The Germanic invasions Germanic tribes and the fall of the Roman Empire The Middle Ages began in 476 AD with the fall of the Roman Empire and ended in 1492 AD with the discovery of America. eer In the 3 century AD, the Roman Empire was in decline and Germanic tribes (that the Romans called barbarians, or foreigners in Latin) from central and northern Europe began to move into Roman territory. These tribes sometimes signed pacts with the Romans and settled peacefully, but they often used violence to capture territory. To defend the empire against invasions, Emperor Theodosius divided it in two: the Western Roman Empire, which kept its capital in Rome and the Eastern Roman Empire, whose capital was Constantinople. This defended the empire against Germanic invasions for nearly a century until, in 476 AD, the Ostrogoths took Rome and deposed Emperor Romulus Augustus. This marked the fall of the Western Empire. With the empire defeated, the Germanictribes were in control. Hispania was ruled by the Visigoths, Gaul by the Franks, the Burgundians and the Visigoths, Italy by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards, Britain by the Angles and the Saxons and North Africa by the Vandals. TEE When did the Middle Ages begin and when did they end?The Visigothic Kingdom in Spain The first Germanic peoples to reach the Iberian Peninsula were the Suebi, the Vandals and the Alans, who arrived in the year 409 AD. In 415 AD, the Visigoths of Gaul agreed to protect the Roman Empire against invasions by these tribes, in exchange for land. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths established their own kingdom, Toulouse, which stretched across the Pyrenees, covering large areas of modern-day France and Spain. However, the Visigoths lost much of their kingdom in 507 AD and withdrew to the territory they had on the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Penineula Cantabrian See und the Visigathe [i exantine atm a reanien kngtom TE eign etary at eestf ales ATLANTIC (7 emer ot conrotea Berge OCEAN The Visigoths, who set up their capital in Toledo, held on to much of Roman culture, such as the Latin language and Roman law. In 589 AD, following the example of their king, Reccared, the Visigoths converted to Catholicism. In 711 AD, the Visigothic Kingdom was in chaos over who would be their next king. Muslim forces from North Africa took advantage of the confusion to invade Hispania. This marked the end of the reign of the Visigoths in Spain. Are the sentences True or False? Correct the false ones in your notebook. The Vandals reached the Iberian Peninsula in 415 AD. The Romans gave money to the Visigoths for their protection. The Visigoths established their own kingdom called Toulouse. The Visigoths rejected Roman culture. In 507 AD, the Visigothic Kingdom was in chaos over who would be their next king. anona ape POSHa a ET Al-Andalus: Islamic Spain The evolution of al-Andalus In 711 AD, the Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula and conquered the Visigothic Kingdom. They called their territory al-Andalus. Al-Andalus underwent many changes over the years: © At first, al-Andalus was a province, of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus, and later an emirate of the Caliphate of Baghdad. In 756 AD, Prince Abd al-Rahman | proclaimed the territory an independent emirate. This meant that it recognised the caliphate’s religious authority, but not its political authority. In929 AD, Emir Abdal-Rahmanll proclaimed the territory the Caliphate of Cordoba, making it a politically and religiously independent region. This was the beginning of a golden age for al-Andalus. Cordoba became one of the most important cities in the world. The period of prosperity lasted until 1031 AD, when al-Andalus was broken up into twenty-eight rival kingdoms, or taifas. Life in al-Andalus Most people lived in cities, which were centres of politics, trade and culture. They were protected by walls and often had a citadel, called an alcazaba. They also had large warehouses, called alhéndigas, and a ° __ number of mosques, where inhabitants would pray. At the heart of a typical city lay the medina, the area where artisans and merchants lived. ~ Trade was carried out in public markets called zocos. Poorer people lived outside the city wails in neighbourhoods called arrabales. The structure ofa typical al-Andalus cy. The Muslims brought great progress and a rich culture to the Iberian Peninsula, contributing great advances in the fields of mathematics, agriculture, craft and industry. What name did the Muslim invaders give to the Visigothic Kingdom they conquered?annie matt uth Christian Spain Origins and formation The first Christian kingdoms developed in the northern territories, which had not been conquered by the Muslims. The first to emerge was the Kingdom of Asturias. Nearly two centuries later, the Kingdom of Leén was founded. It was followed by the Kingdom of Castilla, the Kingdom of Pamplona, the Kingdom of Aragén and the Catalan counties. In the 12% century, the Kingdom of Aragén and the Catalan counties came together to form the Crown of Aragén, and in the 13" century Castile and Leén joined together, forming the Crown of Castilla. The Reconquista The Reconquista, or Reconquest, is a period in which the Christian kingdoms recaptured territory from the Muslims. In the 11* century, Castile and Leén, taking advantage of the weakness of the taifas, attempted to capture territories south of the River Tajo. They were defeated by the Almohads, Muslim forces from North Africa. The Reconquista regained momentum in the 13" century when Christian forces won the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 AD, gaining control of much of the southern peninsula. Aragén also played an important role in the Reconquista, capturing the Muslim-held territories of the Balearic Islands and Valencia in the 13" century. This left only one remaining Muslim stronghold in Spain, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. It remained under Muslim rule for two hundred years until it fell to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 AD. “KINGDOM OF ARAGON sopnARBE GOON OF HARERA, KiCOON OF - ipaconza nam “d FRANCIA nS t f arp i Carman ; a mt 4. Shs ananrie BA) caine“ a ‘Chistian arid sion Fie,» MEDOMOF —Tenristan and MusiEn ' anastie ce an {ihgdoms tthe ben ote reentry OCrAN «ore comry 1 What is the Reconquista and when did it begin? Giuae, The structure of medieval society In the Middle Ages, society was divided into three groups: the nobility, the clergy and the commoners: * The nobles defended the other two estates of society. The king granted them land, called fiefs, in exchange for their military service. The nobles governed this land, maintaining law and order and collecting taxes from the people who lived there. The clergy dedicated their lives to God and prayed for the salvation of the other members of society. The commoners (mostly peasants) made up the largest group. They lived on and worked the nobles’ land. They paid high taxes and had to give most of the crops they harvested to the nobles. The rise of cities By the 12" century, cities had become very important centres of trade. The inhabitants were called bourgeoisie. As trade grew, artisans began to organise themselves into guilds, groups of people with the same craft. Each guild controlled how its products were made, set the prices for the finished goods and decided how the guild itself would be organised. Work with a partner. Make a timeline starting in 722 AD and 3,8 ending in 1492 AD and place the events where they belong. 1 The Christians won the important battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, gaining control of the southern region of the peninsula. 2. The Kingdom of Aragén joined with the Catalan counties to form the Crown of Aragon. 3. The Muslims lost the Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs. 4 The Kingdom of Aragén captured the Balearic Islands and Valencia from the Muslims. 5 The first Christian kingdom, the Kingdom of Asturias, emerged. With your partner, think of some advantages of guilds. Then, share your ideas as a class. Society in the Middle AgesThe Way of St. James In the early 9 century, the grave of St. James the apostle was supposedly discovered in Galicia. The news of the discovery spread quickly and soon the city turned into an important pilgrimage site. The most well-known of these routes is the French Way or Jacobean Route. The large number of pilgrims attracted merchants and artisans to the towns along the route and they, in turn, brought cultural and economic Progress to the region. The Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) also played an important role in bringing Romanesque and Gothic architecture and art to Spain. Romanesque architecture Many Romanesque churches, monasteries and cathedrals were built in Spain between the 11* century and the mid-12" century. These are the main features of Romanesque architecture: * Stone replaced wood as the main construction material * Buildings had very thick walls and few windows. The windows they did have were very small. * Interiors featured semi-circular arches, and the ceilings of buildings were constructed using barrel vaults. * Building facades were decorated with religious carvings and sculptures. Gothic architecture Gothic art and architecture replaced the Romanesque style in the 12" century and remained the dominant style in Spain and the rest of Europe until the 16" century. The main features of Gothic architecture are: * Churches and cathedrals were much taller than their Romanesque predecessors and let much more light in. * Walls were thinner and featured large stained-glass windows. © The pointed arch was used, and roofs were made using ribbed vaults. ° Facades and interiors were decorated with paintings, sculptures and stained glass windows depicting religious themes. Make a Venn diagram on Romanesque and Gothic architecture. | Think about the materials used, the types of arches used, the = types of decoration, windows, etc. %The structure of medieval society In the Middle Ages, society was divided into three groups: the nobility, the clergy and the commoners: © The nobles defended the other two estates of society. The king granted them land, called fiefs, in exchange for their military service. The nobles governed this land, maintaining law and order and collecting taxes from the people who lived there. The clergy dedicated their lives to God and prayed for the salvation of the other members of society. The commoners (mostly peasants) made up the largest group. They lived on and worked the nobles’ land. They paid high taxes and had to give most of ‘the crops they harvested to the nobles. The rise of cities By the 12" century, cities had become very important centres of trade. The inhabitants were called bourgeoisie. As trade grew, artisans began to organise themselves into guilds, groups of people with the same craft. Each guild controlled how its products were made, set the prices for the finished goods and decided how the guild itself would be organised. + Work with a partner. Make a timeline starting in 722 AD and 5,8. ending in 1492 AD and place the events where they belong. 1 The Christians won the important battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, gaining control of the southern region of the peninsula 2 The Kingdom of Aragén joined with the Catalan counties to form the Crown of Aragon. 3. The Muslims lost the Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs. 4 The Kingdom of Aragén captured the Balearic Islands and Valencia from the Muslims. 5 The first Christian kingdom, the Kingdom of Asturias, emerged. With your partner, think of some advantages of guilds. Then, share your ideas as a class. Society in the Middle Ages CommonerThe Way of St. James In the early 9 century, the grave of St. James the apostle was supposedly discovered in Galicia. The news of the discovery spread quickly and soon the city turned into an important pilgrimage site. The most well-known of these routes is the French Way or Jacobean Route. The large number of pilgrims attracted merchants and artisans to the towns along the route and they, in turn, brought cultural and economic progress to the region. The Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) also played an important role in bringing Romanesque and Gothic architecture and art to Spain. Romanesque architecture Many Romanesque churches, monasteries and cathedrals were built in Spain between the 11" century and the mid-12" century. These are the main features of Romanesque architecture: Stone replaced wood as the main construction material. Buildings had very thick walls and few windows. The windows they did have were very small. Interiors featured semi-circular arches, and the ceilings of buildings were constructed using barrel vaults. Building facades were decorated with religious carvings and sculptures. Gothic architecture Gothic art and architecture replaced the Romanesque style in the 12% century and remained the dominant style in Spain and the rest of Europe until the 16" century. The main features of Gothic architecture are: Churches and cathedrals were much taller than their Romanesque predecessors and let much more light in. Walls were thinner and featured large stained-glass windows. The pointed arch was used, and roofs were made using ribbed vaults. Fagades and interiors were decorated with paintings, sculptures and stained glass windows depicting religious themes. Make a Venn diagram on Romanesque and Gothic architecture. = Think about the materials used, the types of arches used, the 2 types of decoration, windows, etc. %> © Chri BERBER RP RPP REPRE R RRP Ree eRe ee ee w I) janity, Islam and Judaism In the Middle Ages, Christianity, Islam and Judaism coexisted in Spain. In the first century, the inhabitants of Hispania began to convert to Christianity. At the same time, the first Jews began to settle in the Peninsula. This mix of cultures went through alternate periods of relative peace and conflict: the Hispano-Gothic Christians sometimes persecuted Jews. But, some Jews were able to become merchants, doctors or craftsmen. When Muslim forces invaded the peninsula in the 8" century, many natives kept their Christian religion. They became known as Mozarabs. Most natives converted to Islam and became known as Muwallads. Under the reign of Castilian king Alfonso X the Wise, this mix of cultures thrived. In the 13% century, Alfonso X brought together Jewish, Muslim and Christian scholars to translate important Arabic texts into Latin and Spanish. This transmitted new knowledge to Spain and Europe. As the Reconquista gained momentum, Christians began to force Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity. Most Muslims in Spain converted to Christianity and adopted Christian customs (they became known as Mudéjars or Moriscos). They lived in separate communities, called morerias, and worked as farmers or craftsmen. Jews lived in separate quarters, called aljamas or juderias. They worked as doctors and bankers or even served as advisors to the Christian leaders. Asscene from what a moreria or aljama might have looked like, In the 15* century, the Catholic Monarchs, took more extreme measures against Jews and Muslims. The most significant of these measures was the creation of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (usually shortened to ‘the Inquisition’) in 1478 AD. During the Inquisition, ‘heretics’ (people whose beliefs were different from those of Christians) were persecuted and Jews and Mudéjars were ordered to covert to Christianity, or be expelled from Spain. Write a short paragraph summarising the difficulties Jews and Muslims faced in Spain during the Middle Ages. |i@ es The Middle Ages in Andalucia The Visigoths Germanic tribes invaded the territories of Andalucia, but it was only the Visigoths that settled in Sevilla. The Visigoths developed a flourishing culture based on agriculture and livestock farming. However, with the passing of time, many conflicts, is a ER ESS oe developed for the Visigoths. These conflicts were taken advantage of by the Muslims who invaded the peninsula. The Muslims In 711, the Muslims defeated the Visigoths in the battle of Guadalete. This was the beginning of the Muslim occupation of the peninsula. The Muslims settled mainly in the centre of the southern peninsula, which they called al-Andalus. In the 10° century, the califato of Cordoba was established. During this period, al-Andalus went through a period of great splendour, this was due to numerous advances in agriculture, crafts and medicine, mathematics, etc. Many beautiful buildings were constructed in cities throughout Andalucia, such as the Alhambra in Granada and the Mezquita in Cérdoba. Many internal conflicts arose which devided al-Andalus into three small independent kingdoms, called the Reinos de Taifas. This division was taken advantage of by the Christians in the 13 century who were then able to conquer al-Andalus. The Christian kingdoms During the 13° century, the Christian kingdoms in the north of the peninsula reclaimed al-Andalus up until the region of Andalucia. By the middle of the century, the Christians occupied almost all of the territories of Andalucia. These lands were controlled by of the Crown of Castilla. The Muslim occupation was reduced to the kingdom of Granada. In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs conquered the kingdom of Granada and put an end to the Muslim reign in the peninsula. Work in small groups. Look for information about buildings that were constructed in Andalucfa by Muslims during the Middle Ages and create a presentation explaining your research. fi@ Appl re your skills Project A book of fun facts Life in the Middle Ages was quite different from life today. There were no cars, no computers, no Internet... Middle Ages. Materials: paper, a pencil, some coloured pencils or felt-tip pens, a computer or a book from the library. Step 1 The class will be divided into two groups, the nobles and the commoners. Do some research online or at the library to find some interesting facts about how the people in your assigned group lived. Think about questions like: What did they eat? What time did they wake up? What did they do during the day? How old were they when they got married? Did they go to school? ] Step 2 Ona sheet of paper, write a short paragraph about the information you've found and draw a picture to go along with your fun fact. fj Hl a g BE verre going to take a closer look at the life of someone living in the a . a a a A i i i Step 3 Present your paragraph and drawing to the class. Your teacher will help you compile your pages into a class book of fun facts about life in the Middle Ages. 56 SS SYSiz Check what you know! “ Work in your noteoo® i @ Are the sentences True or False? Correct the false ones in your notebook. The Middle Ages began in 476 AD with the fall of the Roman Empire and ended in 1492 AD with the discovery of America. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths established their own kingdom, Toledo, which covered large areas of modern-day France and Spain. The Muslims brought great scientific progress and a rich culture to the Iberian Peninsula. The first Christian kingdom in Spain was the Kingdom of Asturias, which was founded in 722 AD. As trade and cities developed in medieval Spain, artisans began to organise themselves into schools. During the Inquisition, Christian people were persecuted in Spain @ co the photographs represent a Romanesque or Gothic style? Explain your answer. My Word list al-Andalus alcazaba alhondiga arrabal artisan bourgeoisie Christianity clergy commoners gothic guild Inquisition Islam Jew Judaism Middle Ages medina mosque Muslim nobility Reconquista (Reconquest) Romanesque Roman Empire zoco © in your own words, describe how the mixture of Christian, Muslim and Jewish cultures in the Middle Ages contributed to the history of Spain.