RPCNG M2 - L123

RUBBER PROCESSING NCII
Module 2. Using Farm Tools and

Equipment
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
How to use this module 2
Expected Outcome 3
Pre Assessment 3
L Lesson 1: Determine Areas of 5
Concern for Safety Measures
Definition of Technical Terms 5
Lesson Information 1.0 5
C Common Farm Tools
Self Check 1.0 16
Lesson 2: Apply Appropriate 17
Safety Measures
Farm Equipment
Self Check 2.0 22
Pre-Operational Check-Up of
Equipment
Self Check 2.1 28
Safety Practices in Using
Farm Equipment
Self Check 2.2 33
L Lesson 3: Safekeep/Dispose 34
Tools, Materials and Outfit
Ways of Maintaining Tools
and Equipment
Self Check 3.0 38
Post Assessment 39
Generalization 41
References 42
Acknowledgement 43
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the course of Rubber Processing NC II.
This Module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitude in Rubber

Processing in accordance to industry standard which leads you to
National Certificate Level II (NC II).
You need to complete and pass the self-check of this module before you
can perform higher level of competencies. Practices in this module will help
you understand the underlying theories in Using Farm Tools and
Equipment. Desirable values and attitude must also be taken into
consideration.
This module consists of three (3) lessons such as (a) Select and use farm
tools; (b) Select and operate farm equipment; and (c) Perform preventive
maintenance. Each lesson contains learning activities for both knowledge
and skills, supported with lesson information, activities, and self-checks,
gathered from different sources. Before you perform the exercises, read the
lesson information and activity page that follows. Then answer the self-
check for confirmation that you are equipped with the knowledge necessary
to perform the skills of the particular learning outcome.
1
How Do You Use This Manual?
To get the most from this Manual, you need to do the following:
1. This Manual contains several Modules.
2. Begin by reading and understanding the lessons. These would tell you what
you should know and be able to do at the end of this Module.
3. Find out what you already know by taking the Pre Assessment then check
your score. If you get 99% to 100% of the items correctly, you may proceed
to the next module. This means that you need not go through the Lessons
because you already know what it is about. If you failed to get 99% to
100% correctly, go through the Lessons and review especially those items
which you failed to get.
4. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more

Information. The Lesson Information contains important notes or basic
information that you need to know.
5. After reading the Lesson Information, test yourself on how much you
learned by means of the Self-Check. Do not hesitate to go back to the
Lesson Information when you do not get all test items correctly. This will
ensure your mastery of basic information.
6. It is not enough that you acquire content or information. You must be able
to demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity directs you to
do. In other words, you must be able to apply what you have learned in real
life.
7. How well did you perform? Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics.
8. Each Lesson also provides you with references and definition of technical
terms for your guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully.
2
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Module, you should be able to:
Lesson 1. Select and use farm tools.

Lesson 2. Select and operate farm equipment.
Lesson 3. Perform preventive maintenance
Pre-Assessment
What Do You Already Know?
Let us determine how much you already know about applying

safety measures. Take this test.
I. Match column A to Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in you
answer sheet.
Column A Column B
___1. Bolo a. clean nozzles and filters
___2. Crow bar b. Clearing vegetation
___3. Pruning Saw c. cuts about 1.5 inches thick or more
___4. Sprayer d. for digging and moving dirt and rocks
___5. Pick Mattock e.chisel tip on one end and a rounded handle
II. Match column A to Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in
you answer sheet.
Column A Column B
1. a. offset disc harrow
2. b. Chisel Plow
3
3. c. Tractor
4. d. Subsoiler
5. e. Mouldboard Plow
III. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answers in the answer sheet.
1. While installing the battery make sure that the terminals do not come into
contact with metal parts on the engine or body of the tractor.
2. If engine overheats, recheck level, if hot water is installed, all air must be
removed from the lines and prevent overheating usually by means of added
bleed valve in heater line or expansion tank in the system.
3. Falls from moving tractors often occurs from smaller and/or older tractors
used around the farmstead.
4. All workshop equipment should have damage when using them.
5. Proper tool storage is responsible for many shop accidents.
4
Lesson 1: Select and Use Farm Tools
 Appropriate farm tools are identified according to requirements/use.

 Farm tools are checked for faults and defective tools are reported in
accordance with farm procedures.
 Appropriate tools and equipment are used safely according to job
requirements and manufacturers condition.
Definition of Technical Terms
Safety Precaution An action taken in advance to protect against possible

danger, failure, or injury; a safeguard:
Hand Tools a tool held in the hand and operated without electricity
or other power.
Procedure an established or official way of doing something.
Technique a way of carrying out a particular task.
What Do You Need To Know?
Read Lesson Information 1.0 very well then find out how much you
can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-Check 1.1.
Lesson Information 1.0
COMMON FARM TOOLS
In rubber processing, a farmer should use the appropriate tools for a

particular task. The uses of substitute tools may are dangerous and
ineffective. Tools should be kept in good working condition. At the end of
the work task, used tools should be cleaned, sharpened, lightly oiled, and
stored properly.
HOW TO USE COMMON HAND TOOLS
5
1. Bolo
The primary use of bolo is clearing vegetation, whether for agriculture

or during trail blazing. In rubber production, bolo “guna” is used in weeding
nurseries such as ground, polybags nurseries and budwood garden. While
tip bolo “sundang” is used in cutting twigs, small branches of trees and
also utilized in clearing farms.
2. Pick Mattock
A pick mattock is quite heavy and common tool for digging and
moving dirt and rocks, cutting through roots, and unearthing boulders. The
mattock’s heavy weight allows it to move more material with less effort.
Pick mattock is often use in preparing seed bed in rubber production.
Safety precaution:
As with other swinging tools, the user should blend force with
accuracy. Choking up on the handle should be avoided—a glancing blow
may strike the user. If breaking rock, goggles should be worn. PPE includes
heavy leather boots and leather gloves.
3.GrubHoe
A grub hoe is use in digging and tilling soil. The heavy-duty grub hoe
blade swings from hip height down into the soil using its own
weight, gravity, and a little help from your arms. Instead of leaning over to
lift the shovel load of soil with your back, with the long handled grub hoe
use your whole body to pull the thin slice of soil towards you into a
previously cleared space.
4. Spade
Spade is use in digging and tilling small areas.
Steps in using spade:
1. Place the spade vertically onto the ground.

2. Place your foot onto the spade edge and apply pressure evenly.
3. Make sure to hold the grip with both hands tightly.
4. Once the spade enters the ground vertically, the grip should move away
from the body a little bit which enforce the leverage effect.
5. Now pull the grip towards your body.
6. Slide down one hand until you reach the edge of the blade and hold it.
7. Keep one hand on the grip while bending your knees and slowly dig out the
earth.
8. Make sure to move calmly and continuously.
9. Slowly straighten your knees and move the soil onto the spade blade.
6
5. Shovel
Shovel is used in digging and moving soil and other granular

material.
Tips:
1. The blade, including most of the blade’s sides, should be kept sharp.
2. The user should bend at the knees and rest the elbow of the hand holding
the forward end of the handle on the inside of his/her knee. This is the
power hand. The other hand holds the end of the handle and serves as the
guide hand.
3. The user should swing from side to side, keeping the elbow on the knee,
cutting the soil with the side of the shovel that is opposite the power hand
and moving it laterally with the continuation of the swing.
4. For right handed, the power hand is the right hand and the right elbow
rests on the right knee.
Safety Precaution: The most common injuries when using a shovel are
back injuries. Bending from the knees instead of the waist will help prevent
injury. Leather gloves are recommended.
Do’s and Dont’s in using shovel
1. Make sure that the terrain you are digging is free of cables and pipes
2. If you are not sure, contact utilities for location of cables and pipes prior to
digging.
3. Wear the proper protective clothing; safety footwear, gloves, long pants if
necessary
4. Allow for safe distance between people if you are working with other people.
Fig.1a Safe distance between people working(CBLM Horticulture NCII)
7
Fig.1 b Safe distance between people working (CBLM Hortiulture NCII)
STEPS IN USING SHOVEL
1. Keep feet wide apart. Place front foot close to shovel.
Fig.2 Feet distance (CBLM Horticulture NCII)
2. Put weight on front foot. Use leg to push shovel.
Fig3. Foot execution (CBLM Horticulture NCII)
3. Shift weight to rear foot. Keep load close to body.
8
Fig.4 Foot execution (CBLM Horticulture NCII)
4. Turn feet in direction of throw
Fig 5. Foot execution (CBLM Horticulture NC)
DIGGING PROCEDURES:
1. Push spade down using leg muscle.
Fig.6 Spade positioning (CBLM Horticulture NCII)
2. Slide load close to body. Ensure load is loose from ground before lifting.
9
Fig.7 Load lifting (CBLM Horticulture NCII)
6. Hand Pruner/ Pruning shear
Pruning Shears is nothing type of scissor used primarily for

trimming and pruning trees and bushes. Pruning a tree or a shrub at
regularly design intervals, will help its overall growth, shape and health.
Steps on how to use Pruning Shear
Step 1 – Survey Your Garden
Decide which trees, bushing or plants need to be trimmed and

pruned.
Step 2 – Sharpen Your Shears
The easiest way to remember when to sharpen your pruning shears is

every occasion you are ready to use them. A sharp pair of blades gives a
better cut. Use a fine tooth file to sharpen the cutting blade. Hold the file at
an angle against the blade and run it away from your body along the edge
of the blade
Step 3 - Protect Your Hands and Eyes
Take out a pair of gardening gloves and put them on. If working
around sharp and pricking bushes or trees, put a pair of safety glasses on
to protect your eyes.
Step 4 – Prune Your Tree or Bush
Hold the section or branch you wish to cut firmly in between your
fingers. Be sure not to twist or turn the branch. With your other hand, use
the pruning shears to snip the branch. This will create a nice clean cut.
Every snip you make should be a clean cut as this avoids damaging the
10
plant or the shrub. Do not pull on the tree branches. Make a clean and
smooth cut every time.
Step 5 – Clean Your Shears
Rinse your pruning shears with water from a tap. Dry your pruning
shears well and cover them with their protective cover. Place them back in
your gardening tool box or tool shed. Avoid placing your shears in a
location exposed to the weather and exterior elements. Protecting them
from rain and moisture will prevent rusting.
7. Pruning Saw
Pruning saws are used in cutting for wood about 1.5 inches thick or
more and your last resort before the very large stuff that you might only be
able to do with a chainsaw.
Fig 8 Pruning saw

(http://treesandshrubs.about.com/o
d/pruning/a/How-to-Use-A-Pruning-
Saw.htm July 12, 2015; 11:50AM)
General Technique
Wear sturdy work gloves and possibly safety goggles if you’re in a

dense shrub. Choose the exact spot to cut and a healthy cutting angle. As
you prune, it may help to consider these steps:
1. Notice nearby wood you want to preserve. Often you will be working in
tight-angled crotches or near other branches you do not want to cut.
2. Choose a comfortable direction of cut. When possible, choose to cut from

a top side to a lower side, so gravity is pulling the saw into the wood.
3. Reduce limb weight with preliminary cuts. Thick or long branches have
significant weight that will cause a premature break and tear before you
11
can complete a saw cut. This is because your saw cut will reduce the wood
holding the limb to a weak, narrow strip. To prevent a tearing wound to the
plant, you must tactically remove this weight before even starting your last
cut at your chosen spot.
4. Begin your final cut with a starting groove. Without this groove, the saw
will want to slip away from your site. Slipping is especially a risk on non-
horizontal branches.
5. Begin to cut. Working in the groove to guide your strokes, you can cut at a
brisk speed now, straight back and forth, keeping in enough control to not
slip and wound nearby wood or yourself.
6. Finish the cut. Saw until the branch comes cleanly away from the plant.
Clean your saw out before storing it. Tap the tool on dead wood to release
most of the sawdust. Wipe sap and sawdust out of the teeth with clean
burlap or other sturdy cloth. Storing tools dirty causes them to corrode and
lose edge.
7. Crowbar
It is used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and
stumps. Crowbars are heavy-duty steel and vary in length, weight and
diameter. In general, crowbars have a chisel tip on one end and a rounded
handle on the other.
Fig. 9. Hole digging

(http://www.allsun.com.au/Ful
lStop/FSImages/Images_Install
ation/060_SpadeCentralHole.jp
g July 12, 2015; 12:01 PM)
Safety Precaution: Since the crowbar often lifts and moves heavy loads, it
can be dangerous. Fulcrums and footholds should be secured. The user
12
should stay out from under the bar and the load being moved, and avoid
levering with the bar between the legs.
8. Knapsack sprayer
The following are needed when spraying:

 Sprayer
 Pesticide
 Hose
 Long-sleeved shirt
 Long pants
 Chemical-resistant shoes or boots
 Chemical-resistant gloves
 Goggles
 Hard Hat
 Face shield
Fig.10 Knapsack sparayer

(http://www.nps.gov/romo/lea
rn/management/images/herbic
ide_application.jpg July 12,
2015; 1:20PM)
Efficient knapsack sprayer use:
1. To get the maximum benefits from the use of any crop protection product
(pesticide), as well as reducing risks of any potential human or
environmental contamination, it is important to apply the product in the
optimum way.
2. Best maintenance, calibration and use of the knapsack are critical to the
success of any application and will ensure that you get maximum value,
effect and safety from the products used.
3. This guide for efficient knapsack use gives tips on the key points of
maintenance, calibration and use of knapsack sprayers.
9. Tapping Knife
A taping knife is used in tapping rubber trees.
13
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT IN RUBBER PROCESSING
Name Image Descripti

on/Use
Steel Used for

Hook hooking
Fig.11. Steel Hook

(http://www.hay-hooks.com/images/products/Thum
b_576_293.jpg)
Wheel Used for

barrow carrying
loads
Fig 12. Wheel barrow (http://ecx.images-

amazon.com/images/I/41G96M2T00L._SX466_.jpg)
Weighin Used for

g scale weighing
Fig 13. Weighing scale (http://goscales.com/neptune-

6500.jpg)
Bolo/ Used for

cutter cutting
Fig.14. Bolo/cutter
(http://filipinobolos.com/uploads/2/9/3/3/2933625
/5458519_orig41ae.jpg?417)
14
Metal used for
strainer straining
latex
Fig.15 Metal strainer
(http://www.par-group.co.uk/site-content/1/images/
oldsite/Rubber_Polyurethane/
Silicone_rubber_sieve_seal.jpg, 10:49 AM, 7-11-2015)
is used
for
dilution
of
Simple latex
coagula /mixing
tion latex
tank with
Fig.16 Coagulation tank water in
(http://www.willgoto.com/images/Size3/Myanmar_D proper
elta_02811_9bc7a84ec22d47a1a47b36466015d7a8.jp proportio
g , 10:21 AM, 7-11-2015) n
it is used
Plastic to
barrel contain
latex all
collection
point/fac
Fig 17. Plastic barrel
tory
(http://www.stripersonline.com/surftalk/uploads/gal
lery/album_2660/cfb10286_vbattach332904.jpg
10AM, 711,2015)
it is used
Wooden to mix
paddle latex
once
collected
Fig 18. Wooden paddle
(http://www.kitcheninspire.com/media/catalog/prod
uct/cache/1/image/
9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/S/SLMP.jpg
, 11:12 AM, 7-11-2015)
15
How much did you learn?
Self-Check 1.0
Match column A to Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in

you answer sheet.
Column A Column B
___1. Tapping knife a. type of scissor for trimming

___2. Crow bar b. cuts about 1.5 inches thick or more
___3. Pruning Saw c. used in harvesting latex
___4. Sprayer d. clean nozzles and filters
___5. Pruning Shear e. chisel tip on one end and a rounded handle
16
Lesson 2: Select and Operate Farm Equipment
 Appropriate farm equipment are identified

 Instructional manual of the farm tools and equipment are read carefully
prior to operation
 Farm equipment is used according to its functions
 Pre-operation check-up are conducted in line with manufacturers manual
 Faults in farm equipment are identified and reported in line with farm
procedures
 Safety procedures are followed.
Equipment the necessary items for a particular purpose like rubber

production.
Tillage the preparation of land for growing rubber.
Primary tillage the first soil tillage. It is normally conducted when the

soil is wet enough to allow plowing and strong enough to
give reasonable levels of traction.
Secondary tillageto improve the seedbed by increased soil pulverization, to

conserve moisture through destruction of weeds, and to
cut up crop residues, is accomplished by use of various
types of harrows, rollers, or pulverizers, and tools for
mulching and fallowing.
FARM EQUIPMENT
Rubber farmers use lots of different equipment to get the job done.
Here are few of the most important ones.
17
Plows dig up the soil to get it
ready for planting. It will
turn over the dirt as it digs.
Fig 1 Chisel Plow

(.http://bighamag.com/bbwp/wp-
content/uploads/2013/08/Standard-
Chisel-Plow-20130831.jpg July 12,
2015; 3:40PM)
this is pulled by a tractor

and mows down grass and
low growing plants.
Fig.2 Mower
this is one of the most

important equipment that a
farmer has. He uses it to
pull equipment and crop
wagons.
Fig 3. Tractor
18
an implement used to tilling
the soil
Fig 4. Subsoiler
An implement attached to a
tractor used for plowing the
soil
Fig 5. Moldboard plow
an implement attached to a
tractor and used for the
plowing the soil
Fig 6. Disc plow
19
An implement attached to a
tractor used for harrowing
the soil
Fig 7. Offset Disc Harrows
an equipment used for

forming bed for planting
(seed bed)
Fig 8.Bed Formers
is used to contain chemicals

like pesticides, herbicides
for spraying
Fig 9. Hand Held and Knapsack Sprayer
20
A hand operated power tool
used for soil tilling and
harrowing
Fig.10 Hand tractor w/ Harrow
A power tool used for

cleaning purposes
Fig. 11 Power Sprayer
A power tool used to cut

grasses
Fig.12. Grass Cutter
21
Self-Check 2.0
Match column A to Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in you
answer sheet.
Column A Column B
7. b. Tractor
8. c. disc plow
9. d. mower
10. e. bed formers
22
Pre-operative occurring in the period before an operation/task
Check-up a thorough examination.
Safety the condition of being protected from or unlikely to

cause danger, risk, or injury.
Hydraulic System a system operated or moved by a fluid.
Maintenance the process of maintaining or preserving tools or

equipment
PRE-OPERATIVE CHECK-UP OF EQUIPMENTS
Check Tractor before Operating
A pre-operational check of the tractor will ensure its safe operating

condition. Check the tires for proper inflation and defects, windows for
visibility, seat position, seat belts, brakes for adjustment, steering
response, rear view mirrors, slow-moving vehicle emblem, reflectors, and
running lights for day or night time operation.
Safety Check:
 Walk around the tractor and any attached implement checking the area for
obstacles that may be under or near the tractor.
23
 Check that the wheels are free, or stuck in the ground. If the rear wheels
are frozen to the ground, then the tractor may flip backwards around the
axle when power is applied.
 Check for any loose parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the
platforms or around brakes and other controls.
 Walk around the tractor a second time to check the tractor itself. This time
look at the tires for wear and inflation, the power takeoff shaft for shielding
and guarding (rotate the shield to make sure it moves freely), the hitch for
proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay particular attention to the ground
under the tractor for any signs of liquid leaks such as oil, coolant or fuel.
 Check the oil: Remove the dipstick, wipe it clean and check the oil level. If
oil is required, remember to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to
avoid dirt falling into the engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of
the oil can to prevent rust or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
 Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
 Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
 Check the fuel level. Fill if necessary, but it should have been filled at the
end of the last day the tractor was used.
 Check the fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in
case of fire during operation or refueling. Make sure it is charged and easily
accessible.
 Any noted defects should be corrected immediately. These can affect
performance and your safety.
Handling Batteries
Occasionally it may be necessary to handle, adjust or change the

battery on your tractor. Batteries contain sulfuric acid which can cause
considerable harm if it comes into contact with your skin. They can also
produce mixtures of hydrogen gas and oxygen which can explode if
contacted with heat or sparks.
Safety Tips:
 Do the work or adjustments in an area free of sparks and heat sources.

Don't smoke while working near the battery. Make sure the area is well
ventilated.
 Always wear personal protective equipment.
 Always disconnect the ground cable first and identify the cables as positive
and negative so that you don't re-attach them wrong.
 Make sure that you clean the terminals and cable connections before re-
attaching them.
 While installing the battery make sure that the terminals don't come into
 Make sure that you connect the ground cable last to prevent sparks and
tighten the connections!
24
Hydraulic Systems
Working with or on hydraulic equipment can be dangerous. Some of

the hazards cannot even be readily seen. Hydraulic systems are under
tremendous pressure and this is where the unseen danger lies.
Before servicing hydraulic systems:
 Shut off the engine powering the hydraulic pump.

 Lower the implement to the ground.
 Relieve pressure by moving the hydraulic control lever back and forth.
 If working around or under a raised implement, make sure that it is
blocked or supported by something other than the cylinder itself.
 Use a piece of cardboard or wood to check for leaks in hoses and fittings.
Even a small amount of pressurized hydraulic fluid can be injected through
the skin and can cause severe health problems. Seek medical attention
immediately if hydraulic fluid penetrates your skin.
 Use caution when releasing blocks or transport locks on equipment. If a
cylinder has leaked and lost pressure, the implement may fall to the ground
as the locks are released.
Engines
Safety precautions to be observed in operating engines to prevent

accidents and damage of the engine and its components/parts.
 Keep the engine and its compartment clean and free from oily wastes.
 Check regularly the fuel and oil of the engine.
 Periodically inspect the engine, exhaust system, fuel lines and water
connections for leaks.
 The blower should always be operated for approximately four (4) minutes
prior to starting so that the engine compartment will be completely
ventilated, if blower is installed.
Lubrication
 The correct grade and amount of oil must be added before operation, see
specifications and fill to full mark on dipstick.
 The transmission is filled before shipment but the oil level must be checked
before operation.
Alternator
 To prevent alternator damage, do not open or switch battery circuits while

the engine is running.
25
Racing the Engine
 To avoid serious damage of the engine, do not race the engine.
Decompression Lever
 Do not use the decompression lever to stop the engine; this will cause
serious damage to the exhaust valves.
Maintenance and Upkeep:
 Perform all necessary preventive maintenance and upkeep

 Freshwater Water Cooling System: (all models except M-15)
 This system must be filled with a 50/50 blend of water and a good grade of
premium anti-freeze. (the coolant blend may change, based on climatic
condition in your area).
 You may use clean fresh water with an anti-rust inhibitor. Do not use pure
antifreeze.
 After engine has reached operating temperature it may require adding more
coolant as the air is purged from the system.
 If engine overheats, recheck level, if hot water is installed, all air must be
Exhaust System
 It should be installed without sharp bends and should be designed to drain

any water away from the engine.
 The water inlet to exhaust line must be located to prevent water from
backing up into the engine. If a water-lift “can” type muffler is used, be sure
it is large enough to hold approximately 3 times the amount of water that
may be in the lines when the engine is shut down so that water cannot go
back up into the engine.
 Prolonged cranking of the engine with failure to start can fill the exhaust
system with sea water causing it to back up into the engine causing serious
damage to the engine when cranking is stopped. Check complete system at
least monthly for leaks.
Starting and Stopping Engine
 Read manufacturer’s manual how to start and stop your engine before
using it.
Fuel Supply
 Do not run engine out of fuel.

 Fuel must be free of any moisture or impurities. Moisture can seriously
damage pump and nozzles.
26
 An additive should be used as bacteria growth can prevent good running
conditions.
Starting Motor
 Crank the engine for only 10 seconds and pause at 10. Repeat until engine
starts.
 Never crank engine longer than 20 seconds without a pause to permit
starter to cool down.
 Use of glow plugs will aid in starting, reduce cranking time and increase
battery life.
General Concepts of Oils and Lubrication in Small Engines.
A. Principles of lubrication.
1. Lubrication is the process of reducing friction between sliding surfaces by

introducing a slippery substance between them.
2. Friction is the resistance to motion created when one dry surface rubs
against another.
3. Lubricants come in three forms.

a. dry (powdered)
b. semi-dry (grease)
c. liquid (oil)
4. Oil is the most important lubricant in small engines because it is the only
lubricant an engine needs.
5. Oil lubricates by separating surfaces with a thin film that when in motion
has molecules that roll over one another like tiny ball bearings.
6. To help prevent wear due to friction, engines are made of certain materials.
Bearing shells with a Babbitt surface. Babbitt is an alloy of tin and
antimony.
B. Properties of Oil
Oil must have the following properties and functions
1. Permit easy starting.

2. Lubricate.
3. Protect against rust and corrosion. It is needed because for each gallon of
gas burned, a gallon of water is formed. Some of this water goes into the
engine.
4. Keep engine parts clean. Oil have detergent/dispersant additions.
27
How much did you
Self-Check 2.1
Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is

1. Before operating a tractor, walk around the tractor and any attached
implement checking the area for obstacles that may be under or near the
tractor.
2. While installing the battery make sure that the terminals come into
3. Periodically inspect the engine, exhaust system, fuel lines and water
connections for leaks.
4. To avoid serious damage of the engine, do not race the engine
28
Practices the actual application or use of an idea in rubber

production.
Risk a situation involving exposure to danger while performing

a task in rubber production.
Accidents an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and

unintentionally when performing task in rubber
production resulting in damage or injury.
SAFETY PRACTICES IN USING FARM EQUIPMENT
Types of tractor related accidents
1. Rollovers or overturns
Generally due to driving too fast for conditions; striking surface

hazards such as rocks, stumps and holes; running into ditches; hitching
high for extra traction; driving on steep slopes; and operating front-end
loaders improperly. Tractor upsets also occur when handling large round
hay bales and other heavy loads with front-end loaders.
2. Falls from moving tractors

These often occur from smaller and/or older tractors used around
the farmstead, where extra riders and overhead hazards are more common
than in fields.
29
3. Caught by, or entangled in, rotating power takeoff (PTO) shafts.
In most cases, the PTO shields were inadequate or had been
removed.
4. Colliding with motor vehicles or roadside objects;

5. Slipping and falling while mounting and dismounting;
6. Running over bystanders;
7. Striking overhead hazards;
8. Being struck by flying objects, broken parts, or hydraulic fluid;
9. Being crushed by a poorly supported tractor during repair work;
10. Sustaining cuts, bruises, burns and other nuisance, but painful
injuries, connected with maintenance and routine operation;
11. Being overcome by exhaust gases inside closed buildings;
12. Being burned by fires that erupt during refueling or as a result of a
collision or upset.
How To Reduce The Risk Of Tractor Accidents
1. Be Physically and Mentally Fit
There are numerous human factors involved in fatal tractor-related

accidents. Certain factors like poor judgment, poor attitude, insufficient
knowledge or training, fatigue, haste, stress, depression, intoxication, or
showing off can cause a fatal tractor overturn accident.
Each operator should be physically and mentally fit when operating a
tractor. An operator who is sleepy, tired or not feeling well may not be able
to react in time to avoid an accident.
2. Be Properly Trained
Make sure all persons permitted to operate tractors have been

thoroughly trained. He who does not know how to operate a tractor safely
in potentially hazardous situations can be injured or killed by exercising
poor judgment.. A good place to start training is with the operator's
manual. Review the operator's manual, if possible with the tractor in front
of you.
3. Be Familiar with Operator's Manual

 Read and follow procedures as outlined in the operator's manual. By
being familiar with the operating features of a tractor, the operator
will develop confidence when the tractor is driven under adverse
conditions.
 Learn the location and purpose of all of the gauges and controls as
well as other indicators. Knowing where the controls are by memory
can allow you to react more quickly in an emergency situation. There
have been accident situations where individuals have become
entangled in machinery or the power takeoff shaft and rescuers or
family did not know how to disengage the equipment.
30
 Family members should be aware how to shut down equipment or
disengage the PTO in case of emergency.
 Study the various decals on your equipment. They may point out
DANGER, WARNING and CAUTION for various points on the tractor.
Have an experienced tractor operator with you as you review the
various decals and ask questions!
 A copy of all operating manuals and other relevant safety materials
should be kept on file for quick reference.
4. Modification of Machines
 In-house modifications to machines, and home-made machines.
 Substandard parts (which may fail and throw off flying particles).
 Any mechanism which can be turned manually but which may gather
momentum.
 Any mechanism which has momentum and takes time to stop;
 Hydraulic fluid (where there is a danger of oil injection).
5. Hazardous activities
During the maintenance of agricultural machinery, there are many
activities which are potentially hazardous. Some features more than others
in accident reports.
6. Lubricating
If you need to remove the guard to lubricate the machine,
never lubricate while the machine is in motion.
7. Checking hydraulic systems

 Remember that hydraulic oil is under high pressure. The
external signs of oil injection may be slight, but the internal
damage is not and may lead to surgery or amputation.
 If checking for leaks, use something (eg. a piece of card run
along the hose) to show where the leak is. Do not use your
hands.
 Release the pressure before working on the system.
8. Sharpening
 When working on, for example a forage harvester, only the
actual sharpening should take place with the machine in
motion. All activity before and after (eg. guard removal) should
be done with the machine stationary – even if rundown takes a
long time.
 Beware of flying particles when sharpening machinery. Use
protective equipment such as goggles.
9. Working under machines

 When working under raised machines, jacks should be used
and correctly located, and additional support (eg axle stands)
provided.
31
 When working on hydraulically-raised equipment (eg. trailers)
use props. Never rely just on the hydraulics.
10. Hammering
Beware of flying particles. Always use the appropriate personal
protective equipment. It offers protection not only against flying
particles, but also many other risks.
11. Cleaning
 Be aware of the danger of falling off or into machinery,
particularly in wet or muddy conditions. Make sure you
know how to access machines safely –especially large
machines such as combines.
 Don’t clean with machines running and guards removed.
13. Blockages
Many accidents happen while cleaning machine blockages –
often because operators attempt to clear a blockage while the
machine is still powered. Again, the key question to ask is: “Have I
been trained to do this job properly?” If the answer is “no”, do not
attempt it.
14. Removing blockage
a. Use safe stop

 Safe Stop is probably the single most important
procedure for the prevention of accidents. A blocked
machine may suddenly start operating again unless
the engine is stopped before the blockage is cleared.
 The power must be locked off or the key removed to

stop other people restarting the machine while you are
working on it.
b. Check if the equipment has already stopped
 Even if the power has been turned off, machine parts
may continue to rotate.
 On some machines, run-down times of five minutes
are not unusual. Many injuries are caused because
work is begun before the machine has come to a
complete stop.
c. Make the stop positive: chock it
 Where possible, take additional precautions to ensure
that moving parts remain stationary – eg chocking
the cutting cylinder of a forage harvester to prevent
movement.
d. Use a tool to clear the blockage
32
 Never use your bare hands to clear a blockage or try
to kick it free. Note that, even in cases where
operators use a tool to clear a blockage, a significant
number are injured because the machine is still
running.
e. If it isn’t cleared, don’t touch
 Remember, machines can suddenly move when a
blockage is cleared.
Self-Check 2.2
Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is

1. Rollovers or overturns is generally due to driving too fast or striking

surface hazards such as rocks, stumps and holes; running into
ditches; hitching high for extra traction; driving on steep slopes; and
operating front-end loaders improperly.
2. Falls from moving tractors often occurs from bigger and/or newer
tractors used around the farmstead.
For Number 3-5, to reduce the risk of tractor accidents:
3. Each operator should be physically and mentally fit when operating a

tractor.
4. Perform modification of the parts of the machine/tractor
5. When working under raised machines, jacks should be used and
correctly located, and additional support (eg axle stands) provided.
Lesson 3: Perform Preventive Maintenance
33
 Tools and equipment are cleaned immediately after use in line with farm
procedures
 Tools and equipment are stored in designated areas in line with farm
procedures
 Routine check –up maintenance are performed
Power Tools current operated tools.
Preventive an action designed to keep something undesirable

such as illness, harm, or accidents occurring from
the tasks in rubber production.
Rubber Processing
Tools basic tools used in rubber processing.
Ways of Maintaining Tools and Equipment
1. Understand the requirements of machinery guarding.

2. Ensure that power tools and equipment are properly guarded.
3. Ensure that all guards and shields are kept in place during use.
4. Read the manual before using new tools and equipment.
5. Follow instruction on safe procedures.
6. Use the appropriate tool for the job.
7. Store tools safely to prevent damage and unauthorized use.
8. Keep bystander and children away from tools and equipment.
9. Ensure that electrical cords are in good condition and grounded.
34
How to Keep Farm Tools and Equipment
1. Cleaning Tool and Equipment

At the end of each working day, clean the tools and equipment you
used and check them for any damage. If you note any damage, tag the tool
as faulty and organize a repair or replacement.
2. Personal Safety:
To start a task in the workplace or in farm, a worker must use
appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate
for the task and conforms to your safety regulation.
3. Safety Check:
a) Some cleaning agents are toxic.
b) Do not use flammable cleaners or water on electrical equipment.
c) Make sure designated walkways are kept clear of any
obstructions.
d) Always wear protective clothing and appropriate safety
equipment.
e) Make sure that workers understand and observe all legislative
and personal safety procedures when carrying out the tasks.
3. Clean hand tools.

Keep your hand tools in good, clean condition with two sets of
rags. One should be lint-free to clean or handle precision instruments
or components. The other should be only to prevent rust and
corrosion.
4. Clean electric power tools.

Keep power tools clean by brushing off any dust and wiping off
excess oil or grease with a clean rag.
5. Inspect any electrical cables for dirt, oil or grease and for any
chafing or exposed wires.
6. Follow these guidelines to ensure proper tool storage.

 Have a specific place for each tool.
 Do not place unguarded cutting tools in a drawer. Hand
injuries are caused by rummaging through drawers that
contain a jumbled assortment of sharp-edged tools.
 Store knives or chucks in their scabbards.
 Provide study hooks to hang most tools on.
7. Methods of cleaning:
 Blowing off debris with compressed air
a) Be careful.
b) Wear safety goggles.
c) Never direct air towards skin or clothes.
 Scraping with wood and wiping with rag
35
 Using Aerosol cleaners.
POINTS TO CONSIDER IN EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE OPERATION
 Study your owner's manual. The manufacturer has specific

instructions for basic care of your equipment, and they have the
expertise to give you the best advice on how to do it. If you don't have
a manual, get one.
Fig.1 (www.pathwaypolymers.com)
Here are some items you should find in the Owner's Manual:
1. Maintenance Schedule. This indicates the intervals for routine
maintenance, including chassis lubrication, engine,
transmission, and hydraulic oil change, filter changes, and
other maintenance items.
2. Specifications. This shows the type of fluid for the

transmission, hydraulic system, brakes, and engine coolant, as
well as their capacities. Tire inflation, bolt torques, and other
information may be found under specifications or other
sections of the manual.
3. Location of lubricant points (grease fittings), fluid check
dipsticks or sight glasses, and instructions on cleaning air and
fuel filters.
4. Basic operating instructions and other information.
5. Some tools required for normal tractor maintenance
 Obtain tools. Tractor maintenance requires numerous wrenches and
other tools in larger sizes than for automobile maintenance, so plan
to buy or borrow the tools you need.
 Protect the tractor from the elements. Because most smaller farm (or
garden) tractors do not have a cabin to protect the seat, instrument
panel, and metal components, it is a good idea to store it in a shed or
garage. If you can't do this, keep rain out of the exhaust system, and
cover the seat and instruments
 Check fluids regularly. Tractor usage is measured in hours, not
miles, so the amount of use may be deceptive, and leaking
components may cause failure of expensive parts. Refer to the
owner's manual to determine how each fluid is checked.
36
 Check the engine oil.
 Check the transmission fluid.
 Check the coolant in the radiator.
 Check the hydraulic oil.
 Check the battery electrolyte.
 Check tire inflation.
 View of the fan belt and upper radiator hose with the tractor hood up
 Keep an eye on belts and hoses
 Keep the brake linkages lubricated, and make sure the brakes are
adjusted equally.
 Watch the gauges. Keep an eye on the temperature, oil pressure, and
tachometer.
 The temperature gauge should be marked with a normal operating
range, but any time the indicator says the temperature is over 220
degrees F, the engine is running hot.
 Check the filters regularly. Most systems on tractors are equipped
with filters to protect against dirt, water, or other contaminants that
could cause failure of the components.
 Check the fuel filter for accumulated water. Most diesel engines have
a water separating filter, since diesel fuel attracts moisture.
 Check the air filter often. Tractors are often operated in very dusty
conditions, and in some cases, the filters must be cleaned daily or
weekly. Clean the air filter with a shop vacuum or with compressed
air, never by washing it. Replace the air filter when it cannot be
cleaned satisfactorily, or if the filter is damaged.
 Raise the hood to check the radiator for accumulated debris.
 Check the radiator screen. Tractors are often operated in conditions
where debris may accumulate on the radiator, so they usually have a
front screen or grill to prevent plant matter
 Lubricate your tractor. Tractors have many more moving parts that
require greasing than do automobiles. If you see a part that moves,
look for a grease fitting, and grease it. Use a grease cartridge pressure
gun, clean the fitting, attach the hose, and pump grease until the
associated seal begins to expand, or grease is seen oozing out of the
attachment you are lubricating. Look for grease fittings on steering
components, brake and clutch linkages, and three-point hitch pivot
points.
 Older tractors require specific lubricants in the gear boxes. Often, the
hydraulic system and the transaxle share fluid, and using the wrong
fluid can cause serious damage.
 Do not overload your tractor. If you are using your tractor for
cultivation or mowing, it should have a recommended size
attachment for the job you are doing. As an example, do not pull an
eight foot mower with a 35 horsepower tractor.
 Keep your tractor clean. This will help you to spot damaged
components and leaks, and see if trash or debris is causing
problems.
37
 Check lug nuts. The lug nuts on the large back wheels are prone to
work loose if not torque properly.
Self-Check 3.0
Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is incorrect.
1. Keep your work unclean. This will help you work more efficiently and
safely.
2. It is important to keep engines clean to prevent overheating as well as to

reduce dirt getting into the engine.
3. Read the manual before using new tools and equipment.
5. Dispose liquid and solid waste such as oil, coolant and worn components
in the improper manner.
6. Use the appropriate tool for the job.
Post-Assessment
38
How much have you Learned?
I. Match column A to Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in you answer
sheet.
Column A Column B
___1. Bolo a. clean nozzles and filters
___2. Crow bar b. Clearing vegetation
___3. Pruning Saw c. cuts about 1.5 inches thick or more
___4. Sprayer d. for digging and moving dirt and rocks
___5. Pick Mattock e. chisel tip on one end and a rounded handle
II. Match column A to Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in you answer
sheet.
Column A Column B
2. b. Chisel Plow
3. c. Tractor
4. d. Subsoiler
5. e. Mouldboard Plow
39
IV. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
1. While installing the battery make sure that the terminals do not come
into contact with metal parts on the engine or body of the tractor.
removed from the lines and prevent overheating usually by means of
added bleed valve in heater line or expansion tank in the system.
3. Falls from moving tractors often occurs from smaller and/or older
tractors used around the farmstead.
40
Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and relax a while then move on to the next
GENERALIZATION:
This module gave opportunity to the students to develop their skills
in Apply Safety Practices in Farm Operations based on the standard
operating procedures, techniques and knowledge of Rubber Processing NC
II
This Module prepares the student to move on to the next important

skills for development… the module Performing Estimation and Basic
Calculation.
41
References
1.http://www.easydigging.com/how-to/use-grub-hoe.html
2.http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-use-pruning-shears- (http://
filipinobolos.com/uploads/2/9/3/3/2933625/5458519_orig41ae.jpg?
417)correctly#b
3.http://treesandshrubs.about.com/od/pruning/a/How-to-Use-A-Pruning-
Saw.htm
4.http://www.stewardshipcommunity.com/best-spraying-practices/
knapsack-spraying/efficient-knapsack-sprayer-use.html
5.http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312380/machine.htm
6.http://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/topics/machinery.htm
7.http://www.allsun.com.au/FullStop/FSImages/Images_Installation/
060_SpadeCentralHole.jpg
8. http://www.hay-hooks.com/images/products/Thumb_576_293.jpg)
9. http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41G96M2T00L._SX466_.jpg)
10. http://goscales.com/neptune-6500.jpg)
11.http://filipinobolos.com/uploads/
2/9/3/3/2933625/5458519_orig41ae.jpg?417)
12.http://www.par-group.co.uk/site-
content/1/images/oldsite/Rubber_Polyurethane/Silicone_rubber_sieve_sea
l.jpg
13.http://www.willgoto.com/images/Size3/
Myanmar_Delta_02811_9bc7a84ec22d47a1a47b36466015d7a8.jpg
14.http://www.stripersonline.com/surftalk/uploads/gallery/
album_2660/cfb10286_vbattach332904.jpg
15.http://www.kitcheninspire.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/imag
e/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/S/SLMP.jpg
16..http://bighamag.com/bbwp/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Standard-
Chisel-Plow-20130831.jpg
17.OSU Publication 962: Columbia County Oregon State University:
Revised 1996: Prepared by Chal G. Landgren
18.Farm Safety: Standards of Practice for Farms in Nova Scotia: Machinery
& Workshop: December 2004
19.“Farm: Safety Standards of Practices For Farm Machinery and
Workshops” ( December 2004 )
20.“Agricultural Mechanics Small Engines – Briggs Straton “
(Manual)CBLM’s in Horticulture NC II
21.CBLM in Aquaculture NC II
42
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Department of Education (DepED), Central Office through the Bureau

of Secondary Education (BSE) wishes to extend its gratitude and appreciation to
all the Module Writers and those involved in the Development of the Learner’s
Manual for sharing their time and expertise.
Writer (Agriculture and Fishery Arts)
Valentino M. Navarrete
Master Teacher II
Iligan City National School of Fisheries
Division of Iligan City
Region X
Language/Content Editors
Reviewer/Validator
Angelito A. Aballe, Ph.D.
Senior Education Program Specialist
Division of Zamboanga Sibugay
Region IX
Lay-Out Artist/Illustrator
Management Team
Jocelyn DR. Andaya
Director III
OIC, BSE
Maria Cecilia O. Nayve Edna M. Bulan
Senior EPS EPS II
Clodualdo V. Paiton
Technical Specialist
Administrative Staff:
Pamela C. Loveria Criselda J. Reyes
Efren K. Darcera, Jr. Romeo L. King, Jr.
NOTE:
All Pictures and graphic illustrations taken from the internet are properties of the original
owners and are used only as supplemental materials for educational purposes.
43

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RUBBER PROCESSING NCII

Module 2. Using Farm Tools and

Welcome to the course of Rubber Processing NC II.

This Module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitude in Rubber

1. This Manual contains several Modules.

4. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more

7. How well did you perform? Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics.

Lesson 1. Select and use farm tools.

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about applying

1. a. offset disc harrow

4. All workshop equipment should have damage when using them.

5. Proper tool storage is responsible for many shop accidents.

 Appropriate farm tools are identified according to requirements/use.

Definition of Technical Terms

Safety Precaution An action taken in advance to protect against possible

Procedure an established or official way of doing something.

Technique a way of carrying out a particular task.

What Do You Need To Know?

Lesson Information 1.0

COMMON FARM TOOLS

In rubber processing, a farmer should use the appropriate tools for a

The primary use of bolo is clearing vegetation, whether for agriculture

Spade is use in digging and tilling small areas.

Steps in using spade:

1. Place the spade vertically onto the ground.

Shovel is used in digging and moving soil and other granular

Do’s and Dont’s in using shovel

Fig.1a Safe distance between people working(CBLM Horticulture NCII)

STEPS IN USING SHOVEL

1. Keep feet wide apart. Place front foot close to shovel.

Fig.2 Feet distance (CBLM Horticulture NCII)

2. Put weight on front foot. Use leg to push shovel.

Fig3. Foot execution (CBLM Horticulture NCII)

3. Shift weight to rear foot. Keep load close to body.

4. Turn feet in direction of throw

Fig 5. Foot execution (CBLM Horticulture NC)

1. Push spade down using leg muscle.

Fig.6 Spade positioning (CBLM Horticulture NCII)

6. Hand Pruner/ Pruning shear

Pruning Shears is nothing type of scissor used primarily for

Steps on how to use Pruning Shear

Step 1 – Survey Your Garden

Decide which trees, bushing or plants need to be trimmed and

Step 2 – Sharpen Your Shears

The easiest way to remember when to sharpen your pruning shears is

Step 3 - Protect Your Hands and Eyes

Step 4 – Prune Your Tree or Bush

Step 5 – Clean Your Shears

Fig 8 Pruning saw

Wear sturdy work gloves and possibly safety goggles if you’re in a

2. Choose a comfortable direction of cut. When possible, choose to cut from

Fig. 9. Hole digging

The following are needed when spraying:

Fig.10 Knapsack sparayer

Efficient knapsack sprayer use:

A taping knife is used in tapping rubber trees.

Name Image Descripti

Steel Used for

Fig.11. Steel Hook

Wheel Used for

Fig 12. Wheel barrow (http://ecx.images-

Weighin Used for