Name: JEUS CHARLES B.

SURMACO
Course/Year and Section: BSCE 1-C
Subject: Life and Works of Rizal

MODULE 2 ESSAY:
1. Discuss the political and economic situations of Europe in the 19th century. 
The 19th century was a game changer in European history and a time of massive change in
all aspects of life. Human and civil rights, democracy and nationalism, industrialism and
capitalist market systems all opened a new era of change and opportunity. Nationalism arose
as a revolutionary promise promising citizens greater democratic participation, but it was
exclusive, envisioning a future of national boundaries populated by ethnically similar people.
Some idealistic Europeans, on the other hand, yearned for a continent-wide unity that
transcended national allegiances. The wide acceptance of democracy despite the fact that the
socialism doctrine was gaining traction in Europe, the establishment of a law that guarantees
human and civil rights, popular participation movements, and the establishment of
parliaments.
The 19th century was a period of turbulent century in Spanish history. It was a period of
political instability owing to the rise and fall of government. During the 19 th century there was
a struggle between liberal and conservatives in political situation of Spain. Where, in liberal
people wanted to vote for their own leader, they wanted to fight for democracy and to have
equal opportunities. While conservatives on the other hand wanted to continue by the
government ruled by the royal family. In Spain, the Liberals considered the Church an enemy
of reforms. Other countries attempted to limit the Church's influence, weaken its political
strength, and undermine its traditional control over education in their own ways and it is
called Anticlericalism.
The situation of Europe in the 19th century in terms of economic, European countries began
to lean toward free market trade or lies affair. Countries involved in the affair and their
colonies began trade with one another regardless of what country it is they are free to trade
with one another and there are some countries who demand.
2. Discuss the political and economic situations of the Philippines in the 19th century. 

Spanish rule was imposed in the Philippines by conquest. The Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines ran indirectly through the viceroy of the Spain in Mexico.
The system of our government was divided by four; national government, provincial
government, municipal government and barrio government. The social and economic
structure was built on the INDIO's historical feudalistic abuse and exploitation
tendencies. A system of harsh discrimination became institutionalized where social
ranking was established in our culture. Also, only pure-blooded Spaniards were allowed
to hold senior government positions.
During the nineteenth century, the Philippines had a unique educational system.
As a result, there has been no systematic government oversight of schools for about 300
years, since the springers built the first settlement in the Philippines. Back then, schools
had complete autonomy in terms of administering their own curricula and determining
the qualifications of their teachers. The overemphasis on religious themes was one of
the most serious accusations leveled at the system. Primary education has been
neglected due to outdated teaching techniques, a limited curriculum, very poor
classroom facilities, and a lack of teaching materials such as books at the elementary
and secondary school levels.
There was also talk about the lack of academic independence, bias towards
Filipinos in higher education, and friar control over the system. In the Philippine
educational system, the priest held a dominant position. For a long time, religion was
the most important subject in schools. The people were continually reminded that they
had lower intelligence and were only fit for manual labor. Fear of God was reinforced,
and obedience for the friars was ingrained in their thoughts. The lack of academic
independence in Spain's educational system was extended to the schools that the
Spaniards created in the Philippines, resulting in a lack of personal confidence and the
formation of an inferiority complex.