Health

Humans-Bio psychosocial beings

Health- state of complete physical, mental and social well being
Disease-Incorrect function of a system of the body resulting form genetic error sor infections
Prepathogenesis-Period of time that precedes the interaction between an agent and a host
Agent-A natural force or object producing specific results
Host-Organism that holds an agent
Environment-Surrounding things, conditions or influences
Pathogenesis-Origination or development of a disease
Primary prevention-Measures taken for prevention instead of treatment
Health promotion-Enabling people to increase control over their health
Specific protection-Activities that focus on a specific disease
Secondary prevention-Aims to reduce the impact of a disease that has already ocurred
Tertiary prevention-Aims to soften the impact of a disease
Disability prevention-Impairment that can be mental, physical or sensory
Musculoskeletal system
Fractures
Fractures can lead to heart attacks or skin piercing
Break in a bone as a result of an injury or trauma like a fall
Possibilities:
 Simple crack
 Dent
 Shattering into pieces
Osteoporosis:
Severe lack of bone density which can lead to being more prone to fractures
Causes
 Vitamin D deficiency
 Lack of exercise
 Disminished testosterone and estrogen
Skeletal anatomy
Components:
 Bones
 Ligaments
 Cartilages
Functions:
 Support
 Movement
 Protection
 Blood production
 Calcium Storage
 Bone marrow
Tendons connect muscle to bones Ligaments connect bone to bone

Classification of bones

Ostheosynthesis
Osteocytes: Mature permanent bone cells
Osteoclasts: Destroy bone tissue
Osteoblasts: Build bone tissue
Chondrocytes: Produce and maintain cartilage
Muscular System
Components:
 Muscles
 Tendons
Functions:
  Movement
 Stability
 Control of body
 Openings and Passages
 Other
Classification of Muscle tissue
 Smooth: Internal organs
 Cardiac Muscle: heart
 Skeletal: legs
Muscle contraction:

Cramp:

Classification of the nervous system

The nervous system takes in information and triggers reactions
CNS (Central Nervous System): Made of brain and spinal chord, it serves as a central processing centre.
PNS (Central Nervous System): Network of all nerves in the body that send the messages to and from the CNS
Anatomy of a neuron
Dendrites: Receive information
Body(Soma): Contains nucleus and organelles
Axon: Carries the nerve impulse to the synaptic knobs
Schwann cell: Form myelin in the PNS and helps regeneration of axons
Myelin Sheath: Insulating covering that surrounds the axón. Myelin is a lipid-rich protein
Transmission of nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
Signal travels along the axon to synaptic knob, neurotransmitter crosses synapse, receptor cells are activated, myelin sheath protects axon and
facilitates conduction of electrical signal, axon carries electrical signal, nerve cell sends electrical signal along axon
Histology of the CNS
Brain: It processes information that it receives from the senses and body, and sends messages back to the body. Its is root of human intelligence and
emotions
Spinal cord: A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the back. Spinal cord nerves carry most messages between the brain
and the rest of the body
Grey matter: Consisting of nerve cells bodies and interneurons
White matter: consisting of myelinated axons passing to and from the brain or different segments of the spinal cord
Brain: Meninges: 3 layers of protective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
Dura venious sinus
Skull
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid mater
Vessels in Subarachnoid mater
Pita mater
Cerebrum
Lobes and functions in the brain
Frontal lobe: Sends out planned voluntary skeletal muscle messages
Parietal lobe: Responsible for general senses like touch.
Temporal lobe: Responsible for hearing sense
Occipital lobe: Responsible for visión
Synapse
Transmission of a message from a neuron to another neuron or effector cell
Chemical synapse: An electric impulse is converted into the reléase of a neurotransmitter
Electrical synapse: The electric impulse is transmitted directly
Reflex arc
1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
2. Activation of sensory neuron
3. Information processing in CNS
4. Activation of a motor neuron
5. Response by an effector
Receptor: Dendrite of the neuron receiving the stimulus
Afferent neuron: Neuron carrying the message to the CNS
Integrating centre: CNS (brain or spinal cord) cell in which the signa lis received and a response is sent to the motor neuron. An interneuron may or
may not be acquired.
Efferent neuron: Neuron carries message from the CNS
Effector: Structure that causes the effect, skeletal muscle (somatic reflex) or gland and smooth muscle (autonomic reflex)
Somatic vs Autonomotor
Somatic nervous system: Skeletal muscle
Autonomic: Synpathetic: Smooth muscle, Glands. Parasympathetic: Cardiac muscle
Parasympathetic nerves(rest and digest) Sympathetic(fight or flight)
Constrict pupils Dilate pupils
Stimulate saliva Inhibit salivation
Slow heartbeat Increase heartbeat
Constrict air ways Relax airways
Stimulate stomach activity Inhibit stomach activity
Inhibit release of glucose, inhibit gallbladder Stimulate release of glucose, inhibit gallbladder
Stimulate intestinal activity Inhibit intestinal activity
Contract bladder Secrete epinepphrine and norepinephrine
Promote erection of genitals Relax bladder
Promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction
Diseases
Epilepsy: Conditions in which recurring seizures take place as a resulting of misfirng of electrical signals in the brain. It can cause convulsions or
loss of consciousness. Cannot be cured but controlled.
Multiple sclerosis: Demyelination of the axon. Unprotected nerve impulse can damage the axons. Loss of sensation of motor control. Autoinmune
disease to control consists of drugs that decrease the inmune response.
Cardiovascular system
Main organs and funtions
Components
 Heart
 Aorta
 Venae cavae
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
Functions
 Nutrient transport
 Oxygen transport
 Temperature regulations
 Inmune protection
Blood components
Plasma: solution containing water (91%), proteins(7%), and other solutions(nutrients, ions and waste products 2%)
Plateletes: Required for blood clotting
White blood cells(WBC): inmune system cells
Red blood cells(RBC): transport oxygen and remove CO2
RBC(Erythrocytes)
Biconcave disk, no nucleus, no mitochondria, contain haemoglobin: a protein that can carry 4 molecules of oxygen.
WBC(Leukocytes)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils: Destroy bacteria as a 1st inmune response
Basophils: Release histamine(vasodilatant) and heparin(anticoagulant)
Eosinophils: Defense against parasites. Responsible for allergies
Agranulocytes:
Monocytes: Migrate to tissues and mature into macrophages(bacteria eaters)
Lymphocytes: Responsible for specific response 2 types: B cells(antibodies), T cells(Phagocytosis or cytoxicity of specific agents).
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Arteries: Send blood out of the heart. They usually contain oxygenated blood(except pulmonary artery)
Veins: Receive blood from the body, it is usually blood with CO2 (except pulmonary vein)
Main arteries and veins in the heart
Pulmonary vein: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Pulmonary artery: Sends blood with CO2 to the lungs for oxygenation
Aorta: Large artery that sends oxygenated blood with CO2 from the body
Venae cavae: Large veins that collect blood with CO2 from the body
Coronary arteries and veins: Provide the heart with oxygen and collect C02 respectively
Heart attack: Crushing pain in the chest that may radiate to the neck and jaw and down the left arm, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing,
sweating, nausea.
Respiratory system
Functions:
 Gas Exchange
 Sense of smell
 Speech
Components
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs
 Sinuses
Upper respiratory tract
Nasal cavity: traps debris. Also warms and moisturises incoming air.
Sinuses: Cavities within the bones that warm and moisturises the air too
Pharynx: Passage shared by respiratory and digestive system
Epiglottis: Cartilage that opens and closes to let air go through the larynx or food through the oesophagus
Lower respiratory tract
Larynx: Tube connected to the trachea that moves the epiglottis to ensure that only air goes through
Trachea: Rigid tuve composed of cartilages that send air through to the lower respiratory tract
Brochi: Sen air to the lungs
Broncheoli: Ramifications of the bronchi that distribute air in the lungs
Lungs
Alveoli: Form several small air sacs as opposed to being 2 large sacs
Lungs: divided into sections called lobes.
Respiratory tract infections
Cold symptoms
 Low or no fever
 Ocassional headache
 Stuffy runny nose
 Sneezing
 Slight achechest and pains
 Mid fatigue
 Sore throat
 Normal energy level
Flu symptoms
 High fever
 Constant headache
 Clear nose
 Ocassional sneezing
 Cough often becoming severe
  Often severe aches and pains
 Several weeks of fatigue
 Ocassional sore throat
 Extreme exhaustion
Bacterial infections
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary, disease (COPD)
A progressive disease affecting your lungs and the ability to breath. Enphisema, asthma and chronic bronchitis.