. -1,-4 b. 1,4 c.'2,-3 d.2,3
10. is an undesirable static characteristics of instruments.
a. Drift c. Static error
b. Dead Zone d. Reproducibility
IL What is the Laplace transform of impulse input having magnitude of X?

a. X b. yz c. llx d. I
12. The transfer function of a pure dead time system with dead time ra is
a. l/(tas + 1) b. tas * 1 c. .-tds d. ards
13. The second order system r,vith the transfer function 4 / (s2 * 2s * 4) has a damping ratio of
a. 2.0 b. 0.5 c. 1.0 d. 4.0
14. The frequency response of a first order system has a phase shift with lower and upper bounds
given by
t
a. -cn,nl2 b. -nl2,nl2 c. -n/2,0 d. 0,n12
15. The inverse Laplace transform of the function f(s): 1 / [s(s+l)] is

a. l*et b. l-et c. l+e{ d. 1-e-t
16. The maximum flow through a valve (Cu :4) is 35.6 gallmin. Calculate the pressure drop in the
valve to throttle the flow of glycerine. Specific gravity of glycerine is 1.26.
a. 120 psi b. 100 psi c. 1 15 psi d. 130 psi
17. The unit impulse response of a first order process is given by 2e-0.51. The gain and time constant
for the process are
a. 4 and2 b. 2 and2 c. 2 and 0.5 d. 2 and -0.5
18. Response due to a sinusoidal input is

a. Exponentially increasing c. Sinusoidal
t
b. Exponential decreasing d. An impulse function
19. A proportional controller will have an offset difference between set point and control point
a. That depends on the process load c. That rvill eventually vanish
b. At alltimes d. Equal to the proportional band setting
20. Overshoot ofa second order system
a. Decreases with increasing value of damping coefficient from 0 to 1
b. Increases with increasing value of damping coefficient from 0 to I
c. Remains constant as damping coefficient changes from.0 to 1
d. Unpredictable
-
1
End Semester Examination 3 0 nny 20t$
May/Jr"rne,2019
Level : B. E.
Course : CHEG 302
Semester: I
Year : III F. M. :40
Time :2 hrs. 30 mins.
SECTION "B"
[40 marks]
Attempt,4IZ questions.
1. Draw input signals for the following' t4l

a. f(t) :u(t- 1) - (t - 3)u(t- 3) + (t- a)u(t -a)
b. f(t) : u(t - 1) + (t - 2)u(t - 2) - (t- 2)u(t - 3) - (t - 5)u(t - s) + (t - 6)u(t - 6)
2. Find x(s) for the following differential equations. Do not invert the expression' t2)
I o'* *reI -o*

d.t3'"dtz d.t
+zx:4+ezt
x(0) =1 x'(0)=g x"(0)- -1
3. Invert the follolving transform l2l

3s
(s'+1)(s2+4)
oC. It is immersed in a bath
4 A thermometer having a time constant of 1 min is initially at 50
oC at t: 0. Determine
maintained at 100
a. The temperature reading at t = 1.2 min. l2l
oC,
b. If at t : 1.5 min the thermometer is removed from the bath and put in a bath at75
determine the maximum temperature indicated by the thermometer. l2l
Determine the transfer function C(s) / R(s) for the control system shorvn below. Please show all
I 5
the steps for full credit. t4l
R C
t
6. Starting from first principles, derive the transfer function Hr(s)/Q(s) and Hz(s)/Q(s) for the liquid
level system shown in the figure belor.v. The resistances are linear and Rr: Rz : l. Note that trvo
streams are flowing from tank l, one of rvhich flor.vs into tank 2. Please give numericalvalues of
the parameters in the transfer functions and clearly sho,,v hor.v you derived the transfer functions
for full credit. t8l
q(t) At= 2 ftz
hr
Ra= 2 Rt= 1
Tank 1 Az= 1 ft2 a
hz
Rz= 1
Tank 2
OR
a. Determine the transfer function that relates the exit concentration from the reactor to the
changes in feed concentration for the CSTR reactor show'n belorv. t4]
b, What is the new exiting concentration I min later if we instantaneously double the feed
concentration from 2 to 4 mol/L? l2l
c. What is the new steady state reactor
.k:2 (mol/L)-'(min)''.
concentration? The rate constant is
l2l
I
The reaction rate larv is -rR: kCe2, where rn is the production rate of A in moles per liter
per minute.
Reaction' 2P+ g
Rate law: -rn = kCn2
5 L/min
CRo = 2 mollL
5 L/min
CRo = 0.2 mol/L
Volume= 50 L
(
3 0 HAY 201$
7 For the control system shown below

a. Write the characteristic equation. 12)
b. Use the Routh test to determine if the system is stable for K" :4. t2)
c. Determine the ultimate value of K. above which the system is unstable 121
U
+
R+ C
G(1+zls) 1t( 2s+ 1)
J 1/(s+1)
8 The stired tank heater system shown in the figure belorv is controlled by a Pl controller. The
following data apply:
Flow rate or of liquid through the tanks: 250 lb/min
Holdup volume of each tank: l0 ft3
of liquid: 50 lb/ft3
.Density
Final control element: A change of I psi from the controller changes the heat input q by 100
Btu/min. The final control element is Iinear.
a Final Control
pst
Kc, psi/oF
rl, min
q
W T
Therrnocouple
a. Draw a block diagram of the control system. Show in detail such things as units and
numerical values of the parameters t4]
b. Determine the controller settings by Ziegler-Nichols rules. t3]
c. [f the control system is operated with proportional mode only, using the value of K.
found in part (b), determine the flow rate w at,'vhich the system will be on the verge of '
instability and oscillate continuously. What is the frequency of this oscillation? I3l
o
(
c/-?eG- 3o L -fa9/1
3 0 finv 20lg
Supplemental Materials for the test'
TABLE 2,1
Graph Trsrsfor$.
Function
I
I
u(r)
--T
I
la(t) s"
d
nl
i+l
/'u0) s
t
1
e*'tu(t| s*a
nt,
te-"u(t) F;'T'
t t-
f,
sin *r r(t) il?

TABLE2.I (Continaed)
Func'tion Graph Transform
.f
k *(r)
cas
;i;p
*
..'i*-;T
sinh tt r(0
^s -fi
,l
cosh kr r(r) I s"-ft'
k
e*ot sin k a(g (s+a)?+&2
.r*a
c--ot cos &r u{t) (s+a)2+&2
o_
Area =I
E(4, unit impulse I
3 0 nay 2019
l-6
0.8
I
l,il / \ =d=0.2-
I \ I I
0.6 F0.4
\ \ -
1.2
'\ I
{/. ]
L:,-
\Lo.a
t.0
)
0.4
Wt $
-s/
:+* t.t I 0.2
2<)ta' \
0.8 t
= 1.4
k\-
titi -i = l"t: I L
o.6
ti 0
,'
/, It \ I
I
8.4
4.2 \ I
\
o.2
I
ff
a 0
0
{
2 4 6 s It)
-0.4
0 2 4
tlt
6 I l0
tlr
!I(}UltE 7*3 I]GURE 7-{t
Resla>n* rrl'it sccorrd-ordcr slstcm to :r unit-slop f<rrcin-s aunction. Rrsponse of a second-order system to u unit'irnpulse I'orcing function.
I
Mark Scored:
KATHMANDU LINIVERSITY
February/March,2079
Level :B. E Course : CHEG 302
Year :III Semester: I
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins F.M. :10
[i.B 2 0 2Ul9
Registration No.: Date
SECTION "A''
[20 Q.x 0.5: 10 marks]
Select the most appropriate answer,
i Gain margin is equal to the

a. Reciprocal of amplitude ratio b. Amplitude ratio
c. Gain in P-controller d. Gain in Pl-controller
2 In a single tank system, the transfer function of level to inlet flow rate is
a. R/ts b.R/(ts+l) c.1/ts d'1/(m+1)
3. Response of a system to a sinusoidal input is called response.

a. Impulse b. Unit step c. Frequency d. None of the above
4. Transfer function of a transportation lag is

a. ett b. e-tt c.l/(ts+1) d. None of the above
5 The function of a transducer is to

a. Modify the input signal
b. Convert the primary signal into a more useful quantity, usually an electric impulse
c. Amplifu the input signal
d. codify/decodify the input signal
6. A first order system with unity gain and time constant t is subjected to a sinusoidal input
of frequency w: lh.The amplitude ratio for this system is
a. 1 b. 0.5 c.0.25 d. ll\12
7 Cascade System responds faster than conventional control with frequency of

oscillation.
a. Lower b. Higher
c. Equal d. Is specific to the control system
8. The sensitivity is for a equal percentage valve.

a. Decreasing b. Increasing c. Linear d. None of the above
g. The frequency at which maximum amplitude ratio is attained is called the

frequency.
a. Resonant b. Cross-over c. Comer d. Natural
l0 loop transfer function is used in Bode stability method.

a. Open b. Closed c. Either (a) or (b) d. Neither (a) nor (b)
ll loop transfer function is used in Routh stability method.
a. Open b. Closed c. Either (a) or (b) d. Neither (a) nor (b)
12. The offset introduced by proportionalcontroller with gain K,in response of first order
system can be reduced by
a. reducing value of K" b. introducing integral control
c. introducing derivative control d. none of the above
13. For five step unit decrease in the process input, the signal from the feedforward controller
should be compensated by if there is to be no change in the process
output.
a. one step decrease b. one step increase
c. five step increase d. three step decrease
t4 The maximum flow through valve for a pressure drop of 100 psi is 35.6 gallmin. Find the
cu rating for a valve used to throttle the flow of glycerine for which sg : 1.26.
a. 2.0 b.5.0 c. 10.0 d.4.0
15 The unit step response of a second order system with a gain of 5 always returns a steady
state value of
a.2 b. 1 c.0 d.5
t6 If aresponse of acontrol system is to be free of offset and oscillation, the most suitable
controller is
a. P only b. PI c. PD d. pID
t7 The characteristic equation for the control system

a. Depends only upon the open loop transfer system
b. Determines its stability
c. Is the same for set point or load changes
d. All of the above
18. conversion formula for converting amplitude ratio (AR) into decibels is
:
a. Decibel 20 logr6 (AR) b. Decibel : 20 log. (AR)
:
c. Decibel 20 logro (AR)0 5 d. Decibel : 20 log. (AR)0 5
19 Which of the following is an undesirable dynamic characteristic of an instrument ?

a. Reproducibility b. Time lag c. Dead zone d. Static error
20. Instrumentation in a plant offers the advantage of

a. Greater safety of operation b. Better quality of product
c. Greater operation economy d. All of the above
I
February/M arch,2019 FiB 2 0 2019

SECTION "B"
[40 marks]
I Draw input signals for the following. Do ANY TWO ottt of the three t5l
a. f(t) =-u(t- 1) - (t- l)u(t- 1) + (t- 2)u(t -2)+2u(t-2)
b. f(t) = 2111 - 2) - (t- 2)u(t -2) + (t- a)u(t - 4)
c. f(t) = 31111; - 3u(t - l) - u(t - 2)
2. Find x(t) for the following differential equation. l4l
o*4+r#*x:1 x(o)= r'(o; = g
3. Using Routh test, determine the value of K above which the system is unstable for the
following characteristic equation. Also determine the two imaginary roots. t3l
sa +4s3 + 6s2 + 4s + (1 + K) = 0
4. Determine Y(s)iR(s) for the block diagram below. tsl
R(s) Y (s)
+
5 The heat transfer equipment shown in the figure below consists of two tanks, one nested
inside the other. Heat is transferred by convection through the wall of the inner tank. The
contents of each tank are well mixed. The holdup volume of both the inner and outer tank
are 1 ft3. The cross-sectional area for heat transfer between the tanks is I ft2. The overall
heat-transfer coefficient for the flow of heat between the tanks is 10 Btu/(h.ft2.oF;. The
heat capacity of fluid in each tank is I Btu/(lb."F). The density of each fluid is 50 lb/ft3.
Initially the temperatures of the feed stream to the outer tank and the contents of the outer
tank are equal to 100 oF. At time zero, the flow of heat to the inner tank Q is changed
according to a step change from 0 to 500 Btu/h.
I 0 th./lrr
a
T:
a. Obtain an expression for the Laplace transform of the temperature of the inner tank.
t4l
b. Invert T(s) and obtain T for time = 0, 5 h, l0 h, and co. t3l
6 A stirred tank heating process and its block diagram are shown in the figures below. The
control system is tuned by the Ziegler-Nichols method, and the ultimate frequency rou is 2
rad/min.
Ccntroller
l, = 100 lblmin
+ 100
,R ,( u.'c i-W {-
J+1
Data on the process:

Density of the fluid, p = 62lblft3
Heat capacity, C of fluid = 1.0 Btu / (lb."F)
Inside diameter of pipe = 2.0 in
a. Determine the value of K. by the Ziegler - Nichols method of tuning. 14)

b. What is the length of the pipe between the tank and the measuring element ? 12)
c. What are the gain margin and the phase margin for the control system when Kc is set
to the Ziegler - Nichols value found in part (a) ? t3l
7 Consider the liquid level control system shown in figure below. The tanks are interacting.
The following information is known:
o The resistances on the tanks are linear. These resistances were tested separately,
and it was found that if the steady-state flow rate q cfm is plotted against steady-
state tank level h ft, the slope of the line dq/dh is 2 ft2lmin.
o The cross-sectional area ofeach tank is 2 ft2.
o The control valve was tested separately, and it was found that a change of I psi in
pressure to the valve produced a change in flow of 0.1 cfm.
e There is no dynamic lag in the valve or the measuring element.
a. Draw a block diagram of this control system, and in each block give the transfer
function, with numerical values of the parameters. t3l
b. Determine the controller gain K. for a critically damped response. l2l
c. Using 1.5 times the value of K" determined in part (b), determine the response of the
level in tank2 to a step change in set point of 1 in. of level. l2l
I
r(B 2 0 2019
P controller
Water
q
RI &
OR
The thermal system shown in figure below is controlled by a PD controller. These data
are given:
w = 250lb/min
P = 62.5lblft3
Vr= 4 ft3
Vz= 5 ft3
C = 1 Btu/(lb.oF)
A change of 1 psi from the controller changes the flow rate of heat q by 500 Btu/min. The
temperature of the inlet stream may vary. There is no lag in the measuring element.
a. Draw a block diagram of this control system with transfer function and numerical
values of the parameter in each block. t3l
b. From the block diagram, determine the overall transfer function relating the
temperature in tank 2 to achange in set point. l2l
c. Find the offset for a five unit- step change in set point if the controller gain K. is
3psi/oF of temperature elror and the derivative time is 0.5 min. 12)
Final psl PD
control
controller
element
oF
w
VI V .:
S t.gg\er6eol- flo\"ri -,|
.r[B 2 0 2019
L '+q{r\e-
e=\r t&r - b2_
Supplemental Materials for the test.
TABLf, I.I
fumtion GrapL Transfsrm
o(r)
1
s
I
*x
fii(r)
3'
r!
fa(t)
,'*
I
I
e-du{t}
s+a
nl
te-"'u(t) (,. r)*l
_-+,
*
*in *r u(*
s"+t"
fA*tU 2"t(Cantiau*d)
ftmeti*u Graph Tranrfarnr
$
ca* ** a(g
s- *k'
&
sinh &l u(r)
s*-k'
ccsh *r s{t)
I
1
*
,$" *'
*""d{ ain ftr r*{r} ila *

(s+c)? +f?
*# s*s ll
e cos *r r1r;
(s+a)2 +*3
A*a= I
E(r), Errit imFulse I
ll
FtB 2 0 2019
l_6
0.8
t
\ C=0.2-
I.4 \
\
-
I
0.6
I I
.\\ It \ r'.i
+0.6 -
l.u
I
r =.ll;-
I :t \ 0.4
{/. -\ Ll-o"a
fft \\
o
I )
-3 o-* ,lf l.t /,
<Arr' \
p
0.2 L{ I
I
N lr-
0,6
lili it
,.til
-{ = l-{l
0
.- I L
0.4
/
I -{.2
\ I
I \ /
0,:
I
--0.4
o
r 0 2 4 6 I IO
0 4 6 I r0 ilr
dr
l"It;tiltli 7--3
ITIGURI 7-{
Reslx,Lst of a ter:1}nd-order s1slern k) fl uni(-slsp f<xeing luretion. Response of l second-ordef $ystem to a unit-impulse lorcing functirxr.

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